3b Eng 1 Maritime English LM Midterm 1

Issue No.
1 Page 45 of 176
S E MT
C
ST. THERESE- MTC COLLEGES ENGLISH 1
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
STUDENT LEARNING MODULE
ST
Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:
01 September 2021 QMR President
Learning Module 3 CREW ROLES AND TASKS (9 hours)
Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes
Competence:
Use the IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases and use English in written and oral form
Course Outcome/s:
Demonstrate speaking skills integrating on board and external standing marine communication
phrases basic for ship handling and piloting
Learning Outcomes:
1. Speak using standard marine communication phrases basic for ship handling and piloting.
2. Employ writing skills for various writing activities
3. Demonstrate creatively technical proficiency in practical applications/drills and other related

presentations.
Topic Content:
1. Level of responsibility and general function of seafarers

2. Professional roles and specific tasks of seafarers
2.1 Deck Department
2.2 Engine Department
2.3 Steward Department
3. Maritime Idiomatic Expressions
4. Prepositions
©All Rights Reserved

Issue No. 1 Page 46 of 176
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Overview
Who are the people who work on a ship, what are their duties?
Sailors, or deckhands, operate the ship and its equipment and keep them in good
working order. They load and unload cargo, help passengers as requested, and handle lines during
docking or departing.
Discussion
Crew structure on board
Life on board of a vessel is quite different from any other shore-based job or organization. Each
crew member has a precise rank and carries certain responsibilities to maintain the vessel
operations successfully.
Mainly, the vessel's crew has two types of seafarers: officers and ratings. Both these types of
crew members can work either on the deck or in the engine room.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Ship-board organizational structure - Deck, Engine & catering department

Ship-board organizational structure:
The ship's crews are the personnel who sail onboard a ship and are responsible for its operation,
primarily when the ship is at sea (with some responsibility when at the port). For ship operation
and traditionally, the crew of a commercial ship is divided into three departments:
A. Deck department
B. Engine department
C. Catering (steward’s) department.
The Different Ranks of Seafarers
Engine Officers Deck Officers
Famous sailors that come to mind include people like Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama,
Ferdinand Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci, and Sir James Cook. All these people were Masters (also
called Captain or Master Mariner) onboard sailing ships.
Sailing is teamwork, so it needs different ranks to carry out specific duties.
The "ranks" that make up the ship's team include:
Master Electrician
Chief Mate (also called Chief Officer) Boatswain (also called Bosun /Deck Foreman)
Second Mate (also called Second Officer) Pump Man
Third Mate (also called Third Officer) Able-Bodied Seaman (AB) (also called Quartermaster)
Deck Cadet Ordinary Seaman (OS)
Chief Engineer Fitter
Second Engineer Oiler
Third Engineer Wiper (also called Motorman)
Fourth Engineer Chief Cook and Steward
Engine Cadet
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Even though the crew list includes the master’s name, a ship's team is often called Master
and Crew, because the Master is considered the owner's representative, and not strictly part of the
crew.
In olden days when ships used sails, there were no Marine Engineers onboard; when power-
driven vessels were introduced, these ranks were added. Nowadays shipping involves modern
electronic equipment and machinery; a ship with its cargo is almost like a moving factory. Two
decades ago, ships had some other ranks, such as Radio Officer, Carpenter, Storekeeper, Second
Cook, Second Steward, and Purser, but nowadays these ranks hardly exist.
A ship, to be seaworthy, must be sufficiently manned to enable its safe operation. The
requirements for safe manning are contained in the STCW 95(VIII) regulations and are stated by
the Flag state as well. Let us see about these ranks and their responsibilities.
A. MASTER
The captain or master is the ship's highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ship's
owner. Whether the captain is a member of the deck department or not is a matter of some
controversy, and generally depends on the opinion of an individual captain. When a ship has a third
mate, the captain does not stand watch.
The captain is responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the ship as he/she is in command. It is
his/her responsibility to ensure that all the departments under him/her perform to the
requirements. Therefore, the heads of the various departments answer to him/her. The captain
represents the owner and hence is called "master". The captain is officially not considered to be a
crew member.
The Captain or Master is the ship's highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ship's
owner/operator or manager. The Captain/Master is legally responsible for the day-to-day
management of the ship. It is his/her responsibility to ensure that all the departments perform
legally to the requirements of the ship's owner/operator or manager. The ship has some deck
officers that assist the master.
Master also usually has the advice of pilots while the ship is navigating in restricted waters,
such as narrow or shallow channels. Also, each shipboard department has a designated head who
reports to the master. The deck department is headed by a Chief Officer. The engine department is
headed by a Chief Engineer. He has other licensed engineers to assist him with engine room watch
and the performance of maintenance and repair activities in the engine room. The Chief Steward is
the head of the catering department. He assists the captain in dealing with embarkation (entering a
port) and disembarkation (leaving a port) formalities and other administrative tasks, if necessary.
The Master is the person holding the Deck Class I certificate of competency (COC) (Unlimited /
Foreign going). He is the commanding person of the ship and the highest-ranked Deck Officer.
People say that if the ship is an island, the Master is the king of that island. That doesn't mean
that if he tells the crew to jump into the sea, they will do it.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Nevertheless, the Master has power over other ranks and can dismiss any crew member from
the ship under reasonable circumstances. A good Master will always care about the safety of his
crew more than anything else; if it comes to the ship or someone's life, it is always the person's
life.
The duties and responsibilities of the Master are as follows:

1. Overall, in charge of the safety of the crew, ship, and cargo.
2. Commands the ship. He should be present on the bridge while arriving at and leaving
ports, in shallow waters, during reduced visibility, during any equipment malfunctions,
when other navigation officers are unable to handle the ship during heavy traffic, and
during any emergency or abnormal situation.
3. Implements law and order onboard ship.
4. Signs a bill of lading for cargo.
5. Though the Chief Engineer oversees the engine room, the engines are at the master’s
disposal.
6. Takes disciplinary actions against any crew member, although if the crew member is from
the Engine Department, the Chief Engineer is to be consulted as well.
7. Arranges for provisions, stores, fuel (bunkers) (under the Chief Engineer`s guidance),
garbage disposal, shore passes, salary, and cash advances.
8. In port, deals with port authorities, immigration authorities, customs authorities, and
narcotics authorities.
9. Assists any other vessel in an emergency.
10. Trains the crew and conducts drills.
11. Serves as a contact person for communication with the office.
12. If the ship is abandoned in an emergency, the verbal order must be given by the Master.
13. The Master’s decision is final. Whether right or wrong, the crew must stick to it at that
moment.
THE CHIEFMATE
The chief mate is the head of the deck department on a merchant's vessel, second-in-
command after the ship's Master. The Chief mate's primary responsibilities are the vessel's cargo
operations, its stability, and supervising the deck crew. The mate is responsible for the safety and
security of the ship, as well as the welfare of the crew on board. The chief mate typically stands
the 4–8 navigation watch as OICNW (officer-in-charge of the navigational watch), directing the
bridge team. Some crews have additional Third mates, which allow the Chief mate to not stand
navigational watch and focus more on cargo and deck operations. Additional duties include
maintenance of the ship's hull, cargo gears, accommodations, life-saving appliances, and
firefighting appliances. The chief mate also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like
safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and various other contingencies. The chief officer assumes
command of the whole ship in the absence or incapacitation of the master.
The Chief Officer typically stands the 4-8 hours of a navigation watch. Additional duties include
ensuring good maintenance of the ship's hull, cargo gears, accommodations, the lifesaving, and
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
firefighting appliances. The Chief Officer also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like
safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and various other contingencies.
The Chief Officer holds a Deck Class II certificate of competency. He may hold the Class I COC
as well. With further experience or exams, he will become a master.
His duties and responsibilities are as follows:
1. Loads and discharges the cargo: prepare to load and discharging cargo plans.
2. At sea, his bridge watches are 0400AM-0800 PM and 1600PM-2000 PM.
3. In charge of the Deck and all Deck ratings, Bosun, Pump Man, ABs, OSs, Chief Cook, and
Steward. Gives them their daily work schedule.
4. Normally the vessel’s safety officer, though he can delegate his duties regarding safety to
the 3rd Mate.
5. Maintenance of the deck and the overhauling of deck machinery.
6. Anchoring the vessel at anchorage.
7. In charge on deck for any emergency, reporting to the Master as appropriate.
8. Makes repair lists and indents.
9. Handles mooring stations.
10. In charge of GMDSS communication.
SECOND MATE
The second mate is a qualified OICNW watch stander, directing the bridge team and
navigating the ship. The Second mate is the 3rd most experienced deck department officer after
the Captain/Master and Chief mate. The Second mate's primary duty is navigational, which includes
updating charts and publications, keeping them current, making passage plans, and all aspects of
ship navigation. The Second mate's other duties may include directing line handlers, cargo
watches, directing anchor detail, and training and instructing crew members.
The Second Officer, also called Second Mate is usually in charge of ship navigation with a
position below Chief Officer and above Third Officer. He/she is the third-in-command, after the
Master and Chief Officer. The second officer typically stands to watch from 1200 to 1600 at noon
and again from 0000 to 0400 in the nights.
The Second Mate holds a Deck Class III certificate of competency. He may hold the Class I
and Class II COC as well. With further experience or exams, he will become a Chief Mate.
1. Passage planning: he has to select charts, draw courses, and calculate distances.
2. At sea, his bridge watches are 0000AM–0400AM and 1200PM–1600 PM.
3. In charge of correcting charts, sailing directions, the list of light and fog signals, radio
signals, and updating navigational warnings.
4. Preparing noon reports: reporting the vessel, e.g., AMVER.
5. Testing bridge equipment.
6. Preparing the deck log abstract at the end of each month.
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST

