Name: Abhijit Dilip Mahale

PRN no.: 10303320181129310018

ASSIGNMENT-1
Unit-1
Q. 1 Discuss the classification of AC machine w.r.t principle of operation & supply
system.
Ans.
Classification of AC motor:
i) According to principle of operation –

(A) Synchronous machine

1. Plain
2. Super
(B) Asynchronous motor
1.Induction motor
1) Squirrel cage
2) Slip-ring
2.Commutator motor
1) Compensated
2) Series
3) Shunt
4) Repulsion
5) Repulsion-start induction
6) Repulsion induction

ii) According to nature of supply

(A) Single phase
(B) Three phase

(A) Synchronous machine:

Synchronous machine consists of both synchronous motor as well as synchronous
generator. The machine which converts mechanical power into AC electrical power
is called synchronous generator or Alternator. However, if the same machine can
be operated as a motor is known as synchronous motor. A synchronous machine in
an AC machine whose satisfactory operation depends upon the maintenance of the
following relationship.

120 f
NS =
P
----------(1)
P NS
F=
120
 Where
NS is the synchronous speed in revolution per minute (rpm)
F is the supply frequency
P is the number of poles in the machine.
When connected to an electrical power system, a synchronous machine always
maintain the above relation shown in eq. 1
If synchronous machine working as a motor fails to maintain the average speed
(NS) the machine will not be developed sufficient torque to maintain its rotation and
will stop. In case, when synchronous operates as a generator, it has to run at a fix
speed to generate power at a particular frequency.
 Basic principle of synchronous machine :
A synchronous machine is just an electromechanical transducer which
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice versa. The
fundamental phenomenon or law which makes these conversion possible is
known as law of Electromagnetic Induction and Law of Interaction.

Law of electromagnetic induction: this law called as Faraday’s law of

electromagnetic induction, states that emf is induced in a conductor whenever
it cuts the magnetic field.

Law of interaction : It states that whenever a current carrying conductor

placed in magnetic field, by the interaction of magnetic field produced by the
current carrying conductor and the main field, force is exerted on the
conductor producing torque.
According to nature of supply synchronous machines are classified as follow:
1. Single phase synchronous machines :
Single phase synchronous motors, a revolving field can be produced from a
single phase source by the use of same method as for single-phase induction
motor. With main stator winding connected directly to the supply, an auxiliary
winding may be connected through a capacitor.
2. Three phase synchronous machine :
It is also called as Alternator. It consist of two parts, the stator, and the rotor.
The stator is the stationary part of the machine, and rotor is the rotating part of
machine. the stator carries the armature winding in which the voltage is
generated, and the output is taken from it. The rotor of the machine produces
the main flux.

(B) Asynchronous machine:

1. Induction motor:
An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the
electric current in the rotor needed to produced torque id obtained by
electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An
electrical motor can therefore be made without electrical connection to the rotor.
An induction motors rotors can be either wound type or squirrel cage type.

Induction motor can be classified as follow:

 Single phase induction motor:

Single phase induction motors are generally having a construction similar to
that of three phase induction motor, an AC winding are placed on the stator,
short-circuited conductors are placed in a cylindrical rotor. The significant
difference is, of-course that there is only a single phase supply to the stator.

Types of single phase induction motor :

1) Split phase induction motor:
The split phase motor is also known as a Resistance start motor. It has
a single cage rotor, and its stator has two windings known as main
winding and starting winding. Both the windings are place 90 degree in
space the main winding has very low resistance and a high inductive
reactance whereas the starting winding has high resistance and low
inductive reactance. The connection diagram shown in below.

