Concrete

GOALS

 To give brief information about

I. Concrete-properties, production, composition
II. Cement-types of cement,mostly used cement
Outline

1-What is concrete?
2- Composition of concrete
3-Concrete production
4-Properties of Concrete
5-Types of Concrete
6-Concrete Testing
 The Pavement

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 What is a Pavement?
 A multi layer system that distributes the
vehicular loads over a larger area

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RIGID PAVEMENT
 Load Transfer Mechanism

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Concrete Design “Optimize”

Cost
Cost
Performance
Performance
Cement Concrete Paving
 http://www.inlandcanada.com/NR/rdonlyres/F0EBC912-01A0-4D58-AE7D-
CONCRETE

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WHAT IS CONCRETE?
 Construction material

 Mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates,

and in some cases, admixtures.
CONCRETE

 Can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and

reproduce any surface texture.
 The most widely used construction material in the world.
 The ready-mix concrete producer has made concrete an
appropriate construction material for many applications.
Composition of concrete
 Water

 Aggregates

 Chemical admixtures

 Cement

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_Cracked_by_ivelt_resources.jpg
 WATER
 Good water is essential for quality concrete.
 Should be good enough to drink--free
of trash, organic matter and excessive
chemicals and/or minerals.
 The strength and other properties of
concrete are highly dependent on the
http://pure-perfection.net/custom/Water-Droplet-1039X761.jpg

amount of water and the water-cement ratio.

 AGGREGATES

 Aggregates occupy 60 to 80 percent of the

volume of concrete.

http://www.bondedaggregate.co.uk/images/select-ag
 Sand, gravel and crushed stone are the driveway.jpg

primary aggregates used.

 All aggregates must be essentially free

of silt and/or organic matter.
 CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES
 Materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the
concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with
plain concrete mixes.

 In normal use, admixture dosages

are less than 5% by mass of cement,
http://www.cca.org.nz/images/admixtures1.jpg
and are added to the concrete at the
time of batching/mixing.
REINFORCEMENT

 Strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries

the compression load.
 Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to fail.
 Reinforced concrete solves these
http://www.eurocode2.info/images/reinforcement.jp
problems by adding either
metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers,
glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
CEMENT

 Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium

compounds having hydraulic properties.
 Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and
harden under or with excess water through the hydration of
the cement’s chemical compounds or minerals

http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11654315/Portlan
d_Cement_42_5_N_R.jpg
CEMENT

 HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:
 Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made
from calcination of clay-rich limestones.

 Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is

made from argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone
and clay or shale, with few raw materials. Because they were
found to be inferior to portland, most plants switched.
 Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the
mixing clinker with gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.
CEMENT

 Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to

35%) of ground limestone have been added as a filler to a
portland cement base.

 Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or

more SCM (supplementary cemetitious materials) like
pozzolanic additives.

 Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements.

Only a small quantity is manufactured in the U.S. Mix of
pozzolans with lime.
 PORTLAND CEMENT

 Most active component of concrete

 The greatest unit cost in concrete,

http://www.cement.org/decorative/images/overview2.jpg
 Its selection and proper use are
important in obtaining most
economically the balance of properties
desired for any particular concrete mixture.
PORTLAND CEMENT

Physical Properties of Portland Cements

1) Fineness,
2) Soundness
3) Consistency
4) Setting time
5) Compressive strength
6) Heat of hydration
Concrete production

 This process develops physical and chemical properties like

mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and
chemical and volumetric stability.
A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide
 Mixing concrete
 Workability
 Curing
 Mixing concrete

 Essential for
I. The production of uniform concrete,
II. High quality concrete.
 Equipment and methods should be capable
of effectively mixing

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Workability

 The ease with which freshly mixed concrete can be placed

and finished without segregation.
 Difficult to measure but ready-mix companies usually have
experience in determining the proper mix.
 Important to accurately describe what the concrete is to be
used for, and how it will be placed.
Curing

 Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed,

and finished "letter-perfect" can still be a failure if
improperly or inadequately cured.
 Usually the last step in a concrete
project and, unfortunately,
is often neglected even by professionals.

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Curing

 Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened

concrete such as durability, strength, water-tightness, wear
resistance, volume stability, and resistance to freezing and
thawing.
 Proper concrete curing for agricultural and residential
applications involves keeping newly placed concrete moist
and avoiding temperature extremes (above 90°F or below
50°F) for at least three days.
 A seven-day (or longer) curing time is recommended.
 Curing
 The best curing method depends on:
– Cost,
– Application equipment required,
– Materials available,
– Size and shape of the concrete surface.
 Prevent the loss of the mixing water from concrete by sealing
the surface.
 Can be done by:
– Covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic
sheets,
Properties of concrete
 Strength
 Elasticity
 Cracking
 Shrinkage cracking
 Tension cracking
Cracking

 All concrete structures will crack to some extent.

 Cracks due to tensile stress induced by shrinkage or stresses
occurring during setting or use

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07/illustrations/shibboleth01.jpg
 Concrete testing
Compression testing of a concrete cylinder

http://www.antouncivil.com.au/vca/Images/testing.jpg

Same cylinder after failure

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content/uploads/BreakageCylinder.jpg
 Durability = Performance
 Quality Materials
– Aggregate – AP Approved, uniform gradation
– Minimum Cement Content
– Approved Admixtures
 Proper Mix Design – Control to Design
 Moisture/Water Control
 Air Entrainment – 6% + 1.5%
 Proper Curing – Liquid membrane applied @
manufacturer’s suggested rate
Factors for design of pavements
 Design wheel load
 Static load on wheels
 Contact Pressure
 Load Repetition

 Subgrade soil
 Thickness of pavement required
 Stress- strain behaviour under load
 Moisture variation
 Climatic factors
 Pavement component materials
 Environment factors
 Traffic Characteristics
 Required Cross sectional elements of the alignment
 Rigid Pavement – Construction

Slipform

Fixed form

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 Precast and Roads

 Mostly used for bridge

decks
– Better quality control
– Ease of installation
– Reduce weather
dependency
– Reduce environmental
impacts

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