8. Maintaining the ship`s library and publications in order.
9. Assisting the Chief Mate in port while cargo loading and discharging. In port, his duty time
is 0000AM-0600AM and 1200PM-1800 PM.
10. Handling mooring stations.
11. Acting as the Medical Officer.
THIRD MATE
The Third officer is a qualified OICNW watch-stander, junior to the Second Mate. When on
navigational watch, the Third mate directs the bridge team, maneuvering the vessel, keeping it safe
and on track. The Third mate's primary duty is matters of safety, inspecting gear lockers, lifeboats,
and all equipment onboard ensuring that it is safe and operational. Other duties include directing
line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor details, and training and instructing crew members.
He is normally the part of the Command team during emergencies and drills.
Third Officer: The third officer also called 3rd Mate primarily charged with the safety of the
ship and crew. The Third officer generally serves as the ship's chief safety officer. The Third Officer
is the next licensed position on board the vessel, as fourth-in-command.
The Third Mate holds a Deck Class III certificate of competency. He may hold the Class I or Class II
COC as well. With further experience, he will become a Second Mate.
1. Maintenance of life-saving equipment and fire-fighting equipment under the Safety Officer`s
instruction.
2. At sea, his bridge watches are 2000PM-0000AM and 0800AM-1200 PM.
3. Preparing drill reports.
4. Handling port papers on behalf of the master.
5. GMDSS communication.
6. Assisting Chief Mate in port while cargo loading and discharging. In port, his duty time is
0600AM-1200PM and 1800PM-0000AM.
DECK CADET
A Deck Cadet or Trainee Navigational Officer or Nautical Apprentice is an apprentice who has
to learn the basic duties of a deck officer on board a ship. Deck cadets after sufficient sea time and
exams attain a certificate of competency of OICNW.
The Deck Cadet is a trainee Navigation Officer. He may be a fresher (a novice) at sea. He has
to perform and learn jobs under the Chief Officer. He does various jobs, from cleaning to
navigating ships. The Deck Cadet must never be used as a cheap laborer by his seniors. He must
be taught and guided.
Mariners without a certificate of competence are called ratings. They assist in all other tasks
that can arise during a voyage. This includes, for example, mooring, cleaning of the ship, and its
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
holds, and repairing broken lines and ropes. These are physically challenging jobs and have to be
done regardless of the weather.
ENGINE DEPARTMENT
The engineers on board ships are also called technical officers. They are responsible for keeping
the machinery maintained and operational. Today, ships are complex systems that combine a lot of
technology within a small space. This includes not only the engines and the propulsion system but
also, for example, the electrical power supply, devices for loading and discharging, garbage
incineration, and freshwater generators. Additionally, more and more environmental protection
technologies, fuel treatment systems, and cargo conditioning devices are used onboard ships. The
upkeep of all these is in the hands of engine department staff.
ENGINEERING OFFICERS
The engineers are also called technical officers. They are responsible for keeping the ship and the
machinery running. Today, ships are complex units that combine a lot of technology within a small
space. This includes not only the engine and the propulsion system, but also, for example, the
electrical power supply, devices for loading and discharging, garbage incineration, and freshwater
generators. Also, they are commonly considered a high officer in ranking in the ship.
CHIEF ENGINEER
The chief engineer on a merchant's vessel is the official title of someone qualified to oversee the
engine department. The qualification for this position is colloquially called a "Chief's Ticket".
The Chief Engineer commonly referred to as "The Chief", or just "chief", is responsible for all
operations and maintenance that have to do with all machinery and equipment throughout the
ship. They may be paid on par with the captain, and holds a similar rank as the captain, although
he is never responsible for the action of the ship. The chief engineer cannot assume command and
the command always rests with the Captain of the ship.
Chief Engineer: The Chief Engineer on a commercial vessel is the official title of someone
qualified to manage and oversee the engine department. The qualification for this position is
colloquially called a "chief's ticket". The Chief Engineer is responsible for all operations and
maintenance of all engineering equipment throughout the ship.
The Chief Engineer holds an Engine Class I Certificate (Unlimited/Foreign going). He is overall in
charge of the engine room and the highest-ranked Engineer Officer.
1. Gives work orders for the engine room and checks the progress of work. He should be
present in the engine room during major maintenance work, for example, piston overhauling.
2. Performs bunker calculations. The Fourth Engineer helps him in this work.
3. Implements law and order in the engine room.
4. Handles the main engine during critical periods.
5. Supervises most technical jobs; reports to the company with master’s approval.
6. In charge of the engine during any emergency and reporting to the Master as appropriate.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
SECOND ENGINEER
The second engineer or first assistant engineer is the officer responsible for supervising the
daily maintenance and operation of the engine department. He or she reports directly to the chief
engineer.
Second Engineer: The Second Engineer is the officer responsible for supervising the daily
maintenance and operation of the engineering systems. He or she reports directly to the Chief
Engineer. The Second Engineer is second in command in the engine department after the ship's
Chief Engineer. The person holding this position is typically the busiest engineer on-board the ship,
due to the supervisory role this engineer plays and the operations duties performed. Operational
duties include responsibility for the refrigeration systems, main engines, and any other equipment
not assigned to the third or fourth engineers.
The Second Engineer holds an Engine Class II Certificate (Unlimited/Foreign going). He may hold
the Class I COC as well. With further experience or exams, he will become a Chief Engineer.
1. The Chief Engineer's assistant performs most jobs on behalf of the Chief Engineer.
2. In charge of all machinery items: steering gears, pumps, auxiliary machinery, and main
engine maintenance.
3. At sea, his engine watches are 0400AM – 0800AM & 1600PM – 2000PM. But nowadays,
because most ships are equipped with the UMS (Unmanned Machinery Spaces) system, he
has to work 0800AM-1700PM.
4. In charge of the engine room and all Engine Ratings, Fitters, Oilers, and Wipers. Gives them
their daily work schedule.
5. Makes repair lists and indents.
THIRD ENGINEER
The third engineer or second assistant engineer is usually in charge of boilers, fuel, auxiliary
engines, condensate, and feed systems, and is the third most senior marine engineer on board.
Depending on usage, "the Second" or "the Third" is also typically in charge of fueling (a.k.a.
bunkering), granted the officer holds a valid Person In Charge (PIC) endorsement for fuel transfer
operations.
The Third Engineer is junior to the second engineer in the engine department and is usually in
charge of boilers, fuel, auxiliary engines, condensate, and feed systems. This engineer is typically in
charge of bunkering if the officer holds a valid certificate for fuel transfer operations.
The Third Engineer has an Engine Class III Certificate (Unlimited/Foreign going). He may hold the
Class I or Class II COC as well. With further experience or exams, he will become a 2nd Engineer.
His duties and responsibilities as follow:
1. Operation and maintenance of generators.
2. Operation and maintenance of boilers.
3. Conducting a boiler water test and cooling water tests.
4. Operation and maintenance of propulsion machinery cylinder head mountings.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
5. At sea, his engine watches are 0000AM – 0400AM & 1200PM – 1600PM. But nowadays
most ships are equipped with UMS (Unmanned Machinery Spaces) system, so he has to
work 0800AM-1700PM.
FOURTH ENGINEER
The fourth engineer or third assistant engineer is junior to the second assistant engineer/third
engineer in the engine department.
Fourth Engineer: The Fourth Engineer is junior to the third engineer in the engine department.
The most junior marine engineer of the ship, he or she is usually responsible for electrical, sewage
treatment, lube oil, bilge, and oily water separation systems. Depending on usage, this person
usually stands a watch. Moreover, the fourth engineer may assist the third officer in maintaining
the proper operation of the lifeboats.
The Fourth Engineer has an Engine Class III Certificate (Unlimited/Foreign going). He may hold the
Class-I and Class II COC as well. With further experience, he will become a Third Engineer.
1. Taking bunkers and assisting the Chief Engineer in bunker calculations.
2. Operation and maintenance of the sewage plant.
3. Operation and maintenance of the incinerator.
4. Operation and maintenance of the oily water separator.
5. Operation and maintenance of the freshwater generator.
6. Operation and Maintenance of the air compressor.
7. Management of sludge and bilge.
8. At sea his engine watches are 0800AM-1200PM & 2000PM-0000AM. But nowadays most of
the ships are equipped with UMS (Unmanned Machinery Spaces) system, so he must work
0800AM-1700PM.
ENGINE CADET
The Engine Cadet is a trainee engineer officer. He may be a fresher or novice at sea. He has to
perform and learn jobs under the Second Engineer. He does various jobs from bilge cleaning to
operating the main engine. The Engine Cadet must never be used as a cheap laborer by his
seniors; he must be taught and guided.
ELECTRICIAN
The Electrician does not hold a Certificate of Competency, but his rank is equal to that of the
Second Mate and Third Engineer. He works under the Chief Engineer. He performs various jobs
related to electricity, from changing light bulbs to generator repairs. Electricians start as Electrician
Cadets, or they may come from the Navy.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
BOSUN
The boatswain is the highest-ranking unlicensed (rating) in the deck department. The boatswain
generally carries out the tasks instructed by the chief mate, directing the able seaman and ordinary
seaman. The boatswain generally does not stand a navigational watch.
PUMP MAN
The Pump Man rank exists only on tanker ships. This rank is equal to Bosun, but most of the time
he works independently and takes job orders directly from the Chief Mate. He plays a major part
during loading and discharging, mainly opening valves as per the Chief Mate’s instructions, and
taking ullages and soundings.
ABLE-BODIED SEAMAN (AB)
An able seaman (AB) works under the boatswain, completing tasks such as working mooring lines,
operating deck gear, standing anchor details, and working cargo. An able seaman also stands a
navigational watch, generally as a lookout or helmsman.
ORDINARY SEAMAN (OS)
The lowest ranking personnel in the deck department. An ordinary seaman (OS) generally helps
with work that able seamen do. Other tasks include standing lookout and general cleaning duties.
OILER
The oiler is an unlicensed member of the engine department, with more experience than a Wiper.
The Oiler does maintenance work in the engine room. He assists the duty engineer at the watch
(unless the ship is an UMS ship). He helps Engineers by overhauling machinery and doing cleaning
and Painting. This rank is equal to AB. At times, the oiler with experience may become a Pump
Man.
WIPER
The wiper is an unlicensed member of the engine department, usually with the least experience.
The Wiper does clean jobs in the engine room. He also assists Engineers in overhauling Machinery.
With the experience, he may become an Oiler.
STEWARD’S DEPARTMENT
The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing
and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and
receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. The chief steward also plans menus, compiles supply,
overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment.
Additional duties may include baking bread, rolls, cakes, pies, and pastries.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
CHIEF COOK
The chief cook is the senior unlicensed crew member working in the steward's department of a
ship. His position corresponds to that of the Boatswain in the deck department, the pump man in
an oil tanker, and the electrician (but not ETO) in the engine department of a container ship or
general cargo ship. He is the equivalent to a chief petty officer in the Navy.
The Chief Cook prepares meals for all personnel onboard. It is a critical job with a multinational
crew because each person will like different food & different cooking style. Most of the time food
will be prepared to suit the majority crew's nationality style, but the nationality of the Master and
the senior officers also plays a major part. The Chief Cook must be able to write English and know
different menus and the names of food items. He helps the Master order provisions. His rank is
equal to Bosun.
STEWARD
The Steward is the Chief Cook’s assistant. He helps the Chief Cook with cooking, especially by
cleaning and cutting vegetables. He must serve food for all officers and should be present in the
officer’s mess during mealtimes. He must wash all plates and cutlery. He cleans officers' cabins and
washes linen. His rank is equal to OS.
MARITIME IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
Nautical Idiom 1. Run a tight ship
Someone who runs a tight ship organizes

something in a very efficient way, controlling
other people very closely.
Bridger: What is it like working at Maritime

Adventures?
Christina: I run a tight ship, so no cell phones

on the job, and you will need to clock out if you
take a coffee break. But it is good to pay, and
most people seem to enjoy what they do here.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Nautical Idiom 2. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea
If you are caught between the devil and the

deep blue sea, you are in a difficult situation
where there are two equally unpleasant or
unacceptable choices.
Patti: I feel like I am between the devil and

the deep blue sea. If I accept the job, I will
not have any time with the kids, and we will
hardly have any vacation time. But if I turn it
down, we are going to keep struggling to
make rent every month.
Nautical Idiom 3: Learn the Ropes
Someone who is learning the

ropes is learning how a job should be done.
Mike: It will take you about a month to

really learn the ropes around here, so don’t
be afraid to ask questions in the beginning.
Tom: That’s good to know. Thanks!
Nautical Idiom 4: All hands-on-deck
If a situation is all hands-on-deck, it’s a

situation where everyone must help,
especially a difficult situation.
If someone shouts “All hands-on-deck! “,

they are asking for everyone to start helping.
Zelda: The Queen will arrive in three hours!

Rufus: All hands-on deck, everyone! We
have got a lot to do before she gets here!

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Nautical Idiom 5: At the Helm
The person at the helm an organization, a

project, etc. is the person in charge.
Oliver: The problem at your company is that you

do not have anyone at the helm. The CEO is on
maternity leave, and the VPs are all vying for
influence. No one is really in charge of day-to-
day operations.
Nautical Idiom 6: Sail Close to the Wind
Sailing close to the wind means taking a risk by

doing something that is dangerous or that may
be illegal.
Kelsey: You were sailing a bit close to the

wind when you made those comments about
the monarchy. Lese-majesty is a crime here.
Nautical Idiom 7: Rock the Boat

If you rock the boat, you do something that
upsets a situation and causes the problem.
Camilla: I love Everett, but I have been feeling a

bit bored in the marriage, honestly. Every day
feels the same, and I am not happy.
Marianne: Have you thought about seeing a
marriage counselor?
Camilla: Honestly, I’d love to, but I don’t want
to rock the boat. Everett does not know how I
feel, and I don’t want to cause problems by
telling him.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Nautical Idiom 8: Abandon Ship
Someone who abandons ship leaves a failing

organization or situation.
Fred: Have you heard what people have been

saying about Watson & Crick? They are getting
ready to declare bankruptcy?
Matt: I have heard the same rumors. I would
not be surprised if we start seeing
people abandoning ship. If we have heard about
it, the employees have
Nautical Idiom 9: Be Smooth Sailing

When something is smooth sailing, it is simple
and free from trouble.
Sheela: I think I am in love! Isaac and I have so

much fun together, and we have never fought! I
hope he asks me to marry him soon!
Veronica: Slow down, girl! You have only known
each other for a few weeks.
Relationships are always smooth sailing in the
beginning.
NAUTICAL SAYINGS AND PHRASES
While many everyday sayings certainly have genuine nautical origins, others have unproven claims
and still more where it is easy to find a logical link…. even though not necessarily valid.
So, if you are at a “loose end” and want to “know the ropes”, then “sling your hook”, “batten down
the hatches” and “get underway” with these Nautical Sayings.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
NAUTICAL SAYINGS AND PHRASES

¤ At a loose end – unoccupied.
Nautically, loose ends are unattached ones that are not doing their job. "Tying up loose ends"
is used to mean finalizing details of a matter as a sailor makes fast the loose ends to ensure
the boat is shipshape.
¤ Batten down the hatches – prepare for trouble.
Battening down of walkways and hatches was done when bad weather was imminent. Ships
hatches were often open or covered with a wooden grating. When bad weather was expected
the hatches were covered with tarpaulins and edged with thin wooden battens to stop them
from blowing off.
¤ Between the devil and the deep blue sea – faced with two dangerous alternatives.
The derivation seems obscure but try this one. The "devil" is the seam between the deck
planking and the top plank of the ship's side. It would have to be watertight and would need
filling or caulking regularly, which would require a sailor to stand on the very edge of the deck
or even be suspended over the side. A dangerous place to be.
¤ Chock a block – crammed tightly together to prevent movement.
Chocks are wedges used to secure moving objects and a block and tackle is a pulley system
used on sailing ships to hoist the sails. A possible derivation is that when two blocks of rigging
tackle were so close together, they could not be tightened further, it was said they were
“chock-a-block”.
¤ Cut and run– run away.
It may derive from ships making a hasty departure by cutting the anchor rope and running
with the wind.
¤ Full to the gunwales – full to the brim or packed tight.
Pronounced "gunnels", it is the upper edge of a ship's side in large vessels and the piece of
timber extending around the top side of the hull in smaller craft. It probably first referred to
heavily loaded ships.
¤ Get underway – begin a journey.
The "under" is likely to have meant "on the" and the "way" is the forward progress of the ship
through the water, so it means "on their way".