Fig. Split phase induction motor

2) Capacitor start induction motor:

A capacitor start motors are a single phase induction motor that
employs a capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit to produce a
greater phase difference between the current in the main and auxiliary
winding. The name capacitor start itself shows that the motor uses a
capacitor for the purpose of the starting. The figure shows the
connection diagram of a capacitor start induction motor.
 Fig. Capacitor start induction motor

3) Capacitor start and capacitor run induction motor:

The capacitor start and capacitor run induction motor has a cage rotor,
and its stator has two winding known as main and auxiliary winding.
The two windings are displaced 90 degree in space. There are two
capacitors in these method one is use at the time of starting and is
Known as starting capacitor. The other one used for continuous
running of the motor and is known as running capacitor. This motor is
also known as Two value capacitor motor. The connection diagram
of two value capacitor is shown in below

Fig. Capacitor start and capacitor run induction motor

4) Shaded pole induction motor:

The shaded pole induction motor is simply a self-starting single-phase induction motor
whose one of the pole is shaded by copper ring. The copper ring is also called as shaded ring.
The copper ring act as a secondary winding for the motor. The shaded pole motor rotates only
in one particular direction, and the reverse movement of the motor is not possible.
 Q.2.With neat sketch explain construction of synchronous machine
Ans:

Construction of a Synchronous Machine, i.e. alternator or motor consists of two main parts,
namely the stator and the rotor. The stator is the stationary part of the machine. It carries the
armature winding in which the voltage is generated. The output of the machine is taken from
the stator. The rotor is the rotating part of the machine. The rotor produces the main field
flux.

The important parts of the Synchronous Machine are given below.

 Stator
 Rotor
 Miscellaneous

Stator Construction
The stationary part of the machine is called Stator. It includes various parts like stator frame,
stator core, stator windings and cooling arrangement. They are explained below in detail.

1. Stator Frame
It is the outer body of the machine made of cast iron, and it protects the inner parts of the
machine.

2. Stator Core
The stator core is made of silicon steel material. It is made from a number of stamps which
are insulated from each other. Its function is to provide an easy path for the magnetic lines of
force and accommodate the stator winding.
 3. Stator Winding
Slots are cut on the inner periphery of the stator core in which 3 phase or 1 phase winding is
placed. Enameled copper is used as winding material. The winding is star connected. The
winding of each phase is distributed over several slots. When the current flows in a
distributed winding it produces an essentially sinusoidal space distribution of EMF.

Rotor Construction
The rotating part of the machine is called Rotor. There are two types of rotor construction,
namely the salient pole type and the cylindrical rotor type.

Salient Pole Rotor

The term salient means projecting. Thus, a salient pole rotor consists of poles projecting out
from the surface of the rotor core. The end view of a typical 6 pole salient pole rotor is shown
below in the figure.

Since the rotor is subjected to changing magnetic fields, it is made of steel laminations to
reduce eddy current losses. Poles of identical dimensions are assembled by stacking
laminations to the required length. A salient pole synchronous machine has a non uniform air
gap. The air gap is minimized under the pole centers and it is maximum in between the poles.

They are constructed for the medium and low speeds as they have a large number of poles. A
salient pole generator has a large diameter. The salient pole rotor has the following important
parts.

Spider
It is made of cast iron to provide an easy path for the magnetic flux. It is keyed to the shaft
and at the outer surface, pole core and pole shoe are keyed to it.
Pole Core and Pole Shoe
It is made of laminated sheet teel material. Pole core provides least reluctance path for the
magnetic field and pole shoe distributes the field over the whole periphery uniformly to
produce a sinusoidal wave.

Field Winding or Exciting Winding

It is wound on the former and then placed around the pole core. DC supply is
given to it through slip rings. When direct current flow through the field winding, it produces
the required magnetic field.

Damper Winding
At the outermost periphery, holes are provided in which copper bars are inserted and short-
circuited at both the sides by rings forming Damper winding.

Non- Salient Pole Rotor or Cylindrical Rotor

In this type of rotor, there are no projected poles, but the poles are formed by the current
flowing through the rotor exciting winding. Cylindrical rotors are made from solid forgings
of high-grade nickel chrome molybdenum steel. It has a comparatively small diameter and
long axial length.

