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Ventilation For Acceptable Indoor Air Qu
Ventilation For Acceptable Indoor Air Qu
62.1User’s
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Published by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,
with support from the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, and the U.S. Green Building Council.
62.1 User’s Manual
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
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ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is the world’s foremost technical
society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Its 55,000 members worldwide are individuals who
share ideas, identify the need for and support research, and write the industry’s standards for testing and practice. The result of
these efforts is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and preserving the
outdoors for generations to come.
One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members’ and the industry’s need for information is through ASHRAE Research.
Thousands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data about material
properties and building physics and to promote the application of innovative technologies.
ASHRAE Research contributed significantly to the material in this book.
For more information about ASHRAE Research or to become a member of ASHRAE, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.,
Atlanta, GA 30329 USA; telephone 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to
investigate any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any
technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any
product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free
of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in the publication. The entire risk of the use of
any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief
passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any way for or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without
permission in writing from ASHRAE.
Contents
Purpose 1-1
Overview (§ 1.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Regulatory Application (§ 1.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Existing Buildings (§ 1.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Scope 2-1
Spaces Covered (§ 2.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Scope of Requirements (§2.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Industrial Spaces, Laboratories, and Healthcare (§ 2.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
No Retroactive Application (§ 2.4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
No Recommended Ventilation Rates for Smoking (§2.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Basis of Ventilation Requirements (§ 2.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Thermal Comfort (§2.7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Sources of Contaminants (§2.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Limitations of the Standard (§ 2.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Appendix
CO2-Based Demand Controlled Ventilation A-1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Dynamic Reset of Outdoor Air Intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Figures
Figure 4-A—Outdoor Air Quality Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Figure 4-B—Counties Designated Nonattainment for One or More NAAQS Pollutants . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Figure 4-C— PM10 Monitoring Sampler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Figure 4-D—Denver Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Figure 4-E—Air Monitoring Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Figure 5-A—Systems & Equipment Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Figure 5-B—Key to Ventilation System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Figure 5-C—Correct Plan of Plenum System With Direct Ducting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Figure 5-D—Correct Plan of Plenum System With Seaparate Outdoor Air Inlets. . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Figure 5-E—Incorrect Plan of Plenum System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Figure 5-F—Correct Plan of Plenum System With Discharge Near Terminal Ends . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Figure 5-G—Correct Exhaust Duct, Negatively Pressurized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Figure 5-H—Incorrect Exhaust Duct, Pressurized and Not Seal Class A . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Figure 5-I—Correct Exhaust Duct, Pressurized and Seal Class A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Figure 5-J—Typical Ventilation System Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Figure 5-K—Airstream Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Figure 5-L—Outdoor Air Intake Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Figure 5-M—“Stretched String” Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Figure 5-N—Correct Rain Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Figure 5-O—Incorrect Rain Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Figure 5-P—Outfoor Air Intake to Prevent Snow Intrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Figure 5-Q—Compliant Drain Pan, End Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Figure 5-R—Compliant Drain Pan, Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Figure 5-S—Compliant Drain Pan, Side View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Figure 5-T—Condensate Drain Pan With a Plenum Under Negative Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Figure 5-U—Finned Tube Coil Cleanability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Figure 5-V—Humidifier/Water Spray System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-31
Figure 5-W—Air Distribution System Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32
Figure 5-X—Ventilation of Dwelling Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-33
Figure 5-Y—Recirculation Restrictions for Classified Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Figure 5-Z—Summary of ETS Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39
Figure 5-AA—Exception for Dwelling Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-40
Figure 5-AB—ETS Signage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-48
Figure 6-A—Breathing Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Figure 6-B—Ventilation Rate Procedure Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Figure 6-C—System With Multiple Recirculation Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Figure 6-D—IAQ Procedure Design Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48
Figure A-A—Single Zone CO2 Concentrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Tables
Table 4-A—NAAQS Table (Table 4-1 in the Standard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Table 5-A—Air Intake Minimum Separation Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Table 5-B—Typical Dry Coil Pressure Drop in Inches of H20 at 500 fpm . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30
Table 6-A—Ra and Rp Values by Occupancy Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Table 6-B—Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17
Table 6-C—Typical Averaging Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-35
Table 7-A—Required Documents Compared to Common Contract Closeout Practice . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Table 8-A—Minimum Maintenance Activity and Frequency (Table 8-1 in the Standard) . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Table A-B—Steady State CO2 Concentrations at 400 ppm Ambient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Examples
Example 2-A—New Administrative Wing of Industrial Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Example 2-B—Retroactive Application of the Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Example 2-C—Survey Indicates 35% Dissatisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Example 5-A—Naturally Ventilated Enclosed Private Offices on Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Example 5-B—Natural Ventilation Prescriptive Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Example 5-C—Engineered Natural Ventilation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Example 5-D—Balancing in Accordance with Standard 111-1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Example 5-E—Snow Depth in Chicago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Example 5-F—Dehumidification in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Example 5-G—Cold Water Pipe Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Example 5-H—Classification of Office in Restaurant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-38
Example 5-I—Non-Smoking Office Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
Example 5-J—Restaurant with Smoking Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
Example 5-K—Smoking Prohibition in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Example 5-L—Casino that Allows Smoking Throughout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Example 5-M—Example 5-K - Non-Smoking Office Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Example 5-N—Example 5-L - Restaurant with Smoking Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Example 5-O—Airport Terminal with Smoking Lounge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Example 5-P—Measurement of ETS Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Example 5-Q—Restaurant with Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-44
Example 5-R—Continuous Measurement of Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45
Example 5-S—Adjacent Spaces in a Shopping Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45
Example 5-T—Adjacent Spaces in an Office Condominium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45
Example 5-U—Example 5-S - Door between Kitchen and Dining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-46
Example 5-V—Example 5-T - Common Air Handler for ETS and ETS-Free Areas . . . . . . . . . . 5-46
Example 5-W—Example 5-U - ETS Reclassification of Hotel Guest Room . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-47
Example 6-A—New PM10 Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Example 6-B—Air Cleaning for Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Example 6-C—Building Code Occupancy Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Example 6-D—Planning for Future Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Example 6-E—Occasionally Occupied Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Example 6-F—Determining Er for fan-powered terminal systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Example 6-G—Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness During Morning Warm-up . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
Example 6-H—Hotel Room Ventilation with Corridor Makeup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
Example 6-I—Single Zone Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21
Example 6-J—Meeting Rooom Ventilation With Single Zone Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Example 6-K—Using Interpolation in Table 6-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
Example 6-L—Minimum Supply Air to Zones Served by Multiple Zone Recirculating Systems . . . . . . . 6-26
Example 6-M—Finding Critical Zones in Multiple Zone Recirculating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Example 6-N—Applying the Appendix A Method to VAV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27
Example 6-O—Impact of Zones with Very High Zp Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28
Example 6-P—Minimum Primary Airflow Setpoints on VAV Boxes, Single Duct Systems . . . . . . . . 6-28
Example 6-Q—Minimum Primary Airflow Setpoints on VAV Boxes, Dual-Duct, and Fan-Powered Systems . . . . 6-29
Example 6-R—Ventilation Rate Calculation for a Typical VAV System, Using the Table 6-3 Method . . . . . . 6-29
Example 6-S—Ventilation Rate Calculation for a Typical VAV System using the Appendix A Method . . . . . 6-32
Example 6-T—Speculative Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36
Example 6-U—Time Averaging Zone Population, Large Open Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37
Example 6-V—Time Averaging Zone Population, Private Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-38
Example 6-W—Time Averaging with VAV Changeover Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-38
Example 6-X—Time-Averaging Intermittent Supply Fan Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39
Example 6-Y—Time Averaging Zone Population, Pre-Function Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-40
Example 6-Z—Five More Cubic Feet Per Minute For Smoking Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42
Example 6-AA—Higher MERV, Same Ventilation Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42
Example 6-AB—IAQ Procedure, Single Zone System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-49
Example 6-AC—IAQ Procedure, Multizone Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-52
Example 7-A—Temporary Filter During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Example 7-B—Protective Measures for Non-Permit Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Example 7-C—System Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Example 7-D—Duct Cleaning Prior to System Start-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Example 8-A—Milestone Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Example 8-B—Reevaluation of Ventilation System, No Change in Use or Occupancy . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Example 8-C—Reevaluation of Ventilation System, Change in Occupancy and Design Assumption . . . . . . 8-4
Example 8-D—Reevaluation of Ventilation System, Change in Occupied Schedule . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Example 8-E—Complete Recalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Example 8-F—Reevaluation of Ventilation System, Change in Seating Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Example 8-G—Compliant Water Treatment Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Example 8-H—Investigation and Rectification of Visible Microbial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Example 8-I—Wings Constructed in Different Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Example A-A—Occupancy Sensor DCV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Example A-B—CO2 DCV with Packaged AC Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
A
Preface
General Information Gives guidance to building operation Operators and maintainers who must
The explanatory material, detailed and maintenance personnel. ensure the compliance of the building
information, figures, and examples throughout its lifespan.
This Manual also instructs the user in the
contained within this User’s Manual are application of tools used for compliance
provided to aid the user in designing, with Standard 62.1-2007. In particular, a
installing, and operating buildings in Addenda
spreadsheet is distributed with this User's
accordance with Standard 62.1-2007 Standard 62.1 is a dynamic document
Manual that assists in the Ventilation
(referred to in this Manual as Standard undergoing continuous maintenance,
Rate Procedure calculations.
62.1 or simply the Standard). with addenda, errata, and interpretations
issued throughout its life. As of the
Standard 62.1 was written to be code- publication date of this User’s Manual,
enforceable, and therefore contains only Audience
there have been no approved addenda to
mandatory language. This Manual does This User’s Manual is intended to be used
Standard 62.1-2007. In the future,
not reproduce the requirements of the by:
however, the ASHRAE committee
Standard, but rather paraphrases and Architects and engineers who must responsible for maintaining the Standard
explains them. Intended to be used in apply the Standard to the design of their (SSPC 62.1) is expected to approve
conjunction with the Standard, this buildings; addenda.
Manual:
Those manufacturers of systems and When using this Manual to comply with
Offers information on the intent and components who choose to provide the a code based on Standard 62.1, check
application of Standard 62.1; industry with complying equipment; whether any addenda have been
Explains the Standard through the use incorporated in that code, and read those
Plan examiners and field inspectors
of sample calculations and examples; addenda carefully. Addenda are posted on
who will be charged with enforcing the
the ASHRAE Web site, at
Encourages the user to apply the Standard in areas where it is adopted as
www.ashrae.org.
principles of good indoor air quality and code;
effective ventilation when designing Also, if the adopted code references a
General and specialty contractors who
buildings and building systems; version of the Standard prior to 2007,
must construct buildings in compliance
then the information contained within
Provides useful reference material to with the Standard; and
this Manual may not apply.
assist designers in efficiently
completing a successful and compliant
design;
Official Interpretations Standard 62.1 Section 7—Construction and System
Startup contains requirements that
The Standing Standards Project Organization
Committee (SSPC) 62.1 provides official apply during the construction and
Standard 62.1 is divided into nine
interpretations of the Standard upon startup phase of new construction
sections and eight appendices. Sections
written request. Interpretations are projects.
1, 2, and 3 are administrative and do not
restricted to the words contained within contain any requirements: Section 8—Operations and Mainte-
the Standard itself and cannot nance outlines requirements for the
encompass design reviews and/or Section 1—Purpose states the purpose
operation and maintenance of
proposals for changes. Address requests of the Standard.
building ventilation systems after they
for interpretations to the Manager of Section 2—Scope describes where the are constructed.
Standards, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Standard does and does not apply.
NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329-2305. In addition to the nine primary sections,
Section 3—Definitions provides the Standard contains a Foreword and
The SSPC usually assigns the request to definitions of terms that are used eight appendices. The Foreword
a subcommittee, which then reviews it throughout the Standard. provides a historical perspective on the
and develops an interpretation. This development of the Standard. The
interpretation is then voted on by the Sections 4 through 8 are the technical
following Appendices are normative
sections of the Standard and contain the
full committee. A common timeframe and therefore part of the Standard:
for a response is six to twelve months. technical requirements for the design,
See informative Appendix G of the installation and operation of ventilation Appendix A—Multiple Zone Systems;
systems in buildings, as well as
Standard for more information on Appendix E—Ventilation Rates for
requesting an interpretation. additional requirements that apply to
Health Care Facilities, Residential
features of the building other than these
Interpretations are also posted on the Buildings, and Vehicles.
systems.
ASHRAE Web site, at www.ashrae.org. The remaining Appendices are infor-
Section 4—Outdoor Air Quality
mative and not part of the Standard.
requires that the site and the quality of
outdoor air be evaluated to determine Appendix B—Summary of Selected
whether special design considerations Air Quality Guidelines;
such as cleaning of the outdoor air are
Appendix C—Rationale for Minimum
needed.
Physiological Requirements for Respi-
Section 5—Systems and Equipment ration Air Based on CO2 Concen-
includes specific requirements for the tration;
design of ventilation systems in
Appendix D—Acceptable Mass
buildings, as well as the building
Balance Equations for Use with Indoor
envelope.
Air Quality Procedure;
Section 6—Procedures presents
Appendix F—Separation of Exhaust
methods for determining the
Outlets and Outdoor Air Intakes;
volumetric airflow rate of outdoor air
that must be brought into the building Appendix G—Application and
through the HVAC system(s), as well Compliance;
as requirements for filtration and
Appendix H—Addenda Description
cleaning of the outdoor air.
Information.
Organization and Use of Data and Analysis Tools Systems and Equipment, and the
ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Appli-
the User’s Manual The following is a list of tools and
documents may be useful to fully apply cations.
In general, the chapters of this User’s
Manual follow the organization of the the Standard. Some of these items, as
Standard. To aid the user in correlating noted, are only applicable to specific
requirements of the Standard with the sections of the Standard:
explanations in the User’s Manual, all A current copy of Standard 62.1-2007
major headings in the Manual contain with errata and interpretations.
section number references in
parentheses. Sections in the Standard Copies of any published addenda to
are referenced using the symbol “§”. For Standard 62.1-2007.
example, a discussion of natural A personal computer and spreadsheet
ventilation begins with the heading software to run the 62MZCalc spread-
“Natural Ventilation (§ 5.1)”. This sheet, distributed on CD with this
allows the user to quickly refer to § 5.1 Manual.
of the Standard, which gives the
Referenced documents such as the
requirements for natural ventilation.
The corollary is that each section of the ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals,
Standard has a corresponding section in the ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC
the User’s Manual.
Acknowledgments
Architectural Energy Corporation (AEC) Engineering authored Chapters 1, 2, 5, 7, surfaced. Dennis Stanke is to be
prepared this update to the User's Manual and 8 in the original User's Manual and commended for his thorough review and
under contract to the American Society updated Chapter 5 for the 2007 edition. extraordinary contributions. Other
of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Steve Taylor of Taylor Engineering wrote members of the PMS include Don Brandt,
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Inc. the Ventilation Rate Procedure portion of Chandra Sekhar, and Harris Sheinman.
This project was co-sponsored by the Air- Chapter 6 in the original User's Manual, The PMS for the original 2004 User's
Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute as well as the Appendix on CO2 Demand- Manual benefited greatly from the
(ARI), the National Institute of Standards Controlled Ventilation. He updated careful review of Roger Hedrick (PMS
and Technology (NIST), and the U.S. Chapter 6 for the 2007 edition. Chris Chair), Andy Persily, Lynn Bellenger,
Green Building Council (USGBC). Muller of Purafil, Inc. contributed to Dennis Stanke, Eli Howard, Jim Coggins,
Chapter 4 and the Indoor Air Quality Brian Rock, Joe Fisher, Walter L.
Charles Eley was the AEC project
Procedure portion of Chapter 6 in the Raynaud, Leon Alevantis, Roger L.
manager and technical editor. He
original User's Manual. Howard and Waller S. Clements.
oversaw the development of the original
User's Manual and the update. Ariel A Project Management Subcommittee
Dekovic managed the review cycles, (PMS) chaired by Roger Hedrick guided
comments, and other components of the the User's Manual update project and
project. Larry Schoen of Schoen helped reach resolution on issues as they
1. Purpose
Overview (§ 1.1) implementation of standards and Therefore, adoption of the Standard as a
Standard 62.1 sets minimum outdoor air guidelines that benefit the general whole for the building codes, leases, and
ventilation rates and requires other public.1 maintenance contracts of existing
measures intended to provide indoor air buildings can impose requirements that
quality that is both acceptable to human ASHRAE did not consider, some of which
occupants and minimizes negative effects Regulatory Application may be unreasonable.
on health. (§ 1.2) Standard 62.1 is intended for guidance in
ASHRAE’s intentions for regulatory use the process of improving indoor air
Both occupant perception and health
of the Standard (such as use in codes) quality in existing buildings. For instance,
issues affect the acceptability of indoor air
include construction of new buildings, it could be useful if applied with skilled
quality. Therefore, both are relevant to
additions to existing structures, as well as judgment in IAQ evaluations of existing
this Standard. Thermal comfort is not
those specific changes to existing buildings, improvements to existing
considered since it is covered in ASHRAE
buildings explained in § 7 and § 8. spaces, IAQ research studies, property
Standard 55. Furthermore, the purpose of
Standard 62.1 is broader than minimum condition surveys, etc.
ventilation rates, encompassing such Existing Buildings (§ 1.3) Users who wish to refer to the Standard
subjects as moisture control, control of for regulatory or contractual use
While ASHRAE intends the use of the
certain contaminant sources, (including building codes, leases and
principles, materials, and methods
maintenance, and air cleaning. maintenance contracts) should read
described in the Standard for the
Indeed, the impact of indoor air quality improvement of air quality in an existing carefully those sections that they wish to
on health, stated broadly in the Purpose building, it has not written the material invoke, as well as Appendix G of the
of Standard 62.1, is addressed in a number with the regulation of existing buildings Standard.
of ASHRAE documents. It remains an in mind, nor has it checked that each
important factor in the development and provision of the Standard is appropriate
for such use.
1. Ad Hoc Committee on Health Impacts in Standards, Report to the Board of Directors, February 6, 2000.
2. Scope
Spaces Covered (§ 2.1) Industrial Spaces, conventional spaces (such as offices)
located within these facilities. The latter
This Standard sets minimum ventilation Laboratories, and
rates for all indoor or enclosed spaces are covered in the scope of the Standard
Healthcare (§ 2.3) just like similar spaces in non-industrial
intended for human occupancy. In
An industrial space is defined as an indoor facilities. On the other hand, systems and
instances where other applicable
environment used primarily for equipment requirements (e.g., drain pans
standards and requirements specify
production and/or manufacturing and airstream surfaces) apply to all space
higher ventilation rates, the higher rates
processes. Occupants of this space are types.
should be implemented. Such other
involved in these processes. Neither
applicable standards and requirements The following sources may contain
laboratory nor healthcare spaces are
may include occupational safety and additional requirements for indoor air
defined in the Standard, but these
health regulations, information provided quality in these spaces:
buidlings may have rooms where
in material safety data sheets (MSDSs),
relatively small amounts of hazardous "2006 Guidelines for Design &
and local building codes.
materials are used in scientific research, Construction of Health Care Facilites,
The scope of Standard 62.1-2007 applies testing, teaching, or clinical practice. Facilities Guidelines Institute and the
to residential spaces in buildings four or Special processes in industrial, laboratory AIA Academy of Architecture for
more stories in height. The companion or healthcare spaces may generate Health, with assistance from the U.S.
