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Lecture 9 Principles of Combustion
Lecture 9 Principles of Combustion
Lecture 9 Principles of Combustion
Principles of combustion
Contents of the lecture
What is combustion
Objectives of combustion
Stoichiometric amount of air
Air/fuel ratio and relation with POC
Combustion efficiency
What is Combustion?
All fossil fuels contain combustible and incombustible components (also known as diluents)
Fossil fuel
Combustible components Incombustible or diluents
Solid fuels: C,S,H N,O, ash and moisture
Liquid fuels C,H,S N,O
In the table C is carbon, S is sulphur, H is hydrogen, N is nitrogen, O is oxygen. Note that in the solid fuels
they are present in the elemental form.
Combustion is a fast chemical reaction between combustible component(s) and an oxidizing agent.
Mostly air is used for combustion. Dry air contains 21% O2 and 79% N2 and so 1 mole of O2 carries with it
3.76 moles of N2. Combustion equations with air, when complete combustion takes place are
C+ (O2+3.76 N2) = CO2+3.76 N2 (1)
S + (O2+3.76 N2) = SO2+3.76 N2 (2)
H2 + (O2+3.76 N2) = H2O+1.88 N2 (3)
CH4 +2 (O2+3.76 N2) = CO2+2H2O+7.52 N2 (4)
Similarly, for other hydrocarbons combustion reactions can be written. Note that complete combustion
refers to conversion of C,S,H2 or CH4 into CO2, SO2 and H2O.
Objective of combustion
All fuels whether naturally occurring or synthetically prepared contain potential energy. Potential energy
of the fuel, on combustion with air is released in products of combustion (here after termed POC) at the
temperature which is termed flame temperature. POC transfer their heat to sink (sink could be furnace
chamber, charge materials etc) and then exit the system. Below are given the products of combustion
which can be obtained when air is used for combustion of fossil fuels:
Complete combustion Incomplete combustion
POC CO2 CO
H2O H2O
SO2 H2
O2 SO2
N2 O2
N2
Unburnt carbon
Soot
Release of Maximum Lower than that of complete combustion due
potential to CO, H2, unburnt C and soot in POC.
energy
Objective of combustion is to attain complete combustion with stoichiometric amount of air as required
in equations 1 to 4. Complete combustion is also termed as perfect combustion.
Stoichiometric amount of air:
Theoretically complete combustion can be obtained when stoichiometric amount of air is used.
Stoichiometric amount (also termed theoretical air or air for complete combustion) of air can be
calculated by considering the products of combustion obtained on complete combustion. In general any
balanced chemical equation (mole input = moles output) can be used to calculate stoichiometric amount
of air.
In combustion equations 1 to 4, we note that 1mole of C requires 1 mole of O2 or 4.76 moles of air to
give 1 mole of CO2 and 3.76 moles of N2. Similarly 1 mole of H2 requires mole of O2 or 2.38 moles of air
to give 1 mole H2O and 1.88 mole of N2.
In several other metallurgical processes like roasting (conversion of metal sulphide to oxide, reduction of
oxides, oxidation of impurities etc,) air or pure oxygen is used. In all these cases it is often required to
calculate stoichiometric amount of air. For example consider roasting of sulphide;
ZnS + 1.5O2 = ZnO + SO2 5)
PbS + 1.5O2 = PbO + SO2 or in general 6)
MS + 1.5O2 = MO + SO2 7)
M stands for metal. In all the above equations the amount of air can be easily calculated
following the stoichiometry of the reactions.
Let us calculate stoichiometric amount of air for combustion of solid fuel of composition 84%C,
5%H, 5% moisture and 6% ash, per kg of coal. Following the stoichiometry of combustion, the amout
of air would be
= 10.12m3 (1atm,273 K)/kg coal.
Note 1 kg mole= 22.4 m3 (1atm,273 K).
In the above example if actual amount of air is 0.5 moles then
We can also call‐ that 110.62% theoretical air is used for combustion.
Note: Complete combustion can occur only when amount of air is equal to or greater than
stoichiometric air. When excess air is used, POC will contain O2 in addition to CO2, H2O, N2 and
SO2.
Importance of Air/ fuel ratio
For a given type of fuel, air/fuel ratio controls the combustion and amount of POC.
Let
when is constant.
Stoichiometric amount of air
Theoretically if
Amount of POC depends on value of K. Increase in K beyond 1 increase the amount of POC
Combustion efficiency
Theoretically complete combustion is obtained by stoichiometric amount of air and POC should
not contain CO. But in actual, combustion of any fuel does not occur with just stoichiometric
amount of air. Excess air is required. Excess air depends on type of fuel. Normally solid fuels require
more excess air than liquid fuels and gaseous fuels. Gaseous fuels require least amount of excess
air.
Mixing of fuel and air is important simply because 1 mole of oxygen is accompanied by 3.76
moles of N2. In an air + fuel mixture, statistically the probability of finding nitrogen in the
neighborhood of carbon is more than oxygen.
Thus mixing determines combustion efficiency, i.e. the ability of a device (used for mixing of
fuel and air) to convert potential energy of fuel in to thermal energy.
Ideally = 100% when thermal energy= Potential energy of the fuel. Inefficiency in combustion
is due to poor mixing which may lead to formation of CO. Poor combustion efficiency leads to
• Wastage of fuel
• Environmental pollution.
• Expensive to run.
For any given type of fuel, some amount of CO is always observed in POC even at stoichiometric amount
of air in all practical combustion systems. Presence of CO in POC denotes incomplete combustion and
combustion efficiency will be low. So,excess air has to be used to increase combustion efficiency.
Increase in excess air decreases drastically CO in POC but at the same time increases amount of POC due
to increase in nitrogen and oxygen (at stoichiometric air no oxygen is present in POC). The additional
nitrogen and oxygen in POC due to excess air will carry heat of combustion with them. Thus, control of
excess air is important. The following plot illustrates the relationship between excess O2, CO and heat
losses.
Figure: Plot of variation of CO and heat losses with excess oxygen in POC. Note zero value of oxygen in
POC denotes stoichiometric oxygen used for combustion
X‐ axis on the figure is % O2 in POC. Theoretically percent oxygen in POC is zero at theoretically
amount of air. Increase in excess air increases percent oxygen in POC (see black line in the figure). It can
be seen in the figure that amount of CO (see green line) decreases drastically by using slight amount of
excess air. Beyond around 1 to 2 % O2 CO in POC disappears completely. But increase in excess air at the
same time increases O2 in POC as shown by (blue line).
Heat losses are shown by the blue line. Heat losses decrease drastically with the excess air and
become minimal at around 1% O2 which is due to decrease in CO. Beyond 1% O2 heat losses increases
further because now nitrogen and oxygen in POC increases.
Ref.: O.P. Gupta: elements of fuels. furnaces and refractories.
Key words: Combustion, material balance, furnace, stoichiometry