Continuous Phase Modulation

A short Introduction

Charles-Ugo Piat12 & Romain Chayot123

1 TéSA, 2 CNES, 3 TAS

19/04/17

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 1/23
 Table of Content

CPM Modulation
System Model
Notable CPM schemes
Interests
Trellis representation

Decomposition and Detection of CPM

Rimoldi’s Decomposition
PAM Decomposition

Thesis Contribution
Thesis Charles-Ugo
Thesis Romain

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 2/23
 System Model

I The complex envelop of the transmitted signal for CPM

systems in baseband can be described as follows:
∀ t, s
Es jφ(t,α)
s(t) = ·e
T

I The information-carrying phase is:

N−1
X
φ(t, α) = 2πh αi q(t − iT )
i=0

αi ∈ {±1, ..., ±(M − 1)} the information symbols, Es is the symbol

P
energy, T is the symbol period, h the modulation index (h = Q ,
with P and Q are relatively prime).

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 3/23
 Phase Response

I Keeps the phase of the CPM signal continuous.

I Satisfies the following equation:

 0,
 t≤0
Rt
q(t) = 0 g (u)du, 0 < t ≤ LT
 1,

t > LT
2

Where g(t) is the pulse response. It defines the shape of the

trajectory.
The spectral efficiency is highly dependent on this parameter.

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 4/23
 Phase and Pulse Response examples

Figure: Phase g(t) and pulse q(t) response of some CPM

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 5/23
 CPM parameters
I L is the CPM memory.
I support length of the pulse response
I the number of past symbols required to determine the signal
waveform
I L = 1 total response CPM, L > 1 partial response.
I Greater L leads to less out-of-band energy (smaller side lobes)

Figure: Influence of parameter L for a RC h=0.5

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 6/23
 CPM parameters

I h is the modulation index

I Usually rational number < 1
I small h leads to narrow occupied bandwidth

Figure: Influence of parameter h for a REC L=2

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 7/23
 Notable CPM schemes and some application

I CPFSK: Telemetry
I SOQPSK: UHF SatCom (MIL-STD-188-181A)
I GMSK: Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM),
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
I mixed RC/REC: Satellite Communication (DVB-RCS2)
I MSK, SFSK: considered for deep space communication
I Generalized MSK: Bluetooth data transmission

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 8/23
 Interests

I Constant envelop waveform.

I The transmitted power is constant.

Figure: Binary 3RC h=2/3 in a three dimensional plan

I Phase continuity.
I High spectral efficiency.
I Memory.
I Fit to turbo decoding.

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 9/23
 Trellis representation

I How to detect the emitted sequence?

I Maximum Likelihood (ML) Detection
Z
s ∗ (t)dt
sb = argmax r (t)e

I Need a trellis representation to perform a Viterbi algorithm

I Decomposition of the phase, at t ∈ [kT ; (k + 1)T [
k−L
X k
X
φ(t, α) = hπ αi +2hπ αi q(t − iT )
i=0 i=k−L+1
| {z }
=φ
˙ k

The signal can be modelled only from

σk = {φk , αk−L+1 , . . . , αk−1 } which forms a state of our
trellis and αk the current symbol.
Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 10/23
 Example of Trellis representation

I MSK scheme (M=2, L=1, h=1/2 and REC pulse shape)

I state σk = {φk }
φk = πh k−1 π 3π
P
i=0 αi takes 4 values modulo 2π {0, 2 , π, 2 }
I

I Time-variant trellis (only 2 of the 4 states are accesible in

each symbol period)
Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 11/23
 Rimoldi’s Decomposition

I Time invariant phase trellis for CPM can be obtained by

defining the tilted phase ψ

πh(M − 1)t
ψ(t, α) = φ(t, α) +
T
I The modified data sequence is introduced and defined as:

αi + (M − 1)
ui =
2
ui ∈ {0, 1, ..., M − 1} is called the tilted symbol and ψ the tilted
phase.

