EXEPERIMENT NO.

AIM:- Identify the components of hydroelectric power plant by using charts, models, simulation
and videos.

DIAGRAM:-

APPARATUS:- Charts and videos.

THEORY AND WORKING:-

The purpose of hydroelectric power plant is to provide power from water flowing
under pressure. It has two forms of energy, kinetic energy and potential energy.
Kinetic energy depends upon the mass velocity of flow while the potential energy
exists as a result of difference in water level below two points. The turbine
converts potential and kinetic energy possessed by water in to mechanical energy.
Thus the turbine is a prime mover which when coupled to a generator produces
electricity.
ELECTRIC POWER:-
Hydroelectric power can be developed when water continuously flowing under pressure is
available. Dam is constructed to restrict the river water flow. Essential components of a
hydroelectric power plant are as follows:-

(1) STORAGE RESERVOIR:-

The water available from an attachment area is stored in a reservoir so that it can be utilized to
run the turbine for producing power according to requirement.

(2) DAM WITH CONTROL WORKS:-

Dam is a structure ejected on a suitable site to provide for the storage of water and create head.
Dam may be built to make an artificial reservoir from valley or it may be created in a river to
control the flowing water.

(3) WATER WAYS:-

Water way is a passage through which the water carried from the storage reservoir to the power
house. It may consist of tunnel control, force pipe and penstock. Tunnel is water passage made
by cutting the mountain to save the distance for bay in an enlarged section of a canal spread out
to accommodate the required width of intake. Its function is to store temporarily water ejected by
plant.

(4) PENSTOCK:-
It is a pipe of large diameter caring water under pressure from storage to turbine.

(5) POWER HOUSE:-

It is a building to house the turbine, penstock and other for operating the machines.

RATED QUANTITIES:-
The rated quantities refer to the parameter for which the turbine is designed.

EFFIENCY OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT:-

An appraisal of the performance of a hydraulic turbine is made by its overall
efficiency.

Result & Conclusion:- In this way we have studied components and working of hydraulic
power plant.
 EXEPERIMENT NO.2
AIM:- Identify the components of Gas turbine power plant by using charts, models, simulation
and videos.

Diagram:-

APPARATUS:- Charts and videos.

THEORY AND WORKING:-
The gas turbine plant essentially consists of compressor, combustion chamber and
turbine. The air is compressed in a compressor and the fuel is burned in the combustion chamber
when the compressed air is supplied from the compressor. The burned high temperature gases
are passed through the turbine. The part of the work developed by the gases passing through the
turbine is used to rum the compressor and remaining (30-35%) is used to generate the electrical
energy.
When the heat given to the air by mixing and burning the fuel in the air and the gases coming out
of the turbine are exhausted to the atmosphere, the cycle is known as open cycle power plant. If
the heat to the working medium (air or any other suitable gas) is given without directly burning
the fuel in the air and the same working fluid is used again and again, the cycle is known as
closed cycle power plant. On the basis of combustion process the gas turbines are classified as
(a) Continuous combustion or constant pressure type. The cycle working on this
principle is called as Joule or Brayton cycle.
(b) The explosion or constant volume type. The cycle working on this principle is
known as Atkinson cycle.

Methods of improving efficiency and specific output of Gas Turbine Plant:-

1. Regeneration:- This is done by preheating the air with the turbine exhaust which saves the fuel
consumption.
2. Improving turbine output by
 Reheating- The whole expansion in turbine is achieved in two or more stages and reheating is
done after each stage.
 Increasing the value of maximum cycle temperature means turbine inlet temperature which
requires
(a) Better quality of fuel
(b) New materials which can withstand high temperatures and pressures.
(c) Better blade cooling methods and cooling medium.
 Improved turbine efficiency:- It depends on design improvements of each component.
 Reducing compressor input. It may be done by
(a) Intercooling. Compressor work is reduced by intercooling the air between compressor stages.
(b) By lowering the inlet temperature to compressor. It is not possible because this will increase
the pressure ratio.
(c) By increasing the compressor efficiency. This depends upon the design improvement.
(d) Water injection.

Result & Conclusion:- In this way we have studied components and working of gas turbine
power plant.

EXEPERIMENT NO.3
AIM:- Identify the components of Gas turbine power plant by using charts, models, simulation
and videos.

Diagram:-