Database Management System

Munawar, PhD

Session 01

Intro to DBMS

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 Syllabus
Before Mid Exam After Mid Exam
1 Introduction to Database 8 More SQL Data Definition
2 Relational & Relational Algebra 9 SQL Select
3 Relational Model 10 More SQL Select
4 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) 11 Yet More SQL Select
5 Normalization to 3NF 12 Missing Information
6 BCNF Normalization to 5NF 13 Trigger
7 SQL Data Definition 14 Review & Case Study

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 Assessment

• 50 % Group (2 students) Assignment

Designing database for real business
• 20 % Mid Test
• 30 % Final Test

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 Group Assignment

o Analyze and design a DBMS for a real business

o Group can be 2 students (maximum)
o Assignment #1 will be marked 40%
o Assignment #2 will be marked 60%

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 Assignment #1

o Assignment due – Mid Exam

o Describe your real case more detail in word. You can
use SRS (software requirement specification) to
support your description
o Complete your document with ERD till to 3rd Normal
Form

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 Assignmet #2

o Assignment due – Final Exam

o Modify your assignment #1 based on your findings
after learning more in DBMS
o Complete your final assignment with the following
criteria:
– Description of your case study in detail
– ERD till 3rd Normal Form
– DDL, DML with at least 3 month of transactions and 10 raw of data
for data master
– Complete your sql file with store procedure, view and trigger to
generate report in order to show detail transactions based on
certain date (from – up to) and based on selected item(s)

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 References

• ‘Database Systems: A practical approach to design,

implementation and management’ by Connolly and
Begg
• `A first course in database systems’ by Ullman and
Widom
• Other text book : ‘Database Systems’ by CJ Date

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 Learning Outcome

o Student will be able to understand the

conceptual design of database
o Student will be able to describe the important
of good database design
o Student will be able to apply database design
for a real business

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 Why Study Databases?

• Databases are useful o Databases in CS

– Many computing – Databases are a ‘core
applications deal with topic’ in computer
large amounts of science
information – Basic concepts and skills
– Database systems give with database systems
a set of tools for are part of the skill set
storing, searching and you will be assumed to
managing this have as a CS graduate
information

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 What is a Database?

o “A set of information held in a computer”

Oxford English Dictionary
o “One or more large structured sets of
persistent data, usually associated with
software to update and query the data”
Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing
o “A collection of data arranged for ease and
speed of search and retrieval”
Dictionary.com

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 Databases

o Web indexes o Train timetables

o Library catalogues o Airline bookings
o Medical records o Credit card details
o Bank accounts o Student records
o Stock control o Customer histories
o Personnel systems o Stock market prices
o Product catalogues o Discussion boards
o Telephone directories o and so on…

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 Database Systems

A database system o Database systems

consists of allow users to
– Data (the database) – Store
– Software – Update
– Hardware – Retrieve
– Users – Organise
We focus mainly on the – Protect
software their data.

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 Database Users

o End users o Database Administrator

– Use the database system to (DBA)
achieve some goal – Designs & manages the
o Application developers database system
– Write software to allow end o Database systems
users to interface with the programmer
database system – Writes the database
software itself

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 Database Management Systems

• A database is a o Examples:
collection of – Oracle
information – DB2 (IBM)
• A database – MS SQL Server
management system – MS Access
(DBMS) is the – Ingres
software than controls – PostgreSQL
that information – MySQL

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 What the DBMS does

• Provides users with o DBMS provides

– Data definition – Persistence
language (DDL) – Concurrency
– Data manipulation – Integrity
language (DML) – Security
– Data control language – Data independence
(DCL)
o Data Dictionary
• Often these are all
– Describes the database
the same language itself

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 Data Dictionary - Metadata

• The dictionary or catalog o The dictionary holds

stores information about
the database itself
• This is data about data or
‘metadata’
• Almost every aspect of
the DBMS uses the
dictionary
– Descriptions of database
objects (tables, users, rules,
views, indexes,…)
– Information about who is
using which data (locks)
– Schemas and mappings

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 File Based Systems

o File based systems o Problems:

– Data is stored in files – No standards
– Each file has a specific – Data duplication
format – Data dependence
– Programs that use – No way to generate ad
these files depend on hoc queries
knowledge about that – No provision for
format security, recovery,
concurrency, etc.

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 Relational Systems

o Problems with early o Then, in 1970,

databases E. F. Codd wrote “A
– Navigating the records Relational Model of
requires complex Data for Large
programs Shared Databanks”
– There is minimal data and introduced the
independence
relational model
– No theoretical
foundations

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 Relational Systems

o Information is stored o The relational model

as tuples or records in covers 3 areas:
relations or tables o Data structure
o There is a sound o Data integrity
mathematical theory o Data manipulation
of relations o More details in the
o Most modern DBMS next lecture…
are based on the
relational model

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 ANSI/SPARC Architecture

o ANSI - American A three-level architecture

National Standards – Internal level: For
Institute systems designers
o SPARC - Standards – Conceptual level: For
Planning and database designers and
Requirements administrators
Committee – External level: For
database users
o 1975 - proposed a
framework for DBs

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 Internal Level

o Deals with physical Internal Schema

storage of data RECORD EMP
LENGTH=44
– Structure of records on
HEADER: BYTE(5)
disk - files, pages,
OFFSET=0
blocks
NAME: BYTE(25)
– Indexes and ordering OFFSET=5
of records SALARY: FULLWORD
– Used by database OFFSET=30
system programmers DEPT: BYTE(10)
OFFSET=34

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 Conceptual Level

o Deals with the o Conceptual Schema

organisation of the data CREATE TABLE
as a whole Employee (
– Abstractions are used to Name
remove unnecessary details VARCHAR(25),
of the internal level Salary REAL,
– Used by DBAs and Dept_Name
application programmers
VARCHAR(10))

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 External Level

o Provides a view of the o External Schemas

database tailored to a Payroll:
user String Name
– Parts of the data may double Salary
be hidden
– Data is presented in a Personnel:
useful form
char *Name
– Used by end users and
char *Department
application
programmers

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 Mappings

• Mappings translate • Physical data

information from one independence
level to the next – Changes to internal
– External/Conceptual level shouldn’t affect
– Conceptual/Internal conceptual level

• These mappings • Logical data

provide data independence
independence – Conceptual level
changes shouldn’t
affect external levels

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 ANSI/SPARC Architecture

User 1 User 2 User 3

External External
External Schemas
View 1 View 2

External/Conceptual Mappings
Conceptual DBA
Conceptual Schema View

Conceptual/Internal Mapping

Internal Schema Stored

Data

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 This Lecture in Exams

Describe the three levels of the ANSI/SPARC model. You

should include information about what each level is for,
which users might be interested in which levels, and how the
levels relate to one another.

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 Next Lecture
• The Relational Model
– Relational data structure
– Relational data integrity
– Relational data manipulation
• For more information
– Connolly and Begg chapters 3 and 4
– Ullman and Widom (2 ed.) Chapter 3.1, 5.1
– E.F. Codd’s paper

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Thank You…

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