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
¤ Give a wide bertha good distance.
Originally a berth was a place where there was sea room to moor a boat. The meaning of
"berth" was probably "bearing off". Sailors were warned to keep a wide bearing off something
they needed to keep away from. It could also refer to anchoring a boat far enough away from
another so that they did not hit each other when swinging with the wind or the tide.
¤ Hard and fast – rigidly adhered to – without a doubt.
A ship that was "hard and fast" was beached firmly on land. The land was known as "The
hard" as in Buckler's Hard.
¤ Hand over fist – quickly and continuously.
It describes the action of hauling on a rope using alternate hands, so it is probably nautical. In
the 18th century though, it had a different meaning – “making steady progress”.
¤ In the doldrums – in low spirits or feeling drowsy or dull.
In the 19th century, the word "doldrum" meant a "dullard or dull fellow" so "the doldrums"
was a general state of low spirits. In the middle of the century, the word was used to denote
the state of ships experiencing becalming in the area just north of the equator, between the
Trade Winds. The name was then used geographically to refer to the area itself rather than
the state of the ships.
¤ Keel over – to fall over - also a sailor’s term for dying.
When the boat’s keel comes out of the water it is very likely to capsize. To be on an even keel
– calm and steady. The boat would float upright without listing.
¤ In the offing - imminent or likely to happen soon.
“Offing” is that area of sea that can be seen from land, so when a ship was seen to be “in the
offing” it would be expected to dock before the next tide. The adjective “off” in a sailing
context means “away from”.
¤ Knowing the ropes – understanding the principles.
In square-rigged ships, there were miles of ropes in the rigging and the only way of keeping
track of their functions was to memorize where each of them went. It took an experienced
sailor to "know the ropes".
¤ Logbook – an official record book.
An early way to measure a boat's progress through the sea was to throw overboard a wooden

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
board or "log" with a string attached. The rate at which the string was paid out as the ship
moved away from the log was measured by counting knots in the string. These measurements
were recorded in a book, the "logbook" and from here we also get "knot"- the unit of speed at
sea.
¤ On your beam ends – hard up or in a bad situation.
The beams were the horizontal timbers of a boat. If the end of these beams were touching the
water, you were in imminent danger of capsizing.
¤ Ship-shape and Bristol fashion – in first-class order.
The derivation could be that Bristol has one of the most variable tides flows anywhere in the
world and the water level can vary by more than 30 feet between tides. Before the harbor was
built boats moored here were beached at low tide so they had to be of sturdy construction and
their cargoes well stowed. On the other hand, it could refer to Bristol's high standards of
equipment and service, when it was the major British west-coast trading port, before the
growth of Liverpool.
¤ Sling your hook – to leave or clear off.
Those who believe it has a nautical origin think it refers to the sailors pulling up the anchor
before leaving.
¤ Pipe down - a request for silence.
The boatswain’s pipe was used to give signals to the crew of sailing ships. “Piping down the
hammocks” was the last signal of the day, to go below decks and retire for the night. Also,
when an officer was “piped down” he was dismissed.
¤ Three sheets to the wind – very drunk.
In the sailors' language, a sheet is a rope. If three sheets are not attached to the sails as they
ought to be, the sail will flap, and the boat will lurch around drunkenly. Sailors had a sliding
scale of drunkenness. Tipsy was "one sheet", whereas falling over was "three sheets".
¤ All at sea – in a state of confusion.
In the days of sail before navigational aids, boats out of sight of land, or having lost their
bearings, were in an unknown position and danger.
¤ By and large – overall, or generally speaking.
In the days of sail “large” was a term describing the wind when it was blowing from a point
behind the ship’s direction of travel. When this favorable “large” wind was blowing the

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
“largest” sails could be set and the boat could travel downwind. “By” is a nautical term
meaning “in the direction of” ….eg “by the wind” means to face into the wind. It could be that
to sail “by and large” meant the ability to sail not only with the wind but also against it.
However, another theory is that to steer a course “by and large” was to keep slightly off the
wind, so there was less need for constant adjustment in steering direction.
¤ Dead in the water – not going anywhere or brought to a halt.
A ship that was “dead in the water” had no wind in its sails to make it come alive and was
therefore not able to move forward.
¤ Fathom out – to deduce something from the facts.
A fathom is a unit of measurement – the distance from fingertip to fingertip with arms
outstretched. In the 14th century, "fathoming" meant embracing someone, so to "fathom out"
may have just been a way of measuring with outstretched arms.
¤ Footloose – free to do as one pleases (maybe romantically unattached).
The lower edge of the mainsail is called the “foot”. If this is not attached it will hang or fly free
and be much more difficult to control.
¤ Go by the board – finished with (thrown or lost overboard).
The "board" is the side of the decking of the ship. The phrase could refer to things that went
over the side or that merely fell on the deck.
¤ Grog or Groggy – a ration of alcohol or the state of drinking too much.
In 1740 Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Vernon issued a decree that the sailors' daily ration of half a
pint of rum should be diluted with an equal amount of water. The sailors referred to the Vice-
Admiral as "Old Groggy" because of the impressive Grogram cloak which he wore on deck.
Hence the disdainful nickname of "grog" was given to their watered-down drink. Sailors who
drank too much were referred to as "groggy".
¤ Let the cat out of the bag – disclose a secret.
This refers to the cat o' nine tails, a whip made of rope with nine unbraided strands at the
end, used to flog sailors. The "cat" refers to the scratches and wounds the sailors would incur
from the flogging. The "cat" was kept in a bag and when it was brought out there was going
to be trouble ahead.
¤ No room to swing a cat – a very confined space.
When a sailor was punished by flogging with the “cat o’ nine tails”, the whole ship’s company

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
was required to witness it. The deck became very crowded and there was sometimes “no
room to swing a cat”.
¤ Over a barrel – to be in a situation where one cannot change one’s mind.
The most common form of punishment for sailors was flogging. The culprit was tied either to a
grating, the mast, or over a barrel. “Kissing the gunner’s daughter” was being tied to the
barrel of a deck cannon while it was fired.
¤ Push the boat out – to spend generously.
Boats are often too large to be handled by one individual, especially when they are beached
and need to be pushed back into the water. It was an act of generosity to help someone push
their boat out into the water. It later became used to mean buying a round of drinks or
standing someone a treat.
¤ Shake a leg (or show a leg) – rouse yourself and get out of bed.
“Show a leg” seems to have been the Royal Navy command for putting a foot out of your
hammock and getting up. Another meaning could derive from the 19th century when women
were sometimes allowed on board when the boat was in port. Legs were hung over the side of
a hammock so that the hairy men’s legs could be distinguished from the more shapely and
smooth women’s legs.
¤ Shiver my timbers – an oath expressing annoyance or surprise.
It is not certain whether this was a genuine sailor's oath or just a literary invention, but by the
14th century the meaning of "shiver" was to "break into pieces". So, in a nautical context, it
would mean "if so and so happens let my boat break to pieces!"
¤ Slush Fund – money put aside to bribe or influence.
In the 18th century, "slush" or "slosh" was the fat or grease skimmed off by the cook when
boiling up salted beef. This "slush" was a perk for the ship's cook who sold it when the ship
reached port. The money derived in this way was known as the "slush fund"
¤ Square meal – a substantial, nourishing meal.
Many people believe the phrase to refer to the square plates used by sailors.
But as far back as the 16th century the word “square” was used to mean “proper”, “honest” or
“straightforward”. This is more likely to be the derivation of the phrase.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
¤ Take the wind out of his sails – to take away someone’s initiative, disconcert or frustrate
them.
This could derive from the art of sailing so that you “steal” the wind from another boat. A boat
under sail can be slowed down if another boat sails between it and the wind, preventing their
sails from filling.
¤ Touch and go – in a precarious situation.
This refers to the situation a vessel would be in, in shallow water, when it touched the bottom
but did not become grounded and was able to move off again.
¤ Whistle for the wind – hope for the impossible.
This possibly derives from the nautical superstition that the wind could be summoned to help a
becalmed vessel by whistling for it. Possibly it was thought that the wind would blow in
sympathy with the sailors' blowing. Conversely, they should refrain from whistling during a
game. Some sailors believe that whistling raises not a fair wind but a storm.
¤ To give someone (or something) a wide berth is to avoid that person (or thing): Jake
gave his creditors a wide berth.
The term berth originally referred to the distance that was needed to maneuver around an
obstacle or another ship. To give a wide berth is to leave a lot of distance between yourself
and the person or thing you want to avoid.
¤ To batten down the hatches means "to get ready for trouble ahead." Hatches are
openings from a ship’s deck into the hold below.
In the days of sailing ships, the hatches were usually left open; but when a storm came up,
the hatches needed to be covered over securely, or battened down, to keep water from
flowing into the hold.
¤ The beams of a ship are the timbers that run horizontally across the deck.
If a ship is on its beam ends, with the ends of the beams touching the surface of the water,
then the ship is on its side and is in great danger of capsizing. Figuratively, the expression to
be on your beam ends means "to be in a difficult or desperate situation, especially
financially."
¤ The expression plain sailing has the opposite meaning since it describes a situation in which
everything is simple and easy and is going smoothly.
¤ To get one’s sea legs originally meant "to become used to walking on board ship."
A new sailor has to learn how to walk on a deck that is moving up and down with the waves;
when after much practice he can walk without losing his balance, he is said to have “gotten his
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
sea legs.” By extension, the phrase is now used to describe anyone who has gotten skilled at
doing something new.
¤ To be all at sea means "to be confused, uncertain or disoriented," just as the crew of a ship
might have been when no longer in sight of land in the days when sailors had to rely on
primitive navigational aids.
¤ To be in the doldrums means "to be inactive or unsuccessful"
(The economy is in the doldrums), or "to be listless and depressed," like Ted in the example
above.
¤ To run a tight ship is to run an operation with the same degree of efficiency, firmness, and
discipline as would be found in the navy.
¤ To sail close to the wind is to do something that is risky or that is barely acceptable legally
or socially.
The expression comes from a sailing maneuver in which a sailboat sails as close as it can to
the direction from which the wind is blowing, without sailing into the wind. This is a tricky
maneuver because sailing too close to the wind will cause a boat to lose headway and come to
a halt.
¤ To learn the ropes means "to become familiar with a task or process that is new." This
expression goes back to the days of sailing ships when a new crew member had to learn how
to handle the ropes that controlled the sails.
¤ To plumb the depths means "to thoroughly explore something mysterious" (plumb the
depths of the human soul) or "to hit the lowest point" (plumb the depths of despair).
This expression comes from the method sailors used to measure the depth of the water, by
lowering a lead weight called a plumb until it reached the bottom.
¤ To be three sheets to the wind means "to be very drunk." On sailing ships, sheets were
the ropes that held a sail in position.
If three ropes, or sheets, were loose, the sail would flap uselessly, and the ship would wallow
about like a drunken sailor staggering home from a night of shore leave. Thus, the expression
three sheets to the wind came to mean “drunk.”
¤ If your ship has come in, you have been blessed with great good fortune.
The common expression when my ship comes in is usually used to mean "when I get rich."
This expression is a reference to the days when merchants had to make a large investment in
advance to staff and equip a ship and then had to wait for their ship to return home, filled
with goods, before they could recover their investment and realize a profit.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
¤ To be between the devil and the deep blue sea is to be faced with two choices, both
equally unpleasant.
Other expressions that have the same meaning are to be between a rock and a hard
place and to be between Scylla and Charybdis (Scylla being a sea monster and Charybdis
a whirlpool, in Greek mythology).
¤ If you nail your colors to the mast, you take a firm stand on some issue, refusing to back
down.
This expression dates to the 18th century and has its origin in naval battles. The
term colors refer to the ship’s flag; to indicate surrender, a ship’s captain would order the
ship’s flag, or colors, lowered. In more than one incident, a British ship that had lost the top of
its mast nailed the ship's flag to what was left of the mast, indicating a determination to stand
and fight, and a refusal to surrender.
¤ To put your oar in means "to give unwanted advice or to meddle in something that doesn’t
concern you."
¤ In nautical language, the board is the side of the ship.
Something that goes by the board falls overboard and is lost. The figurative meaning of go
by the board is "to be tossed away, abandoned or rejected."
¤ The expression down the hatch is used as a toast among people drinking alcoholic
beverages.
The analogy is to the hatches on a ship, which were openings into the hold below decks,
where the cargo was stored.
ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS
One can divide prepositions into three categories:
1. prepositions of time
2. prepositions of place
3. and other kinds of prepositions.
The following table includes the third category of prepositions.
These are prepositions of neither place nor time.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
1. Prepositions of time
Preposition
Explanations Example
of time
 days  Many shops do not open on Sundays.
on  weekend (American  What did you do on the weekend?
English)
 months / seasons / year  I visited
 morning / evening / Italy in July, in spring, in 1994
in afternoon  In the evenings, I like to relax.
 period  This is the first cigarette I have
had in three years.
 night  It gets cold at night.
 weekend (British English)  What did you do at the weekend?
at
 used to show an exact or  There is a meeting at 2.30 this
a time: afternoon / at lunch time.
 from a time in the past  England have not won the World Cup
since until a later time, or until in football since 1966
now
 used to show an amount  I'm just going to bed for an hour or
for
of time. so.
 back in the past; back in  The dinosaurs died out 65 million
ago
time from the present: years ago.
 at or during a time earlier
before  She's always up before dawn.
than
 used when saying the
to time, to mean before the  It's twenty to six.
stated hour
past  telling the time  five past ten
Preposition of
Explanations Example
time
 until a time, marking end  It is only two weeks to Christmas.
to
of a period
 used to show the time  The museum is open from 9.30 to
from
when something starts 6.00 Tuesday to Sunday.
 up to (the time that)  We waited till / until half past six for
till / until
you.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
 not later than; at or  She had promised to be back by five