Standard 62.2-2004 applies to low-rise contaminants with characteristics and in Department of Health and Human
residential buildings. quantities dictating that principles of Services, 2006.
worker safety and industrial hygiene be
The standard does not apply to enclosed "ASHRAE, HVAC Design Manual for
used to define contaminant control
spaces within vehicles or aircraft that are Hospitals and Clinics. ASHRAE, 2003
strategies, including ventilation.
intended for human occupancy. "HVAC Design Manual for New
Additional requirements may exist for
laboratory, healthcare, industrial and Hospitals, Department of Veterans
Affairs, 2006
Scope of Requirements other spaces based on occupational safety
and the processes occurring within the "Laboratory Design Guide, ASHRAE,
(§2.2) space. 2002
The Standard addresses more than just
outdoor air ventilation rates. Chapter 5 While the scope of Standard 62.1-2007
has requirements for the HVAC systems includes laboratory, healthcare, and
and equipment, Chapter 7 addresses industrial spaces, ASHRAE recognizes
construction, commissioning, and system that the minimum requirements of
startup; and Chapter 8 addresses Standard 62.1 may be inappropriate for
maintenance and operation. some spaces. For instance, occupational
safety or other standards may require the
use of special capture ventilation or
personal protective equipment that is not
covered in this Standard. These
additional requirements relate only to
spaces with special processes and not to
2-2 S c o p e : N o R e t r o a c t i v e A p p l i c a t i o n ( § 2 . 4 )
participated in the public review The Standard does not cover all of the instance, an odor that is acceptable in a
process. The body of the Standard many factors that affect a human cafeteria might be unacceptable in a fine
contains the requirements intended to occupant's acceptance of indoor air restaurant.
meet the indoor air quality goal, but it quality, such as:
The Standard addresses certain
neither guarantees nor requires
Air temperature, contaminants in outdoor air under
achievement of the goal. Achieving of
Noise, specific circumstances. For example, § 4
80% satisfaction of occupants or
sets requirements for the evaluation of
eliminating of harmful concentrations Lighting,
local and regional air quality and § 6
of known contaminants is not required
Psychological stress, and specifies the removal of particulate
to comply with the Standard. The
Humidity. matter and ozone in some cases.
following paragraphs describe some of
However, there are many other
the reasons why IAQ may not be However, research and practice have
contaminants in outdoor air that can
achieved in spaces that comply with the shown that low temperature correlates
adversely impact indoor air quality.
Standard. with improved perception of air
Some of these contaminants, such as
quality.2 Annoyances in the space such
The ventilation rates in the Standard nitrogen dioxide or carbon monoxide,
as noise and bad lighting may not
were chosen based upon a normal space are not required to be removed from air,
directly affect perception of air quality,
without unusual contaminants. even though they are regulated
but may decrease tolerance and
However, achieving agreement among contaminants with published
therefore the likelihood of accepting the
experts on the exact characteristics of a acceptable levels.3 Even for
quality of the indoor air.
normal space, as well as just what contaminants that are covered, such as
constitutes an unusual contaminant, can Air quality acceptable to one person or ozone, low levels may result in irritation
be challenging, especially when writing group may not be acceptable to another. either directly or indirectly from indoor
a standard in mandatory and Sensitive populations (such as children, chemical reactions.4
enforceable language. Even an excess of the infirm, or the elderly) can succumb
The Standard does not prohibit further
usual contaminants, such as common to infectious agents or irritations even as
enhancements to buildings, systems,
office supplies, can easily overwhelm a population of healthy adults remains
and practices beyond the minimum
the capability of ordinary dilution unaffected. Odor perception varies
requirements.
ventilation. among people and even among different
populations of healthy adults. Context
can also affect acceptability. For
2. Fanger, P.O., “The New Comfort Equation For Indoor Air Quality,” ASHRAE Journal (October 1989): 33–38
3. National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards, Code of Federal Regulation, Title 40 Part 50 as amended July 1, 1987, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
4. Weschler, C. J., “Chemical Reactions Among Indoor Pollutants: What We've Learned In The New Millennium” Indoor Air 14 (August 2004): 184.
2-4 S c o p e : L i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e S t a n d a r d ( § 2 . 9 )
Q
A designer for a new administrative wing of an industrial facility is following internal policy that all designs meet ASHRAE
Standard 62.1. The wing contains a small industrial production room. What portions of the new or existing facility are
within the scope of ASHRAE Standard 62.1?
A
The new wing is within the scope of the Standard, in accordance with § 2.3. Even the production room is covered since
industrial spaces are not exempted. Not only do the ventilation rate requirements apply in the production room and the
rest of the addition, but so do all the other requirements, for example, outdoor-air filtration in § 4 and airstream surfaces in
§ 5. Additional occupational safety or other standards may have even stricter requirements.
With regard to the existing facility, there is insufficient information to address its applicability. The Standard is not
intended to be applied retroactively when used as a mandatory regulation or code in accordance with § 2.3, but any
regulatory or code body still has that option, and an internal policy can certainly invoke such requirements. The decision
made by such bodies should be informed by the fact that ASHRAE did not write or intend the requirements to be for
retroactive mandates and issues of practicality or reasonableness may arise.
Example 2-B—Retroactive Application of the Standard
Q
A government agency is a prospective tenant in an existing office building. The lease requires that the space meet ASHRAE
Standard 62.1-2004. Five years ago, the air handler and all the ductwork were replaced and are in excellent condition. Will
the requirements of Standard 62.1 require replacement of the five-year-old air handler?
A
The air handler may or may not need replacement or modification to meet the new requirements in § 5. Even if it is in
excellent condition, it should be examined carefully in light of the new requirements in Standard 62.1-2004. In general, the
requirements of the Standard should be evaluated on an individual basis for their applicability in existing buildings to
achieve effective upgrades and to avoid triggering requirements that might be unreasonable or impractical.
Example 2-C—Survey Indicates 35% Dissatisfaction
Q
A survey of occupant satisfaction in a school building found that 35% of teachers and students were dissatisfied with air
quality. Is the building compliant with the Standard?
A
The building is compliant with the Standard as long as it is designed, constructed, operated, and maintained to meet the
requirements of § 4, § 5, § 6, § 7, and § 8 regardless of the level of occupant satisfaction or dissatisfaction. This high a level
of dissatisfaction may warrant further investigation. While checking into occupant complaints may be advisable, it is not
required by the Standard.
In the special case of a system designed under the Indoor Air Quality Procedure, where the design calls for a maximum
level of dissatisfaction, the 35% survey result should be compared with the design documentation, as it may or may not be
3. Definitions, Abbreviations & Acronyms
Definitions Air, supply Industrial space
The Standard contains definitions for the Air, transfer Infiltration
following terms:
Air, ventilation Mechanical ventilation
Acceptable indoor air quality
Breathing zone Microorganism
Air-cleaning system
Cognizant authority Natural ventilation
Air conditioning
Concentration Net occupiable space
Air, ambient
Conditioned space Occupiable space
Air, exhaust
Contaminant Odor
Air, indoor
Energy recovery ventilation system Readily accessible
Air, makeup
Environmental tobacco smoke Ventilation
Air, outdoor
ETS area Volume, space
Air, recirculated
ETS-free area Zone
Air, return
Exfiltration
3-2 D e f i n i t i o n s , A b b r e v i a t i o n s & A c r o n y m s : A b b r e v i a t i o n s & A c r o n y m s
SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Condi- TVOC total volatile organic VRP Ventilation Rate Procedure
tioning Contractors' National compounds
w.g. water gauge
Association
USGBC United States Green Building
wb wet-bulb
SO2 sulfur dioxide Council
wc water column
SSPC Standing Standards Project UL Underwriters Laboratories
Committee yr year
VAV variable air volume
T time
Vdc volts direct current
TABB Testing Adjusting and
VOC volatile organic compound
Balancing Bureau
3-4 D e f i n i t i o n s , A b b r e v i a t i o n s & A c r o n y m s : A b b r e v i a t i o n s & A c r o n y m s
4. Outdoor Air Quality
4-A—Out-
door Air
Overview Regional Air Quality (§ 4.1) Evaluate
regional
Quality Standard 62.1 continues the tradition of For reasons such as those just described, & local
Flow Chart
its previous versions by specifying the Standard requires that an air quality
(§ 4.1, § 4.2).
minimum ventilation rates and indoor air investigation of outdoor air quality be
quality that will be acceptable to the performed in accordance with § 4.1 and
human occupants of a building. It § 4.2 prior to the completion of the
considers chemical, physical, and ventilation system design. Results of this Document
biological contaminants that can affect air investigation (which inform design findings
(§ 4.3).
quality—yet acknowledges the fact that decisions that must be made by the
the standards may not achieve acceptable designer and the owner) must be
Figure 4-A—Outdoor Air Quality Flow
indoor air quality in all buildings. This is documented according to § 4.3.
Chart
especially so in areas where the outdoor
The status of compliance with national
air is of a questionable quality and may
ambient air quality standards must be
not be clean enough for use in general
determined for the geographic area of the Secondary standards are set to protect
ventilation.
building site. In the United States, public welfare, such as decreased
When the quality of outdoor air is poor, compliance status is either in visibility and damage to crops, animals,
ventilation may not be effective in “attainment” or “nonattainment” with vegetation, and buildings.
improving indoor air quality. Bringing in the Environmental Protection Agency’s
contaminated outdoor air may only result (EPA) National Ambient Air Quality The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning
in diluting one group of pollutants while Standards (NAAQS). and Standards (OAQPS) establishes the
increasing levels of another. For example, NAAQS based on six principle pollutants
The Clean Air Act (last amended in 1990) (called “criteria” pollutants5):
internally generated bioeffluents may be
charged the Environmental Protection
diluted, but levels of combustion gases Ozone,
Agency (EPA) with the responsibility of
may increase.
setting the NAAQS. In other parts of the Particulate matter,
A similar situation could occur when world, compliance is per the prevailing
Carbon monoxide,
local outdoor sources of pollutants (such regional air quality standards.
as auto exhaust, trash storage, industrial Sulfur oxides,
A distinction between primary and
activities, etc.), are introducted into the
secondary standards was made in the Nitrogen dioxide, and
building by the HVAC system.
Clean Air Act.
Lead.
The act of bringing in outdoor air in these
Primary standards are set to protect the
two cases can increase the odor and Because of the different effects each
health of the public, including sensitive
irritation level of indoor air. Buildings on pollutant has, some pollutants have
populations such as asthmatics,
such sites may be unable to achieve standards for both long-term and short-
children, and the elderly.
acceptable indoor air quality without air term averaging times. The short-term
cleaning—even if they meet all the standards are usually higher than long-
requirements of this Standard. term standards and are designed to
The maximum concentrations of the differences: criteria is expressed in subject to the formal rule-making
criteria pollutants are shown in Table terms of 8-hour ozone (not 1-hour process that designates it as
4-A. This table shows only the primary ozone as was previously the case ) and nonattainment.7 See Figure 4-B for an
standards, as these are the ones of maximum concentrations of PM2.5 example map of counties designated as
concern to Standard 62.1. 6 Standard (fine particles) are added as well as nonattainment for one or more of the
62.1-2007 uses the threshold criteria PM10 (course particles). criteria pollutants. The technical details
from a more recent version of the underlying these classifications are
When an area does not meet the
National Ambient Air Quality discussed in the Code of Federal
threshold concentration of one or more
Standards (NAAQS). When compared Regulations, Part 81 (40 CFR 81).8
of the criteria pollutants, it may be
to 62.1-2004, there are some significant
The EPA’s ambient air quality The data collected from the air pollution of outdoor air quality data needed for
monitoring program9 is carried out by monitors is combined into several compliance with § 4.1.10 However, § 4.1
state and local agencies and consists of databases that aid in diagnosing problem does not require consultation of
monitoring stations that measure the areas. The Aerometric Information underlying raw data. All it requires is
criteria pollutants. Retrieval System (AIRS) is one of the the determination of compliance status,
largest databases containing monitoring which in the United States is either
information and can be a primary source attainment or nonattainment.
8. Green Book Nonattainment Areas for Criteria Pollutants—Criteria Pollutants, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.,
http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/o3co.html
9. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/qa/monprog.html#Top
4-4 O u t d o o r A i r Q u a l i t y : L o c a l A i r Q u a l i t y ( § 4 . 2 )
4-B—Counti
es
Local Air Quality (§ 4.2) building occupants. The relationship of Parking garages;
Designated An observational survey of the building a building’s outdoor air intake(s) to
Nonattain
Dumpsters,
ment for site and its immediate surroundings those local sources identified, along
One or with prevailing winds and building Loading docks;
More
must be conducted during hours the
NAAQS building is expected to be normally geometry, can be very important
Helicopter pads;
occupied. This is to identify additional factors. This is especially true for
ground-level intakes. Emergency generators;
potential local sources of contaminants
that may be of concern if allowed to Examples of local sources of 4-C—
Manufacturing plants;
enter the building. Sources of local contamination could include: PM10
Monitorin Industrial facilities;
contaminants could include g
Toilet/kitchen exhaust; Landfills.
reentrainment of building exhaust,
emissions from surrounding facilities, or Exhaust from smoking lounges;
activities going on near the building.
Exhaust from restaurants;
For example, site-specific contaminant
sources should be noted and efforts Print shop/photo developing exhaust;
made to identify likely contaminant
Cooling towers;
types and their potential impact (odors,
irritation, allergic reactions, etc.) on Automobile traffic;
10. For more information about the AIRS Database, visit: http://www.epa.gov/airs/ or http://www.epa.gov/air/data/. For more general information about the
EPA’s outdoor air quality monitoring programs, visit: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/montring.html, http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/qa/monprog.html, or
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 4-5
A
11. “Attainment” is a term used to describe a geographic area that meets or does better than the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS).
4-6 O u t d o o r A i r Q u a l i t y : D o c u m e n t a t i o n ( § 4 . 3 )
Select type
of ventilation
system.
Natural Mechanical
Natural Ventilation (§ 5.1) unacceptably high levels when natural The means to open required operable
Natural ventilation systems must be ventilation systems are disabled, such as openings must be readily accessible16
designed to meet the prescriptive during inclement weather. to building occupants whenever the
requirements of this section, except for space is occupied.
Prescriptive Requirements
engineered natural ventilation systems The 4% and 8% criteria have been
(§ 5.1.1 and § 5.1.2)
approved by the authority having selected to be consistent with model
The prescriptive requirements for
jurisdiction. In either case, natural building codes in the United States.
natural ventilation are as follows:
ventilation systems are permitted in lieu
of, or in conjunction with, mechanical Naturally ventilated spaces must be Exception to Prescriptive
ventilation systems. permanently open to and within 25 ft Requirements (Exception to
(8 m) of operable wall or roof openings § 5.1)
Studies of naturally ventilated buildings
to the outdoors, the openable area of The Standard has an exception for
have shown fewer sick building
which is a minimum of 4% of the net- engineered natural ventilation systems
complaints overall. Relative to natural
occupiable15 floor area being naturally when approved by the authority having
ventilation, mechanical air conditioning
ventilated. (The net occupiable floor jurisdiction. Such systems may comply
(with or without humidification) was
area is measured from the inside without meeting the prescriptive
consistently associated with an increase
surfaces of the walls, excluding requirements described above. For
of approximately 30–200% in the
permanently enclosed obstructions instance, a room that exceeds 25 ft (8 m)
incidence of one or more sick building
such as shafts and columns.) in depth can comply with the Standard
syndromes, although the reasons for this
if the natural ventilation system is
are not fully understood.14 Where openings are covered with
engineered and approved by the
louvers, insect screens, or otherwise
However, under some atmospheric and authority having jurisdiction as
obstructed, openable area must be
wind conditions, natural ventilation sufficiently ventilated by perimeter
based on the free unobstructed area
may not provide sufficient airflow to windows or other means.
through the opening.
ensure acceptable indoor air quality.
Engineered natural ventilation systems
Because operable openings such as Where interior spaces without direct
are not explicitly defined by the
windows and doors must be open, and openings to the outdoors are
Standard, but might be expected to take
occupants may or may not sense ventilated through adjoining rooms,
local wind conditions into account, use
unacceptable contaminant levels, the opening between rooms must be
stack effects, and take advantage of
negative health effects can result. permanently unobstructed and have a
other natural forces to move air through
Natural ventilation should be used with free area of not less than 8% of the area
the building in an acceptable manner.
caution in spaces with unusually high of the interior room nor less than
The burden is on the design professional
indoor source strengths where 25 ft² (2.3 m²).
to engineer a naturally ventilated
contaminant concentrations may rise to
system that works, but no specific
pass/fail criteria are given by the
Standard.
14. Seppanen et al., “Association of ventilation system type with SBS symptoms in office workers,” Indoor Air 12 no. 2 (June 2002): 98
15. Defined as an enclosed space intended for human activities, the term occupiable space excludes those spaces intended for other purposes, such as storage
rooms and equipment rooms that are occupied only upon occasion and for brief periods of time.
16. “Readily accessible” describes the quality of being able to reach a control or device quickly, without having to climb over or remove obstacles. Those
individuals for whom ready access is required should not be required to resort to portable ladders, chairs, or other climbing aids.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-3
A
particulate dehumidification
bird air cleaner* air cleaner* coil humidifier*
screen (§ 6.2.1) (§ 5.9) (§ 5.12.2) (§ 5.13)
(§ 5.6.5)
air balancing
outdoor air intake drain pan* (§ 5.2.1)
location (§ 5.6.1) air (§ 5.11, § 5.12.1) air cleaner*
recirculated
air (§ 5.17)
building local
envelope ventilation
(§ 5.15)
airstream vented
surfaces appliances local
(§ 5.5) (§ 5.8) exhaust
(§ 5.7)
5-B—Key
to
Ventilation Air Distribution ventilation airflow specified in § 6 can Plenum Systems (§ 5.2.2)
be maintained under any load
Ventilation
System
(§ 5.2) Some systems are configured so that a
condition. In many systems, this will ceiling or floor plenum is used as a
This subsection handles three specific
include manual dampers to adjust the mixing chamber to both recirculate
requirements related to air balancing,
main outdoor air intake mixture and the return air and to distribute ventilation
plenum systems, and design
supply airflow to each ventilation zone, air to terminal units. These terminal
documentation.
as well as a means to adjust fan capacity, units may be above the ceiling or
Designing for Air Balancing often by adjusting fan speed. After beneath the floor. It is not sufficient to
(§ 5.2.1) installation, actual airflow values are deliver the correct total amount of
Mechanical ventilation systems are adjusted to match those specified in the outdoor air into the plenum and assume
required to include a means of design documents. that it arrives in the proper quantity at
adjustment such that the minimum each terminal. The system must be
5-4 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : V e n t i l a t i o n A i r D i s t r i b u t i o n ( § 5 . 2 )
Q
adjacent building
10 ft.
glass
slider
operable
window
An open office area is located along an exterior wall that has operable windows. The space has a depth of 20 ft. A series of
10 ft x 10 ft private offices are located in the back of the space. Each private office has a sliding glass door that is 6 ft X 8 in.
high and 6 ft wide (rough opening). Do the private offices meet the prescriptive requirements for natural ventilation?
A
No, the example does not meet the requirements for two reasons. The openings between the private offices and the open
office are not “permanently unobstructed” since the sliding glass doors may be closed. A permanently unobstructed free
area of at least 8 ft2 is required for each private office (8% of 100 ft2). Finally, the back of the offices are more than 25 ft
from an operable window so they do not meet the requirements. The depth of the open office area would need to be 15 ft
or less for the 10 ft deep private offices to meet this requirement.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-5
A
Q
8m 4m 4m 5m 5m 6m
2
3 m typ.16 1.5 m2
2 3 4 5 4m
1 6
9
7 8 4m
3 m2 3 m2 3 m2
➔
adjacent building N
Which of the spaces numbered 1 through 9 meets the prescriptive requirements for natural ventilation?
A
Spaces 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 meet the requirements. Spaces 5, 7, and 8 do not. See the following table for a summary of the tests
of the prescriptive criteria. Spaces 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 all have direct opening areas larger than 4% and therefore qualify as
naturally ventilated spaces. Spaces 7 and 8 are connected to naturally ventilated spaces through permanently unobstructed
openings. Space 8 is within eight meters of the north wall, but the opening to the north has a door so this does not count.
The space is more than eight meters from the east wall which has the permanently unobstructed opening, therefore, it does
not meet the requirement.
Indirect Indirect
Floor Gross Direct Direct Meets Opening Opening Meets Within
Space Width Depth Area Window Opening Opening Direct Area Area Indirect 8 m of Meets
No. (m) (m) (m2) Area (m ) Area (m2)
2
(%) Criterion? (m2) (%) Criterion? wall? Prescriptive?
1 8 8 676 24 4.8 7.5% Y - - N Y Y
2 4 4 169 6 2.4 15.% Y - - N Y Y
3 4 4 169 6 2.4 15.% Y - - N Y Y
4 5 4 208 4.5 1.8 9.% Y - - N Y Y
5 5 4 208 1.5 0.6 3.% N - - N Y N
6 6 8 520 12 4.8 10.% Y - - N Y Y
7 12 4 507 - - - N 32 6.3% N Y N
8 4 4 169 - - - N 32 18.8% Y N N
9 2 4 78 - - - N 32 37.5% Y Y Y
Space no. is the number of the space shown on the figure above. Indirect opening area is the area of the opening between the interior area
Width is the dimension of the room from left to right of figure shown. and the directly ventilated adjoining room.
Depth is the dimension of the room from top to bottom of figure shown. Indirect opening in percentage is the indirect opening area divided by the
Floor area is the width multiplied by the length. floor area.