They are useful in high-speed machines. The cylindrical rotor type alternator has two or four
poles on the rotor. Such a construction provides a greater mechanical strength and permits
more accurate dynamic balancing. The smooth rotor of the machine makes less windage
losses and the operation is less noisy because of the uniform air gap.

The figure below shows the end view of the 2 pole and 4 pole cylindrical rotors.

They are driven by steam or gas turbines. Cylindrical synchronous rotor synchronous
generators are called turbo alternators and turbo generators. The machines are built in a
number of rating from 10 MVA to over 1500 MVA. The biggest size used in India has a
rating of 500 MVA installed in the super thermal power plant.
Non salient pole type rotors have the following parts. They are as follows

Rotor Core
The rotor core is made of silicon steel stampings. It is placed on the shaft. At the outer
periphery, slots are cut in which exciting coils are placed.

Rotor Winding or Exciting Winding

It is placed on the rotor slots, and current is passed through the winding in such a way that the
poles are formed according to the requirement.

Slip Rings
Slip rings provide DC supply to the rotor windings.

Miscellaneous Parts
The miscellaneous parts are given below.

Brushes
Brushes are made of carbon, and they slip over the slip rings. A DC supply is given to the
brushes. Current flows from the brushes to the slip rings and then to the exciting windings.

Bearings
Bearings are provided between the shaft and the outer stationary body to reduce the friction.
They are made of high carbon steel.

Shaft
The shaft is made of mild steel. Mechanical power is taken or given to the machine through
the shaft.

Q.3.Distinguish between the salient and non-salient pole rotors. Bring out the
advantages and limitations of each one

Ans:

Rotors of an electrical machine are classified as: (i) Salient pole rotors and (ii) Non-salient
pole rotors. Both types are explained below.
Salient Pole Rotor

In salient pole type of rotor consist of large number of projected poles (salient poles)

mounted on a magnetic wheel. Construction of a salient pole rotor is as shown in the figure at
left. The projected poles are made up from laminations of steel. The rotor winding is
provided on these poles and it is supported by pole shoes.
 Salient pole rotors have large diameter and shorter axial length.
 They are generally used in lower speed electrical machines, say 100 RPM to 1500
RPM.
 As the rotor speed is lower, more number of poles are required to attain the required
frequency. (Ns = 120f / P   therefore, f = Ns*p/120   i.e. frequency is proportional to
number of poles). Typically number of salient poles is between 4 to 60.
 Flux distribution is relatively poor than non-salient pole rotor, hence the generated
emf waveform is not as good as cylindrical rotor.
 Salient pole rotors generally need damper windings to prevent rotor oscillations
during operation.
 Salient pole synchronous generators are mostly used in hydro power plants.
Salient pole rotor construction offer the following advantages :

(i) It can accommodate damper winding on pole faces. Provision of damper winding offer
damping out of oscillations that are taking place when there is a sudden change in load.
Further during motor operation it can provide self starting.

(ii) For a given excitation condition salient pole rotor develops additional reluctance torque.

(iii) with spacing available between adjacent poles, better cooling facilities are provided to
the machines.

disadvantage of salient pole rotor

(i) it incur more amount of air friction loss due to the gap available between adjacent poles.
Non-Salient Pole (Cylindrical) Rotor

Non-salient pole rotors are cylindrical in shape having parallel slots on it to place rotor

windings. It is made up of solid steel. The construction of non-salient pole rotor (cylindrical
rotor) is as shown in figure above. Sometimes, they are also called as drum rotor.

 They are smaller in diameter but having longer axial length.

 Cylindrical rotors are used in high speed electrical machines, usually 1500 RPM to
3000 RPM.
 Windage loss as well as noise is less as compared to salient pole rotors.
 Their construction is robust as compared to salient pole rotors.
 Number of poles is usually 2 or 4.
 Damper windings are not needed in non-salient pole rotors.
 Flux distribution is sinusoidal and hence gives better emf waveform.
 Non-salient pole rotors are used in  nuclear, gas and thermal power plants.