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 12/23
 Rimoldi’s Time-invariant trellis

Figure: (a) Tilted-phase tree of MSK (b) Physical tilted-phase trellis of

MSK
Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 13/23
 CPM Detection using Rimoldi’s Representation
I BCJR Algorithm with a maximum a posteriori (MAP) criteria
I Turbo Demodulation
I BER minimisation
I State is defined as follows: δk = {uk−1 , ..., uk−L+1 , φk }
I Transition {δk → δk+1 } is done such that
I φk+1 = φk + 2πhuk−L+1 .
I Symbol uk emitted
I Complexity Q · M L−1

δk+1 = {φk+1 , uk−L+2 , ..., uk }

uk−L+1 uk−1 uk
φk φk+1 ··· φk+L−2 φk+L−1 φk+L

δk = {φk , uk−L+1 , ..., uk−1 }

Figure: State Diagram of the usual BCJR

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 14/23
 PAM Decomposition and complexity reduction

I Developed by Laurent for binary CPMs, extended to M-ary

CPMs by Mengali and Morelli
I Idea: CPM = sum of modulated PAM
K
X −1
s(t) = ak,n gk (t − nT )
k=0

{ak,n } can be expressed in closed form from {αn } and h

{gk } can be obtained in closed form from q(t) and h
I Most signal power in the first M − 1 components (known as
principal components)
I can be used to design the detection
I for k ∈ [0; M − 2], {ak,n } can be expressed only from a0,n−1
and αn
I only Q states in the detection!
I only M − 1 matched filters!
Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 15/23
 PAM Decomposition: Example
I 2REC, h = 1/4 and M = 4

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 16/23
 Thesis Charles-Ugo
I Thesis co-funded by CNES and CNRS
I Academic supervisors: M.-L. Boucheret, C. Poulliat and N.
Thomas
I Application: Launchers Telemetry system (Ariane, Vega and
Soyuz)

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 17/23
 CPM for telemetry launchers

I Context
I Low data transmission rate
I ’Effets Flammes’
I Channel undergoes an unknown phase rotation θ
I Modulation : CPFSK
I Memory L=1.
I g(t) is a rectangular phase response.
I Key points
I Deal with the phase shifting.
I Channel characterisation.
I Increase the Rate.

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 18/23
 Thesis Romain
I Thesis co-funded by CNES and TAS
I Academic supervisors: M.-L. Boucheret, C. Poulliat and N.
Thomas
I Application: Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV)

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 19/23
 Equalization and Synchronization for CPM
I System Model

I Key points

I More information (research context, publication, teaching...)

are available here
Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 20/23
 Thanks for your attention!

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 21/23
 References I

Bixio E. Rimoldi, A Decomposition Approach to CPM, IEEE

Trans. on Information Theory, vol. 34, no. 2, March. 1988.
Pierre Laurent, Exact and approximate construction of digital
phase modulations by superposition of amplitude modulated
pulses (AMP), IEEE Trans. on Communications, vol. 34, no.
2, 1986.
Umberto Mengali & Michele Morelli, Decomposition of M-ary
CPM signals into PAM waveforms, IEEE Trans. on
Information Theory, vol. 41, no. 5, 1995.
Ridha Chaggara, Les Modulations à Phase Continue pour la
Conception d’une Forme d’Onde Adaptative Application aux
Futurs Systèmes Multimédia par Satellite en Bande Ka, PhD
Dissertation, ENST Paris, 2004

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 22/23
 References II

Tarik Benaddi, Sparse Graph-Based Coding Schemes for

Continuous Phase Modulations, PhD Dissertation,
INP-Toulouse, 2015
Malek Messai, Application des signaux CPM pour la collecte
de données à grande échelle provenant d’émetteurs faible coût,
PhD Dissertation, Télécom Bretagne, 2015

Introduction to CPM 19/04/17 C. Piat & R. Chayot TéSA, CNES, TAS 23/23