Direct opening area is the area of the operable opening direct from the The indirect criteria are met if the indirect opening percentage is greater
room to the outdoors. than 8%.
Direct opening in percentage is the direct opening are divided by the floor Meets prescriptive criteria only if within 8 m of wall and either the direct
area. criteria or the indirect criteria are met.
Direct criteria are met if the direct opening percentage is greater than 4%.
5-6 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : V e n t i l a t i o n A i r D i s t r i b u t i o n ( § 5 . 2 )
Q
A designer uses a central atrium space with openings at the top of the atrium. The atrium creates a thermal stack effect that
draws outside through the exterior walls across the occupied spaces and into the atrium space, where it is exhausted at the
top. Computational fluid dynamics are used to show that the ventilation rate through the occupied spaces is maintained at
adequate levels for average wind conditions and temperature for each month. The distance between the exterior walls and
the atrium walls is 70 ft so spaces in the center of the occupied space are more than the prescriptive requirement of 25 ft.
Does this system qualify as an engineered natural ventilation system and is it exempt from the prescriptive natural
ventilation requirements of the Standard?
A
Yes, it may be considered an engineered system, provided the authority having jurisdiction approves. The burden is on the
design engineer to document, convince, or otherwise demonstrate to the authority having jurisdiction that the system
maintains adequate ventilation rates.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-7
A
Figure 5-D—Correct Plan of Plenum System With Separate Outdoor Air Inlets
In this case, the design meets the requirements because outdoor air is provided separately to each
ventilation zone.
5-8 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : V e n t i l a t i o n A i r D i s t r i b u t i o n ( § 5 . 2 )
Documentation (§ 5.2.3)
occupiable
Design documentation for air space below
outdoor air
distribution is required to include all of DOES
the following: NOT
Minimum requirements for air COMPLY
balance testing such as measurement supply air
procedures and tolerances or
5-E—Incorre reference to applicable national
ct Plan of standards for measuring and balancing
Plenum
System airflow;
Ventilation rate-related assumptions, top of dividing wall
5-G—Cor
rect
Exhaust Duct Location close to the location where the air is
exhausted from the building. An
Exhaust
Duct,
(§ 5.3) exception to this rule allows neutral or
Negativ Exhaust ducts that convey potentially positive pressure in ducts in such
ely
Pressuri
harmful contaminants must have a systems, provided that the ducts are
zed negative pressure, with respect to the sealed in accordance with SMACNA
spaces in which they travel. The Seal Class A.18 See Figures 5-G, 5-H,
negative pressure must be maintained and 5-I.
in such a way that exhaust air cannot
5-H—Inc
orrect leak into occupied spaces,17 supply
Exhaust ducts, return ducts, outdoor air ducts,
Duct,
Pressuri or plenums. Compliance with this
zed and requirement generally requires that the
Not Seal
Class A exhaust fan be located outdoors or very
5-I—Corr
ect
Exhaust fan
Duct,
Pressuri
zed and
Seal
Class A outdoors pressurized duct
outdoors outdoors
SMACNA Seal
duct negatively fan pressurized duct fan Class A (4 in. w.g.
pressurized not Seal Class A pressure class, all
seams sealed
DOES
NOT
COMPLY
paint paint paint
booth booth booth
Figure 5-G—Correct Exhaust Duct, Figure 5-H—Incorrect Exhaust Duct, Figure 5-I—Correct Exhaust Duct,
Negatively Pressurized Pressurized and Not Seal Class A
The fan is located at the exterior wall where the The portion of the ductwork downstream of the
exhaust fan will be have a positive pressure relative
to the space the duct is traveling through and this
17. The Standard uses the term “occupied space,” as well as “occupiable space.” For the purposes of the Standard, the terms “occupiable space” and “occupied
space” are interchangeable and mean the same thing.
18. Seal Class A is fully described in HVAC Duct Construction Standards—Metal and Flexible, (SMACNA 1995). It requires that ducts be constructed to 4 in.
w.g. (1 kPa) Static Pressure Class and that all transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations be sealed with gaskets, adhesives, welding,
or other prudent methods.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-11
A
minimum rates are maintained. A major maintain rates within the required system sizing. Depending upon the
consideration with VAV systems is that accuracy unless the fan curve is VAV system, various measures may be
the negative pressure behind the relatively steep with respect to changes appropriate. See the discussion of
outdoor air intake in the mixed air in pressure, and/or if the pressure dedicated outdoor air systems in the
plenum will typically vary with supply changes in the mixing plenum are preceding discussion of Constant-
air volume. At low supply airflow rates relatively small compared to the fan Volume, Single Zone Systems and
this negative pressure will decrease and total pressure requirement. Using consider the following additional
sufficient outdoor airflow may not be return air, outdoor air, and mixed air measures.
maintained with a fixed outdoor air temperatures or CO2 concentrations to
Increase VAV box minimum settings.
intake damper position—or even if a measure air intake percentage is usually
dedicated fixed minimum air intake is inaccurate when the outdoor and Dynamically enrich the supply air
used. indoor values are close together and with more outdoor air as VAV boxes
thus should only be used with caution. close.
Air intake measuring devices include
Similarly, measuring outdoor air by Apply special solutions, such as
those that measure intake volume
taking the difference between supply-
directly by measuring air velocity occupancy sensors that override
and return-airflow measurements will thermostats and supply more primary
through an outdoor air duct or inlet of
also seldom meet reasonable accuracy airflow to rooms in which variations
fixed area, (e.g. duct-mounted pitot or
requirements due to cumulative errors
hot-wire anemometer) or differential in thermal load and occupancy are
in airflow measurement and the highly disparate, such as conference
pressure across a fixed orifice (e.g. wide-
generally small outdoor airflow rate areas, those with heavy glazing, or
open damper or other non-adjustable,
relative to supply- and return-airflow
duct-mounted obstruction). If the those with high internal equipment
rates. heat gains.
system includes an outdoor air
economizer, a separate minimum At the VAV box, which typically Provide transfer air in addition to
outdoor air damper may also be modulates primary airflow in response primary supply air. See § 6.
required to ensure adequate velocity to temperature in the space, it is
across the outdoor air intake for an tempting to have low minimum-air- See the discussions under § 6 for more
accurate measurement (see Figure flow settings on the boxes, in the details on designing systems to maintain
5-J).19 Note that a fixed-speed, outdoor- interest of energy conservation and required ventilation air.
air fan without control devices will not maximizing diversity for efficient
19. For a full discussion, see Krarti, M. et al. “Techniques for Measuring and Controlling Outside Air Intake Rates in Variable Air Volume Systems,” Final
Report on ASHRAE RP-980 (1999).
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-13
A
5-K—Air
stream
Airstream Surfaces (§ 5.5) materials—and it needs a source of erosion must be evaluated in accordance
Surface All airstream surfaces in equipment and moisture. Mold will grow faster when with the UL 181 Erosion Test. Again, a
s temperature and humidity conditions general exception is made for sheet
ducts in the heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning system must meet criteria are within a suitable range. While metal surfaces and metal fasteners.
for resistance to microbial growth and metal, fiberglass, and mineral surfaces
Materials that break away can end up
erosion. (commonly used in duct construction)
clogging filters, fans, turning vanes,
are not organic matter and do not
diffusers, and dampers, thereby
Resistance to Mold Growth provide a direct source of food—organic
reducing airflow. Or they can go all the
(§ 5.5.1) matter can collect on them. For this
way through the distribution system
Surfaces that are used to convey air must reason, the Standard cautions that
and enter the occupied space.
be resistant to mold growth in microbial growth (mold and bacteria,
Furthermore, the rough surfaces left on
accordance with a standardized test for instance) can occur on non-organic
the original substrate and at the
method, such as Underwriters surfaces when they are located in the
collection points of the breakaway
Laboratories (UL), Inc. 18120 or airstream surface and continuously
materials can more easily collect organic
American Society for Testing and wetted.
matter, which, in turn, can result in the
Materials (ASTM) C 1338.21 A general
Resistance to Erosion growth of mold.
exception is made for sheet metal
surfaces and metal fasteners. (§ 5.5.2)
Airstream surface materials must not
Several conditions must exist for mold break away, crack, peel, flake off, or
to grow. It needs a source of food, which show evidence of delamination or
can include paper or other organic continued erosion. The potential for
flex duct
Filters and ceiling are
NOT airstream surfaces.
occupied space
5-L—Out
outdoor air intakes to control 15 ft
door Air contaminants related to bird nesting. significantly contaminated
rooftop exhaust, vent, or chimney
Intake
Location unit
s Location (§ 5.6.1)
Outdoor air intakes, including doors 30 ft
noxious
and windows that are required as part of exhaust
a natural ventilation system, must be 15 ft
located such that the shortest distance 25 ft
from the intake to any specific potential cooling
outdoor contaminant source is equal to tower
or greater than the separation distance average expected
snow depth
listed in Table 5-A (Table 5-1 in the +1 ft above roof
Standard). The information gathered in
the survey required by § 4.2 may be
useful in meeting these requirements.
The minimum separations specified in
Table 5-A and Figure 5-L may be Figure 5-L—Outdoor Air Intake Locations
decreased if it can be shown that an
equivalent or lesser rate of introduction
are directed with velocity away from Appendix F requires that the separation
of contaminants will result. This may
the intake. While any valid method may distance (L) be determined by one of
apply, for instance, where walls or other
show this equivalency, a method three methods:
obstructions are constructed to
specifically recognized by the Standard
physically separate the pollutant source Table F-1 of the Standard;22
is given in Appendix F.
from the air intake, the contaminant
volume is small, or if the contaminants
22. Note that Table F-1 specifies separation distances from air with significant contaminant or odor intensity and noxious or dangerous particles. These two
categories are very similar to Class 3 and Class 4 air, respectively, as described in § 5.17.1. Table F-2, used in Equation F-1, also lists these two categories
of air.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-15
A
Vents, chimneys and flues from combustion appliances and equipment (Note 4) 15 5
Garage entry, automobile loading area, or drive-in queue 15 5
Additional information about selected notes to the table (see Standard for all notes).
Note 1 of the table describes significantly contaminated exhaust as exhaust air with significant contaminant concentration, significant sensory-irritation
intensity, or offensive odor. This description gives considerable latitude to the designer in determining what constitutes significantly contaminated
exhaust, or noxious and dangerous exhaust as listed in Table 5-A. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) may be helpful in making this determination, as
will the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and ASHRAE references. If in doubt, the designer should err on the side of
caution and make the more conservative determination; consult the manufacturer or supplier of the chemical or chemical-producing component;
and/or engage the services of an industrial hygienist or other health professional.
Note 4 allows for shorter separation distances are permitted when determined in accordance with other codes related to combustion equipment. For
more information, the designer can generally consult the manufacturer of the combustion equipment, who should be well versed in the ratings and
approvals of their products.
Note 7 discusses the increase in height above the roof required where snow accumulation is expected, based on expected average snow depth.
Expected average snow depths are not normally published. Building codes often give ground snow load (Pg) in lb/ft2, but this number is not applicable
for two reasons: it is a maximum design number for structural purposes and not an average.; it is given in area density of snow, again for structural
purposes, and not in depth. For sophisticated methods of predicting estimated snow depth, consult the work done by the U. S. National Severe Storms
Laboratory, the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Super, A.B. and E.W. Holroyd “Snow Accumulation Algorithm for the WSR-88D
Radar: Final Report” Bureau of Reclamation Report R-98-05 (Denver, CO, July 1998) and/or the Hydro-Meteorological Prediction Center. The National
Climatic Data Center lists mean snow depths for a number of U.S. locations by day of the year, with summary by month. Visit
http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20-02/ and access the NWS_SNOW_MNDPTH_fmt.dat file.
Equation F-1 of the Any other method approved by the Once L is determined, the “stretched
Standard(discussed in the following authority having jurisdiction that string” method can be used, in most
paragraph); or shows adequate dilution. cases.23 The “stretched string” method
uses the metaphor of a string stretched
from the closest point of the opening
emitting contaminants to the closest
23. The “stretched string” method may not be used in all cases. For example, Appendix F has additional requirements for laboratory or fume hood exhaust,
noxious or dangerous air, and exhaust outlets that terminate in equipment wells that also enclose and outdoor air intake.
5-16 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : O u t d o o r A i r I n t a k e s ( § 5 . 6 )
Rain Entrainment and Section 58; Air Movement and Control Generally, the designer will want to do
5-N—Co
rrect Intrusion (§ 5.6.2 and Association’s (AMCA) Standard 500-L- the following, as applicable:
Rain § 5.6.3) 99 or equivalent; or AMCA 511-99.
When selecting manufactured
Water in the air distribution system can Generally, manufacturers will test air
5-O—Inc equipment that has an outdoor air
orrect lead to microbial growth; therefore the intakes according to these standards and
intake, confirm that it has been
Rain Standard sets requirements for comply with them. As an alternative,
designed and tested in accordance
controlling rain that may enter the the designer may use a rain hood in
with one of the above-named industry
outdoor air intakes of the mechanical accordance with § 5.6.2(d) or just
standards or their equivalent.
ventilation system. Mechanical manage the water that penetrates the
ventilation systems must be designed to intake opening by providing a drainage When selecting louvers, choose louver
manage rain in accordance with any one area and/or moisture removal devices styles and sizes that result in less than
of several industry standards: UL 1995 per § 5.6.2(e). 0.01 oz/ft2 (3 g/m2) of water
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-17
A
25. See NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, www.nfpa.org
5-20 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : P a r t i c u l a t e M a t t e r R e m o v a l ( § 5 . 9 )
space sensible heat ratio may be If the supply air temperature is raised during extreme (and infrequent) load
significantly different at outdoor in response to reduced sensible load, conditions, such as cold rainy
dewpoint design conditions and the the designer must consider the effect weather.
resulting space relative humidity may on room relative humidity. This may
Exceptions to the 65% RH maximum:
be significantly different than when result in the need to dehumidify by
The Standard recognizes that some
calculated at the more common peak subcooling and reheating the air,
space types may not need to achieve the
outdoor dry-bulb design conditions. provide supplemental
65% RH design maximum, which as
Depending on the control strategy dehumidification, provide bypass
stated above is a "safety factor" to avoid
employed, the latent coil capacity may control, or include other design
conditions close to saturation that may
need to be larger at the alternate features to directly or indirectly
result in microbial growth. Therefore
conditions to achieve acceptable space control space humidity.
the following spaces do not need to
humidity-and even the total heat to be
There may be an increase in cooling meet the 65% RH design maximum:
removed, if the space humidity design
coil latent capacity and, less
goal is very low. 1 Where process or occupancy require-
frequently, total capacity. (See
ments dictate higher RH, and/or
Meeting this requirement may affect § 5.11.4 for moisture management
cooling coil capacity in some systems, requirements.) 2 Spaces designed and constructed to
but it is even more likely to affect manage moisture which may result from
"The Standard does not require that condensation.
system configuration and control. The
space relative humidity be calculated
following are some of the additional The Standard gives the following
at peak total heat conditions or any
considerations in designing for the examples for the first exception:
other conditions, other than the
challenge conditions: kitchens, hot tub rooms that contain
challenge conditions. It also does not
An automatic control system that require any measurement or heated standing water, refrigerated or
frozen storage rooms and ice rinks. It
reduces zone airflow rate rather than automatic control of humidity or that
gives the following examples of the
raising supply air temperature in 65% RH be achieved in actual
response to reduced sensible load is operation. However, a mechanical second type: shower rooms, pools and
more likely to result in acceptable cooling system that is designed to spas. However, any other space type
that meets either of the criteria in 1) or
relative humidity. This is because meet the humidity RH requirement at
raising supply air temperature can the challenge conditions is likely to 2) above is also exempt from the RH
reduce the ability of the cooling coil to also achieve 65% RH at less design maximum.
remove moisture, i.e., reduce the challenging conditions (most of the
latent capacity. time), and fail to achieve 65% only
5-22 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : D e h u m i d i f i c a t i o n S y s t e m s ( § 5 . 1 0 )
Exfiltration Through the microbial growth. See § 5.15 for This requirement is not intended to
Building Envelope (§ 5.10.2) additional guidance for hot, humid prevent all infiltration. Instead, the
If allowed to enter air-conditioned climates. intent is to prevent problems that result
space, moist outdoor air can condense from buildings with large unbalanced
Pressurization is a minimum
on cool building surfaces. In addition, exhaust airflow, inducing large amounts
requirement to limit excessive
infiltrating air is unfiltered and can of infiltration.
infiltration of high dewpoint outdoor
interfere with proper operation of
air but it does not prevent a number of EXCEPTION TO THE EXFILTRATION
mechanical ventilation systems. To
other conditions that can occur, for REQUIREMENT:
address this issue, the Standard requires
example: The Standard recognizes that in limited
that the volume of outdoor air brought
Even though the building as a whole circumstances net infiltration may be
into the building be greater than the
required by "process" considerations.
exhaust airflow. The excess air must may have more outdoor air intake
than exhaust, stack and wind effects These considerations might include the
leave the building, usually through
can cause large regions, such as entire hazardous nature of the indoor
cracks and openings in the envelope.
contaminants being greater than the
The resulting positive pressure levels or façades, to be negatively
pressurized; potential harm from infiltration. Such
(ignoring wind and stack effects) needs
exceptions must be approved by the
to be maintained whenever the Individual zones within the building authority having jurisdiction. The
mechanical systems are dehumidifying,
may be required to have neutral or Standard gives the example of certain
since those are the outdoor conditions negative pressure, such as some industrial facilities. A paint spray
under which this type of condensation laboratory and industrial spaces; building is another type of space which
is expected to occur. Positive pressure in
A building that is excessively would be exempt from this requirement
hot, humid climates can also reduce
pressurized may cause damage to the if net infiltration is required by the
interstitial moisture and resultant
structural integrity of the building process and the authority approves it.
envelope, or cause other problems,
such as difficulty closing doors;
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-23
A
Q
A 1000 ft2 day care center in Richmond, VA is designed for ten people and is to be mechanically ventilated, cooled, and
dehumidified using a constant volume rooftop unit controlled by a thermostat. The indoor design conditions are 70°F at
60% RH, and 1% outdoor design conditions are to be used. What are the design parameters for this single zone system to
meet ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007? What equipment selection parameters arise from these design conditions?
A
The required outdoor air ventilation is 10 people ∗ 10 cfm/person + 0.18 cfm/ ft2 ∗ 1,000 ft2 = 280 cfm, assuming that zone
air distribution effectiveness is 1.0 (see § 6).
Calculate the coil cooling loads at the design dry-bulb and coincident wet-bulb conditions, which are 92°F dry-bulb/75°F
wet-bulb. Assuming a 55°F supply air temperature at design, loads are shown in the table that follows. Space-relative
humidity rises to about 63% at the dry-bulb design condition. While not required by the Standard, the cooling system will
normally be designed to meet the sensible and latent loads at these conditions.
Recalculate the space and ventilation cooling loads and resulting space-relative humidity atthe design dewpoint condition
(referred to in the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, Chapter 28 and the companion CD, as the "design
dehumidification” condition) in accordance with § 5.10.1-in Richmond, 75ûF dewpoint / 82ûF dry-bulb (rounded to the
nearest degree). In this case, the design uses the 1% design condition (outdoor conditions exceed this number only 1% of
the time in a year) but the standard also permits the use of the 0.4% (stricter) and 2% (less strict) conditions. We analyze
this space as though it had simple dry-bulb-modulating control, such as a chilled-water valve controlled by a room
thermostat.* The resulting loads and space-relative humidity are shown in the table and psychrometric chart that follow.
This example makes the simplifying assumption that return air conditions are the same as room air conditions. These
conditions are indicated as "RA" on the psychrometric charts. Note that at the test conditions in § 5.10.1 the resulting room
humidity is 75%, which does not meet the 65% limit.
To meet the required humidity limit, one of the following part-load strategies may be employed:
Dynamically reduce airflow using variable air volume or more simply, a two-speed fan to meet part-load conditions (be
sure to follow the part-load ventilation requirements of § 5.4).
Employ reheat and control of cooling and reheat coils from humidity measurement. Be sure to consider energy
consumption and possible sources of recovered heat, such as hot gas.
Employ bypass of return air (not mixed air) around the cooling coil to meet part-load conditions.
Employ a dedicated outdoor air system with dehumidification capability.
Had the building been located in a drier climate (with a lower design dewpoint), the 65% design limit may have been met
at the test condition and no additional consideration would be needed.