Q.4.The synchronous generator speed is always kept constant justify?

Ans:

Under constant DC field voltage supply and constant speed of prime mover, if speed varies,
then it means the loading has been changed.

So its no more a no-load test if load is added at no-load test.

We actually keep the speed of alternator (i.e. synchronous generator) constant and at rated
values of field voltage so as to get rated output voltage at rated frequency.

If you vary the speed of prime mover or external loading, then the output voltage frequency
will also be varied.

No-load test is just a test to measure machine performance and calculate losses and other
parameters at no-load and rated condition.

IF the speed varies, then the experimental data will correspond to non-rated no-load condition
and such data is usually useless. Hence we keep the speed of alternator constant at no-load
conditions.

Q.5.Explain the working of following machines from basic principles; i) Synchronous

generator and ii) synchronous motor
Ans:

i) Synchronous Generator Working Principle

The principle of operation of synchronous generator is electromagnetic induction. If there

exits a relative motion between the flux and conductors, then an emf is induced in the
conductors. To understand the synchronous generator working principle, let us consider two
opposite magnetic poles in between them a rectangular coil or turn is placed as shown in the
below figure.

If the rectangular turn rotates in clockwise direction against axis a-b as shown in the below
figure, then after completing 90 degrees rotation the conductor sides AB and CD comes in
front of the S-pole and N-pole respectively. Thus, now we can say that the conductor
tangential motion is perpendicular to magnetic flux lines from north to south pole.

Direction of Rotation of Conductor perpendicular to Magnetic Flux

So, here rate of flux cutting by the conductor is maximum and induces current in the
conductor, the direction of the induced current can be determined using Fleming’s right hand
rule. Thus, we can say that current will pass from A to B and from C to D. If the conductor is
rotated in a clockwise direction for another 90 degrees, then it will come to a vertical position
as shown in the below figure.

Direction of Rotation of Conductor parallel to Magnetic Flux

Now, the position of conductor and magnetic flux lines are parallel to each other and thus, no
flux is cutting and no current will be induced in the conductor. Then, while the conductor
rotates from clockwise for another 90 degrees, then rectangular turn comes to a horizontal
position as shown in the below figure. Such that, the conductors AB and CD are under the N-
pole and S-pole respectively. By applying Fleming’s right hand rule, current induces in
conductor AB from point B to A and current induces in a conductor CD from point D to C.

So, the direction of current can be indicated as A – D – C – B and direction of current for the
previous horizontal position of rectangular turn is A – B – C – D. If the turn is again rotated
towards vertical position, then the induced current again reduces to zero. Thus, for one
complete revolution of rectangular turn the current in the conductor reaches to maximum &
reduces to zero and then in the opposite direction it reaches to maximum & again reaches to
zero. Hence, one complete revolution of rectangular turn produces one full sine wave
of current induced in the conductor which can be termed as the generation of alternating
current by rotating a turn inside a magnetic field.
Now, if we consider a practical synchronous generator, then field magnets rotate between the
stationary armature conductors. The synchronous generator rotor and shaft or turbine blades
are mechanically coupled to each other and rotates at synchronous speed. Thus, the magnetic
flux cutting produces an induced emf which causes the current flow in armature conductors.
Thus, for each winding the current flows in one direction for the first half cycle and current
flows in the other direction for the second half cycle with a time lag of 120 degrees (as they
displaced by 120 degrees). Hence, the output power of synchronous generator can be shown
as below figure.
ii Synchronous Motor Working Principle

 Electric Motor is an electromechanical device which transforms electric energy into

mechanical energy.
 According to their type of connection, electric motors are generally classified into the
two types i.e single phase motor and three phase motor.
 A synchronous motor is a 3 phase motor and it closely resembles 3 phase alternator.
 3 phase synchronous motor and 3 phase induction motor are most widely used AC
motor.
 A synchronous motor is also called as doubly excited motor.
The synchronous motor consists of the two parts:
Stator: Stator is the armature winding. It consists of three phase star or delta connected
winding and excited by 3 phase A.C supply.
Rotor: Rotor is a field winding. The field winding is excited by the separate D.C supply
through the slip ring.
The construction of Rotor can be salient pole (projected pole) and non-salient pole
(cylindrical pole) type.

