QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun 3401, Quirino
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL

SELF - PACED
LEARNING MODULE
IN

GENERAL
BIOLOGY 2
NIMPHA B. AMTALAO
Instructor I

VISION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino Province and
Southern Cagayan Valley.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun 3401, Quirino
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL

MODULE 3: Modification to Mendel’s Classic Ratios

COMPETENCIES
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
 distinguish Mendelian from non-Mendelian modes of inheritance and;
 describe some cases of non-Mendelian genetic traits

DISCUSSION

Co-dominance - When two contrasting alleles are present in the same locus or
trait (heterozygote genotype), then the phenotype expressed is a “blend” of the
two extreme phenotypes. The two genes interact and the offspring shows the
effects of both alleles. Closely related to incomplete dominance is codominance,
in which both alleles are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote. We can
see an example of codominance in the MN blood groups of humans (less famous
than the ABO blood groups, but still important). A person's MN blood type is
determined by his or her alleles of a certain gene. An LM allele specifies production
of an M marker displayed on the surface of red blood cells, while an LN allele
specifies production of a slighly different N marker.

Homozygotes (LMLM and LNLN) have only M or an N markers, respectively, on the

surface of their red blood cells. However, heterozygotes (L MLN) have both types of
markers in equal numbers on the cell surface.

As for incomplete dominance, we can still use Mendel's rules to predict

inheritance of codominant alleles. For example, if two people with LMLN genotypes
had children, we would expect to see M, MN, and N blood types and LMLM: LMLN:
LNLN genotypes in their children in a 1:2:1 ratio (if they had enough children for
us to determine ratios accurately)

Incomplete dominance - When two contrasting alleles are present in the same
locus or trait (heterozygote genotype), then both alleles are expressed in the same
phenotype. For example, in the snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus, a cross between
a homozygous white-flowered plant (CWCW) and a homozygous red-flowered plant
(CRCR) will produce offspring with pink flowers (CRCW). This type of relationship
between alleles, with a heterozygote phenotype intermediate between the two
homozygote phenotypes, is called incomplete dominance.

We can still use Mendel's model to predict the results of crosses for alleles that
show incomplete dominance. For example, self-fertilization of a pink plant would
produce a genotype ratio of (1 CRCR: 2CRCW: 1CWCW) and a phenotype ratio 1:2:1.
Alleles are still inherited according to Mendel's basic rules, even when they show
incomplete dominance.

VISION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino Province and
Southern Cagayan Valley.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun 3401, Quirino
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL

Multiple alleles - When there are more than two types of alleles for a given locus
or trait, this will result in more than two kinds of phenotypes that may be
expressed for that trait
Mendel's work suggested that just two alleles existed for each gene. Today, we
know that's not always, or even usually, the case! Although individual humans
(and all diploid organisms) can only have two alleles for a given gene, multiple
alleles may exist in a population level, and different individuals in the population
may have different pairs of these alleles.

As an example, let’s consider a gene that specifies coat color in rabbits, called the
C gene. The C gene comes in four common alleles: C, cch, ch and c.
 CC – rabbit has black or brown fur
 cch cch - rabbit has chinchilla coloration (grayish fur)
 ch ch – rabbit has Himalayan (color-point) patterning, with a white body
and dark ears, face, feet, and tail
 cc - rabbit is albino, with a pure white coat

Image credit: "Characteristics and traits: Figure 5," by OpenStax College, Biology (CC BY
3.0).

Multiple alleles makes for many possible dominance relationships. In this case,
the black C allele is completely dominant to all the others; the chinchilla cch allele
is incompletely dominant to the Himalayan ch and albino c alleles; and the
Himalayan ch allele is completely dominant to the albino c allele.

Rabbit breeders figured out these relationships by crossing different rabbits of

different genotypes and observing the phenotypes of the heterozygous kits (baby
bunnies).

VISION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino Province and
Southern Cagayan Valley.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun 3401, Quirino
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL

The C gene in rabbits encodes an enzyme that’s needed to make a type of pigment called melanin in
hairs
C allele of this gene encodes a fully functional enzyme
that makes lots of pigment and results in black fur.

cch allele encodes an enzyme that is less effective at

making pigment, resulting in lighter, more grayish fur

ch allele encodes a defective enzyme, where the defect

makes the enzyme very sensitive to temperature: it
works fine at low temperatures, but doesn’t work at all
at higher temperatures. The rabbit's extremities (paws,
ears, etc.) are cooler, so the enzyme functions there and
makes pigment. The rabbit’s main body is warmer, so
the enzyme does not function and no pigment is made

cc allele encodes a completely nonfunctional enzyme,

leading to an albino rabbit (one that does not produce
any pigment in its hairs)

In ABO system in human blood, there are 3 different types of alleles A(or I A), B(or
IB) and O(or i).

Note that in the ABO system, the O allele is recessive to both A and B alleles while
the A and B alleles are co-dominants of one another

VISION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino Province and
Southern Cagayan Valley.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun 3401, Quirino
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Direction: Answer the set of questions related to non-Mendelian modes of
inheritance.
1. In cattle, coat color is inherited in a co-dominant fashion. Homozygous
B1B1 produces black coat, homozygous B2B2 produces white coat, and the
heterozygous B1B2 produces roan coat. Give the phenotypic ratio of the
offspring of the following crosses:
a. B1B1 X B1B1
b. B1B1 X B2B2
c. B1B2 X B1B2
d. B1B1 X B1B2
e. B1B2 X B2B2

COMPREHENSION CHECK
Direction: Study the case below and provide what is needed.

1. A local hospital has sent word to a family of a possible mix up of some of

the children with other families when they were born. To rule out any
possible mix up, the hospital obtained the blood types of every individual
in the family, including the surviving maternal grandfather and paternal
grandmother. The results were as follows:
Father: Type O
Mother: Type A
1st child: Type O
2nd child: Type A
3rd child: Type B
Maternal grandfather: Type AB
Paternal grandmother: Type B
Based on the results, is there a possibility that any one of the children is
not a biological offspring of the couple? Justify your answer.

2. A man who is blood type B is married to a woman who is blood type A.

None of the man’s parents is blood type O. This couple has 4 children with
the following blood types: B, AB, AB and O. Give the genotypes of the
parents.

Reference

Reece, J.B. 2013). Campbell Biology, 10th Ed. Pearson Education, Inc. United States of America

Try to open the following link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqmrQQ4b7Kg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O5JQqlngFY

VISION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino Province and
Southern Cagayan Valley.

MISSION
Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.