by
before o'clock.
2. Preposition of Place
Preposition of
Explanation Example
place
 inside  I watch TV in the living-room
 I live in New York
 Look at the picture in the book
in  She looks at herself in the mirror.
 She is in the car.
 Look at the girl in the picture
 This is the best team in the world
 used to show an exact position  I met her at the entrance, at the
or place bus stop
 table  She sat at the table
at  events  at a concert, at the party
 place where you are to do  at the
something typical (watch a film, movies, at university, at work
study, work)
 attached  Look at the picture on the wall
 next to or along the side of  Cambridge is on the River Cam.
(river)  The book is on the desk
 used to show that something is  A smile on his face
in a position above something  The shop is on the left
on else and touching it.  My apartment is on the first floor
 left, right  I love traveling on trains /on the
 a floor in a house bus / on a plane
 used for showing some methods  My favorite
of traveling program on TV, on the radio
 television, radio
by, next to,  not far away in distance  The girl who is by / next
besides, near to / beside the house.
 in or into the space which  The town lies
between separates two places, people or halfway between Rome and
objects Florence.
behind  at the back (of)  I hung my coat behind the door.
in front of  further forward than someone or  She started talking to the man in

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
something else front of her

 lower than (or covered by)  the cat is under the chair.
under
something else
 lower than something else.  the plane is just below the the
below
cloud
 above or higher than something  She held the umbrella over both
else, sometimes so that one of us.
thing covers the other.  Most of the carpets
over  more than. are over $100.
 across from one side to the  I walked over the bridge
other.  She jumped over the gate
 overcoming an obstacle
 higher than something else, but  a path above the lake

above
not directly over it
 from one side to the other of  She walked across the
something with clear limits / field/road.
across
getting to the other side  He sailed across the Atlantic

 from one end or side of  They walked slowly through the

through
something to the other woods.
 in the direction of  We went to Prague last year.
to
 bed  I go to bed at ten.
 towards the inside or middle of  Shall we go into the garden?

something and about to be
into
contained, surrounded, or
enclosed by it
 in the direction of, or closer to  She stood up and
towards
someone or something walked towards him.
 used to show movement into or  I slipped as I stepped onto the
onto
on a place platform.
 used to show the place where  What time does the
from
someone or something starts: flight from Amsterdam arrive?
3. Other Prepositions
Preposition Explanation Example

 used to show the origin of  "Where are you from?"
from
something or someone "I'm from Italy."

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
 used to show the material of which  The desk is made from pine.
something is made  Things went from bad to worse.
 used to show a change in the state
of someone or something
 used to show possession, belonging  a friend of mine
or origin  a kilo of apples
of
 used after words or phrases
expressing amount, number, or unit
 used to show the person or thing  I'm reading some short stories
by
that does something: (written) by Chekhov.
 used for showing some methods of  It'd be quicker to get there on foot
on traveling / on horse
 entering a public transport vehicle  get on the train
in  entering a car / Taxi  She got in the car and drove fast.
off  leaving a public transport vehicle  She got off the bus
out of  leaving a closed vehicle, building...  She got out of the car
 used to show measurements or  Their wages were increased by 12%.
amounts  She went by car, by bus, by train
by
 traveling (other than walking or
horse riding)
 age  In theory, women can still have
at
children at the age of 50.
about  on the subject of, connected with  What is that book about?

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
References
Steward's Department. (2016, February 12). Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward's_Department
Officer (nautical). (2007, November 14). Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(nautical)
Seafarer's professions and ranks. (2020, July 25). Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafarer's_professions_and_ranks
Captain's clerk. (2019, December 18). Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain's_clerk
Seafarer's professions and ranks - Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10,
2020, from https://wiki2.org/en/Seafarer's_professions_and_ranks

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Checkpoint
Activity 3.1 Multiple Choice

Choose the right preposition of place.
1. (At, In, On) the picture, I can see a family (at, in on) a kitchen.
2. There is a dish full of fruits (at, in, on) the worktop.
3. The mother is standing (behind, in front of, across) her son and daughter.
4. She is holding a vase (at, on, in) her hand.
5. The son and the daughter are sitting (at on, in) the worktop smiling (at, on, in) each other.
6. There are beautiful cupboards (at, in, into, on) the wall.
7. There is a window (behind, under, in front of) the mother.
8. The woman is looking (at, on, to) her daughter.
Choose the right preposition of time.
1. What are you doing (at, in, on) Saturday?

2. I am going to the countryside (at, in, on) the weekend.
3. I have not been to the countryside (for, since, on) December.
4. What time are you leaving?
I am leaving (at, in, on) the afternoon. May be (at, in, on) three o’clock PM. I am coming
back (at, in, on) Sunday evening. I will catch the half (to, past) seven train (on, at, in)
Sunday. I will be here (by, since, until) none o’clock.
5. So, you will be there (by, since, until, for) the whole weekend. I will be missing you.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Checkpoint

Identify the following duties and responsibilities. Use the choices below and write the letter of the
correct answer before the number.
A Master/Captain
B Chief Mate/First Officer/ First Mate First Officer
C Second Mate/Second Officer
D Third Mate/Third Officer
1. Acting as the medical officer.

2. Anchoring the vessel at anchorage.
3. Assisting any other vessel in an emergency.
4. At sea, his bridge watches are 2000 hours-midnight (First watch) and 0800 hours-noon
(Forenoon watch).
5. At sea, his bridge watches are midnight - 0400 hours (Middle watch) and 1200 hours -
1600 hours (Afternoon watch).
6. Commanding the ship.
7. Correcting charts, sailing directions, list of light and fog signals, radio signals and
updating navigational warnings, etc.
9. Handling port papers on behalf of the Master.
10. He has to load and discharge the cargo
11. He is the person to contact the office directly from the ship and the person to be
contacted by the office for any matter on board.
12. He is the person to sign the Bill of Lading for cargo.
13. He is the ship owner’s representative who ascertains that all the departments meet the
demands of the operation.
14. He should arrange provisions, stores, fuel (bunkers) (under Chief Engineer's guidance),
garbage disposals, shore passes, salary, and cash advance, etc.
15. He should be present in the bridge while arriving and leaving ports, in shallow waters,
during reduced visibility, any equipment malfunctions, in any emergency, when other
navigation officers are unable to handle the ship during heavy traffic, and during any
abnormal situations.
16. Implementing law and order onboard ship.
18. In charge on deck for any emergency and reporting Master as appropriate.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
19. In port: handling port authorities, immigration authorities, custom, authorities, narcotics
authorities, etc.
20. Maintaining the ship's library and publications in good order.
21. Maintenance of deck and overhauling of deck machinery.
22. Maintenance of life-saving equipment and firefighting equipment under the Safety
Officer's instruction.
23. Overall, in-charge for the Safety of the Crew, Ship, and Cargo
24. Preparing a deck log abstract at the end of each month.
25. Preparing drill reports.
26. Preparing of loading and discharging cargo plans.
27. Taking disciplinary actions against any Crew member. If the Crew member is from the
engine department, the Chief engineer must be consulted as well.
28. Testing of bridge equipment.
29. The overall licensed commanding officer of the ship and the highest rank over the other
officers.
30. Training the Crew and conducting effective drills

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Do This
Activity 3.3 Multiple Choice.
Identify the following duties and responsibilities. Use the choices below and write the letter of the
correct answer before the number.
A CHIEF ENGINEER
B SECOND ENGINEER/ FIRST ASSISTANT ENGINEER
C THIRD ENGINEER/ SECOND ASSISTANT ENGINEER
D FOURTH ENGINEER/ THIRD ASSISTANT ENGINEER
1. All machinery items, steering gears, pumps, auxiliary machinery, and main engine
maintenance come under him.
2. Conducting a boiler water test and cooling water tests.
3. Does bunker calculations with the assistance of the 4th Engineer.
4. He assigns the daily work schedule of the crew in the engine room.
5. He is the assistant in charge of the engine room.
6. He should give work orders for the engine room and check the progress of work.
7. Implements law and order in the engine room.
8. In charge of the engine during any emergency and reports to the Master as appropriate.
9. In charge of the main engine during critical periods.
10. Making repair lists and indents.
11. Most of the technical jobs are under him and he will report to the company with the
master’s approval.
12. Operation and maintenance of air compressor.
13. Operation and maintenance of boilers.
14. Operation and maintenance of the freshwater generator.
15. Operation and maintenance of generators.
16. Operation and maintenance of incinerator.
17. Operation and maintenance of oily water separator.
18. Operation and maintenance of the sewage plant.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Do This
STANDARD MARINE VOCABULARY (distress messages-prepositions).
Activity. Multiple choice.
A. Fill in the missing prepositions from among the choices. Write the letter of the correct answer
on the blank space.
1. Are dangerous goods ____ fire?

a. Under b. in c. on
2. I am not ____ command.
a. Under b. on c. below
3. I have collided ____ unknown vessel.
a. In b. into c. with
4. I can only proceed ____ slow speed.
a. On b. at c. with
5. Can you get fire ____ control?
a. In b. under c. at
6. I went aground ____ low water.
a. On b. in c. at
7. I am ____ danger ____ capsizing.
a. In/off b. at/in c. at/off
8. I have problems ____ machinery.
a. In b. with c.at
9. I am ____ critical condition.
a. In b. under c. at
10. I am ____ attack ____ pirates.
a. On/off b. under/off c. under/or
11. When will you arrive ____ distress position?
a. In b. at c. to
12. I can proceed ____ distress position.
a. In b. at c. to
B. Identify the following duties and responsibilities. Write the letter of the correct answer before
each number.
A Electrician
B Engine cadet
C Oiler
D Pumpman