 
Principle of Working of Synchronous Motor
 Synchronous motor work on the principle of magnetic locking.
 When two unlike strong unlike magnets poles are brought together, there exists a
tremendous force of extraction between those two poles. In such condition, the two
magnets are said to be magnetically locked.

 If now one of the two magnets is rotated, the other magnets also rotate in the same
direction with the same speed due to the strong force of attraction.
 This phenomenon is called as magnetic locking 
For magnetic locking condition, there must be two unlike poles and magnetic axes of this two
poles must be brought very nearer to each other.
 

 Consider a synchronous motor whose stator is wound for 2 poles.

 The stator winding is excited with 3 phase A.C supply and rotor winding with D.C
supply respectively. Thus two magnetic fields are produced in the synchronous motor.
 When the 3 phase winding is supplied by 3 phase A.C supply than the rotating
magnetic field or flux is produced.
 This magnetic field or flux rotates in a space at a speed called synchronous speed.
 The rotating magnetic field or rotating flux has fixed relationship between, the
number of poles, the frequency of a.c supply and the speed of rotation.
 The rotating magnetic field creates an effect which is similar to the physical rotation
of magnets in space with a synchronous speed.
  So for rotating magnetic field

Where f = supply frequency

P = Number of poles
 

Synchronous Motor Action

 Suppose the stator poles are N1 and S1 which are rotating at a speed of Ns  and the
direction of rotation be clockwise.
 When the field winding on a rotor is excited by the D.C source, it produces the two
stationary poles i.e N2 and S2.
 To establish the magnetic locking between the stator and rotor poles the, unlike
poles N1 and S2 or N2 and S1 should be brought near to each other.
 As stator poles are rotating and due to magnetic locking the rotor poles will rotate in
the same direction of rotating magnetic field as that of stator poles with the same
speed Ns.
 Hence synchronous motor rotates at only one speed that is synchronous speed.
 The synchronous speed depends on the frequency therefore for constant supply
frequency synchronous motor speed will be constant irrespective of the load changed

Q.6. With a neat sketch explain the construction of polyphase induction motor
Ans:
Construction:
Stator
The stator carries a 3 phase winding (called stator winding) while a rotor carries a short-
circuited windings (called rotor winding). Only the stator windings are fed from 3 phase
supply. The rotor windings drives its voltage and power from three externally energised stator
winding through electromagnetic induction hence the name.
The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air gap with ranges from 0.4mm 4mm,
depending upon power of the motor. It consist of a steel frame which enclosed a hollow,
cylindrical core made up of thin lamination of silicon steel to reduce hysteresis and eddy
current losses.
A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periphery of the lamination. The
insulated connected to form a balance 3-phase star or delta connected circuit. Three phase
stator windings is wound for a definite number of poles as per requirement of speed. Greater
the number of poles, lesser is the speed of motor and vice- versa.
When 3phase supply is given to a stator winding, rotating magnetic field of constant
magnitude is produced. This rotating magnetic field induced current in the rotor by
electromagnetic induction.
Rotor
The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on its outer periphery.
The winding placed in these slot (called rotor winding) may be of the following two types;
i) Squirrel cage type
ii) Wound type or slip-ring induction motor

Squirrel cage rotor

It consist of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slot on its outer periphery. One
copper or aluminium bar is placed in each slot.
All these bars are joined at each end by metal ring called end ring. This forms a permanently
short-circuited winding which is fully indestructible. The entire construction (bars and end
rings) resembles a squirrel cage and hence the name.
The rotor is not connected electrically to the supply but has current induced in it by
transformer action from the stator.
 Fig. Squirrel cage rotor

Those induction motor employ squirrel cage rotors are called squirrel cage induction motor.
Most of 3-phase induction motors uses squirrel cage roto as is it has a remarkably simple and
robust construction.
However, it suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque. It is because the rotor bars
are permanently short-circuited and it is not possible to add any external resistance to the
rotor circuit to have a large starting torque.