*A modulating chilled water coil “unloads” on a coil curve and delivers air at a higher dewpoint (dp) and higher dry-bulb (db) temperature at part load. A
cycling DX coil delivers air at very low dp, low db when “on” and at higher dp and higher db when “off” (how high depends on cycle rate). Some coil
simulation analyses by equipment manufacturers indicate that a cycling DX coil, on average, follows the same coil curve as the modulating coil. This
means that with either coil, the average leaving air dewpoint is about the same. Each coil delivers supply air at about the same db and dp, so a basic
constant volume system without reheat or bypass, for instance, has about the same success in controlling space relative humidity indirectly, whether it
uses a DX coil or a chilled water coil. The DX coil removes a lot of moisture when on, and re-evaporates some moisture when off, while the modulating
coil removes a little moisture all the time.
5-24 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : D e h u m i d i f i c a t i o n S y s t e m s ( § 5 . 1 0 )
*Richmond, VA,
1000 square foot daycare room,
Indoor design conditions: 70°F, 60% rh (Standard 62.1-2004 requires a minimum of 65% rh)
Ten people, 280 cfm outdoor air calculated per § 6
II. Loads calculated for peak outdoor dewpoint design conditions as required by § 5.10.1.1
Space loads at 1% peak dewpoint design, 75 dp, 82 mdb
Effective supply air temperature calculated: 59.8°F
Supply airflow: 960 cfm
Mixed air temperature: 73.5°F
SENSIBLE LATENT TOTAL SHR
Lighting 7000 0 7000
People 2500 2500 5000
Walls 1090 0 1090 reduced due to outdoor dry-bulb of 82 F#
Roof 0 0 0 zero due to cloudiness, rain, and lower outdoor dry-bulb#
Solar 0 0 0 zero as required by Section 5.10.1.
Space Total 10,590 2500 13,090 0.81*
Ventilation 3700 10,840 14,540 adjusted for outdoor test condition—higher humidity & lower
dry-bulb
TOTAL 14,290 †13,340 27,630 0.52‡
* Room SHR is lower
† Coil latent is nearly double and sensible is about 2/3
‡ Coil SHR
# The exact reduction is not dictated by the standard and will depend on the load
calculation method used.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-25
A
outdoor dewpoint
design condition 1%
75°F dp 82°F mwb
.0189
75
outdoor dry-bulb
design condition 1%
92°F dp 75°F mwb
.0148
.0122
mixed air
RA -room design
coil discharge
RA ⎜ -resulting
room condition
92
82
outdoor dewpoint
design condition 1%
75°F dp 82°F mwb
resulting room 75
.0189
.0148
.0122
mixed air
⎜
RA
RA -room design
92
82
26. For example, see the latest edition of the ASPE Data Books, American Society of Plumbing Engineers, Chicago, IL, aspe.org.
5-28 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : D r a i n P a n s ( § 5 . 1 1 )
Finned-Tube Coils and Drain Pans (§ 5.12.1) access space(s) of at least 18 in. (457
mm) between them. Otherwise, the
Heat Exchangers (§ 5.12) A drain pan (per § 5.11) is required
beneath all dehumidifying cooling coil coils must be considered in combination
Finned-tube coils collect dirt and can
assemblies and all condensate- and both together must meet the
thereby promote microbial growth. Coil
producing heat exchangers. pressure drop criterion. Section 5.14.3 5-U—Fin
surfaces can be cleaned, but proper ned
requires access doors to the intervening Tube
cleaning depends upon coil depth, fin
Finned-Tube Coil Selection space. Coil
spacing, and fin geometry. Since coil for Cleaning (§ 5.12.2) Cleanabi
lity
depth, fin spacing, and fin geometry Section 5.12.2 limits coil pressure drop An exception waives the pressure drop
combine to determine coil pressure requirement when clear and complete
as a surrogate measure for cleanability.
drop, coil pressure drop is used in § 5.12 Individual finned-tube coils must result instructions for access and cleaning of
as a surrogate measure of the relative in no more than 0.75 in. wc (187 Pa) both upstream and downstream coil
difficulty of coil cleaning, one that is surfaces are provided.
pressure drop when dry coil face
better than just using the depth of velocity is 500 fpm (2.54 m/s). See Table
finned-tube coils. Table 5-B shows 5-B for sample coil configurations and
typical pressure drops for various coils
their resultant pressure drop.
and is included to assist with evaluation
of the requirements. When multiple finned-tube coils are in
series, they may be considered separate
coils that meet the 0.75 in. wc (187 Pa)
pressure drop individually, provided
that they have adequate intervening
Table 5-B—Typical Dry Coil Pressure Drop in Inches of H20 at 500 fpm
ROWS 90 FINS/FT 120 FINS/FT 150 FINS/FT 168 FINS/FT
4 0.30 0.35 0.41 0.47
6 0.45 0.52 0.62 0.71
8 0.60 0.69 0.83 0.94
10 0.65 0.85 1.13 1.31
12 0.78 1.03 1.36 1.57
NOTE: These values are representative examples only. Actual coil pressure drop depends on coil geometry, including fin depth, thickness, and heat
transfer “enhancement.”
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-31
A
5-V—Hu
midifier/
Humidifiers & Water-Spray Distance to obstruction must be
Water
Spray
Systems (§ 5.13) greater than absorption distance
recommended by manufacturer
System The Standard has requirements for the (§ 5.13.2) unless eliminators, 15° offset,
coils, evaporative media, and
design of humidifiers and water-spray drain pan are provided.
damper, or other
obstruction
devices; again the purpose is to reduce
the chances of microbial growth. The
requirements apply to steam and direct-
evaporation humidifiers, air washers,
and other water-spray systems.
access
panel to
humidifier
drain pan
& trap
routine maintenance (e.g., filter doors, panels, or other means must be Building Envelope &
replacement and fan-belt adjustment located and sized to allow convenient
Interior Surfaces (§ 5.15)
and replacement). and unobstructed access for inspection,
Section 5.15 contains requirements to
cleaning, and routine maintenance of
Manufacturer’s literature generally reduce the possibility that the building
the following sub-assemblies and
gives the required service clearances. envelope and cold interior surfaces will
components:
Such clearances should take into contribute to indoor air quality
account door swings and space for Outdoor air intake areaways or problems. Uncontrolled condensation
personnel to stand and move tools and plenums; within the building will result in wet
materials in and out. The National materials and an increased potential for
Mixed air plenums;
Electric Code27 covers specific service microbial growth. Condensation occurs
workspace requirements for electrical Upstream surface of each heating, on surfaces that are below the dewpoint
equipment that may be part of or near cooling and heat recovery coil or coil of the air. Insulating cold surfaces, in
ventilation systems. assembly having a total of four rows or combination with the 65% rh
less; requirement (see § 5.10), reduces the
Ventilation Equipment Access likelihood of condensation on building
(§ 5.14.2) Both upstream and downstream
surface of each heating, cooling and materials.
While § 5.14.1 covers the workspace
around equipment, § 5.14.2 requires heat recovery coil having a total of Building Envelope (§ 5.15.1)
access doors, panels, or other means of more than four rows as well as air
The building envelope (including roofs,
washers, evaporative coolers, heat
sufficient size to allow convenient and walls, fenestration systems, and
unobstructed access for the inspection, wheels and other heat exchangers;
foundations) must comply with the
maintenance, and calibration of all Air cleaners; following:
ventilation system components. Section
Drain pans and drain seals; WEATHER BARRIER
5.14.2 enumerates the following
examples of ventilation system Fans; A weather barrier or other means must
components for which such access is be provided to prevent liquid water
Humidifiers. penetration into the envelope. This is a
required: air handling units, fan-coil
units, water-source heat pumps, other basic waterproofing requirement that
terminal units, controllers, and sensors. protects against the entry of
precipitation, surface water, and
Air Distribution System groundwater. Some building materials
(§ 5.14.3) and systems, however, are designed to
Section 5.14.3 addresses specific access handle a certain degree of water
requirements for sub-assemblies and penetration. For instance, some wall
components of larger air distribution systems allow water to penetrate the
systems. It requires that access doors, exterior surface of the envelope and
panels, or other means must be provided then drain the water safely away before
in ventilation equipment, ductwork, it impacts the wall system. For this
and plenums. Such required access reason, an exception allows engineered
27. National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 70-2002, Quincy, MA, www.nfpa.org.
5-34 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : B u i l d i n g E n v e l o p e & I n t e r i o r S u r f a c e s ( § 5 . 1 5 )
envelopes that allow incidental water There are a number of published so that they may be exposed to large
penetration to occur without resulting resources available,28 including seasonal humidity variations without
in damage to the envelope construction. chapters 23 and 24 of the 2001 ASHRAE vapor retarders. These materials
Handbook—Fundamentals, that transmit the moisture and manage it
VAPOR RETARDER provide guidance on designing building without harmful condensation.
An appropriately placed vapor retarder envelopes with regard to heat and
(or other means) must be provided to moisture transfer. They also discuss the CAULKING AND SEALING
limit water vapor diffusion to prevent relative positions of the thermal Exterior joints, seams, or penetrations in
condensation on cold surfaces within insulation, air barrier system, and vapor the building envelope that are pathways
the envelope. However, some materials retarding materials. In addition, for air leakage must be caulked,
are designed so that they may be computer programs are available to gasketed, weather-stripped, provided
exposed to large seasonal humidity analyze the potential for moisture with continuous air barrier, or
variations without vapor retarders. accumulation in greater detail.29 Some otherwise sealed to limit infiltration
These materials transmit the moisture general guidance exists in terms of through the envelope and reduce
and manage it without harmful locating the vapor retarder within the uncontrolled entry of outdoor air
condensation. For this reason, an building envelope, but every design moisture and pollutants. The purpose of
exception allows an engineered needs to be considered individually such sealing of the building envelope is
envelope that allows incidental with regard to its unique features and to reduce the potential for moisture
condensation to occur without resulting the climate in which it will be located. accumulation and to reduce air
in damage to the envelope construction. In cold climates, locating the vapor infiltration. Moisture accumulation in
The purpose of a vapor retarder is to retarder towards the inner, or warm the envelope can result in microbial
slow the rate of water vapor diffusion side of the building envelope assembly, contamination of buildings. Excessive
through the building envelope. While and avoiding other vapor retarding infiltration allows unconditioned and
some materials with a permeance below materials located towards the exterior of unfiltered outdoor air to enter the
a certain value are generally classified as the assembly will minimize the building and can interfere with the
vapor retarders, all envelope materials possibility of moisture accumulation ability of the HVAC system to properly
have some resistance to water vapor within the construction. In hot, humid dehumidify (as required by § 5.10.1). In
diffusion. Therefore, when designing climates, the risk of moisture being humid climates, infiltration can be a
the building envelope, the vapor trapped within the envelope is reduced significant source of moisture
retarding properties of all materials in by having only one low-permeability introduction into the space. Moisture
the envelope relative to each other will vapor retarding layer and locating it and air leakage problems can be caused
have an impact on the overall towards the outer, or warm side of the by thermal envelope design defects such
performance of the construction. The building envelope assembly, while as thermal bridges, poorly positioned
potential for moisture transport through avoiding the use of other vapor insulating and vapor retarding
the building envelope and for moisture retarding materials (such as certain materials, and discontinuities in air
accumulation within the envelope is a vinyl wall covering and paints) located barrier systems. Despite the best design
function of all the materials in the towards the interior of the assembly. intentions, thermal envelope defects
envelope relative to each other, as well Some specialized materials are designed can still occur in a building. Principles
as the climate and indoor conditioning.
28. Brand, R. Architectural Details for Insulated Buildings (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1990). Lstiburek, J. et al, Moisture Control Handbook (New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1993). Treschel, H. Moisture Control in Buildings (ASTM Manual Series, MNL 18, 1994).
29. For example, MOIST, a PC program for predicting heat and moisture transfer in building envelopes, United States Building and Fire Research Laboratory,
NIST, http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/863/moist.html.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-35
A
30. Brand, R. Architectural Details for Insulated Buildings (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1990). Lstiburek, J. et al, Moisture Control Handbook (New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1993). Treschel, H. Moisture Control in Buildings (ASTM Manual Series, MNL 18, 1994). Persily, A. K. Envelope Design
Guidelines for Federal Office Buildings NISTIR 4821 (Geithersburg, MD: NIST 1993).
5-36 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : B u i l d i n g E n v e l o p e & I n t e r i o r S u r f a c e s ( § 5 . 1 5 )
pipe, vapor enters the insulation and There are two exceptions to this
Example 5-G—Cold Water Pipe
condenses where the temperature is requirement for insulation on cold Insulation
colder. Designers should also minimize surfaces.
the existence and impact of thermal
The first is where condensate will wet Q
bridges, areas where insulation is not
only surfaces that can be managed to Is insulation required on exposed cold
continuous and where surface
prevent or control microbial growth. water pipes in a tiled restroom?
temperatures may drop below the
surrounding dewpoint temperature. The second exception is where local A
practice has demonstrated that
Not if the surfaces can be managed to
condensation does not result in
prevent microbial growth, for
microbial growth. This exception
instance, by regular cleaning.
recognizes that condensation on a cold
surface does not always result in
microbial growth and allows for the
experience of local practice.
The requirements of this section are
based on preventing condensation and
do not consider energy usage, which is
covered by ASHRAE Standard 90.1.
Note that insulation of supply ducts in
plenums may be required by other codes
and standards or may be required to
prevent excessive heat gain to the
supply air.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-37
A
Buildings with Attached Air Classification & CLASS 3: Air with significant
contaminant concentration,
Parking Garages (§ 5.16) Recirculation (§ 5.17)
significant sensory-irritation
To limit the entry of vehicular exhaust Section 5.17 classifies air in various
intensity, or offensive odor that is
into occupied spaces, § 5.16 requires types of spaces as well as that which is
suitable for recirculation within the
that buildings with attached parking exhausted from building spaces with
same space. Class 3 air is not suitable
garages do one of the following: respect to contaminant and odor
for recirculation or transfer to any
intensity. It also limits the recirculation
Maintain the adjacent occupied space other spaces.
of lower quality air into spaces that
pressure above the garage pressure;
contain air of higher quality. This CLASS 4: Air with highly
Use a vestibule to provide an airlock requirement applies when using the objectionable fumes; gases; or
between the garage and the occupied Ventilation Rate Procedure (see § 6.2). potentially dangerous particles,
spaces; or It is based on tabular information bioaerosols, or gases at concentrations
Otherwise be designed to minimize classifying air from a variety of space high enough to be considered
migration of air from the attached types and in some specific airstreams. harmful. Class 4 air is not suitable for
recirculation or transfer within the
parking garage into the occupied Classification (§ 5.17.1)
spaces of the building. space or to any other space.
Tables 6-1, 5-2, and 5-3 (from the
To meet these criteria, elevators that Standard) classify air from each space For space types or airstreams that are
not listed in Tables 6-1, 5-2, or 5-3, the
serve both a vehicle garage and type or in exhaust airstreams according
occupied floors may require lobbies or to one of the following categories: air classification of the listed space or
vestibules at the garage level. The flow airstream that is most similar in terms of
CLASS 1: Air with low contaminant occupant activities and building
of garage contaminants into occupied
concentration, low sensory-irritation construction must be used.
floors can be accelerated due to the
intensity, and inoffensive odor,
stack effect. Elevator doors generally do Section 5.17.1 does not address
suitable for recirculation or transfer to
not seal well enough to provide an recirculation or transfer of air from
any space.
adequate infiltration barrier, so smoking areas to non-smoking areas and
maintaining positive pressure in the CLASS 2: Air with moderate spaces that are expected to include
occupied space may be difficult. See contaminant concentration, mild smoking do not have a classification in
Figure 5-B for a graphical illustration of sensory-irritation intensity, or mildly Table 6-1, 5-2, or 5-3. Section 6.2.9
this requirement. offensive odors. Class 2 air also prohibits recirculation of air from
includes air that is not necessarily smoking spaces to non-smoking spaces.
harmful or objectionable, that is
suitable for recirculation or transfer to Re-Designation (§ 5.17.2)
any space with Class 2 or Class 3 air Section 5.17.2 discusses how the
that is utilized for the same or similar classification of air may be changed by
purpose and involves the same or processes such as air cleaning, energy
similar pollutant sources. Class 2 air is recovery, and mixing.
not suitable for recirculation or
This section allows air cleaning to be
transfer to spaces with Class 1 air, or
used for the purpose of reclassifying air,
dissimilar spaces with Class 2 or Class
leaving a space or location to a cleaner
3 air.
classification. Air classes 2, 3, and 4
could be cleaned in this way, subject to
5-38 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : A i r C l a s s i f i c a t i o n & R e c i r c u l a t i o n ( § 5 . 1 7 )
5-Z—Sum ETS Areas and ETS-Free these separation-related requirements The requirements address how ETS-free
do not apply. Likewise, if smoking is areas within the building are to be
mary of
ETS Areas (§ 5.18)
Requirem permitted throughout the building, isolated from ETS areas, and include the
This section, which was added with the
ents then the requirements of this section do classification of spaces; physical
2007 update to Standard 62.1, specifies
not apply. barriers; signage; and controls to
requirements for isolating ETS areas
prevent air movement from ETS areas to
from ETS-free areas. If smoking is
ETS-free areas. The standard is intended
prohibited throughout the building
Exhaust without
recirculating back
into ETS-free
area. 5.18.6.
ETS Area
S Sign. 5.18.7.
31. Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Position Document, ASHRAE Board of Directors, 2005
32. Ibid.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-41
A
What is ETS? If designers can retain the ETS-free that may be used for demonstrating the
classification for spaces that can achieve relative pressure requirement has been
When cigarettes, cigars or other it, they can then use the minimum met, if such demonstration is desired:
tobacco products are smoked, much ventilation rates prescribed in Table 6-1
of the combustion products go into and avoid the complexity and potential ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.
the local environment. risk of having more spaces in the This approach for example, might be
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) building classified as ETS areas and thus used to demonstrate that a constant
is created both by the lit end of a exposing more occupants to ETS. volume system with a calculated
cigarette and from smoke being leakage rate through the walls and
exhaled by smokers. ETS is often 5.18.1 Classification specified return/exhaust air flows
referred to as secondhand smoke. ETS If a building contains both space types, achieves a target pressure difference.
is defined in Section 3 as: ETS areas and ETS-free areas, each space
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
The "aged" and diluted combination in the building must be classified as one
Measurement.With this technique,
of both side-stream smoke (smoke or the other. Although not specifically
differential pressure sensors would be
from the lit end of a cigarette or other required by the standard, many
installed in the ETS area and the
tobacco product) and exhaled main- designers label each zone or space on
adjacent (or otherwise connected) ETS-
stream smoke (smoke that is exhaled the drawings or on room schedules as
free area. When using this approach fan
by a smoker). ETS is commonly ETS or ETS-free. One purpose this
speed or damper positions might be
referred to as secondhand smoke. serves is to enable plan examiners to
modulated to maintain the target
verify that the other requirements of
ETS Area differential pressure for the complete
Subsection 5.18 are satisfied. Without
range of building operating conditions.
An ETS area includes spaces where knowing which areas are designated as
smoking is permitted but also spaces ETS and ETS-free, it is not possible to AIRFLOW MEASUREMENT
that are not separated from smoking design or verify that the physical This approach might be suitable for
areas according to the requirements barriers, signage, and air flow controls variable air volume systems. Air flow
of Subsection 5.18. comply with this section. sensors could be installed in both the
supply and return duct work leading to
ETS-Free Areas 5.18.2 Pressurization
the ETS area and the ETS-free area.