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
1. He performs loading, discharging, valve opening, inflammable liquid handling, and all works
needed for the proper operation of the liquid cargo system mostly on oil tankers.
2. He observes the jobs of all the junior engineers starting from the bulge cleaning to main
engine operations.
3. He carries many electrical equipment and performs electrical jobs like generator repairs,
maintaining navigational lights, maintaining refrigeration units, monitoring of air
conditioning units.
4. He regularly upholds and maintains the propulsion systems on ships.
C. Identify the following duties and responsibilities. Write the letter of the correct answer before
each number.
A Fitter
B Machinist
C Storekeeper
D Wiper
1. He operates lathe machines and does grinding, glass cutting, welding, etc.
2. He checks auxiliary equipment and supplies of the ship.
3. He performs certain machine repair jobs every day.
4. He is primarily assigned to do cleaning jobs on ships' engine rooms and he also assists the
engineers in repairing engine machinery.
D. Identify the following duties and responsibilities. Write the letter of the correct answer before
each number.
A Able Seaman or AB
B Boatswain/Bosun/Deck Foreman
C Deck Cadet/Navigating Cadet
D Wiper
E Ordinary Seaman or OS
1. He supervises all the deck ratings, assigns tasks for them, and monitors their jobs.
2. He is a mechanic on board, a specialist for shipbuilding.
3. He is responsible for upkeep duties such as sweeping and washing deck, securing cargo,
launching, and recovering lifeboats, splicing wires and ropes, painting, scaling, buffing, and
superstructure, etc.
4. He may work as a day worker or watch stander.
5. He must be guided and should receive training in cleaning, navigation, cargo and ship
handling, maritime law, firefighting, first aid, survival techniques, etc.
E. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect.
Write your answer before the number.
________ 1. The Chief mate is most responsible for the shipment of cargo.
________ 2. The Master and the Chief Officer are responsible for the safety of the ship and the
cargo.
________ 3. Cargo for “deep” ports is loaded first.
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
________ 4.
The ship tends to roll when the center of gravity is too low.
________ 5.
If the ship is stiff, she will be subject to strain in heavy weather.
________ 6.
General cargo and bulk cargoes are handled by mechanical means.
________ 7.
Container cranes are fitted with a spreader as a lifting device.
________ 8.
The sequence of ports of discharge is not a factor that affects the storage of cargo.
________ 9.
Cleanliness in the engine room is important to prevent excessive oil residue in bilges
and throughout the engine room.
________ 10. Cover contaminated goods with tarpaulins and separate them from other goods.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Assessment 3A Nautical Idioms
Multiple Choice. Select the letter that best describe the following nautical idioms. Write the letter
on the space provided before each number.
1. It is all right to ____________ when you're single, but if you're thinking of settling down and
starting a family, you should find a less dangerous way to make money. *
a. Run a tight ship
b. Learn the ropes
c. Abandon the ship
d. Sail close to the wind
2. Winston ____________. Every employee checks in with him twice a day to get their
assignments and report their progress. It is a very controlled environment, but they get things
done quite efficiently. *
a. Abandon the ship
b. Rock the boat
c. Run a tight ship
d. Is between the devil and the deep blue sea
3. The ____________ is a handle or wheel used for steering a boat or ship. *

a. Helm
b. Crow’s nest
c. Deck
d. Plank
4. It is always ____________ in the weeks leading up to a trial. There is a lot to do in a short

time, so everyone is got to help. *
a. Smooth sailing
b. Learning the ropes
c. At the helm
d. All hands-on deck
5. We need employees with unflinching loyalty, not people who will ____________ at the first sign
of trouble. *
a. Run a tight ship
b. Abandon ship
c. Sail close to the wind
d. Learn the ropes

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
6. Adrian will serve as your safety net until you've ____________. If you need help with anything,
just ask him. *
a. Rock the boat
b. Been between the devil and the deep blue sea
c. Learned the ropes
d. Sailed smoothly
7. The difficult part is going to be breaking into the safe. Once we've done that, it's going to be
____________. Everything else will be easy. *
a. At the helm
b. Sailing close to the wind
c. Smooth sailing
d. Between the devil and the deep blue sea
8. I wish you would not ____________. We are close to a deal, and you're upsetting everyone
with your wild accusations. *
a. Rock the boat
b. Learn the ropes
c. Run a tight ship
d. Abandon ship
9. With Juan ____________, we are sure to succeed! His leadership style motivates the whole
team. *
a. Sailing close to the wind
b. At the helm
c. Abandoning ship
d. On deck
10. I am ____________! If I invite Abbey to the party, I am going to be trying to stop her from
fighting with Brett all night. If I do not invite her, she is going to think I do not like her. *
a. Smooth sailing
b. All hands-on deck
c. Between the devil and the deep blue sea
d. At the helm
11. Sushila has been with us only a week; it will take her a while to .
a) plumb the depths
b) learn the ropes
12. Godfrey is strict but efficient; he likes to .

a. sail close to the wind
b. run a tight ship
13.Ted has been since he failed his driving test for the third time.
a. in the doldrums
b. three sheets to the wind
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
14.Marian did not know much about website design when she started; but before long, she
a) had gotten her sea legs
b) was all at sea
15.Since Jason lost his fortune in the recession,

a) he has been on his beam ends
b) it has been plain sailing
16.Matt was not at all friendly; he really at the party.

a) battened down the hatches
b) gave us a wide berth
17.Faced with a choice between a new car and a prize of $25,000 cash, Marla felt that .
a) her ship had come in
b) she was between the devil and the deep blue sea
18.Hari is no pushover; when a debate arises over any issue, he never fails to .
a) nail his colors to the mast
b) put his oar in
19.This proposal just does not meet our needs; it will have to go .
a) down the hatch
b) by the board
20. Now that the flood damage has been repaired, everything is .
a) high and dry
b) ship-shape and Bristol fashion

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Assessment 3B
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - TO HAVE THE UPPER HAND.
a) To lift your hand.
b) To have an advantage.
c) To shake someone's hand.
d) To clasp hands.
d) To clasp hands.
d) To clasp hands.
4. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - TO THROW UP ONE'S HANDS.
a) To dirty your hands.
b) To put your hands together.
c) To give up.
d) To use the hands to throw something.
5. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - TO HAVE YOUR HANDS FULL.
a) To have a lot of work.
b) To be able to sweat.
c) To fill up your pockets.
d) To clean your hands.
6. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - TO HAVE A FREEHAND.
a) To untie the hands.
b) To keep one hand free.
c) To have both hands free.
d) To be able to do things your way.
7. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - TO GET OUT OF HAND.
a) To get the hands out.
b) To separate the hands.
c) To get out of control.
d) To release the hands.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
8. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - HAND IN GLOVE.
a) To work in close association for a bad cause.
b) To remove the glove from the hand.
c) To stuff the hand in the glove.
d) To hand over the glove.
9. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - WASH YOUR HANDS OF.
a) To rub your hands.
b) To abandon something, you were doing midway.
c) To clean your hands.
d) To rinse your hands.
10. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - HAND ON A PLATTER.
a) The handheld the plate.
b) The hand is like a plate.
c) To obtain something easily without having to make too much effort.
d) Hand and plate go together.
11. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - LIKE THE BACK OF ONE'S HAND.
a) To place the hands one behind the other.
b) To like somebody's hands.
c) To know something very well.
d) To tie the hands behind the back.
12. Choose the option with the same meaning as the idiom - BITE THE HAND THAT FEEDS YOU.
a) To chew one's hands.
b) To feed someone with your hands.
c) To cut off a hand.
d) To harm someone kind to you.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Learning Module 4 CARGOES (9 hours)
Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes
Competence:
Use the IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases and use English in written and oral form
Course Outcome/s:
Familiarize the various types of cargo onboard
Learning Outcomes:
LO 4.1 Identify the various types of cargo on board.
LO 4.2 Employ speaking skills in cargo handling and care
LO 4.3 Use listening skill for understanding specific information
LO 4.4 Actively participate in classroom tasks supplemental in strengthening knowledge in

Maritime Course.
Topic Content:
1. Cargo Care and Handling
a. general stowage
b. container damage: Segregation, Infestation
c. ventilation
d. humidity, condensation, sweating
e. dangerous cargo
f. spillage
g. ballasting
2. Articles: The, A, An, Zero Article

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Overview
Cargo handling as an activity has evolved from being purely manually driven to an activity that is
performed using the latest materials handling equipment money can buy. But humans still have an
important role to play in cargo handling, which essentially throws the doors opens for a diverse and
serious range of safety concerns (Abangan, 2019)
In Maritime English, students need to learn the cargo marking symbols use in the care and
handling of cargoes.
Discussion
Cargo and cargo care
4.1 Loading and unloading
.1 Loading capacities and quantities
.1 What is the deadweight of the vessel?

.1.1 The deadweight is ... tons.
.2 What is the hold / bale / grain capacity of vessel?
.2.1 The hold / bale / grain capacity is ... cubic meters.
.3 What is the container capacity of the vessel?
.3.1 The container capacity is ... TEU.
.4 How many 20'/ 40' containers will the vessel load?
.4.1 The vessel will load ... 20'/ 40' containers.
.5 How many cubic meters of cargo space are required?
.5.1 ..... ... cubic meters of cargo space are required.
.6 How many tons / cubic meters can the vessel still load?
.6.1 ..... The vessel can still load ... tons / cubic meters.
.7 How much deck cargo can the vessel load?
.7.1 ..... The vessel can load ... tons / cubic meters / ... 20'/40' containers on deck.
.8 How many cars / trailers / trucks / ... can the vessel load?
.8.1 ..... The vessel can load ... cars / trailers / trucks / ... .
.9 What is the size of the hatch openings?
.9.1 ..... The size of the hatch openings is ... by ... meters.
.10 What is the safety load of no. ... hold?
.10.1 ..... The safety load of the ... deck of no. ... hold is ... tons per square metre.
.11 The vessel will still bunker ... tons of fuel / fresh water/ ... .

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
.2 Dockside / shipboard cargo handling gear and equipment
.1 Are dockside / floating cranes available?

.1.1 ..... Yes, dockside / floating cranes are available.
.1.2 ..... No, dockside / floating cranes are not available.
.2 What is the safe working load of the crane?
.2.1 ..... The safe working load of the crane is ... tons.
.3 What is the maximum reach of the crane?
.3.1 ..... The maximum reach of the crane is ... meters.
.4 What is the handling capacity of the container crane/gantry?
.4.1 ..... The handling capacity of container crane/gantry is ... containers per hour.
.5 What is the handling capacity of the grain elevator/ore loader/ ...?
.5.1 ..... The handling capacity of the grain elevator/ore loader/is ... tons /cubic meters per
hour.
.6 What is the pumping capacity of the cargo pumps?
.6.1 ..... The pumping capacity of the cargo pumps is ... tons per hour.
.7 Are (light) fork-lift trucks for the cargo holds available?
.7.1 ..... Yes, (light) fork-lift trucks are available.
.7.2 ..... No, (light) fork-lift trucks are not available.
.8 Only use electric fork-lift trucks in the holds.
.9 What is the safe working load of the fork-lift truck?
.9.1 ..... The safe working load of the fork-lift truck is ... tons.
.10 What is the safe working load of the derricks/cranes of the vessel?
.10.1 ..... The safe working load of the derricks/cranes of the vessel is ... tons.
.11 What is the safe working load of the ... slings?
.11.1 ..... The safe working load of the ... slings is ... tons.
.12 These slings do not permit safe cargo handling.
.12.1 ..... Replace the slings.
.13 Are bob-cats available for trimming?
.13.1 ..... Yes, bob-cats are available for trimming.
.13.2 ..... No, bob-cats are not available for trimming.
.3 Preparing for loading / unloading
.1 Prepare the vessel for loading / discharging.

.2 Unlock the hatch covers.
.3 Rig the hatchrails in no. ... hold(s).
.4 Give notice of readiness to load/discharging by ... UTC/local time.
.5 Is the cargo list available and complete?
.5.1 ..... Yes, the cargo list is available and complete.
.5.2 .... No, the cargo list is not available and complete (yet).
.5.3 .... The cargo list will be available and complete in ... minutes.
.6 Complete the stowage plan.
.7 Make the stability calculation.
.8 Are the holds clean/dry/free of smell?

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
.8.1 .... Yes, the holds are clean/dry/free of smell.

.8.2 ..... No, the holds are not clean / dry / free of smell (yet).
.8.3 ..... The holds will be clean / dry / free of smell in ... minutes / hours.
.8.3.1 .......... Clean the hold(s) / deck(s).
.9 Are the safety arrangements in the hold(s) operational?
.9.1 ..... Yes, the safety arrangements in the hold(s) are operational.
.9.2 ..... No, the safety arrangements in the hold(s) are not operational (yet).
.9.3 ..... The safety arrangements in the hold(s) will be operational in ... minutes.
.10 Fill the double bottom tank(s) / ballast tank(s) before loading the heavy lifts.
.11 What is the maximum loading rate / discharging rate?
.11.1 ..... The maximum loading rate / discharging rate is ... tons per hour.
.11.2 ..... Do not exceed the loading rate / discharging rate of ... tons per hour.
.4 Operating cargo handling equipment and hatches
.1 Open all hatches before loading / discharging.

.2 Are the cranes / derricks operational?
.2.1 ..... Yes, the cranes / derricks are operational.
.2.2 ..... No, the cranes / derricks are not operational (yet).
.2.3 ..... The cranes / derricks will be operational in ... minutes.
.3 Rig the derrick(s) / crane(s) of no. ... hold(s).
.4 Check the preventers.
.5 Keep within the safe working load of derrick(s) / crane(s).
.6 Instruct the winchmen / cranemen .
.7 Clean the tween deck(s) before opening lower hold(s).
.8 Switch on / off the hold ventilation.
.9 Switch on / off the hold lights.
.10 Close / open the cargo port(s) to no. ... hold(s).
.5 Maintaining / repairing cargo handling equipment
.1 Check the hold(s) / hatch cover(s) / derrick(s) / ... for damage and report.
.1.1 ..... The hold(s) / hatch cover(s) / derrick(s) / ... is / are in order.
.1.2 ..... The cargo battens are damaged.
.1.3 ..... The rubber seals of the hatch cover(s) are damaged.
.1.4 ..... The preventer(s) of no. ... hold(s) is / are damaged.
.1.5 ..... The (Container) lashings are damaged.
.1.6 ..... ... is / are damaged.
.1.6.1 .......... Replace the damaged ....
.2 The hold ladder(s) is / are bent.
.2.1 ..... Straighten the hold ladder(s).
.3 Are the hold ventilators operational?
.3.1 ..... Yes, the hold ventilators are operational.
.3.2 ..... No, the hold ventilators are not operational (yet).
.3.3 ..... The hold ventilators will be operational in ... minutes.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
.4 Are the winch motors operational?