Wound rotor
It consist of laminated cylindrical core and carries a 3-phase winding, similar to that of stator.
The rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slot and is usually star connected.
The open end of the rotor winding are brought out and joined to three insulated slip rings
mounted on the rotor shaft with one brush resting on each slip ring.
At starting, the external resistance are include in the rotor circuit to give a large starting
torque. The resistances are gradually reduced to zero as the motor run up to speed.

Fig. wound rotor

The external resistance are used during starting period only. When the motor attains normal
speed, the three brushes are short-circuited so that the wound rotor runs like a squirrel cage
rotor.

Q.7 distinguish between squirrel cage and phase wound rotor used in induction motor .
bring out advantages and limitations of each one.
Ans:
Comparison between squirrel cage and phase wound rotor:

SR. Squirrel cage rotor Phase wound rotor

NO.
1 Squirrel cage rotor is simple in Phase wound rotor is complicated in
construction. construction.

2 In this, rotor consist of copper bars
3 Slip ring and brushes are not
present
4 External resistance can’t be added
In this, rotor consist of three phase
winding
Slip ring and brushes are present.
External resistance can be added

5 It has Moderated torque It has High staring torque

6 Speed control by rotor resistance is Speed control by rotor resistance is

not possible possible.

Advantages and limitations of squirrel cage rotor:

Advantages

 Squirrel Cage Induction motors are cheaper in cost compared to Slip Ring Induction
motors.
 Requires less maintenance and rugged construction. Because of the absence of slip
rings, brushes maintenance duration and cost associated with the wear and tear of
brushes are minimized
  Squirrel Cage Induction Motors requires less conductor material than slip ring motor,
hence copper losses in squirrel cage motors are less results in higher efficiency
compared to slip ring induction motor
 Squirrel cage motors are explosion proof due to the absence of brushes slip rings and
brushes which eliminates the risks of sparking.
 Squirrel Cage motors are better cooled compared to slip ring induction motors
 Squirrel cage motors operate at nearly constant speed, high over load capacity, and
operates at better power factor.

Limitations

 Main disadvantage of squirrel cage induction motor is that they have poor starting
torque and high starting currents. Starting torque will be in the order of 1.5 to 2 times
the full load torque and starting current is as high as 5 to 9 times the full load current. In
slip ring induction motors, higher starting torque can be attained by  providing an
external resistance in the rotor circuits during starting of the slip-ring induction
motor. This arrangement in slip-ring induction motors also reduces the high inrush
currents during starting of induction motor.
 Squirrel cage induction motors are more sensitive to the supply voltage fluctuations.
When the supply voltage is reduced, induction motor draws more current. During
voltage surges, increase in voltage saturates the magnetic components of the squirrel
cage induction motor.
 Speed control is not possible in squirrel cage induction motor. This is one of the
major disadvantages of squirrel cage induction motors.
 The total energy loss during starting of squirrel cage motor is more compared to slip
ring motors. This point is significant if the application involves frequent starting.

Advantages and limitations of phase wound rotor:

Advantages

 Low starting current 

 Slip ring induction motor rotor winding connected with outer high variable resister by using
slip rings so the starting moment of the motor gets less starting current.

 Speed control

This motor doesn’t need an external speed controller, because this motor has an inbuilt
variable resister it can be used as a speed controller. So this motor speed can change easily
than other motors.