An ETS-free area is one where no Since all separations between spaces,
These sensors would indicate the net
smoking occurs and is separated from including solid walls, leak to some airflow supplied to each space and
ETS areas according to the extent, the standard requires that ETS- assure that ETS-free areas have more
requirements of Subsection 5.18. free areas have a higher relative
supply air and ETS-free areas must have
pressure than ETS areas. In this way, more exhaust air. During operation,
air moves from the high pressure ETS- these sensors could control damper
free areas to the lower pressure ETS
positions or fan speed to assure that the
areas. Movement in the opposite difference between supply and return
direction would introduce ETS into the air is sufficiently positive in the ETS-
ETS-free area. The standard does not
free area and sufficiently negative in the
specify the pressure difference, how it is ETS area so that air flows through the
to be maintained, or that it be field opening between areas only in the
verified. It does, however, give
direction of the ETS area. When the ETS
examples of three general approaches area has excess exhaust and the
connected ETS-free area has excess
5-42 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : E T S A r e a s a n d E T S - F r e e A r e a s ( § 5 . 1 8 )
supply, proper initial balancing can Example 5-I—Non-Smoking Office be supplied with outside air at the rate
assure that the ETS-free area is at a Building of 0.1 cfm/ft² (0.5 L/s-m²). The smoke
positive pressure with respect to the barrier and air barrier type of isolation is
ETS area, and in compliance with the Q referred to as "passive" as opposed to the
pressure requirement. No smoking occurs throughout an "active" method of providing
office building. Do the requirements pressurization through the mechanical
The Standard recognizes two situations
of Subsection 5.18 apply? systems. The same component in a
where achieving the pressure
separation wall may serve as both a
differential may be impractical and
offers exceptions for (1) dwelling units
A smoke barrier and an air barrier.
and adjacent properties, and (2) spaces No. Since the building contains only A "smoke barrier" is a horizontal and/or
with hazardous or flammable materials. ETS-free areas, none of the vertical assembly that is meant to
requirements of Subsection 5.18 restrict the movement of smoke
PRESSURE EXCEPTION FOR DWELLING apply. All the spaces in the building between adjacent spaces. Smoke
UNITS AND ADJACENT PROPERTIES meet both criteria in the definition of barriers used for this exception shall
This exception applies for adjacent ETS-free area. The first is met because meet applicable local codes. Smoke
spaces where HVAC systems, exhaust no smoking occurs. The second is met barriers are defined in Section 8.2.5.1 of
fans, windows and exterior doors may because there are no ETS areas to National Fire Prevention Association
be independently controlled. These separate from (see ETS area definition (NFPA) 101 Life Safety Code and the
situations create challenges to above). International Building Code (IBC)
maintaining a pressure difference and
Example 5-J—Restaurant with Section 709 article 709.2. They are
the standard allows "passive" air leakage
Smoking Area commonly specified to provide a safe
control as an alternative to maintaining
means for building egress in the event of
a pressure difference. The standard
allows this exception or alternative for
Q a fire. As its name implies, a smoke
A building contains a restaurant with barrier must provide a reasonably
two specific cases:
a smoking area and no smoking reliable defense against the spread of
3 Adjacent dwelling units, including hotel occurs throughout the remainder of smoke. Smoke barriers may or may not
and motel guestrooms, and the building. Do the requirements of have a fire-resistance rating. Wall
4 Adjacent nonresidential properties Section 5.18 apply? assemblies that qualify as smoke barriers
which meet all three of the following are required to extend from floor slab to
criteria: A floor slab or to the roof deck above and
Yes if the rest of the building is to be be continuous through connecting
-Under different ownership,
classified as ETS-free and if minimum interstitial spaces such as plenums.
-With structurally independent separation ventilation rates prescribed in Table Since floor assemblies separating floors
walls, and are typically already required by life
6-1 are to be used for the ETS-free
-No openings in the separation walls. area. safety codes to be smoke barriers, in this
To qualify for this exception, the wall that case, it is not necessary for walls that
separates the dwelling units or the serve as smoke barriers on adjacent
adjacent nonresidential properties shall floors to align vertically. Doors in smoke
have no openings and be designed to barriers must close automatically upon
serve as both a smoke barrier and an air detection of smoke, and air-transfer
barrier. In addition, any interior openings and duct penetrations must
corridor that connects the spaces must often be protected with an approved
damper actuated by detection of smoke.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-43
A
Example 5-K—Smoking Prohibition in Buildings Example 5-N—Example 5-L - Restaurant with Smoking
Area
Q
Does Standard 62.1-2007 prohibit smoking in buildings?
Q
A building contains a restaurant with a smoking area and no
A smoking occurs throughout the remainder of the building.
The Standard does not prohibit smoking. However, the Do the requirements of Section 5.18 apply?
minimum outdoor airflow rates prescribed by Table 6 1 of
the Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP), the method most
A
often used to determine ventilation system design Yes if the rest of the building is to be classified as ETS-free
requirements, are based on no-smoking. Section 6.2.9 and if minimum ventilation rates prescribed in Table 6-1
are to be used for the ETS-free area.
acknowledges that more ventilation air is needed in spaces
that allow smoking but does not specify how much more. Example 5-O—Airport Terminal with Smoking Lounge
Limits to what dilution ventilation can achieve in mitigating
ETS are discussed in this section. Q
An airport terminal building contains a smoking lounge and
Example 5-L—Casino that Allows Smoking Throughout
no smoking occurs throughout the remainder of the
Q building,for which the design uses the minimum ventilation
rates prescribed in Table 6 1. Do the requirements of
Smoking is permitted throughout a casino building and Subsection 5.18 apply?
therefore the entire building is designated as entirely an
ETS Area. Do the requirements of Subsection 5.18 apply?
A
A Yes. Any spaces using the minimum ventilation rates
prescribed in Table 6-1 must meet the requirements in the
No. Since the building contains only ETS areas, none of the
requirements of Subsection 5.18 (not even the requirement Standard for an ETS-free area. In order to achieve an ETS-
for ETS signage) apply. free space in a building that contains smoking, the
requirements of Subsection 5.18 must be implemented.
Example 5-M—Example 5-K - Non-Smoking Office Building
Example 5-P—Measurement of ETS Contaminants
Q
No smoking occurs throughout an office building. Do the
Q
requirements of Subsection 5.18 apply? Must contaminants in an ETS-free area be measured in order
to classify it as such?
A
No. Since the building contains only ETS-free areas, none of
A
the requirements of Subsection 5.18 apply. All the spaces in No. The standard contains only prescriptive requirements
the building meet both criteria in the definition of ETS-free for achieving ETS-free spaces. No measurement of
area. The first is met because no smoking occurs. The contaminants is required.
second is met because there are no ETS areas to separate
from (see ETS area definition above).
5-44 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : E T S A r e a s a n d E T S - F r e e A r e a s ( § 5 . 1 8 )
E 2178. Other performance 2 The bar and kitchen may be classified as ETS areas and the dining area as ETS-free.
characteristics required by the standard Many designers will choose the second option since it allows Table 6-1 in the VRP
are that the barrier be continuous and to be used in the seating area. See the diagram below for a graphical representation
sealed at all joints, at the edges of the of this situation.
walls and at all pipe and duct
penetrations. While not specifically
required by the standard, many
Separation does not
designers will want to specify a material meet requirements
that is durable or maintainable. in 5.18.1 to 5.18.8
Bar Smoking
Products commonly available that serve Area (ETS Area)
as air barriers include those that can be No
Smoking
applied as fluid or of peel-and-stick Kitchen -
ETS Area Separation meets
sheet material. A manufacturer's requirements in
5.18.1 to 5.18.8
written claim about air leakage would
suffice to meet the minimum
requirement of the Standard, though
ETS-Free Area.
many designers would want to see such Use of the VRP
permitted.
a claim backed up by credible testing.
The condition that the walls of adjacent
nonresidential spaces be structurally
independent and that the spaces be
under separate ownership essentially
means that the adjacent spaces are
separate buildings.
In the event that there are interior
corridors that are common to ETS and
ETS-free areas, the Standard adds an
"active" requirement to the "passive" air
barrier and smoke barrier. Corridors
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 5-45
A
Since ETS may flow into these spaces Example 5-U—Example 5-S - Door between Kitchen and Dining
due to their negative pressure, they
cannot retain their ETS-free Q
classification, even though they meet Can the door between a kitchen where smoking is permitted and the ETS-free
the other requirements of 5.18. seating area of a restaurant be propped open as the sole means to provide makeup
air to the smoking kitchen as required for the kitchen exhaust?
5.18.3 Physical Separation
This section describes the physical A
separation (walls, floors, ceilings) that
No. The operable door may not be the sole means and other means must be
must exist between ETS and ETS-free
provided since the airflow rate must be maintained whether the door is opened or
areas. The standard states that these
closed.
walls floor and ceilings be solid and that
any doors have automatic self-closing Example 5-V—Example 5-T - Common Air Handler for ETS and ETS-Free Areas
mechanisms, however, there is an
exception. Q
An air handler draws return air from an ETS area and an ETS-free area and
A fixed opening without doors is
supplies this air into the ETS area only, as shown in the figure below. Is this
permitted when air systems serving the
permitted by sub-section 5.18.5?
ETS area and the ETS-free area are
engineered to assure that air flows from
the ETS-free area to the ETS area, but
ETS Area
not in the opposite direction.
Some reverse flow may occur at the Note: An automatic
edge of the opening and during short- damper to close when
the air handler is off will
Air Handler
term conditions such as pressure assist in compliance
with 5.18.2, 5.18.3 and
differences due to wind gusts, but such 5.18.4, and will also
reduce cross-
local reverse flows are expected and contamination during
periods when the
acceptable. Quoting directly from the system is off and ETS-Free Area
Standard, spaces unoccupied.
Example 5-W—Example 5-U - ETS Directional air flow can be achieved in a If and when any of these methods are
Reclassification of Hotel Guest Room manner similar to the pressurization used, this subsection requires that they
requirement in Subsection 5.18.2 (see comply with the pressure differential
Q design approaches above), except that specified in subsection 5.18.2.
A hotel guest room that has been a the leakage area between the two spaces
smoking room meets requirements is significantly larger, since it is the open 5.18.5 Recirculation
5.18.2 through 5.18.6 for passage way between ETS and ETS-free Prohibition
pressurizations, separation walls, areas. This subsection prohibits air handling
transfer air, recirculation and exhaust. and natural (passive) ventilation
While the standard does not require systems that allow recirculating air from
Must porous surfaces in the room be
demonstration of this air flow during ETS areas to ETS-free areas. Thus, an
renewed in order to change its sign and
actual operation, an informative note ETS area and an ETS-free area cannot
classify it as an ETS-free area? Must
gives examples of demonstration generally use the same air handler with
residual contaminants be measured?
methods: common return and supply air streams.
A 1 engineering analysis On the other hand, one air handler
could supply air to both areas, provided
No. If smoking in the room has stopped 2 the use of a directional airflow indicator
air returns to the air handler from only
and if odor and irritation are not at representative locations in the
the ETS-free area.
apparent, this is sufficient to make the opening, such as on one-foot (300 mm)
change in classification. Renewal of centers or at locations required for duct 5.18.6 Exhaust Systems
porous surfaces might hasten the traverses in standard testing and
This subsection contains a recirculation
reduction in odor and irritation, but is balancing procedures, such as those
prohibition similar to that in 5.18.5, but
not required. described in ASHRAE Standard 111.
it is specific to exhaust or relief air
5.18.4 Transfer Air discharge.
Transfer air is not necessarily a While this section does not prohibit an
requirement of this section, but is often exhaust fan from an ETS area from
part of a design, for instance for makeup discharging to a common exhaust
air flowing from the ETS-free seating plenum that also is used for ETS-free
area of a restaurant to the ETS area at areas, it must be designed and operated
the bar. This section requires that any so that the ETS area exhaust does not go
such transfer-air flow rate be back to the ETS-free areas. This may
maintained whether operable doors or require measures such as specific
windows between the spaces are opened pressure criteria in the system balancing
or closed. procedure and an automatic damper on
each fan connection to the exhaust
Examples given in the section for
plenum that closes when that exhaust
acceptable means include:
system is off. Also, the exhaust air
1 fixed openings discharge from an ETS area must be
2 transfer grilles separated from outdoor air intakes to
prevent recirculation.
3 transfer ducts
4 air plenums
5-48 S y s t e m s & E q u i p m e n t : E T S A r e a s a n d E T S - F r e e A r e a s ( § 5 . 1 8 )
33. Adapted occupants are people who have occupied a space for a sufficient period of time that their sensory perceptions have become desensitized to some air
contaminants, in particular bioeffluents (contaminants emitted by people, such as body odor), adaptation to which usually only takes a few seconds. Adaptation
to other contaminants such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can take much longer or not occur at all. People
who have yet to adapt to air contaminants (unadapted occupants) are often called "visitors" to the space.
6-2 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
IAQP requires the designer to make Ventilation Rate Procedure calculation method. This includes the
many more assumptions in calculations, effectiveness of the zone air
(§ 6.2)
such as which contaminants to consider distribution, including the effects of
and what concentrations are acceptable, Revisions from Prior Versions outlet placement and design and
assumptions that are effectively built The VRP prescribes ventilation rates for supply air temperatures, and the
into the VRP. These assumptions are typical occupancy categories. efficiency of systems serving multiple
usually judgment calls on the part of the Prescribed rates were expressed as spaces that require different outdoor
designer, who may or may not be well volumetric airflow rate per person airflow fractions.
equipped to make them, and may be (cfm/person or L/s-person) for most The occupant ventilation rate
questioned should air quality problems occupancy categories in the initial 1973 component was based on achieving
ever occur in the building. version of Standard 62 and up through
sensory satisfaction of a substantial
the 2001 version. The procedure was majority of adapted occupants. Rates
Finally, another consideration in the
significantly revised by Addendum 62n, in the 1989 to 2001 versions of the
selection of procedure is possible
approved by ASHRAE in June 2003 and
limitations placed by building codes or Standard were primarily targeted
ANSI in January 2004. Changes include toward satisfying unadapted visitors.
incentive programs. For instance, the
the following.
U.S. Green Building Council Leadership
Time averaging for varying occupant
in Energy and Environmental Design Prescribed ventilation rates are now
loads is addressed more explicitly and
(LEED) program requires that outdoor calculated as the sum of an occupant- based more on fundamental principles
air rates be determined using only the related component (expressed as than prior versions of the Standard.
VRP. volumetric airflow per person) and a
building-related component The procedure is now written in code-
(expressed as volumetric airflow per enforceable language, meaning that
unit floor area) for each occupancy language is mandatory (no
category. The occupant component is recommendations or “should”
intended to dilute odorous statements, only “shall” statements)
bioeffluents from occupants and other and requirements are explicit (no
sensory contaminants that result vague statements such as “where
directly from occupant activities. It is required” or “to the extent possible”).
proportional to the number of people
Rationale for Revisions
expected to occupy the space. The
This section explains the rationale
building area-based component is
behind the VRP ventilation rates,
intended to dilute sensory
which helps users of the Standard to
contaminants emitting from materials
understand how to apply and enforce
and furnishings within the space, and
the requirements. As will be evident
from non-occupant activities and
from the following discussion, there is a
processes taking place within the
limit to the precision with which the
space. It is proportional to the
required ventilation rates can be
occupiable floor area of the space.
determined. While indoor air quality
The efficiency of the air distribution field and laboratory research was used
system in delivering outdoor air to the to determine the rates, the research is
breathing zone of the space is incomplete and many questions remain
explicitly included in the rate regarding what ventilation rates are
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-3
A
actually needed for various levels of and furnishings, the strength of sources control each of them alone at the
acceptability for the wide range of associated with occupants and their breathing zone (Vbz). This is expressed
occupancy categories covered by the activities is approximately proportional in the following equation.
Standard and indeed what level of to the number of occupants. This has
6-A
acceptability should be considered a been widely confirmed by research
Vbz = Vp + Va
minimum. Given this uncertainty and (discussed in subsequent paragraphs).
the wide range of contaminant sources Less fully supported by research is the If we assume that the occupant
and source strengths that occur in premise that for each space type, the component is proportional to the
buildings even within the same source strength of building materials number of people and the building area
occupancy category, the rates and furnishings is approximately component is proportional to the
prescribed by Standard 62.1 should be proportional to the room floor area. building area, the additivity concept for
considered approximate in their ability How the individual contaminants the ventilation required in the
to achieve the desired performance emanating from these sources interact breathing zone of a space can be
target and may or may not always result with each other and with the sensation expressed by the following equation.
in acceptable indoor air quality. (See the and irritation of occupants is even less
caveat in § 2.5.) understood and more controversial. The 6-B
impact of contaminants on people can Vbz = R p Pz + R a Az
TWO COMPONENT APPROACH AND be:
ADDITIVITY The concept of additivity has been
The contaminants in indoor spaces that Additive (1+2=3); demonstrated in both laboratory34 and
ventilation is intended to dilute are Independent, strongest source field settings.35 In these studies, the
generated primarily by two types of dominates (1+2=2); researchers measured the level of
sources: perceived indoor air quality from
Synergistic (1+2=4); or humans and different types of building
Occupants (bioeffluents) and their materials and furnishings alone and in
Antagonistic (1+2=1).
activities (e.g. use of office machinery combination. They then compared the
such as copy machines); and While all four effects occur in buildings, total source strength when the sources
the majority of research suggests that were combined with the sum of the
Off-gassing from building materials
and furnishings. the predominant form of interaction source strengths of the individual
(impact on people) is additivity. This sources. In general, the agreement was
There is little doubt or controversy means that while the chemical nature of good, though of course not perfect.
about the existence of these two sources; the various contaminants in indoor air
the difficulty is how to determine the may differ, they tend to behave in an The results of other studies have
magnitude of the ventilation rate additive fashion with respect to their questioned the appropriateness of
required to dilute each source and how impact on occupant perception of odor additivity.36 These particular studies are
the contaminants generated by various and irritation. Therefore the ventilation also the subject of debate and conclude
sources interact with each other. For a rate required to control both people- that additivity needs to be studied more,
space of a given occupancy type related sources (Vp) and building- not discarded. While one can debate
experiencing typical occupant activities related or area-based sources (Va) is the this research, additivity is more
and constructed with typical materials sum of the ventilation required to productively considered as simply a
34. Iwashita, G. and K. Kimura “Addition of Olfs from Common Air Pollution Sources Measured with Japanese Subjects” CIB Working Group WG77: Indoor
Climate (1995). Lauridsen, J. et al. “Addition of Olfs for Common Indoor Pollution Sources” Healthy Buildings 3 (1988): 189–195.
35. Wargocki, P. et al. “Field Study of Addition of Indoor Air Sensory Pollution Sources” Indoor Air 4 (1996): 307–312.
6-4 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
calculation method to deal with two DETERMINING COMPONENT VENTILATION 1983 study40 shows that about 5 cfm
types of sources, those that depend RATES (2.5 L/s) will satisfy a substantial
primarily on the number of people Once the form of the equation was majority of adapted occupants.
(contaminants from occupant activities selected, the next step was to determine
the values of each component (Rp and Research on the Building Component:
and occupants themselves) and those
Ra in Equation 6-B) for each occupancy There have been several studies of the
that depend primarily on building floor
source strengths associated with
area (contaminants from building category. The rates were based on
research, experience, and judgment as sensory pollutants from the building
materials and furnishings).
described below: itself, rather than from the occupants.
This construct avoids the need to make The results of these studies indicate a
assumptions about occupant density Research On the Occupant fairly wide range of building source
(people per unit floor area), which is an Component: There have been a strengths. This is not too surprising
important advantage since occupant number of laboratory and field studies given the breadth of building designs
density can vary over a wide range of the amount of ventilation air and usages. When these source
within a single occupancy category. required to dilute occupant-generated strengths are converted to ventilation
(The rate-per-person construct of prior odors and irritants.37 These studies requirements required to satisfy about
versions of the Standard implicitly have fairly consistently shown that 80% of unadapted visitors to a space,
includes a fixed assumption of the about 15 cfm (7.5 L/s) will satisfy a the mean value for offices and
occupancy density, often resulting in substantial majority (about 80%) of classrooms is about 0.39 cfm/ft2 (2.0
over-ventilation in zones with high unadapted persons (visitors) in the L/s-m2), 0.53 cfm/ft2 (2.7 L/s-m2) for
occupant densities.) The additivity space. Later studies showed that a kindergartens and 0.66 cfm/ft2 (3.3
construct also reduces concerns about significant adaptation occurs for L/s-m2) for assembly halls.41 More
over- (or under-) ventilation of densely bioeffluents,38 but less to building recent research supports these
(or sparsely) occupied spaces. materials.39 While the data for values.42
adapted occupants are less extensive, a
Research on Overall Rates in Office
Buildings: By far the most common
subject of field studies was office
36. Bluyssen, P.M. and H.J.M. Cornelissen “Addition of Sensory Pollutant Loads—Simple or Not, That is the Question” ASHRAE Design, Construction, and
Operation of Healthy Buildings (1998) 161–168
37. Berg-Munch, B. et al. “Ventilation Requirements For The Control Of Body Odor In Spaces Occupied By Women” Environ. Int. 12 (1986): 195–200. Cain,
W.S., et al. “Ventilation Requirements In Buildings” Atmospheric Environment 17 no. 6 (1983): 1183–1197. Fanger, P.O. and B. Berg-Munch “Ventilation
And Body Odor” Proceedings of An Engineering Foundation Conference on Management of Atmospheres in Tightly Enclosed Spaces (ASHRAE 1983):
45–50. Iwashita, G. et al. “Indoor Air Quality Assessment Based on Human Olfactory Sensation” Journal of Architectural Planning and Environmental
Engineering 410 (1990): 9–19.