.4.1 ..... Yes, the winch motors are operational.
.4.2 ..... No, the winch motor of no. ... derrick is not operational (yet).
.4.3 ..... The winch motor of no. ... derrick will be operational in ... minutes.
.5 Check the repair works personally.
.6 Briefing on stowing and securing
.1 Check the
.......... ~ careful and safe stowage.
.......... ~ complete unloading.
.......... ~ proper use of handling gear.
.......... ~ careful separation of different lots.
.2 Close the hatches in case of rain / snow / ... .
.3 Refuse damaged / crushed / renailed /wet /torn/ resewn / ... boxes / cartons / cases /crates /
bags / ... .
.4 Do not overstow cartons with other goods.
.5 Do not use hooks for handling bags.
.6 Stow ventilation ducts into the bag cargo.
.7 Place dunnage between the tiers.
.8 Stow the
.......... ~ ... into tween deck of no. ... hold.
.......... ~ pallets / cartons / ... closely together.
.......... ~ ... in reefer hold.
.......... ~ empty containers in topmost tiers.
.......... ~ container(s) onto hatch cover(s).
.......... ~ ... .
.9 Check the
.......... ~ containers for damage.
.......... ~ correct interlock of the stowpieces.
.......... ~ correct fixing of the rope clips.
.10 Secure the heavy lift(s) immediately.
.11 Relash all lashings.
1.2 Handling dangerous goods
See also IMO IMDG Code, London 1994, as revised.
.1 Briefing on nature of dangerous goods
.1 What is the IMO Class of these goods?

.1.1 ..... The IMO Class of these goods is: ....
.2 This package contains IMO Class ... goods.
.3 These goods are flammable / poisonous / ....

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
.3.1 ..... Handle these goods with caution.

.4 These goods emit flammable gases in contact with water.
.4.1 ..... Keep these goods dry.
.5 These goods are liable to spontaneous heating and combustion.
.6 Do not touch ... .
.2 Instructions on compatibility and stowage
.1 Observe the IMDG-Code when loading / stowing.

.2 Check the
.......... ~ proper segregation of goods.
.......... ~ correct technical names in documents.
.......... ~ correct marks/labels.
.......... ~ compatibility of IMO Class ... goods.
.3 Stow IMO Class ... goods
.......... ~ away from living quarters/away from ....
.......... ~ separated (by one hold) from IMO Class ... goods.
.......... ~ under/on deck.
.3.1 .... Cover IMO Class ... goods on deck with tarpaulins/....
.4 Stow
.......... ~ flammable goods away from the engine room bulkhead/....
.......... ~ infectious substances separated by one hold/compartment from foodstuffs.
.......... ~ ... drums away from IMO Class ... goods at a minimum of ... meters.
.5 Brief the stevedores on the dangerous goods in number ... hold(s).
.6 Refuse damaged/wet /... packings with dangerous goods.
.7 Ventilate the hold(s) before entering.
.8 Load / unload IMO Class ... goods first.
.9 No smoking during loading / unloading.
.3 Reporting incidents
.1 Sling(s) with bottles / drums / ... of IMO Class ... goods were dropped on deck/into no. ...
hold/on pier ... .
.1.1 ..... Liquid / powder / gas is spilling.
.2 Several drums / barrels / tanks / ... are deformed ( and leaking).
.3 The ... container with IMO Class ... goods is spilling out of the door.
.4 Spilling substances of IMO Class ... escaped into the sea / harbour water.
.4.1 ..... Inform the pollution control.
.5 Temperature in locker / container/ ... with IMO Class ... goods is increasing (rapidly).
.6 Orange / red / ... smoke is developing from IMO Class ... goods (on deck).
.7 Explosion in no. ... hold.
.7.1 ..... Damage to gas tank / container /....
.8 Minor / major fire in number ... hold.
.8.1 ..... Fire extinguished.
.8.2 ..... IMO Class ... goods re-ignited.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
.8.3 ..... Fire under control.

.8.4 ..... Fire not under control (yet).
.8.4.1 .......... Operate the general emergency alarm.
.8.4.2 .......... Call the harbor fire brigade / ... .
.9 Report injured persons / casualties.
.9.1 ..... No person injured.
.9.2 ..... Number of injured persons / casualties is ... .
.4 Action in case of incidents
.1 Take actions according to the Emergency Plan.

.2 Turn the vessel out of the wind – the spilling gas / smoke is toxic.
.3 Put on protective clothing and breathing apparatus.
.4 Stop the spillage.
.5 Let the spillage evaporate.
.6 Remove the spillage with synthetic scoops.
.6.1 ..... Use absorbents for the spillage.
.6.2 ..... Do not touch the spillage.
.7 Separate contaminated goods from other goods.
.8 Cover contaminated goods with tarpaulins / ... .
.9 Only open the container / hold / locker / ... when smoking is stopped.
.10 Cool down the container/ ... with water.
.11 Ventilate the hold(s) carefully.
.12 Close the hatch - operate the fire extinguishing system.
.13 Fight the fire from a great distance.
.14 Flood no. .. hold(s).
.15 Rescue persons.
.15.1 ..... Take injured persons / casualties to a safe area.
.15.2 ..... Provide first aid to injured persons.
.15.3 ..... Call the ambulance.
.16 Take off and dispose of contaminated clothing.
.17 Alter course for the nearest port (inform on radio).
1.3 Handling liquid goods, bunkers, and ballast pollution prevention

.1 Preparing safety measures
.1 Plug the scuppers / drip-trays and report.

.1.1 ..... All scuppers / drip-trays are plugged.
.2 Close the sea-valves / discharges and report.
.2.1 ..... All sea-valves / discharges are closed.
.3 Stand by absorbent materials and report.
.3.1 ..... Absorbent materials standing by.
.4 Stand by spill control gear and report.
.4.1 ..... Spill control gear standing by.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
.5 Stand by emergency fire pump / foam monitor / fire extinguishers and report.
.5.1 ..... Emergency fire pump / foam monitor / fire extinguishers standing by.
.6 Fit bonding wire and report.
.6.1 ..... Bonding wire is fitted.
.7 Maintain contact on VHF Channels ... with the bunker barge / oil terminal.
.8 Is the oil pollution prevention plan available?
.8.1 ..... Yes, the oil pollution prevention plan is available.
.8.2 ..... No, the oil pollution prevention plan is not available (yet).
.8.3 ..... The oil pollution prevention plan will be available in ... minutes.
.9 Instruct the pumpman / ... and report.
.9.1 ..... Pumpman / ... is instructed.
.2 Operating pumping equipment

(including phrases for communication with bunker barge / oil terminal)
.1 What is the (maximum) loading rate / discharge rate?

.1.1 ..... The (maximum) loading rate / discharge rate is: ... tons per hour.
.2 Is the COW - system / inert gas system operational?
.2.1 ..... Yes, the COW - system / inert gas system is operational.
.2.2 ..... No, the COW - system / inert gas system is not operational (yet).
.2.3 ..... The COW - system / inert gas will be operational in ... minutes.
.3 When will crude oil washing start?
.3.1 ..... Crude oil washing will start in ... minutes.
.4 Are your tanks inerted?
.4.1 ..... Yes, my tanks are inerted.
.4.2 ..... No, my tanks are not inerted (yet).
.4.3 ..... My tanks will be inerted in ... minutes.
.5 What is the pressure in the inerted tanks?
.5.1 ..... The pressure in the inerted tanks is ... bar.
.6 What is the pumping pressure?
.6.1 ..... The pumping pressure is ... bar.
.7 Can we connect the loading arm?
.7.1 ..... Yes, you can connect the loading arm.
.7.2 ..... No, you cannot connect the loading arm (yet).
.7.3 ..... Connect the loading arm in ... minutes.
.8 Inform ... minutes before loading / discharge will start / finish.
.8.1 ..... Loading / discharge will start / finish in ... minutes.
.9 What is the back pressure for stripping?
.9.1 ..... The backpressure for stripping is... bars.
.10 Are the cargo hoses / booms connected?
.10.1 ..... Yes, the cargo hoses / booms are connected.
.10.2 ..... No, the cargo hoses / booms are not connected (yet).
.10.3 ..... The cargo hoses / booms will be connected in ... minutes.
.11 Are the cargo hoses / booms disconnected?
.11.1 ..... Yes, the cargo hoses / booms are disconnected.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
.11.2 ..... No, the cargo hoses / booms are not disconnected (yet).
.11.3 ..... The cargo hoses / booms will be disconnected in ... minutes.
.12 Are you ready to load /discharge?
.12.1 ..... Yes, I am ready to load / discharge.
.12.2 ..... No, I am not ready to load /discharge (yet).
.12.3 ..... I will be ready to load / discharge in ... minutes.
.13 Keep a safe working pressure.
.14 Open the valve(s) and report.
.14.1 ..... All full open aboard / ashore.
.15 Close the valve(s) and report.
.15.1 ..... All full closed aboard / ashore.
.16 Start pumping (slowly).
.17 Are you pumping / receiving?
.17.1 ..... Yes, I am pumping / receiving.
.17.2 ..... No, I am not pumping / not receiving.
.18 Increase / decrease pumping rate to ... revolutions / bar..
.19 (Quantity received) - stop pumping.
.3 Reporting and cleaning up spillage
.1 Leak at manifold connection!

.1.1 ..... Overflow at ...!
.2 Stop pumping!
.3 How much is spilled ?
.3.1 ..... Spill is about ... ton(s).
.4 Treat spill with ... .
.5 Stand by oil clearance team and report.
.5.1 ..... Oil clearance team standing by.
.5.2 ..... All crew assist to remove the spill.
.5.4.1 .......... Spillage stopped.
.5.4.2 .......... Spill cleaned up.
.5.4.3 .......... Spill waste contained in save-all.
.6 Oil / ... escaping into sea / harbor water!
.6.1 ..... Inform pollution control!
.4 Ballast handling
.1 Plug the scuppers and report.

.1.1 ..... All scuppers are plugged.
.2 Open / close the sea suction valve / ballast tank valve no. ... and report.
.2.1 ..... Sea suction valve / ballast tank valve no. ... is open / closed.
.3 Start the ballast pump and report.
.3.1 ..... Ballast pump started.
.4 Stop the ballast pump (ballast overflow) and report.
.4.1 ..... Ballast pump stopped.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
.5 Pump out ballast ta nk no. ... and report.

.5.1 ..... Ballast tank no. ... is pumped out.
.5.2 ..... Stop the ballast pump - ballast dirty !
.5 Cleaning tanks
.1 Pump the slops into the slop tank .

.2 Dispose the sludge into the sludge tank.
.3 Order a shore slop tank / slop barge.
.3.1 ..... We have ... tons of slops / sludge.
.4 Start / stop pumping slops.
.5 Keep a safe working pressure.
1.4 Preparing for sea
.1 Close and secure the hatch covers for sea and report
.1.1 ..... Hatch covers closed and secured.
.2 Lash and secure the goods for sea and report.
.2.1 ..... Goods lashed and secured.
(In ro/ro-ferries: the execution of instructions 3, 4 and 5 given from the bridge on radio should be
confirmed by the person in charge of the corresponding station using phrases 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1)
.3 Close and secure the bow door / stern door and report..
.3.1 ..... Bow door / stern door closed and secured.
.4 Fold and secure the bow ramp / stern ramp / side ramp and report.
.4.1 ..... Bow ramp / stern ramp / side ramp folded and secured.
.5 Lash and secure all cars / trucks / wagons / ... and report.
.5.1 ..... All cars / trucks / wagons / ... lashed and secured.
.6 Lower and secure the derricks / cranes and report.
.6.1 ..... Derricks / cranes lowered and secured.
.7 Check the seaworthiness of the holds and report
.7.1 ..... Holds seaworthy.
.8 How much ballast can we take (down to her marks)?
.8.1 We can take ... tons of ballast.
.9 Check the trim.
.9.1 ..... Fill the forepeak to decrease the stern trim.
.9.2 ..... Fill the double -bottom tank(s) .
.9.3 ..... Pump fuel from ... tank to ... tank to bring the vessel upright.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
2.1 Operating shipboard equipment for cargo care

.1 Is the equipment for cargo care operational?
.1.1 ..... Yes, the equipment for cargo care is operational.
.1.2 ..... No, the ... (equipment) is not operational (yet).
.1.3 ..... The ... (equipment) will be operational in ... minutes.
.2 What is the air change rate of the hold ventilators?
.2.1 ..... The air change rate of the hold ventilators is ... -fold.
.3 Are the temperature / humidity recorders in the hold(s) operational?
.3.1 ..... Yes, the temperature / humidity recorders in the hold(s) are operational.
.3.2 ..... No, the temperature / humidity recorders in the hold(s) are not operational (yet).
.3.3 ..... The temperature / humidity recorders in the hold(s) will be operational in ... minutes.
.4 Instruct the crew how to connect reefer plugs / clip-on units / ... and report.
.4.1 ..... The crew is instructed how to connect reefer plugs / clip-on units / ....
2.2 Taking measures for cargo care
.1 Carrying out inspections
.1 The holds must be inspected by the surveyor before loading.