 Smooth acceleration

This motor starting moment absorbs the least amount of current so the motor starting speed
is low. After increasing rotor current the motor gets smooth speed acceleration under heavy
load.

 High starting torque

The slip ring induction motor has a high starting torque as the resistance of the rotor
winding is increased by adding the external resistance to it. The starting torque is increased
as the power factor of the rotor circuit gets improved during starting.

Limitations

 Speed regulation

This motor speed control by using a variable resister method that is not a very good method
for industrial.

 Cost

Comparing with squirrel cage induction motor this motor need to high cost for startup and
maintenance. Because slip ring induction motor needs to brush and slip rings than other
motors.

 Heat

Slip ring induction motor heat regulation is low compare with squirrel cage induction
motor.

 Large space

Motor and speed controlling resister both are in the same unit so this motor needs to large
space.
 Q.8. Explain the working of poly phase induction motor from its basic principle
Ans:
Consider the simplified view of a 3 phase induction motor shown below.

The stator hosts a three phase winding distributed symmetrically on its inner periphery. This
stator winding is energised from a three phase supply.
The rotor also hosts a 3 phase winding on its periphery. But, the rotor winding is not
energised from any source and is short- circuited on itself.

Three phase Induction motor working principle

(1) When the 3 phase stator winding is energised from a 3 phase supply, a rotating magnetic
field is produced which rotates around the stator at synchronous speed.
(2) The rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors, which as yet, are stationary. Due to
this flux cutting, emfs are induced in the rotor conductors. As rotor circuit is short circuited,
therefore,  currents start flowing in it.

(3) Now, as per Lenz's law ,  "the direction of induced current will be such that it opposes the
very cause that produced it " .

(4) Here, the cause of emf induction is the relative motion between the rotating field and the
stationary rotor conductors. Hence, to reduce this relative motion, the rotor starts rotating in
the same direction as that of the stator field and tries to catch it but, can never catch it due to
friction and windage and therefore emf induction continues and motor keeps rotating.
Thus, principle of 3 phase induction motor also explains why rotor rotates in same direction
as the rotating field  and  why induction motor is self starting.
When rotor winding is short-circuited with no resistance in series, it is called a squirrel cage
induction motor and when rotor winding  is shorted through a resistance in series, it is
called slip ring induction motor.
Whatever be the type, working principle basically remains the same.  

Q.9. Why the rotor of induction motor rotates ?

Ans:

Why Does the Rotor Rotate?

The reason why the rotor of an induction motor is set into rotation is as follow:

When the 3-phase stator windings, are fed by a 3-phase supply then, as seen from above, a
magnetic flux of constant magnitude, but rotating at synchronous speed, is set up. The flux passes
through the air-gap, sweeps past the rotor surface and so cuts the rotor conductors which, as yet,
are stationary. Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary conductors,
an e.m.f. is induced in the latter, according to Faraday’s laws of electro-magnetic induction. The
frequency of the induced e.m.f. is the same as the supply frequency. Its magnitude is proportional
to the relative velocity between the flux and the conductors and its direction is given by
Fleming’s Right-hand rule. Since Windings of induction electric motor the rotor bars or
conductors form a closed circuit, rotor current is produced whose direction, as given by Lenz’s
law, is such as to oppose the very cause producing it. In this case, the cause which produces the
rotor current is the relative velocity between the rotating flux of the stator and the stationary rotor
conductors. Hence, to reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as
that of the flux and tries to catch up with the rotating flux.

Q.10. Explain with mathematical expression and suitable vectors how the rotating
magnetic field is produced in the A C Machines, discuss hoe the direction of rotating
magnetic field is reversed.

Ans :

Consider 3-phase currents, displaced in time by 1200 as shown.

When 3-phase windings displaced in space by 1200 are fed by these 3-phase currents,
individual phases produce magnetic fluxes and the assumed positive directions of these fluxes
are shown below.