38. Berg-Munch, B. et al. “Ventilation Requirements For The Control Of Body Odor In Spaces Occupied By Women” Environ. Int. 12 (1986): 195–200.
39. Gunnarsen, L. and P. O. Fanger “Adaptation to Indoor Air Pollution” Healthy Buildings 3 (Stockholm, Sweden 1988): 157–167. Gunnarsen, L. “Adaptation
and Ventilation Requirements” Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 1 (Toronto, Canada 1990): 599–604.
40. Cain, W.S., et al. “Ventilation Requirements In Buildings” Atmospheric Environment 17 no. 6 (1983): 1183–1197. Fanger, P.O. and B. Berg-Munch
“Ventilation And Body Odor” Proceedings of An Engineering Foundation Conference on Management of Atmospheres in Tightly Enclosed Spaces
(ASHRAE: 1983): 45–50
41. Fanger, P.O. et al. “Air Pollution Sources in Offices and Assembly Halls” Energy and Buildings 12 (1988): 7–19. Pejtersen, J. et al. “A Simple Method to
determine the Olf Load in a Building” The Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Indoor Air 1 (1990): 537–542. Pejtersen, J.
et al. “Air Pollution Sources in Kindergartens” IAQ 91 Healthy Buildings (1991): 221–224. Thorstensen, E. et al. “Air Pollution Sources and Indoor Air
Quality in Schools” The Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate Indoor Air 1 (1990): 531–536.
42. Wargocki, P. et al. “Perceived Air Quality and Sensory Pollution Loads in Six Danish Office Buildings” Indoor Air (2002)
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-5
A
buildings. Several field studies ventilation rate measurements in Starting with the occupant ventilation
indicate that an outdoor air supply of more than a dozen office buildings component (Rp), the fact that the
20 cfm (10 L/s) per person is very found that about half the measured Standard was targeted for use in
likely to be associated with lower rates outdoor air ventilation rates were building codes as a minimum standard
of sick building syndrome symptoms below the design values.45 The led to the decision to use 5 cfm (2.5 L/s)
(and presumably more acceptable European Audit Project study of 56 per person as the base rate, since
perceived indoor air quality) in office office buildings in nine countries research has shown that this rate will
spaces.43 These measured ventilation found that ventilation rates varied by a satisfy a substantial majority of adapted
rates include the combined impacts of factor of two above or below the occupants. This value is based on
occupant and building sources as well designed ventilation rates.46 occupant-related contaminants from
as some degree of ventilation system Nevertheless, anecdotal experience adults at a sedentary activity level
efficiency. provides a useful reality test to limit consistent with office spaces, and
proposed ventilation rates so that they therefore must be adjusted upwards for
Experience: Experience with
are neither overly high nor low. some other occupancy categories where
successful existing buildings was
the occupants are more active. It also
considered, including buildings built Judgement: Because of the limited
must be adjusted upwards in some
under the 1981 Standard when breadth of available research (most
occupancy categories to account for
outdoor air rates were a third or less of focus only on offices, for instance) and
contaminants generated by occupant
the rates required after 1989. the imprecise nature of research
activities, such as art and science
However, this experience, already results and anecdotal experience in
classrooms.
largely anecdotal, must be tempered existing buildings, to a very large
by the fact that actual ventilation rates extent ventilation rates were To determine the building component
in buildings are unlikely to be equal to determined based on the experience (Ra), the committee reviewed the
the values required by the Standard at and judgment of the committee available research on occupant
the time they were built. Research members who developed the Standard perception of odors from non-occupant
indicates that actual ventilation rates over the last 10 years. It should be sources in offices, schools and other
measured in buildings typically do not noted that prior versions of the building types. The mean ventilation
correspond to rates required by the Standard were even more reliant on rate noted in the studies of office
version of Standard 62.1 effective at committee judgment since even less buildings to achieve 80% satisfaction by
the time, the building code under research was available at the time. adapted occupants was 0.4 cfm/ft2
which the building was designed, or (2 L/s-m2), and the lowest value was
The development of the VRP rate table
even to the design values indicated on about 0.03 cfm/ft2 (0.15 L/s-m2).47
began first with offices since they were
construction drawings.44 One study
the subject of the most research.
encompassing about 3000 individual
43. Mendell, M.J. “Non-Specific Symptoms in Office Workers” Indoor Air 3 no. 4 (1993): 227–236. Seppanen, O.A. et al. “Association of Ventilation Rates and
CO2 Concentrations with Health and Other Responses in Commercial and Institutional Buildings” Indoor Air 9 no. 4 (1999): 226–252. Apte, M.G. et al.
“Associations Between Indoor CO2 Concentrations and Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms in US Office Buildings” Indoor Air 10 no. 4 (2000): 246–257
44. Persily, A.K. and Gorfain, J. Analysis of Ventilation Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation
(BASE) Study, NISTIR 7145 (NIST December 2004)
45. Persily, A.K. “Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings” (ASHRAE IAQ 1989) The Human Equation: Health and Comfort 128–136
46. Bluyssen, P.M. et al. European Audit Project to Optimize Indoor Air Quality and Energy Consumption in Office Buildings (1995)
47. Fanger, P.O. et al. “Air Pollution Sources in Offices and Assembly Halls, Quantified by the Olf Unit.” Energy and Buildings 12 (1988): 7–19. Pejtersen, J.L.
et al. “A Simple Method to determine the Olf Load in a Building.” The Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Indoor Air 1
(1990): 537-542
6-6 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
1 5 cfm (2.5 L/s) per person Applies to spaces where primarily adults are involved in fairly passive activities similar to sedentary
office work.
2 7.5 cfm (3.5 L/s) per person Applies to spaces where occupants are involved in higher levels of activity (though not strenuous),
thereby producing higher levels of bioeffluents, or are involved in activities associated with
increased contaminant generation. Examples include lobbies and retail stores.
3 10 cfm (5 L/s) per person Applies to spaces where occupants are involved in more strenuous levels of activity (though not at
an exercise-like level), or are involved in activities associated with even higher contaminant
generation. Examples include most classrooms and other school occupancies.
4 20 cfm (10 L/s) per person Applies to spaces where occupants are involved in very high levels of activity, or are involved in
activities associated with very high contaminant generation. Examples include beauty salons,
dance floors, and exercise rooms. Hair sprays, shampoos, etc., are considered occupant-related
rather than building-related.
Building Component
CATEGORY Ra DISCUSSION
1 0.06 cfm/ft2 (0.3 L/s-m2) Applies to spaces where building related contaminants are generated at rates similar to office
spaces. Examples include conference rooms and lobbies.
2 0.12 cfm/ft2 (0.6 L/s-m2) Applies to spaces where building related contaminants are generated at rates significantly higher
than those for offices. Examples include typical classrooms and museums.
3 0.18 cfm/ft2 (0.9 L/s-m2) Applies to spaces where building related contaminants are assumed to be generated at an even
higher rate. Examples include laboratories and art classrooms.
4 0.30 cfm/ft2 (1.5 L/s-m2) These last two categories apply to three unusual spaces, all in the Sports and Entertainment
category, for which there is no people-based ventilation requirement (Rp = 0). For that reason, and
because of their unique natures, the building ventilation requirements are elevated to five to eight
5 0.48 cfm/ft2 (2.4 L/s-m2)
times the base rate.
Based on these data, and again in the cfm (10 L/s) per person for office spaces, judgment, engineering experience, and
context of establishing code minimum consistent with engineering experience a subjective assessment of the relative
requirements, the value of 0.06 cfm/ft2 and the office building research contaminant source strength from
(0.30 L/s-m2) was identified as the base referenced above. materials within the space relative to
rate to handle building sources for the base office occupancy.
The next step was to determine
offices. When combined with the base
occupant and building rates for the To reflect the inherently approximate
occupant rate of 5 cfm (2.5 L/s) per
other occupancy categories listed in the nature of ventilation rates determined
person, typical occupant densities, and
VRP table. As noted above, there are in this fashion, the values of Rp and Ra
typical ventilation system efficiencies
insufficient hard research results to for each occupancy type are based on
(more on ventilation efficiency below),
identify specific values of Rp and Ra for simple multiples of the base rates, as
this building component rate results in
each space type. Therefore, most of the outlined in Table 6-A.
an overall ventilation rate of about 20
rates are based on professional
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-7
A
VENTILATION EFFICIENCY
24 in.
The breathing zone is that region
within an occupied space between
three planes: 3 and 72 inches (75 and breathing zone
1800 mm) above the floor and more 72 in.
than 2 feet (600 mm) from the walls or 3 in.
fixed air-conditioning equipment. It is
to this region that ventilation air must
be supplied. This concept is defined in Figure 6-A—Breathing Zone
order to clarify the difference between
6-A—Bre moving air through the ventilation
athing
Zone
system ductwork and actually getting
it to where the occupants breathe. Standard 62-2001), and Air Change research is less complete. The research
The ability of the ventilation system to Effectiveness (used in ASHRAE has shown without exception that
deliver outdoor air to the breathing Standard 129-1997 [RA 02] and most spaces supplied with air cooler than
zone of the space can be described by research projects). These terms have the room air have an air change
two factors: zone air distribution slightly different definitions but effectiveness near one (Ez~1)
effectiveness, and system ventilation essentially measure the same effect: regardless of the design of the air
efficiency as applied to multiple space the ability of the system to deliver air distribution system. This includes
recirculating systems. from the supply air outlet to the overhead supply and return systems
breathing zone of the space. There has even when serving spaces partitioned
Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness: been a significant amount of research into cubicles. The reason is that the
Concerns have long been expressed on ventilation effectiveness in the lab cool air is denser than the room air and
about inefficiencies in the mixing of and in the field.48 In addition, naturally falls while heat sources in
ventilation air within rooms and the ASHRAE has issued a standard test the room (people, PCs) cause plumes
possibility that ventilation air was not method (ASHRAE Standard 129-1997 of warm air that rise up toward the
getting to the breathing zone of the [RA 02]) for measuring air change ceiling. The combination causes air to
space. Several terms have been used to effectiveness. The table of default naturally mix. Poor zone air
describe this performance, including values for Zone Air Distribution distribution effectiveness (Ez) results
Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness Effectiveness in Standard 62.1 is based mostly from warm air supply systems,
(used in the current Standard), on this research as well as engineering as discussed later in the Chapter
Ventilation Effectiveness (used in judgment for applications where under“Zone Calculations (§ 6.2.2).”
48. Faulkner, D. et al. “Ventilation Efficiencies of Desk-Mounted Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems” Indoor Air 9 no. 4 (1999): 273–281. Faulkner D. et al.
“Indoor Airflow and Pollutant Removal in a Room with Floor-Based Task Ventilation” Building and Environment 30 no. 3 (1995): 323–332. Fisk, W.J. et
al. “Air Change Effectiveness and Pollutant Removal Efficiency During Adverse Conditions” Indoor Air 7 no. 1 (1997): 55–63. Fisk, W.J. et al. “Air
Exchange Effectiveness in Office Buildings” International Symposium on Room Air Convection and Ventilation Effectiveness (1992): 213–223. Fisk, W.J.
et al. “Air Change Effectiveness of Conventional and Task Ventilation for Offices” ASHRAE IAQ Healthy Buildings, Postconference Proceedings (1991):
30–34. Offerman, F.J. “Ventilation Effectiveness and ADPI Measurements of a Forced Air Heating System” ASHRAE Transactions 94 (1988): 694–704.
Persily et al. “Air Change Effectiveness Measurements in Two Modern Office Buildings” Indoor Air 4 no. 1 (1994): 40–55. Persily et al. “Field
Measurements of Ventilation and Ventilation Effectiveness in an Office/Library Building” Indoor Air 3 (1991): 229–246. Sandberg, M. “Ventilation
Efficiency as a Guide to Design” ASHRAE Transactions 89 no. 2B (1983): 455–477
6-8 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Does
outdoor air Provide filters
meet NAAQS for No with MERV ≥ 6.
PM10
?
Yes
Is
second-highest Provide ozone
daily maximum one hour air cleaner with 40%
average ozone concentration Yes efficiency unless
> 0.160 ppm § 6.2.1.2 exceptions
? apply.
No
More
Yes zones on this
system
?
No
System Ventilation Efficiency for VRP Summary 1) Select either the simplified
Multiple Zone Recirculating Systems: The VRP requires three basic steps, Table 6-3 approach or the more
Systems that serve multiple spaces and summarized below and shown complex Appendix A approach:
that recirculate air from one or more graphically in Figure 6-B. Each step will a) For Table 6-3 approach:
of these spaces have an inherent be described in detail in the following i. Find the largest ratio of
inefficiency if the percentage of sections. zone outdoor air rate to
outdoor air required is not the same 0. Determine if air cleaning is required: zone primary air rate for
for each space. This is because the each zone served by the
a) For particulate matter, system, Zp, from Equation
percentage of outdoor air in the supply b) For ozone,
6-5.
air is the same for all spaces, so spaces c) For other contaminants (documen-
tation only). ii. Determine system venti-
that require a high ratio of outdoor air lation efficiency, Ev, from
to supply air will be under-ventilated 1. For each ventilation zone, calculate
Table 6-3.
if outdoor air rates at the air handling minimum zone outdoor air rate
required at supply air outlets, Voz. b) For Appendix A approach
unit are not increased. Adjustment for use the equations and proce-
a) Select occupant category in Table
this effect was first introduced in the dures in Appendix A to
6-1 and determine occupant and determine Ev.
1989 version of the Standard. building rate requirements, Rp and
Equation 6-1 (sometimes called the Ra, from Table 6-1. 2) Determine the occupant
"Multiple Spaces Equation") in that diversity, D, from Equation 6-7.
b) Estimate the number of occupants
Standard was derived for single path in the zone, Pz. 3) Calculate the uncorrected
supply air systems, such as central outdoor air rate, Vou, from
c) Calculate the zone net occupied
Equation 6-6.
variable air volume or constant floor area, Az.
4) Calculate system outdoor air
volume systems with terminal reheat. d) Calculate the outdoor air required rate, Vot, from Equation 6-8.
The current Standard uses the same in the breathing zone, Vbz, from
approach for single path systems, but Equation 6-1. Outdoor Air Treatment
the equation has been rearranged to e) Determine the zone air distri- (§ 6.2.1)
bution effectiveness, Ez, from If the outdoor air quality has been
use the term System Ventilation
Table 6-2. judged to be unacceptable in accordance
Efficiency. Because many designers
f) Calculate the minimum zone with § 4.1, each ventilation system must
considered the Multiple Spaces
outdoor air rate required at the comply with the following sections as
Equation too complex, it has been supply air outlets, Voz, from applicable for the control of particulate
simplified into a default table of Equation 6-2.
matter (PM10), ozone, or other outdoor
System Ventilation Efficiency values. 2. For each ventilation system (air contaminants that exceed the national
The concept has also been expanded49 handler), determine system outdoor
air rate required at the system outdoor standards. Occupied spaces will be
in Appendix A of the current Standard
air intake, Vot. subject to reduced air quality if
to allow multiple recirculation paths
a) For single zone systems calculate unacceptable outdoor air is introduced
to be taken into account, improving
system outdoor air rate, Vot, from into the occupied spaces without having
the System Ventilation Efficiency of
Equation 6-3. first been cleaned.
systems such as dual fan/dual duct
b) For 100% outdoor air systems
systems and systems with fan- Air for enclosed parking garages,
calculate system outdoor air rate,
powered terminal units. Vot, from Equation 6-4. warehouses, storage rooms, janitor’s
c) For multiple zone recirculating closets, trash rooms, recycling areas, and
systems:
49. Warden, D. “Outdoor Air: Calculation and Delivery” ASHRAE Journal 37 no. 6 (1995): 54–63
6-10 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
OZONE (§ 6.2.1.2)
This section requires air cleaning for
ozone in regions when the second-
highest daily maximum one-hour
average monitored ozone levels exceed
* Particulate Matter Nonattainment Area Summary, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.,
0.160 ppm (313 µg/m3) and this data can http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/pindex.html. The Particle Pollution Report: Current
be found on the EPA website. Understanding of Air Quality and Emissions through 2003, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.,
http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.html.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-11
A
Air-cleaning devices for ozone must however, still have a total population of met. It is also not required for buildings
have a minimum volumetric ozone over 108 million people that represents located in ozone nonattainment areas
removal efficiency of 40% when more than 36% of the general U.S. wherein the second-highest daily
installed, operated, and maintained in population.51 Ozone is the one criteria maximum reported one-hour average
accordance with manufacturer pollutant that has experienced a concentration in outdoor air is 0.160
recommendations. The authority continuous increase in the number of ppm (3.13 mg/m3) or less. Finally, there
having jurisdiction must approve these areas designated as nonattainment. is no requirement for ozone control
devices. Such devices must be operated when outdoor air is heated by direct-
Mandatory air cleaning for ozone is
whenever outdoor ozone levels are fired, makeup air units.
appropriate because of the large number
expected to exceed 0.160-ppm (3.13
of people living in nonattainment areas,
mg/m3). That would typically be during OTHER OUTDOOR CONTAMINANTS
and the negative impact that ozone has (§ 6.2.1.3)
the warm weather months.50
on indoor air quality and occupant well If the building is located in an area
Previous versions of the Standard being. Reducing the ozone where the national standard is exceeded
required outdoor air assessment, and concentration and its oxidation for one or more contaminants not
recommended outdoor air cleaning for byproducts indoors may have a specifically addressed in § 6.2.1design
contaminants of concern, but did not beneficial health effect as well as reduce documents must include any design
require air cleaning. As of August 2004, irritation and discomfort. assumptions and/or calculations related
the EPA identified part or all of 474 to the impact on indoor air quality . This
Note that buildings with air change
counties in 31 states and the District of requirement is specific to contaminants
rates of 1.5 air changes per hour or less
Columbia as having air quality that other than PM10 and ozone, however,
are exempt from the ozone air cleaning
exceeds the current 8-hour federal air other potential contaminants of concern
requirement, since even very high
standard for ozone (commonly called identified in § 4.2 may also be
outdoor ozone concentrations will be
smog). These areas encompass a total considered.
diluted with recirculated air when air
population of almost 160 million people
change rate is low. Air cleaning for If any other outdoor contaminants are
or more than 54% of the population.
ozone is not required if controls reduce considered under this section, direct
This Standard still references the older
intake airflow to 1.5 air changes or less control using air cleaning is not
one-hour ozone standard that reduces
during periods of high ozone levels, specifically required.
the number of states with
provided the short term condition
nonattainment areas to 24 and the
ventilation requirements in § 6.2.6.2 are
number of counties to 216. These areas,
50. Green Book Nonattainment Areas for Criteria Pollutants-Ozone Monitoring Season By State, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.,
http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/o3season.html.
51. Green Book Nonattainment Areas for Criteria Pollutants-8-Hour Ozone Area Summary, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.,
http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/gnsum.html, or U.S. Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.,
http://www.census.gov/index.html.
6-12 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Q
A building is located in a region where the second-highest daily maximum one-hour average monitored ozone levels exceed
0.160 ppm (313 µg/m3). How might the owner achieve the required minimum volumetric ozone removal efficiency of 40%
for compliance with § 6.2.1.2?
A
Assuming that none of the exceptions to § 6.2.1.2 apply to this application, air cleaning for ozone may be used for
compliance. An air cleaning system for ozone would be located in the HVAC system so as to treat the outdoor air prior to it
being delivered into the occupied space(s), generally downstream of the particulate filters section. Air cleaners employing
a nominal minimum 1 in. (25 mm) bed of activated carbon can provide the required level of protection over an extended
period of time.* Pleated media filters employing a carbon-loaded non-woven fiber matrix† may also meet the air cleaning
requirement.‡ Filters that employ an activated carbon powder or slurry, or those utilizing adhesives to attach the carbon to
a fiber or foam matrix should be used with caution, since they may have neither an acceptable removal efficiency nor
service life.||
The presence of submicron dust or high levels of humidity (>70%) can render activated carbon much less effective for
ozone removal.** Optimum air cleaner performance may require the use of higher efficiency particulate filters (MERV 13
or higher) upstream of the carbon filters or placement of the carbon filters downstream of the cooling coils and/or in the
mixed airstream.