.2 Check the reefer holds for proper loading preparation and report.
.2.1 ..... The reefer holds are ready for loading.
.2.2 ..... The reefer holds are not ready for loading (yet).
.2.3 ..... The reefer holds will be ready for loading in ... minutes.
.3 Are the holds clean (dry and free of smell)?
.3.1 ..... Yes, the holds are clean (dry and free of smell).
.3.2 ..... No, the holds are not clean (dry and free of smell) (yet).
.3.3 ..... The holds will be clean (dry and free of smell) in ... minutes / hours.
.4 Check the operation of the hold ventilators and report
.4.1 ..... The hold ventilators are operational.
.4.2 ..... The hold ventilators (in no. ... hold(s)) are not operational (yet).
.4.3 ..... The hold ventilators (in no ... hold(s)) will be operational in ... minutes.
.5 Order a surveyor to check the reefer plugs / cargo securings.
.6 Is the certificate of survey available and complete?
.6.1 ..... Yes, the certificate of survey is available and complete.
.6.2 ..... No, the certificate of survey is not available and complete (yet).
.6.3 ..... The certificate of survey will be available and complete in ... minutes / hours.
.7 Check the lashings and securing every day / ... hours..
.8 Enter all checks into the log-book.
.9 Before unloading open the hatches only when the surveyor is present.
.2 Describing damage to the cargo

See also section B2/1.2.3 "Reporting incidents"
.1 The ...(cargo ) is in a bad condition.

.2 The packages of ...(cargo ) are
............... ~ wet / damp / moldy.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
............... ~ marked by fresh water / sea water.

.3 The metal of ...(cargo ) is rusty.
.4 The bands of ...(cargo ) are broken / missing / rusty.
.5 The crates / cases with ...(cargo ) are renailed.
.5.1 ..... The boards of crates/cases with ...(cargo ) are loose.
.6 The marks / labels on ...(cargo ) are unclear / illegible /false.
.7 The contents of drums / barrels / ... are unknown.
.8 The weight of the ...(cargo ) is unknown.
.10 The boxes / crates / cases / ... with ...(cargo ) are damaged.
.11 The bags / bales with ...(cargo ) are torn / resewn / spilling.
.12 The drums / barrels / ... with ...(cargo ) are deformed / spilling .
.13 The boxes / cartons / cases/ ... with ...(cargo ) are crushed.
.14 The bags / boxes / cartons / ... with ...(cargo ) are not full / slack / empty.
.15 The bags / boxes / cartons / ... with ...(cargo ) are second-hand.
.16 The boxes/cartons/cases/ ... with bottles of ...(cargo ) are (partly) broken.
.17 The ...( cargo ) is (partly)
............... ~ eaten by rats /worms.
............... ~ infected by vermin.
............... ~ missing.
.18 ... container(s) are damaged.
.18.1 ... container(s) were damaged
............... ~ before loading.
............... ~ during loading.
............... ~ by shifting on board.
............... ~ by heavy seas.
.19 ... container(s) were washed overboard (inform on radio).
.20 The temperature in no. ... hold is above normal / below normal / critical / ... degrees Celsius.
.21 The humidity of ...(cargo ) is above normal / below normal / critical.
.3 Taking actions
See also section B2/1.2.4 "Action in case of incident"
.1 Switch on the hold ventilation to supply / exhaust air.

.2 Switch off the hold ventilation (in case of shipping seas).
.3 Switch on / off the automatic temperature control / recorder.
.4 Relash the container(s) /car(s) / trucks(s)... in no. ... hold / on ... deck.
.5 Replug the reefer container(s) in no. ... hold/on deck.
.6 Secure the shifting cargo in no. ... hold / on ... deck.
.7 Protect the deck cargo of ...(cargo ) against sun / rain / shipping seas.
.8 Keep the deck cargo of ...(cargo ) wet / dry.
.9 Check the contents of drum(s) / barrel(s) /container(s) / ... with false labels

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
1. Cargo Marking and Symbols
Designation Symbol Explanation
Fragile, handle with The symbol should be applied to easily broken cargoes.
care Cargoes marked with this symbol should be handled
carefully and should never be tipped over or slung.
Protect from direct The cargo requires protection from direct sunlight
sunlight
Keep dry Cargoes bearing this symbol must be protected from

excessive humidity and must accordingly be stored
under cover.
Radiation is Any radiation affects or changes the cargo features, e.g.

dangerous undeveloped films
Temperature The temperature limits for cargo storage

limitations
Perishable products High or low temperatures should be excluded with

storing the cargo. Special procedures required to keep
the goods preserved (ventilation, heating or cooling).
The goods are marked when handling according to all
the provisions of the Transportation Departments.
Hermetically sealed The package shall be kept untampered during storage or

transportation

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Use no hooks Any other kind of point load should also be avoided with
cargoes marked with this symbol.
Sling here The symbol indicates merely where the cargo should be
slung.
No hand truck here The absence of this symbol on packages amounts to

permission to use a hand truck on them.
Top The package must always be transported, handled and

stored in such a way that the arrows always point
upwards.
Clamp the cargo only Clamping the packaging is inadmissible
Open here Open the packaging only at the indicated point
Protect from Radioactivity damages the cargo

radioactive sources
No rolling Rolling the cargo is inadmissible
No clamping here Prohibition of clamping at the indicated point

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Clamp here The package may be clamped at the indicated point
Stacking level The maximum stacking load of similar cargos, where n is

limitation the limit
Stacking limitation No stacking at the storage or transportation. Cargo

marked with this symbol shall not be stacked under
other cargos.
No stacking The cargo shall not be stacked. Other cargos shall not
be stacked onto the marked cargo.
Tropical package This symbol is used if the goods can be damaged by

tropical climate when the package is tampered or broken
during transportation, loading on and out and storage.
Symbols: Т – tropical package indication,; 00-00 – year
and months of packing.
Center of gravity This symbol is intended to provide a clear indication of

the position of the center of gravity. To be meaningful,
this symbol should only be used where the center of
gravity is not central.
Do not use forklift Forklift truck cannot be used

truck here
In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun
equivalents and are a type of adjective.
The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known
to the reader.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not
known. There are certain situations in which a noun takes no article.
As a guide, the following definitions and tables summarizes the basic use of articles.
Definite article
the (before a singular or plural noun)
Indefinite article
a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)
an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)
Count nouns - refers to items that can be counted and are either singular or plural
Non-count nouns - refers to items that are not counted and are always singular
Count Noun Non-count Noun

Rule #1
a, an (no article)
Specific identity not known
Rule #2
the the
Specific identity is known
Rule #3
(no article) (no article)
All things or things in general
To understand how articles are used, it is important to know that nouns can be either
count (can be counted) or non-count (indefinite in quantity and cannot be counted). Besides,
count nouns are either singular (one) or plural (more than one). Non-count nouns are
always in a singular form.
For example, if we are speaking of water that has been spilled on the table, there can be
one drop (singular) or two or more drops (plural) of water on the table. The word drop in
this example is a count noun because we can count the number of drops. Therefore, according
to the rules applying to count nouns, the word drop would use the articles a or the.
However, if we are speaking of water in general spilled on the table, it would not be
appropriate to count one water or two water -- there would simply be water on the table.
Water is a non-count noun. Therefore, according to the rules applying to non-count nouns,
the word water would use no article or the, but not a.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
The following are the three specific rules which explain the use of definite and indefinite articles.
Rule #1 - Specific identity not known: Use the indefinite article a or an only with a singular
count noun whose specific identity is not known to the reader. Use a, before nouns that
begin with a consonant sound, and use a, before nouns that begin with a vowel sound.
 Use the article a or an, to indicate any non-specified member of a group or category.
I think an animal is in the garage
That man is a scoundrel.
We are looking for an apartment.
 Use the article a or an, to indicate one in number (as opposed to more than one).
I own a cat and two dogs.
 Use the article a before a consonant sound, and use an, before a vowel sound.
a boy, an apple
◊ Sometimes an adjective comes between the article and noun:
an unhappy boy, a red apple
 The plural form of a or an is some. Use some to indicate an unspecified, limited amount
(but more than one).
an apple, some apples
Rule #2 - Specific identity is known: Use the definite article the with any noun (whether
singular or plural, count or noncount) when the specific identity of the noun is known to
the reader, as in the following situations:
¤ Use the article "the" when a particular noun has already been mentioned previously.
I ate an apple yesterday. The apple was juicy and delicious.
¤ Use the article "the" when an adjective, phrase, or clause describing the noun clarifies or
restricts its identity.
The boy sitting next to me raised his hand.
Thank you for the advice you gave me.
¤ Use the article "the" when the noun refers to something or someone unique.
the theory of relativity
the 2003 federal budget

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Rule #3 - All things or things in general: Use no article with plural count nouns or any
noncount nouns used to mean all or in general.
Trees are beautiful in the fall. (All trees are beautiful in the fall.)
He was asking for advice. (He was asking for advice in general.)
I do not like coffee. (I do not like all coffee in general.)
Additional Information Regarding the Use of Articles
¤ When indicating an unspecified, limited amount of a count or noncount noun, use some.
My cousin was seeking some advice from a counselor (not advice in general or advice about
everything, but a limited amount of advice).
I would love some coffee right now (not coffee in general, but a limited amount of coffee).
We might get rain tomorrow. Some rain would be good for the crops (a certain amount of
rain, as opposed to rain in general). There are some drops of water on the table (a limited
number, but more than one drop).
Noncount nouns are those which usually cannot be counted. Following are some common
examples:
◊ Certain food and drink items: bacon, beef, bread, broccoli, butter, cabbage, candy,
cauliflower, celery, cereal, cheese, chicken, chocolate, coffee, corn, cream, fish, flour,
fruit, ice cream, lettuce, meat, milk, oil, pasta, rice, salt, spinach, sugar, tea, water, wine,
yogurt
◊ Certain nonfood substances: air, cement, coal, dirt, gasoline, gold, paper, petroleum,
plastic, rain, silver, snow, soap, steel, wood, wool
◊ Most abstract nouns: advice, anger, beauty, confidence, courage, employment, fun,
happiness, health, honesty, information, intelligence, knowledge, love, poverty,
satisfaction, truth, wealth
◊ Areas of study: history, math, biology, etc.
◊ Sports: soccer, football, baseball, hockey, etc.
◊ Languages: Chinese, Spanish, Russian, English, etc.
◊ Other: clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, jewelry, luggage, lumber, machinery,

mail, money, news, poetry, pollution, research, scenery, traffic, transportation, violence,
weather, work
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
¤ Geographical names are confusing because some require the and some do not.
◊ Use "the" with united countries, large regions, deserts, peninsulas, oceans, seas, gulfs, canals,
rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands
the Gobi Desert

the United Arab Emirates
the Sacramento River
the Aleutians
◊ Do not use the with streets, parks, cities, states, counties, most countries, continents, bays,
single lakes, single mountains, islands
Japan
Chico
Mt. Everest
San Francisco Bay
Examples of the Use of Articles
I do not want a gun in my house (any gun).

The gun is in his closet (implies there is a specific gun).
I am afraid of guns (all guns in general).
She sent me a postcard from Italy (an unspecific postcard - not a letter, not an e-mail).
It's the postcard that I have in my office (one specific postcard).
Getting postcards makes me want to travel (any postcard in general).
I have a dog (one dog).

The dog is very friendly (the dog that I have already mentioned).
Dogs make great pets (dogs in general).
Greta needs furniture in her apartment (furniture is a noncount noun).

