HAEMOPOIESIS

Written by: Fayzah alshammari

Date: 20/02/2021

HAEMOPOIESIS :
Hematopoiesis refers to the process of making new blood cells. It is continuous regulated process of
blood cell formation includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation and commitment.
Generations of cells eventually differentiate into cell lines that will mature to produce erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets.

Blood formation during life:

 Mesoblastic stage: first month of embryonic life where cells are formed outside the embryo in the
mesenchyme of the yolk sac.
 Hepatic stage: by 6th week.
 Medullary stage: by the 5th month blood cell formation occurs in the bone marrow

Stages of development:

Progenitor Precursor Mature

Stem cells
cells cells cells

1) Stem cells:

It is simply stem cells that found in bone marrow.

2) Progenitor cells:

The progenitor cells for blood cells are commonly called colony-forming units (CFUs), because
they give rise to colonies of only one cell type.

there are four major types of progenitor cells/CFUs:

 Erythroid lineage.
 Thrombocytic lineage.
 Granulocyte-monocyte lineage.
 Lymphoid lineage.
3) Precursor cells:

Each progenitor cell/CFU lineage produces precursor cells (or blasts) that gradually assume the
morphologic characteristics of the mature, functional cell types they will become In contrast.

ERYTHROPOIESIS:
Erythropoiesis is the process which produces red blood cells, which is the development from
erythropoietic stem cell to mature red blood cell.

RBCs:

CFU-E stem cells differentiate into proerythroblast. It divides multiple times, eventually forming many
mature red blood cells. In the succeeding generations, the cells become filled with hemoglobin to a
concentration of about 34 %, the nucleus condenses to a small size, and its final remnant is absorbed or
extruded from the cell.

Regulation of RBCs Production:

Tissue Oxygenation Is the most Essential Regulator of Red Blood Cell Production. The principal
stimulus for red blood cell production in low oxygen states is a circulating hormone called
erythropoietin, erythropoietin is secreted by specialized cells in the Kidney.

GRANULOPOIESIS:
Granulopoiesis is the process by which committed hemopoietic progenitor cells develop into
granulocytes under the influence of various growth factors and cytokines. Neutrophils and monocytes
are derived from a common progenitor, the colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM),
whereas eosinophils and basophils are derived from different progenitor cells (CFU-Eo and CFU-Ba,
respectively).

Regulation of WBCs Production:

- Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): is a protein secreted by

macrophages, T cells, mast cells, NK cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts.
- GM-CSF is a cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates
stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes.

THROMBOPOIESIS :

Thrombopoiesis is the formation of platelets in the Bone marrow. Thrombopoietin is the main regulator
of thrombopoiesis.

Thrombopoietin:

Thrombopoietin affects most aspects of the production of platelets. This includes self-renewal and
expansion of hematopoietic stem cells, stimulating the increase of megakaryocyte progenitor cells, and
supporting these cells so they mature to become platelet-producing cells. The process of
Thrombopoiesis is caused by the breakdown of proplatelets. During the process almost all of the
membranes, organelles, granules, and soluble macromolecules in the cytoplasm are being consumed.
Apoptosis also plays a role in the final stages of thrombopoiesis by letting proplatelet processes to
occur from the cytoskeleton of actin.

REGULATION FACTORS:
Cytokine Major activities and target cell Important sources

Stem cell factor (SCF) Mitogen for all hemopoietic progenitor Stromal cells of bone marrow
cells

Erythropoietin (EPO) Mitogen for all erythroid progenitor Peritubular endothelial cells of the
and precursor cells, also promoting kidney: hepatocytes
their differentiation

Thrombopoietin (TPO) Mitogen for megakaryoblasts and their Kidney and liver
progenitor cells

Granulocyte-macrophage colony Mitogen for all myeloid progenitor Endothelial cells of bone marrow
stimulating factor (GM_CSF) cells and T lymphocyte

Granulocyte colony stimulating Mitogen for all neutrophil precursor Endothelial cells of bone marrow
factor (G_CSF) cells and macrophages

Monocyte colony stimulating factor Mitogen for all monocyte precursor Endothelial cells of marrow and
(M_CSF) cells macrophages

Interleukin-1(IL-1) Regulates activities and cytokine Macrophages and T helper cells

secretion of many leukocytes and other
cells