Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir University of Technology

(Tehran Polytechic) Dep. of Petroleum Eng.

Seismic Attributes (AVO)

Supervisor: Dr. Javaherian

Project 1
Farshad Jafarizadeh 98134001

Ordibehesht 99
 Contents
1/40
Question……............................……………...…………….………..……2
Seismic Processing Sequence ……….………..………….…......……..…3
Input Data…………………....……...………….….……….…………….4
Geometry……………………………………………………………...….6
Editing…………………………………………………….……………...9
True Amplitude Recovery……………………………………………….10
Denoising ……………………………………………….……………….13
Statics correction ………………………………………….…………….17
Deconvolution…………………………………………......….…………18
Velocity Analysis…………………………………………..……………24
CMP Gather…………………………………………………........……..27
Angle Gather…………………………………………………………….28
Angle Stack …………………………………...……………………….. 31
Conclusions ……………………………………….…………….………39
References………………………………………………….………..……...…….40
2/40
Question

 1. Take the real raw data fro your last term ProMax training
course as the input data .Apply all required processing steps to
have NMO corrected gathers .
 2. Convert NMO corrected CMP gathers to angle gathers by using
stacking velocity function from velocity analysis.
 3. Generate angle stacks with your choice of angle.
3/40 Seismic Processing Sequence
 Reformat of seismic data
 Geometry application
 Geometry QC
 Bad Shots / Trace Editing / Despiking
 True amplitude correction
 Calculation of static correction
 Pre processing test (linear noise, decon test)
 Pre processing
 Sort in cmp
 Velocity analysis
 NMO correction
 Angle gather
 Angle stack (Sheriff, Geldart.,1995)
4/40 Input Data

Processing Steps

(Sheriff, Geldart.,1995)
5/40 Input Data
Trace Display :
6/40
Geometry

 Based on survey information for land data or navigation information

for marine data, coordinates of shot and receiver locations for all traces
are stored on trace headers (Sheriff, Geldart.,1995).
7/40
Geometry

DB Tools Area Receiver Position

8/40 Geometry
2D Cross plot :CDP
9/40 Editing
 From the observers reports any bad traces or shots listed must be edited.
 Noisy traces are deleted.
 polarity reversals are corrected (Sheriff, Geldart.,1995).
10/40 True Amplitude Recovery

 The earth has two effects on a propagating wave field :

A) Geometrical spreading
B) Attenuation (Sheriff, Geldart.,1995).
11/40 True Amplitude Recovery
Before:
12/40 True Amplitude Recovery
After:
13/40 Denoising
 Events with different dips that may interfere in the t - x domain can be isolated in
the f - k domain.

 These concepts have important practical implications, for they lead to f - k dip
filtering of coherent linear noise (Sheriff, Geldart.,1995).
14/40 Denoising
15/40 Denoising
Before:
16/40 Denoising
After:
17/40
Statics correction
 The differences in elevation of source and receiver stations and weathering
layer introducing near surface distortion in seismic images.

 There are two kind of static correction:

a) Elevation static correction for Topography effect.
b) Refraction static correction for weathering layer effect (Sheriff, Geldart.,1995).
18/40
Deconvolution

 Deconvolution is the general inverse process to convolution.

 In theory, deconvolving the trace with respect to the wavelet returns the RC series.

Application of deconvolution :

a) Increases resolution and reliability of

the data for interpretation .
b) Decreases ringing.
c) Section is more like the earth and less
like the seismic source.
d) Can remove multiples.

(Sheriff, Geldart.,1995)
19/40 Deconvolution
20/40
Deconvolution
Before:
21/40 Deconvolution
After:
22/40 Deconvolution

Before:

After:
23/40 Deconvolution
Band pass filter :
24/40 Velocity Analysis

 Normal moveout is the basis for determining velocities from seismic data.
Computed velocities can in turn be used to correct for NMO so that reflections
are aligned in the traces of a CMP gather before stacking (Sheriff, Geldart.,1995).
25/40 Velocity Analysis

23
26/40
NMO Correction – Stacking
 Consider a reflection event on a CMP gather. The difference between the two-way
time at a given offset and the two-way zero-offset time is called normal moveout
(NMO). Reflection traveltimes must be corrected for NMO prior to summing the
traces in the CMP gather along the offset axis (Sheriff, Geldart.,1995).
27/40 CMP Gather
28/40 Angle Gather
29/40 Angle Gather

CMP Gather Angle Gather

30/40 Angle Gather
31/40 Angle Stack

 Angle stacks provide a means of accessing the AVO information in

seismic data. They are usually designed to measure the reflectivity at a
given incidence angle, but the term angle-stack can also apply to a
general combination of intercept and gradient.
 There are a number of ways an angle stack can be constructed. Perhaps
the most common is to stack the data from moveout corrected common
reflection point gathers within constant angle mutes. Incidence angles to
define the mutes must be estimated from a velocity field. A simple
formula for incidence angle can be derived from the normal moveout
equation (Castagna, Backus.,1993).
32/40 Angle Stack
33/40 Angle Stack
Choice : 0 - 10 degrees
 34/40 Angle Stack
Choice : 0 - 10 degrees
35/40 Angle Stack
Choice : 0 - 20 degrees
36/40 Angle Stack
Choice: 0 - 20 degrees
37/40 Angle Stack
Choice: 0 - 30 degrees
38/40 Angle Stack
Choice: 0 - 30 degrees
39/40
Conclusions

 Because angle stacking is designed to measure the reflectivity of a given

angle , angle-stacked data are used to observe amplitude versus offset
(AVO) for the direct hydrocarbon indicator (DHI) and the inversion in the
oil & gas industry.
 Angle stacking also applied to the general combination of intercept and
gradient. These angle stacks usually have near, mid and far angles but an
angle stack can consist of more than three angle stacks with a limit of at
least 1 degree (Castagna, Backus.,1993).
40/40
References
Castagna, J. P., and Backus, M. M., 1993, Offset dependent reflectivity: Theory and
practice of avo analysis: Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Class Course Notes., Mr.Jamali.
Sheriff, R.E. and Geldart, L.P., 1995, Exploration Seismology, Cambridge
University Press.