* Weschler, C. J., et al. "Ozone-removal efficiencies of activated carbon filters after more than three years of continuous service," ASHRAE Transactions
100, Part 2 (1994): 1121–1129. Shields, H. C. et al. "Ozone removal by charcoal filters after continuous extensive use (5 to 8 years)," Proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Indoor Quality and Climate, Indoor Air 4 (Construction Research Communications, Ltd. London 1999): 1072–1077. Muller,
C.O., "Gaseous Contaminant Control Strategies at the Hague," In Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association 87th Annual Meeting &
Exhibition, (June 1994). Havermans, J., et al., "The effects of air purification at the National Archives on the quality of durable storage of their paper based
collection," In Proceedings of 6th Indoor Air Quality 2004 Meeting, Padova, Italy (Nov. 10–12, 2004).
† Middlebrooks, M.C. and Muller, C., "Application and Evaluation of a New Dry-scrubbing Chemical Filtration Media," In Proceedings of the Air &
Waste Management Association 94th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, June 24-28, 2001, Orlando, FL.
‡ Gundel, L.A., et al. "A pilot study of energy efficient air cleaning for ozone," Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Paper LBNL-51836 (2002).
|| Muller, C.O., "Developments in Measurement and Control of Airborne Molecular Contaminants" In Proceedings of Semicon Taiwan (Sep. 17–19, 2001).
** This surface oxidation that occurs on or near the external surface of the carbon granule can result in physical degradation of the carbon over time. This
can manifest itself in the form of brittleness, increased dusting, reduced media volume, and bypass around the media. Further breakdown of the media can
lead to a reduced surface area (external and internal) available for reaction and/or adsorption, which in turn results in a decreased efficiency for control of
ozone. It is for this reason that replacing the media at least every 1½–2 years when used for ozone control alone is recommended. This interval may be
shorter depending on the ozone concentration. Higher ozone concentrations would tend to break down the media quicker than lower concentrations.
Periodic checks of the system should allow the continued viability of the media to be determined.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-13
A
DETERMINE OCCUPANT AND BUILDING RATE while other resources listed below can Example 6-E—Occasionally
REQUIREMENTS (RP AND RA) be used for room-by-room occupant Occupied Spaces
Table 6-1 includes a list of about 65 estimates.
occupancy types (categories). Select the
Furniture plans: The number of chairs Q
occupant category that matches the type Table 6-1 lists ventilation
shown on furniture plans is a good
of the room for which ventilation rates requirements for infrequently
source of occupant count for
are being calculated. If the occupancy occupied spaces such as electrical
individual spaces.
type is not listed, find a type that has rooms, elevator machine rooms, and
similar occupancy activity levels and Industry data: Facility and building corridors. Do all such spaces need to
activities and similar building owner associations conduct surveys
be ventilated to meet Standard 62.1?
contaminant sources. among their members to provide
Once a category is selected, find the
benchmark data of facility usage and A
performance to their membership.
associated occupant (Rp) and building No. Only "occupiable spaces" are
Occupant density is often one piece of
rate requirements (Ra), from the table. required by the Standard to be
information collected. These
ventilated. By definition, this
occupancy densities are reasonable
ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS IN excludes "those spaces intended
THE ZONE (PZ)
values to use for diversified occupancy
primarily for other purposes, such as
density for speculative buildings for
With the possible exception of fixed- storage rooms and equipment rooms,
which no program information is
seat auditoriums, the number of people that are only occupied occasionally
available. However, these data are
that may occupy a ventilation zone and for short periods of time." So if
averaged over large facilities and are
cannot be known precisely during the an equipment room, for example, is
therefore not generally appropriate
design phase. Zone population must be expected to be occupied only
for individual room occupancy
estimated by the design engineer, just as occasionally (e.g. for servicing
estimates.
the design engineer must estimate the equipment), ventilation is not
number of occupants for cooling load Table 6-1 default occupant densities: required by the Standard (although it
calculations. Here are some information The default occupant densities listed may be required for other reasons
resources that can be used, listed in Table 6-1 are based on past such as temperature control).
roughly in order of accuracy: experience and judgment. The Similarly, stairs and corridors that are
Standard requires that if the number used primarily for emergency egress
Program: The architect or owner
of occupants is not known (i.e., if none do not have to be ventilated.
generally prepares a program
of the above information is available) Corridors that are more frequently
indicating the building’s intended use.
then the Table 6-1 default densities occupied, such as those used for the
The number of expected occupants
must be used to calculate the number delivery of merchandise in a retail
(e.g. employees) is often listed. In
of occupants in a given space. mall, must be ventilated.
some cases, the program may list the
However, these values are not
number on a room-by-room basis (e.g.
mandatory when better information is
students per classroom), but more
available.
often only the overall number
expected in the suite or building are The peak population value determined
known. In that case, the program from the above references may be used
number can be used as an estimate of as the design value for Pz. Alternatively,
overall system population (Ps) for time-averaged population determined
multiple zone ventilation systems
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-15
A
as described in § 6.2.6.2, Example 6-U, furnishings and other non-permanent CALCULATE THE OUTDOOR AIR REQUIRED IN
Example 6-V, and Example 6-Y may be elements cannot be excluded. For THE BREATHING ZONE (VBZ)
used to determine Pz. instance, the space required for storage Equation 6-1 in the Standard, reprinted
racks in a warehouse or food display as Equation 6-B above, is used to
CALCULATE THE NET OCCUPIABLE FLOOR racks in a grocery store are included in calculate the ventilation rate required in
AREA (AZ) the occupiable floor area. the breathing zone of the space. (See
The net occupiable floor area is defined Figure 6-A and discussion of breathing
in detail in § 3. It excludes permanently- zone in “Ventilation Efficiency”
enclosed, inaccessible, and beginning on page 6-7.)
unoccupiable areas; but space for
6-16 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Q
In Example 6Q, the variable Er in the 62MZCalc spreadsheet was assumed to be 0.5. What is this term and how was the 0.5
value determined?
A
Er is somewhat difficult to define in words, but the concept can be made clear using examples. According to Appendix A,
Er is defined as "the fraction of secondary recirculated air to the zone that is representative of average system return air
rather than air directly recirculated from the zone." In a sense, it measures the quality of the recirculated air for use in
ventilating a zone using a fan-powered terminal. If the fan-powered terminal were located within the room it served,
recirculation would offer no benefit in ventilating the zone. None of the air recirculated by the terminal is "unused" outdoor
air from other over-ventilated zones in the system, hence Er in this case would be zero. If the terminal were located very
close to the return air inlet to the AHU, then the recirculated air to the room would be as useful for ventilation as the air
that is recirculated through the primary fan system; all of the air recirculated by the terminal is at the same quality as the
air recirculated by the AHU, hence Er in this case would be 1.0. Typically, the terminal is located close to the zone served
in which case some of the air it recirculates is from the zone served while the remaining recirculated air is from other spaces
that may or may not be saturated with pollutants. Er would typically vary from 0 to 1 in this case but actually can be greater
than 1 if the recirculated air was drawn from a very over-ventilated zone.
return air
return air
Floor supply and Supply air temperature is warmer than 1.0 supply temperature alternate
return room air. return >room temperature air supply
air location
supply temperature
Ceiling supply of Supply air temperature is less than <room temperature
15°F warmer than room air, provided + 15°F (8°C)
warm air and ceiling 150 fpm supply air jet reaches to 1.0
return
within 4.5 ft of the floor. throw at 150 fpm
(0.8 m/s)
4.5 ft (1.4 m) /min
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-19
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induced
makeup
air
return/exhaust air
induced
makeup
air
DETERMINE THE ZONE AIR DISTRIBUTION determined in accordance with If the ventilation system is a 100%
EFFECTIVENESS (EZ) ASHRAE Standard 129-1997 (RA 02) outdoor air supply system (that is, it
Table 6-2 (reprinted here as Table 6-B, for all air distribution configurations supplies outdoor air for ventilation
with schematics added to demonstrate except unidirectional flow. This is directly to each ventilation zone), Voz
the typical application arrangement) is typically done using a mock-up of the would be the design supply air rate at
used to estimate the zone air air distribution system in a test the air outlet (e.g. diffuser) supplying
distribution effectiveness based on the laboratory. the space. For systems that supply a
configuration and design of the air combination of outdoor air and
distribution system and supply air CALCULATE THE MINIMUM ZONE OUTDOOR recirculated air to spaces in order to
temperatures. With most HVAC AIR RATE REQUIRED AT THE SUPPLY AIR provide heating and cooling capability
systems, supply air temperatures will OUTLETS (VOZ) as well as ventilation, the design supply
vary as loads in the space vary. The The minimum outdoor air required at air rate to the zone is usually
supply air temperature used in the air outlets (usually the diffusers, but determined from space heating and
determining Ez for the zone calculation may include transfer grilles and cooling loads and must be larger than
must be that which can be expected to doorways in some zones) supplying air Voz to compensate for recirculated air.
occur when the space is occupied and to the zone is calculated using Equation How much larger is a function of the
which results in the lowest value of Ez. 6-2, reprinted as: system type (single zone or multiple
Table 6-2 covers air distribution 6-C zone) and is discussed further below.
configurations for most HVAC Vbz
applications. For those configurations Voz =
Ez
not covered, or as an alternative to using
the values in Table 6-2, Ez may be
6-20 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Q
A ventilation system is designed so that the 150 fpm supply jet reaches to 4 ft above the floor with less than 15°F supply to
room air temperature difference during steady-state heating conditions, but during morning warm-up, the temperature
difference rises to 25°F. Does this large temperature system mean the zone ventilation effectiveness, Ez, must be assumed to
be 0.8?
A
No, provided the warm-up cycle occurs before the space is occupied, as is generally the case. (Typically the outdoor air
intakes are closed during warm-up so Ez is not relevant.)
Q
A hotel room is 250 ft2 with a 50 ft2 bathroom. The bathroom is exhausted with an exhaust fan that runs continuously.
Makeup for the exhaust comes from a pressurized corridor, which is supplied with 100% outdoor air, through the hotel
room door that is located adjacent to the bathroom. The room is assumed to have two occupants. What are the ventilation
requirements for this room?
A
First calculate the breathing zone airflow rate for the hotel room using the design occupancy, floor area, and ventilation
rates from Table 6-1:
Vbz = Rp Pz + Ra Az
= 5 ∗ 2 + 0.06 ∗ 250
= 25 cfm
Next determine the zone air distribution effectiveness from Table 6-2. The last row in this table was specifically provided
to address this design. The makeup air from the corridor will substantially short-circuit the space so the air distribution
effectiveness is 0.5.
Next, calculate the minimum zone outdoor airflow (Voz) rate:
V
Voz = bz
Ez
25
=
0.5
= 50cfm
To provide this zone outdoor airflow rate using the toilet exhaust, the toilet exhaust rate must be at least 50 cfm. This rate
would need to be greater if the corridor contained both outdoor air and recirculated air, rather than 100% outdoor air as
assumed in this example. Per Table 6-4, the exhaust rate would only have to be 25 cfm for continuous fan operation to meet
§ 6.2.8, but the larger rate is required in this case for the fan to also provide space ventilation. The exhaust fan must run
whenever the space is expected to be occupied so an exhaust fan manually controlled by a wall switch would not comply.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-21
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Table 6-3 Approach: Table 6-3 was Example 6-J—Meeting Rooom Ventilation With Single Zone Unit
developed from the equations in
Appendix A assuming a single path air Q
distribution system and typical
A 2000 ft2 meeting/conference room with a design occupancy of 100 people is
operating parameters. Because it
served by a single zone unit with heating and cooling capability. The system
ignores secondary recirculation paths
supplies and returns air from the ceiling through perforated grilles. What are the
and because assumptions in the
ventilation requirements for this system?
calculations were largely
conservative, the ventilation A
efficiency determined using Table 6-3
are usually (but not always) lower First, calculate the breathing zone outdoor air rate, Vbz, using the occupant and
building area rates from Table 6-1 for conference/meeting rooms:
than those calculated using the more
precise equations in Appendix A of the Vbz = R p Pz + R a A z
Standard. For systems with high = 5 ∗100 + 0.06 ∗ 2000
outdoor air percentages (higher than = 620 cfm
15%) and systems with multiple Next, determine the zone air distribution effectiveness from Table 6-2. The
recirculation paths, Table 6-3 will system supplies warm air from the ceiling with ceiling return so either the 3rd or
result in significantly lower 4th rows of the Table apply. To comply with the 4th row (Ez=1.0) the supply air
ventilation efficiency than the temperature during heating operation must be less than 8°C (15°F) above space
Appendix A approach. temperature and the diffusers must be able to maintain a 0.8 m/s (150 fpm)
Example6-J— To use the table, first find the largest throw within 1.4 m (4.5 ft) of floor level. If the air is warmer or the throw is
Meeting
ratio of zone outdoor air rate to zone shorter, then the 3rd row applies (Ez=0.8). Since perforated diffusers are
Room
Ventilation primary air rate for each zone served generally not able to deliver warm air with sufficient vertical throw, the 3rd row
With applies in this case and Ez=0.8. Hence, the zone ventilation rate, Voz, is:
Single by the system, Zp. Zp is defined in
Zone Unit V
Equation 6-5, reprinted here as: Voz = bz
Ez
6-F
620
V =
Z p = oz 0.8
Vpz
= 775 cfm
While the simplest way to find the For single zone systems, the system outdoor air intake rate is simply equal to the
maximum Zp for the system is to zone outdoor air rate, so:
calculate the value for all zones and Vot = Vbz
choose the highest, it is not always = 775 cfm
necessary to do that, as discussed
above and in Example 6-M. For VAV
systems, the largest ratio Zp occurs
when the primary airflow to a zone is
at its minimum expected value.
If the highest value of Zp is greater
than 0.55, Table 6-3 cannot be used
and the Appendix A approach must be
used. If the highest Zp value is less
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-23
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52. Warden, D. “Outdoor Air: Calculation and Delivery” ASHRAE Journal 37 no. 6 (1995): 54–63
6-24 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
are all in the classroom, the CALCULATE THE UNCORRECTED airflow rates, Vbz, adjusted for
multipurpose room is likely to be OUTDOOR AIR RATE (Vou): The occupant diversity. It is calculated
empty or only sparsely occupied. The “uncorrected” outdoor air intake rate from Equation 6-6, reprinted here as:
larger the system, the more likely this is the minimum outdoor air required
6-H
diversity will occur and the smaller by all zones in the system before
the diversity factor. adjusting for system ventilation Vou = D ∑ RpPz + ∑ Ra Az
allzones allzones
efficiency. It is the sum of the zone
The diversity factor is determined
minimum breathing zone outdoor CALCULATE SYSTEM OUTDOOR AIR
from Equation 6-7, reprinted here as:
RATE (Vot): Finally, the design outdoor
6-G air intake flow rate for the ventilation
Ps system, Vot, is calculated from
D=
∑P
allzones
z
Equation 6-8, reprinted here as:
6-I
Values of system population Ps can V
Vot = ou
often be estimated from the program Ev
requirements as discussed previously
in the VRP Summary section. 12 3456789012
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-25
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Q
The critical zone in a multiple zone system has a primary outdoor air fraction Zp of 0.2. What is the system efficiency if the
Table 6-3 method is used?
A
Since Zp is less than 0.25, an Ev of 0.9 could be used per Table 6-3. However, the Standard allows linear interpolation when
Zp is greater than 0.15 (Ev=100%) and less than 0.55 (Ev=0.6), so Ev at Zp=0.2 would be:
(Z − Z1 )(E v1 − E v 2 )
E v (Z) = + E v1
( Z1 − Z 2 )
(0.2 − 0.15)(1.0 − 0.9)
= +1
(0.15 − 0.25)
= 0.95
This is shown diagrammatically in the figure below:
1.05
0.95
System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev)
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
Example 6-L—Minimum Supply Air to Zones Served by Multiple Zone Recirculating Systems
Q
A ventilation system supplies 20% first-pass outdoor air and 80% return air to multiple ventilation zones. If a zone requires
100 cfm of outdoor air (Voz=100 cfm), must the design supply airflow rate to the zone be equal to or greater than 100 cfm
divided by 0.20 or 500 cfm?
A
No. Because air is recirculated from other zones, the return air may include unused outdoor air. For instance, the return air
from any zone that requires less than 20% outdoor air will not be saturated with contaminants and thus the return air may
be used to ventilate other zones. This is the basis of the default values in Table 6-3 and the equations in Appendix A. These
equations (which are included in the 62MZCalc spreadsheet provided with this Manual) must be used to determine
minimum supply air rates to ventilation zones.
Q
Section 6.2.2 notes that zone calculations need not be done for all zones in multiple zone systems. How does the designer
pick which zones need to be analyzed?
A
With both approaches to multiple zone systems (either Table 6-3 or Appendix A), it is possible to calculate outdoor air rates
without having to perform system-related calculations for each zone. This is because the system outdoor air intake flow
rate is determined by just one zone (or a group of identical zones) called the “critical zone.” The critical zone is simply
defined as the one that results in the highest system outdoor air rate. For single-path systems (on which Table 6-3 is based),
the critical zone is the one with the highest value of Zp, which is the ratio of zone outdoor airflow rate to primary airflow
rate. For systems with multiple recirculation paths, the critical zone is the one with the lowest zone ventilation efficiency
Evz, as defined in Appendix A of the Standard. The most straightforward way to determine the critical zone is to calculate
Zp (or Evz) for every zone and find the one with the highest Zp (or lowest Evz) value. This can be easily done if the
calculations are being made by a computer program, but may be time consuming if done by hand or using the 62MZCalc
spreadsheet. Guidance for selecting critical zones is provided under “Selecting Zones for Calculation” in Appendix A. Here
are some additional guidelines (see also Example 6-N):
Cooling Condition: For single path systems, the zones most likely to be critical are those with low cooling loads and high
occupancy loads. For example, in office buildings, interior conference rooms are very often the critical zone. Exterior
conference rooms with north exposures or shaded glass are also likely candidates. Zones with high envelope cooling loads
(e.g. south and west zones) seldom are critical due to their high supply air rates. Zones with low occupant density, such as
corridors, are also seldom critical zones.
Heating Condition: For single path systems, the critical zones are generally perimeter zones with low airflow rates, such
as north zones. For VAV systems, look for exterior zones that have low minimum primary supply air rates.
Designers can gain experience by analyzing all zones until they get a feel for the zones that tend to be critical. On later
projects, their experience will allow them to reduce the number of zones analyzed to only those most likely to be critical.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-27
A
Q
Variable air volume (VAV) systems can operate over a wide range of airflow rates depending on cooling and heating loads.
At the same time occupancy also varies. Given the infinite number of operating points possible, how can Appendix A of the
Standard be practically applied to VAV systems?
A
While VAV systems have an infinite number of operating points, the designer only needs to be concerned with the
condition that results in the highest system outdoor air intake flow rate. Those conditions tend to occur at one of two
conditions:
Design cooling condition with the critical zone at its minimum expected airflow rate: This condition is often critical
because the percentage of outdoor air needed for the system is at its smallest while the critical zone Zp or Zd value is at its
highest. At this condition, the system has a low efficiency because the return air contains the highest percentage of unused
outdoor air, some of which is exhausted from the building without being used for dilution ventilation. Using the 62MZCalc
spreadsheet, set the system variables to their design conditions and set the zones to the lowest airflow rates that can be
expected to occur when the space is occupied. This is typically the minimum airflow setpoint on the zone VAV box, but
it could be higher if the zone cooling load when it is fully occupied under system design cooling conditions would result
in a higher airflow rate for temperature control. (See also Example 6-P.)
Design heating condition: This condition can be critical since zones are typically at their minimum airflow rates and zone
air distribution effectiveness can be low (e.g. 80%). Using the 62MZCalc spreadsheet, set the system and zone variables to
the conditions they operate at when the system is on a design heating day at peak occupancy at steady-state. Perimeter
zones would be at their design heating conditions (e.g., primary airflow rate at the minimum airflow setpoint and with
fans on for fan-powered boxes) while interior zones would be at the lowest airflow rates that can be expected to occur
when the space is occupied.