Lets analyse each of these fluxes and their resultant Φ, at every instant of time 600 apart.
(1) when  ϴ=00

As fluxes will be proportional to these currents, Let their values be

    
    Where,  Φm = maximum value of magnetic flux due to any phase.

Vectorically the fluxes are shown along with their resultant flux (in red )  Φ. The negative
sign have been taken into account in vector diagram.  

The resultant flux  Φ  is given by 

 Φ = ΦB cos 300 + ΦY cos 300      

        

         = 1.5 Φm 

So, resultant flux has magnitude equal to  1.5 Φm  and is vertically directed.

 (2) when ϴ=600

The individual fluxes will be
  
    Represented in phasors as shown.
  

The resultant flux is given by

Φ = ΦR cos 300 + ΦY cos 300    

        

So, resultant flux has magnitude 1.5 times maximum flux due to any phase and has rotated
600 clockwise.

(3) when ϴ=1200

      

   
The individual fluxes along with the resultant are represented in  phasors as shown.
 The resultant flux is given by
 Φ = ΦR cos 300 + ΦB cos 300 

        
So, resultant flux has magnitude 1.5Φm and has rotated 600 clockwise from last position.

(4) when ϴ=1800

   

      
      
    The individual fluxes along with the resultant are represented in phasors as shown.
    
The resultant flux is given by
Φ = ΦY cos 300 + ΦB cos 300    

        

Again, resultant flux has magnitude 1.5Φm and has rotated 600 clockwise from last position.
Similar analysis can be continued for next  ϴs  upto full cycle i.e  ϴ=3600 .

From above, we observed that

(1) The resultant flux is of constant value = 1.5 Φm    i.e  1.5 times the    maximum value of
flux due to any phase.

(2) The resultant flux rotates around the stator at a speed called synchronous speed.

Thus, it is true to assume that a rotating magnetic field is produced in space as if actual
magnetic poles of permanent magnet were being rotated mechanically.  

Q.11.What do you mean by slip in case of induction motor and its significance?
Ans:
Slip in Induction Motor is the relative speed between the rotating magnetic flux and rotor
expressed in terms of per unit synchronous speed. It is a dimensionless quantity. The value of
slip in induction motor is can never be zero.
If Ns and Nr being the synchronous speed of rotating magnetic flux and rotor speed
respectively, then the relative speed between them is equal to (Ns – Nr). Therefore, slip is
defined as
Slip (s) = (Ns – Nr) / Ns
As we know that, the speed of rotor cannot be equal to synchronous speed i.e. Nr < Ns, the
value of slip s is always less than one. For induction motor, 0<s<1.
When a three phase power supply is connected to the three phase stator winding of induction
motor, a rotating magnetic field is produced in the air gap. The speed of this rotating
magnetic field is called the synchronous speed. Synchronous speed is determined by the
number of poles (P) and frequency (f) of power supply. Synchronous speed is equal to N = 2f
/ P rps (revolution per second).
This rotating magnetic field cuts the stationary rotor conductors to generate emf. As rotor
circuit is short circuited, this generated emf gives rise to rotor current. The interaction of this
rotor current with rotating magnetic flux produces a torque and hence the rotor begins to
rotate in the direction of rotating magnetic field as per lenz’s law. Consequently a
relative speed equal to (Ns – Nr) is set up between them and gives rise to slip in induction
motor.
Significance of Slip in Induction Motor

Slip of induction motor plays an important role in the operation of the induction motor. The
torque produced by the induction motor is directly proportional to induction motor slip. At
no-load induction motor requires small torque to meet with the frictional, iron and other
losses, therefore slip is small.
 
When the motor is loaded, greater torque is required to drive the load, therefore, slip
increases and rotor speed decreases slightly. Thus induction motor slip adjusts itself to such a
value so as to meet the required driving torque.
 
At standstill N = 0 hence s = 1 whereas at N = Ns, s = 0 (imaginary condition).