She is going to select the furniture that she needs (the specific furniture that she needs).
She hopes to find some furniture this weekend (an unspecified, limited amount of furniture).
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
¤ Do not Underestimate These Three Little Words
Put simply, an article is a word that combines with a noun. Articles are adjectives because they

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
describe the nouns that they precede. In English, there are only three articles: the, a, and an.
However, the three are not interchangeable; rather, they are used in specific instances.
Indefinite articles (and an)
If indefinite articles are the proverbial thorn in your side, the good news is that you do not need
a lot of grammatical jargon to understand their usage. You simply need your ears (okay, and
maybe just a little grammatical jargon).
In English, and an are indefinite articles, which means that they do not refer to anything
definite or specific. If someone were to say, "Give me an apple," you might be inclined to run
out and pick one from the tree outside, or you may even run to the store and buy one. By using
the word an, the speaker has let you know that he or she is looking for an apple rather than a
specific one.
The same can be said for the article a. If someone told you there is a dog on the road, you
would probably want to go out and save it before a car came by. Furthermore, you would know
it is not your best friend's dog because the speaker chose to use the word a rather than call the
pooch by name. Hence, it's understood that the dog on the road is one of the millions of dogs in
the world and is therefore not specific.
How do I know which one to use?
That is a particularly good question. Fortunately, the answer is quite simple. It is

about listening to the words you are using. The rule for indefinite article usage is as follows:
Use a before nouns (or adjectives) that start with a consonant sound.
Use an, before nouns (or adjectives) that start with a vowel sound.
Here are some examples of our English editing professionals:

Please give the dog a cookie.
(The noun cookie starts with a consonant sound, so a must be used.)
Please give the dog a delicious cookie.
(Our editing professionals have put the adjective delicious in front of a cookie, but as you can
see, delicious still starts with a consonant sound, so a must still be used.)
That is an old car. (In this case, the word after the article is old, which starts with a vowel
sound. Consequently, our English editors must use an.)
Remember that you are listening here. This is not about the letter c or d being a consonant or
the letter o being a vowel; it's about the sound they make (i.e., vowel sound or consonant
sound). Here is another example that might help you understand:
I need to work for an hour before we go to dinner.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
You might think that because the indefinite article comes before a consonant, our English
editing experts should be using a, but think for a moment about the sound that the word hour
makes. It's pronounced like the possessive pronoun, which starts with the o vowel sound.
Therefore, because we're starting with a vowel sound (regardless of whether the first letter is a
consonant), we must use an. The same is true for the opposite (i.e., a vowel that makes a
consonant sound):
A union
The word may start with a "u but think for a minute about the sound that the word makes: you-
nion. We know that y is a consonant, so consequently, we must use a. Here are a few more
tricky ones to keep your eye on:
A university (again, the "you" sound made by a vowel)
An x-ray (a consonant making the ex sound, which”, you'll notice, starts with the e vowel
sound)
A European (again we see the "y" sound coming from a vowel)
The definite article (the)
There is only one definite article in the English language (the), which means that you don't have
to worry about listening for vowel sounds. The is used in front of singular or plural nouns and
adjectives to refer to something with which both the speaker/writer and listener/reader are
familiar. For example, if you are bouncing a basketball at school, your friend might say, "Give
me the ball." In this case, both you and your friend recognize that there is only one specific ball
being referred to, and that is the one you are bouncing.
Your friend does not want a ball (meaning any ball); he or she wants the ball that you're
holding.
If you introduce a word with a or an, you may use the anytime thereafter because the
introduction has made both the speaker/writer and listener/reader familiar with the word. Here
is an example:
Sarah bought a book yesterday. She read the first three pages when she got home and decided
to return the book because it was boring.
After the introduction (the first sentence, which uses an indefinite article), we can use the
definite article because the reader is familiar with the book.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
References
Abangan, E.B. (2019). Cargo Handling and Stowage (Non-Dangerous Goods) First Edition. Jjack
Wisdom Publishing.
918(22) IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
https://puc.overheid.nl/nsi/doc/PUC_1418_14/1/
Definite and Indefinite Articles (a, an, the) - TIP Sheets. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
https://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/articles.html
Cargo marking symbols. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2020, from http://www.logistik.lv/en/useful-
information/cargo-marking-symbols.html

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Checkpoint
Activity 4.1
A. Complete the following text with the terms below.
A. Ports B. Stow C. Stowage D. Seaworthy
E. Shift F. Pilferage G. Discharge F. Hold
In the 1. ______ the first consideration must be given to safety. The cargo must be stowed
so that the ship will be stable and 2, ______. It must be secured in such a manner that it
cannot 3. ______ if the vessel encounters bad weather. Then care must be taken to 4.
______ it so that it is not damaged by other cargo or water which may find its way into the
5. _____. Care must be taken to prevent it from 6. ______ or damaged while it is being
stowed. Where cargo is shipped for several 7. ______, arrange it so that you can
conveniently 8. ______ it at each port of rotation and that none shall be over carried.
B. Complete the following sentences.
1. The manner of packaging depends on ______.

2. Packing is intended for ______.
3. Bales are proper for conveying ______.
4. Bags are most fitting for ______.
5. Bags are subject to spoil by ______.
6. Cartoons are made of ______.
7. Crates are a form of the packaging used for ______.
8. Crates are made of ______.
9. Boxes are strengthened by ______.
10. The main problems concerned with the use of drums are ______.
11. The regular container sizes are ______.
12. Hefty and bulky cargoes are usually carried ______.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Do This
Standard Marine Vocabulary (Distress message-nouns)
Activity 4.2 Fill in the blank.
Fill in the missing words in the sentence below. Choose from the following list. Write the letter of
the correct answer on the blank space.
A. tug B. list C. survivors D. flooding E. grounding
F. assistance G. iceberg H. search G. damage H. lookout
1. I have collided with ______.

2. I have major ______ below the waterline.
3. Risk of ______ at low water.
4. I have heavy ______ to the starboard side.
5. I have a heavy list due to ______.
6. I require ______ assistance.
7. I can pick up ______.
8. Keep sharp ______ for lifeboats.
9. What kind of ______ do you require?
10. Can you continue ______?

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Do This Definite and Indefinite Articles (a, an, the, or zero article)

Choose the correct article: a, an, the or x (no article)
1. Are you coming to (a, an, the, x) party next Saturday?

2. I bought (a, an, the, x) new TV set yesterday.
3. I think (a, an, the, x) man over there is very ill. He can not stand on his feet.
4. I watched (a, an, the, x) video you had sent me.
5. She was wearing (a, an, the, x) ugly dress when she met him.
6. I am crazy about reading (a, an, the, x) history books.
7. She is (a, an, the, x) nice girl.
8. DO you want to go to (a, an, the, x) restaurant where we first met?
9. He is (a, an, the, x) engineer.
10. He thinks that (a, an, the x) love is what will save us all.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Assessment
STANDARD MARINE VOCABULARY (instruction on how to enter and to behave in

lifeboats and liferafts)
Fill in the missing verbs in the sentences below. Choose from the following list.
PUMP OUT REMOVE JOIN PUSH ENTER WILL GET IS

WILL BE
SIT DOWN KEEP CLEAR DRINK HOLD ON FIRE
DISTRIBUTED
OBEY
1. ______ lifeboat/life craft only when ordered by an officer

2. ______ entrance of the lifeboat/life craft when entering.
3. Do not ______ each other when entering the lifeboat/life craft.
4. ______ to ropes or to your seat when lowering/ hoisting.
5. ______ in the lifeboat/lifecraft immediately.
6. ______ your lifejacket on.
7. Do not ______ your head covering.
8. ______ the water.
9. Provisions and drinking water ______ by an officer.
10. Everybody ______ the same ration of provisions and water.
11. Warning! Do not ______ seawater whatever the situation.
12. Strictly ______ all instructions are given by the officer.
13. Discipline in the lifeboat/lifecraft ______ of vital importance.
14. ______ rockets to attract attention.
15. ______ the other lifeboat/lifecraft.
STANDARD MARINE VOCABULARY (distress messages-verbs)
Fill in the missing verbs in the sentences below. Choose from the following list.
CONTROL PROCEED WENT REPAIR LAUNCH

HAVE COLLIDED REFLOAT ABANDON PICK UP JETTISON
1. I must ______ vessel after grounding.

2. I expect to ______ when the tide rises.
3. I ______ aground at low water.
4. I ______ with an unknown object.
S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
5. Can you ______ survivors?

6. Can you ______ to distress position?
7. Can you ______ cargo aft to refloat?
8. Can you ______ damage?
9. Can you ______ flooding?
10. How many lifeboats will you______?
STANDARD MARINE VOCABULARY
Substitute in place of the underlined expressions, the corresponding verbs. Choose from the
following list.
DROP BACK FROM ABANDON EMBARK TAKE OFF REFLOAT MOOR

STAND CLEAR OF STAND BY PROCEED LAUNCH BEACH JETTISON
1. Can you throw the cargo overboard to refloat?

2. When do you expect to pull the vessel off after grounding?
3. Can you run the vessel upon a beach to prevent its sinking in deep water?
4. I must evacuate the vessel from the crew and passengers after grounding.
5. Can you sail to a distress position?
6. When will the pilot go aboard ship?
7. You must increase the distance to the vessel ahead of you by reducing your speed.
8. You must prepare a pilot ladder.
9. We will secure a vessel alongside using chains and ropes.
10. MV… I am starting with the helicopter from the vessel’s deck.
11. How many lifeboats will you lower to the water?
12. Keep away from the vessel and report.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Assessment
Interpret the poem below. Limit your works to 300-500. Write in a short-sized bond paper.
Sea-Fever
(John Masefield)
I must go down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky,
And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by,
And the whale’s kick and the wind’s song and the white sail’s shaking,
And the gray mist on the sea's face and a gray dawn breaking.
I must go down to the seas again, for the call of a running tide
Is a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied?
And all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying,
And the flung spray and the blown spume, and the seagulls crying.
I must go down to the seas again to the vagrant gypsy life,

To the gull’s way and the whale’s way where the wind’s like a whetted knife,
And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-rover,
And quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long trick’s over.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
MIDTERM
RESEARCH:
1. To better understand how the chain of command flows on board, one must be
familiar at the vessels organizational chart.
2. Illustrate a shipboard organization that will show various departments running the
ship including their department heads.
3. Stated below is the criteria for the research.
Rubric for Grading Score

CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION (20pts)
NEATNESS (20pts)
TIMELY SUBMISSION OF RESEARCH/OUTPUT(10pts)
ORAL EXAM
1. Instructor shall schedule student’s oral examination.
2. Each student shall randomly pick different ranks and should name its duties and
responsibilities of the crew they had chosen.
3. Stated below is the criteria for the oral exam
KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT (25pts)
CONFIDENCE (10pts)
QUALITY OF THE RESPONSES (10pts)
BODY LANGUAGE (5pts)
Output
 Answer the ff. questions.

 Answers shall be written in a yellow pad or bond paper.
 Submission shall be done 1 week before the periodic exam.
 Only a handwritten output shall be given validity by the instructor to avoid “copy paste”.
 Student will picture there output and submit it through messenger or any social media
account.
Copy the questions and answer it directly.
1. What is the purpose of a shipboard organization? (at least 5 sentences)

2. What are the duties and responsibilities of the three departments inside the ship? (at
least 5 sentences for each dept)
3. State 3 officers(for BSMT it should b for deck dept officers, for BSMarE, engine dept
officers and ASBS for catering dept) explain their duties and responsibilities.
4. Provide 5 maritime idiomatic expressions. give its meaning and 1 example.

S E MT
C
Iloilo, Philippines
E
(MARITIME ENGLISH)
R
C
E
OL
. T H
LEGES
ST
Example: at the helm-person in charge.
The problem at your company is that you do not have anyone at the helm.
5. Answer the following Activities

(note: activities are lifted from the Module)
5.1. Activity 3.1 multiple choice(preposition of place & time) pg 68
5.2. Activity 3.2 multiple choice pgs 69-70
5.3. Activity 3.3 multiple choice pgs 71-74
5.4. Assessment 3A nautical idioms pgs 75-79
5.5. Activity 4.3 indefinite articles pg 104
5.6. Assessment standard marine vocabulary pgs 105-106
Grammar and Mechanics - 30pts
Insights and Ideas - 25pts
Organization and use of prescribe formats - 25pts
Neatness - 10pts
Punctuality - 10pts

3b Eng 1 Maritime English LM Midterm 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3b Eng 1 Maritime English LM Midterm 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Issue No.

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Learning Module 3 CREW ROLES AND TASKS (9 hours)

Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes

3. Demonstrate creatively technical proficiency in practical applications/drills and other related

1. Level of responsibility and general function of seafarers

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Crew structure on board

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Ship-board organizational structure - Deck, Engine & catering department

The Different Ranks of Seafarers

Engine Officers Deck Officers

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

The duties and responsibilities of the Master are as follows:

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

7. In charge of GMDSS communication.

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

ABLE-BODIED SEAMAN (AB)

ORDINARY SEAMAN (OS)

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

MARITIME IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

Nautical Idiom 1. Run a tight ship

Someone who runs a tight ship organizes

Bridger: What is it like working at Maritime

Christina: I run a tight ship, so no cell phones

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President

If you are caught between the devil and the

Patti: I feel like I am between the devil and

Nautical Idiom 3: Learn the Ropes

Someone who is learning the

Mike: It will take you about a month to

Nautical Idiom 4: All hands-on-deck

If a situation is all hands-on-deck, it’s a

If someone shouts “All hands-on-deck! “,

Zelda: The Queen will arrive in three hours!

©All Rights Reserved

Revision No. 2 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:

01 September 2021 QMR President