MARY ROSE BAUTISTA

BSBIO 1-C

MODULE II

ZOOLOGY LECTURE

LESSON 1

1. THINK

Mendel studied the garden pea (Pisum sativum) for two main reasons. Pea plants have both male and
female parts and can easily be grown in large numbers. Pea plants can either self – pollinated or cross –
pollinated with other pea plants.

2. THINK

A monohybrid cross results in a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (dominant to recessive), and a genotypic ratio of
1:2:1 (homozygous dominant to heterozygous to homozygous recessive).

3. THINK

Any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s laws. Example
of this multiple allele traits, codominance, incomplete dominance and polygenic traits.

LESSON 2

THINK

1. It would be 5’-TAGTAC-3' COMPLEMENTARY STRAND

2. IT TAKE 50 SECOND LONG TO REPLICATE A NORMAL DNA

THINK

Given template: 3’-TAC CCT CAA GGG CAA ACT-5'

DNA: 5’-ATG GGA GTT CCC GTT TGA-3'

mRNA: 5’-AUG GGA GUU CCC GUU UGA-3'

tRNA: 5’-UAC CCU CAA GGG CAA ACA-3'

Protein: MET GLY VAL PRO VAL STOP

LESSON 3

THINK

Enzyme change the physicochemical properties of the zona pellucida so that additional spermatozoa are
halted in their quest toward the vitellus. They catalyze biochemical reaction in a cell. They help in the
breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules or bring together two smaller molecules to form a
larger molecule.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Gastrulation leads to the formation of the three germ layers that give rise, during further development,
to the different organs in the animal body. This is the process provides the basic embryonic architecture,
an inner layer separated from an outer layer, from which all animal forms arise.

SUMMATIVE TEST

1. A phenotypic trait is an obvious observable, and measurable trait, it is the expression of genes in
an observable way. Phenotypic trait is a specific hair color or eye colour. The genetic
contribution to the phenotype is called the genotype.
2. The first step is to preparation of the sperm, ejaculated sperm are not ready to fertilize an egg
when they enter the vagina. In response to the dilution of semen in the vagina, they undergo
several changes which are collectively known as capacitation. The second step is sperm- egg
binding the process of sperm-eggbinding was first studied and understood in invertebrates. As a
result of irreversible binding of the sperm to the egg, the zona pellucida triggers the acrosome
reaction. The third is the sperm-egg fusion the process by which the plasma membrane of the
sperm and egg fused was a black box. And the last step for fertilization is the activation. The
egg’s response it prevents polyspermy refers to the fertilization of the egg by more than one
sperm, resulting in zygotes with greater than diploid amount of DNA.
3. DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce
two identical DNA molecules. Replication also takes place at high speed. Escherichia coli
replicates its DNA at a rate of 1000 nucleotides/ second and eukaryotes at a rate of 50
nucleotides/second. Also, follow the semi-conservative model of replication. The first step in
DNA replication is to ‘unzip’ the double helix structure of the DNA? Molecule. This is carried out
by an enzyme? called helicase which breaks the hydrogen bonds? holding the complementary?
bases? of DNA together (A with T, C with G). The separation of the two single strands of DNA
creates a ‘Y’ shape called a replication ‘fork’. The two separated strands will act as templates for
making the new strands of DNA. One of the strands is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction (towards
the replication fork), this is the leading strand?. The other strand is oriented in the 5’ to 3’
direction (away from the replication fork), this is the lagging strand?. As a result of their different
orientations, the two strands are replicated differently.