For VAV systems, considerable judgment is required on the part of the designer in determining system ventilation
efficiency, particularly when the Appendix A approach is used. For example, assumptions must be made regarding airflow
rates to critical zones and to the system as a whole at part-load conditions. The resulting Ez and Vot values can vary
considerably depending on these assumptions. Some may feel that designers should not have this flexibility, but consider
that designers have similar flexibility with respect to almost all other aspects of the system design. It is not unusual, for
instance, for one designer to size a cooling system 25% to 50% higher than another designer due to more conservative
design assumptions. The same range can occur with ventilation rates.
6-28 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Q
A large variable air volume system includes an interior conference room that has a high occupant load but a low overall
cooling load. The Zp value for the room is very high, causing the system ventilation efficiency to fall below 50%. This one
zone is thus doubling the ventilation rate for the entire system. Can this be right?
A
Yes, but there are design options to avoid the problem. For instance, use transfer air and the Appendix A approach.
Transfer air can dilute the bioeffluents in the conference room provided air in adjacent rooms or the return air plenum is
not saturated with bioeffluents. Perhaps the simplest transfer air solution is to use a series fan-powered mixing box to
supply the room with the fan sized larger than the primary airflow rate. The exact fan size is determined using 62MZCalc
as required to improve zone ventilation efficiency (Evz) to a value similar to that of other zones.
Example 6-P—Minimum Primary Airflow Setpoints on VAV Boxes, Single Duct Systems
Q
For single-path variable air volume systems, must the minimum primary airflow setpoint be set to at least Voz?
A
Strictly speaking, no, but in most cases it must be substantially larger than Voz. The Standard does not prescribe how
minimum ventilation rates must be provided, simply that they must be provided whenever the space is occupied under any
expected operating condition (§ 6.2.6.1). Setting minimum primary airflow setpoints above Voz ensures that § 6.2.6.1 will
be met under all conditions and thus is the easiest and most reliable way to comply. However, it is technically possible to
set lower minimum airflow rates if calculations can show that when the space is occupied the required minimum rates will
be provided by other means (e.g. via temperature controls).
If energy conservation and concerns about overcooling in interior spaces are the reasons for wanting low minimum
primary airflow rates, time averaging of zone population can be used to reduce Voz values. See “Time Averaging (§ 6.2.6.2)”
beginning on page 6-35.
Note minimum primary airflow setpoints may need to be substantially above Voz to avoid very low ventilation system
efficiencies and high outdoor air rates. See Example 6-R.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-29
A
Example 6-Q—Minimum Primary Airflow Setpoints on VAV Boxes, Dual-Duct, and Fan-Powered Systems
Q
For a variable air volume (VAV) system with multiple supply air paths (such as dual-fan/dual-duct systems and systems
with series or parallel fan-powered terminals) must the minimum primary airflow setpoint be set to at least Voz?
A
No. The overall outdoor airflow rate to the zone must equal or exceed Voz, but this air need not originate solely from the
primary air handler (the one with the outdoor air intake). Because of the transfer air these systems provide to the zone,
Appendix A and the 62MZCalc spreadsheet can be used to show that the primary airflow may be reduced below Voz while
still meeting dilution requirements. In fact, the minimum primary rate can be reduced to zero provided the local transfer
air contains sufficient outdoor air due to overventilation of other zones. See Example 6-S.
Example 6-R—Ventilation Rate Calculation for a Typical VAV System, Using the Table 6-3 Method
Q
The figure on the left (directly below) shows the partition The figure on the right (directly below) shows HVAC
and furniture plan for a 15,080 net ft2 office floor. The floor zoning for the floor. VAV zones are proposed to be cooling-
is served by a single VAV air handling unit that receives only VAV boxes in interior spaces and VAV with hot water
pre-conditioned outdoor air from a centralized air handling reheat for exterior spaces.
unit, which serves several floors.
VAV-17
VAV-19
VAV-16 VAV-9
VAV-18
VAV-20
VAV-25 VAV-21
AHU
VAV-15 VAV-22
VAV-10
VAV-24 VAV-23
The firm occupying the floor has sixty-three employees. What is the design outdoor air requirement for the system using
the Table 6-3 approach?
A
For this example, we will analyze those zones likely to be critical. In Example 6-S the same system is analyzed with all
zones served by the system, using the 62MZCalc spreadsheet.
First find the uncorrected outdoor air rate. The peak number of people served by the system is estimated to be the sixty-
three employees, plus ten guests, for a total of seventy-three people. All ventilation zones served by the system (office,
conference room, reception) have the same Rp and Ra values (5 cfm/p and 0.06 cfm/ft2 respectively). Equation 6-H can
therefore be written as follows.
Vou = D ∑R P + ∑R A
allzones
p z
allzones
a z
=P R + R ∑ A
s p a z
allzones
= 73 ∗ 5 + 0.06 ∗15,080
= 1270
Next determine the highest Zp value. Per Example 6-M, only those zones likely to be critical need be considered. In this
example, these include the north conference rooms (VAV-3 and -6) and the main conference room (VAV-20), both of
which are zones with relatively high occupancy and low airflow rates. (Example 6-S confirms that these zones are the most
critical.) The following table shows the design data for these zones.
NAME NORTH CONFERENCE INTERIOR CONFERENCE ROOM
Zone Tag VAV-3,-6 VAV-20
Space Type Conference Conference
Area (ft2) 267 443
Number of People 10 10
Design Airflow (cfm) 265 325
Zone Outdoor Airflow (Vbz, cfm) 66 77
Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness 1.0 1.0
Outdoor Air Rate Required at Supply Outlets (Voz) 66 77
Condition
Cooling
Airflow Rate at Condition Analyzed (fully occupied, low sensible load) 239 225
Outdoor Air to Primary Air Ratio (Zp) 0.28 0.34
Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness 0.8 1.0
Outdoor Air Rate Required at Supply Air Outlets (Voz) 83 77
Condition
Heating
Airflow Rate at Condition Analyzed (fully occupied, design heating load) 151 225
Outdoor Air to Primary Air Ratio (Zp) 0.55 0.34
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-31
A
Occupancy is based on the furniture plans. Both zones are analyzed at the design cooling condition (when the system and
zones are at peak airflow) and at design heating conditions (all zones in heating mode). The actual airflow rates are based
on the following:
Cooling: Calculate airflow rates to the critical zones under the assumption that the room is fully occupied but that all other
loads are the lowest that can be reasonably expected. For instance, for these conference rooms, the lowest load condition
would be when the lights are off for a slide presentation.
Heating: Zones would be in the full heating mode allowed by the zone controls. For most systems, the primary airflow rate
would be at the minimum airflow setpoint to the zone.
The previous table shows the airflow rates and Zp values for both of these conditions. In the peak cooling condition, the
interior conference room is the most critical, with a Zp value of 0.34. In the heating condition, the interior conference
room is unchanged but the north conference room airflow rate is reduced to the minimum airflow rate. Initially, this was
set to 30% of the zone design airflow rate, but the Z value was so high (greater than 0.55) that the Table 6-3 approach could
not be used. The north conference room zone airflow minimum had to be raised to 57% of its zone maximum so that its Zp
value dropped to 0.55. At this value, the ventilation system efficiency is 0.60, per Table 6-3. Therefore, the system outdoor
air intake flow rate is:
V
Vot = ou
Ev
1270
=
0.6
= 2117
This equates to 0.14 cfm/ft2.
6-32 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Example 6-S—Ventilation Rate Calculation for a Typical VAV System using the Appendix A Method
Q
The system for the building described in Example 6-R is revised to include series fan-powered VAV boxes in each zone,
both interior and perimeter. What is the design outdoor air requirement for the system, using the Appendix A method?
A
This system could be analyzed using either Table 6-3 or Appendix A, but the latter method includes the effect of the local
recirculation provided by the fan-powered boxes, which improves system ventilation effectiveness.
The example 62MZCalc spreadsheet included on the CD provided with this Manual shows the analysis of this option. All
zones are included in the analysis, although only the potentially critical zones need be included in real applications. In this
example, the use of series fan-powered VAV boxes reduces the supply air temperature so that (with proper diffuser
selection), the air change effectiveness in the heating mode is 1.0 (see the fourth row of Table 6-2). Airflow rates in the
cooling mode were determined from load calculations. Design interior zone airflow rates were oversized to allow for
supply air temperature reset in the heating mode, so airflow rates are reduced at the peak cooling condition when supply
air temperatures are at design conditions. The screenshots below show the spreadsheet results for the cooling and heating
design conditions respectively. Only the critical zones are shown for brevity. Intermediate results (such as Voz, Zp, or Zd,
Vou) are also calculated in the spreadsheet but are not included in this screenshot, again for reasons of brevity. See the
Definitions tab of the 62MZCalc spreadsheet for an explanation of each variable.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-33
A
The spreadsheet shows that using fan-powered VAV boxes can either allow a reduction in minimum zone primary airflow
rates (even all the way to zero in many zones) or a reduction in outdoor airflow rates. The heating condition tends to
dominate when minimum primary airflow rates are very low or zero. In most climates, these low minimum airflow rates
require the use of a heating coil at the air handling unit or outdoor air intake to maintain supply air temperatures since the
percentage of outdoor air will be very high in the heating mode. In this example, the primary airflow rate drops to 19% of
design, almost 60% of which is outdoor air, during the peak heating condition.
The balance in first costs and energy costs between lowering minimum rates and lowering design outdoor air intake flow
rates depends on the climate and energy rates. In general, in mild and cold climates, reducing minimum primary airflow
rates will likely be the most cost-effective. In hot/humid and very cold climates, reducing design outdoor air intake flow
rates will likely be the most cost-effective.
In the example, minimum primary airflow rates in exterior zones were reduced to zero in all but the north perimeter
conference rooms and offices (the critical zones) which were reduced to 15%. The resulting system ventilation efficiency is
0.69, resulting in an outdoor air intake flow rate of 1854 cfm. This is somewhat less than the system in Example 6-R, but
with much lower reheat and central fan energy due to the low minimum primary airflow setpoints—offset by the fan
energy used by the fan-powered boxes.
6-34 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
(Note that care must be taken not to reduce minimum airflow rates so low that the primary air handling system airflow rate
drops below the required outdoor air rate. If all zones served by the system are entered into the spreadsheet, the
spreadsheet will calculate the total primary airflow rate to the zones and provide a warning if this airflow rate is below the
required outdoor airflow rate.) With 30% minimum primary airflow rates on all exterior zones, ventilation system
effectiveness rises to 0.71 resulting in an outdoor air intake flow rate of 1794 cfm, only a slight decrease in design outdoor
airflow rate but a significant increase in reheat and fan energy. Increasing minimum primary airflow rates only in critical
zones improves performance even more—system outdoor airflow rates are reduced, reducing outdoor air conditioning
costs, while low minimum primary airflow rates at non-critical zones reduce fan energy and reheat energy losses. The
62MZCalc spreadsheet is a powerful tool that can be used to optimize this energy balance.
* The software is updated periodically and the screen images shown in this example may not be entirely consistent with the latest software.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-35
A
Designing for Varying TIME AVERAGING (§ 6.2.6.2) The larger the ventilation rate on a unit
Operating Conditions The VRP outdoor air rate equations are area or volume basis, the shorter the
(§ 6.2.6)
based upon steady-state conditions, averaging window and the less impact
VARIABLE LOAD CONDITIONS (§ 6.2.6.1) meaning that the rates are those time averaging will have on the
Section 6.2.6.1 requires that ventilation required to maintain desired averaged parameter. Spaces with higher
systems be capable of delivering the contaminant concentrations assuming ceilings will have longer averaging
minimum outdoor air rate to the source strengths and ventilation system windows than the same space with a
breathing zone of each space when the operation and efficiency are constant lower ceiling.
space is occupied, over the entire range for a long enough time to reach
Examples of acceptable uses of time
of normal operating conditions. This relatively steady conditions in the space.
averaging include:
means that the system must be designed But because these factors may change
for the “worst case” operating condition, over time, few spaces ever reach steady- Zone population (Pz) may be averaged
the one that results in the highest state conditions. Hence the Standard over time (T). Table 6-C shows typical
outdoor air intake flow rate. This is allows (but does not require) averaging averaging windows for example
primarily an issue for VAV systems (see of ventilation design parameters over occupancy types using default
Example 6-P and Example 6-Q), but can time. The averaging time window is occupant density and typical ceiling
also affect constant volume systems. For equal to three times what the space time heights listed. As indicated, typical
example, if the zone air distribution constant would be without any classroom averaging windows will be
effectiveness is lower for normal ventilation rate reductions for time on the order of one hour. Since classes
heating operation, the outdoor air rate averaging. This is the time required to tend to run about that same length of
must be calculated based on this reach about 95% of steady-state time, time averaging occupancy in
reduced effectiveness. conditions and is expressed in Equation classrooms will have little or no effect
6-9 in the Standard, reprinted here as: on Pz. The same is true of restaurants,
For VAV systems that can operate under conference rooms, and retail sales
a wide range of operating conditions, 6-J
areas which have averaging times that
the system must be designed to provide 3v
T= are short relative to the typical peak
the minimum outdoor air rates under all Vbz occupancy time (i.e., the peak
reasonably anticipated operating occupancy time can be expected to
where
conditions. This may require that v is the space volume and occur for a period at least as long as the
outdoor air intake flow rates be Vbz is the breathing zone outdoor air rate,
in consistent units. averaging window). However,
calculated under various load conditions (T is in minutes when Vbz is in cfm and v lobby/pre-function spaces and offices
is in ft3.)
and the highest rate selected (see have relatively long averaging
Example 6-N). windows. Example 6-U, Example 6-V,
Q
What is the design occupancy (Pz) of a 2000 ft2 office with a nine foot ceiling and 20 workstations?
A
The design occupancy could be assumed to be simply 20. In other words, the Standard does not require that the designer
account for the occupancy variation over time. If time averaging is desired, the designer must both calculate the averaging
time window and develop a reasonable occupancy profile for the space. The averaging time period is:
3v
T=
Vbz
3 ∗ 2000∗ 9
=
20∗ 5 + 2000∗ 0.06
= 245 minutes
≈ 4 hours
A typical office peak-day occupancy profile is shown in the chart below.
1.2
1
Fraction of Peak Occupancy
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour
The time-weighted average population fraction is the largest consecutive total fraction over the averaging time (T). In this
case, this occurs from 1 PM and 5 PM (hours 13–16 in the chart above). During this period the average is (0.8+1+1+0.9)/4
~0.9.
So the design occupancy is 0.9 ∗ 20 = 18 occupants.
6-38 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Q
A private corner office is 230 ft2 with a nine foot ceiling. Furniture plans show a workstation with two guest chairs. What
is the design occupancy?
A
The averaging window is:
3v
T=
Vbz
3 ∗ 230 ∗ 9
=
3 ∗ 5 + 230 ∗ 0.06
= 215 minutes
= 3.6 hours
The guest chairs are most likely going to be occupied for a short period of time relative to the averaging time. If we assume
two guests are present for about 1/3 of the averaging time, the design occupancy would be 1 + 2 ∗ 1/3 = 1.7 occupants.
Q
A variable air volume (VAV) changeover system (also called a variable volume and temperature system) uses a single zone
packaged gas/electric unit to serve multiple zones each of which has a single-path VAV box. At times the zones are in
differing modes (some require heating and some require cooling) or have widely varying loads (some require near
maximum cooling while others require very little cooling). To avoid overheating, overcooling, and the need for and energy
waste of reheat at the zone level, minimum airflow setpoints on zone VAV boxes are proposed to be zero (full shut-off).
Does this design meet Standard 62.1?
A
Yes, but very complex controls may be required. Zone airflow can be shut off to zones provided the average outdoor
airflow rate over averaging time (T) meets or exceeds the zone minimum outdoor airflow rate (Voz). To ensure this
happens, the control system would have to be designed to first determine the amount of outdoor air (not supply air)
supplied to the space (the multiple zone equations in Appendix A of the Standard can be used for this) and integrate this
amount over time with special logic that would cause the system to at times overventilate the zone (increasing airflow rates
to the zone and/or increasing outdoor air rates at the system) so that the running average outdoor air intake flow (Vot) is
maintained. Commercial versions of this control system do not commonly include this logic and it would be difficult to
implement in a fully programmable control system. However, the Standard could be met by using pressure-independent
VAV boxes with minimum airflow rates set as per any VAV system. Overheating and overcooling problems can be
addressed by including reheat at each zone or by only grouping zones onto the AC unit that are likely to be in similar
modes (e.g. only interior zones or only perimeter zones).
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-39
A
Q
A simple single zone AC unit supplies cooling to a building located in a humid climate. Humidity is better controlled if the
unit is allowed to cycle on calls for cooling (rather than running continuously) to avoid the intake of humid, unconditioned
outdoor air. Is this allowed by Standard 62.1?
A
Yes, but probably not in a manner that will address the humidity problem. To meet Standard 62.1 with cycling, the design
of the system and controls must ensure that the average outdoor airflow rate over the averaging time (T) meets or exceeds
the system minimum outdoor air intake flow rate (Vot) if it were provided continuously. This leads to three problems.
First, the outdoor air rate to the AC unit must be higher than Vot to overventilate the space when the fan is on, making up
for the time it is off.
Second, control logic may be needed to force the unit to run even when cooling is not required to ensure that Vot is
maintained over the averaging window. For example, let’s say the averaging time is two hours and that the outdoor air rate
was designed to be 50% greater than the continuous (without averaging) rate. The control system could then be designed
so that if the unit had cycled off for x minutes, it would be forced to run at least three times as long (3x minutes) before it
is allowed to cycle off again; and if x=30 minutes, the system would be forced on even if no cooling is required to ensure
the average of two hours is met. When forced on in this way, the system will be supplying humid, unconditioned outdoor
air at a rate that is even higher than the required continuous outdoor air rate.
Third, since the outdoor air rate is higher, the cooling capacity of the unit must be higher due to the higher outdoor air
load. For simple single zone AC units (particularly direct expansion systems), increased cooling capacity often means
increased fan size and increased supply airflow, which means increased supply air temperature at any given load and
higher space humidity.
Thus, while it is possible for the system to cycle and still meet § 6, doing so will most likely not improve humidity control
(and may make it worse), and the system may not meet the humidity requirements of § 5.10.1.
6-40 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Q
What is the design occupancy (Pz) of a 5000 ft2 pre-function space to convention meeting rooms with a 15 foot ceiling?
A
Using the default value in Table 6-1 for occupancy density, the peak number of occupants is estimated to be 30/1000 ∗ 5000
= 150 people. The averaging time period is then:
3v
T=
Vbz
3 ∗ 5000 ∗ 15
=
150 ∗ 7.5 + 5000 ∗ 0.06
= 160 minutes
= 2.6 hours
Assume that the design day is a series of meetings or seminars in the morning and afternoon. The occupancy profile is
estimated as shown in the figure below:
1.2
1
Fraction of Peak Occupancy
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
The time-weighted average population fraction is the largest consecutive total fraction over the averaging time (T). In this
case, with the window rounded up to 3 hours, this occurs from noon to 2 PM (hours 12–14 in the chart above). During this
period the average is (0.6+1+0.5)/3 ~0.7. So the design occupancy is 0.7 ∗ 150 = 105 occupants.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-41
A
Dynamic Reset (§ 6.2.7) reduce minimum airflow setpoints (on downward since the primary air is
The ventilation system minimum VAV systems) when spaces are richer in outdoor air content, possibly
outdoor air intake flow rate determined unoccupied. reducing fan energy and reheat energy.
using the VRP is a peak rate based on
worst-case operating conditions. The Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration: The strategies just listed are examples
HVAC equipment must be selected for The use of CO2 sensors in controlling only. The Standard allows for the reset
ventilation is addressed in the of outdoor air rates based on any
this worst-case rate but these conditions
may occur only for very short periods of Appendix of this Manual. parameter used in the VRP to determine
time, if at all. The Standard therefore rates, provided the parameter can be
AIR DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY sensed directly or indirectly.
allows outdoor air supply rates at both
Examples include:
the space level (Voz) and system level
Exhaust Ventilation (§ 6.2.8)
(Vot) to be reduced from design For systems whose zone or total Table 6-4 in the Standard lists
setpoints as operating conditions outdoor air rate were determined occupancy categories that are required
change. Resetting ventilation airflow based on the low air distribution to be ventilated by exhausting air at the
setpoints is called dynamic reset or efficiency that occurs when the minimum rates shown, to the outdoors.
demand-controlled ventilation (DCV). system is in heating mode, when air These spaces are expected to have
Operating parameters that can be sensed tends to short-circuit into the return contaminants not generally found in
or measured and used to reset outdoor bypassing the breathing zone (see adjacent occupied spaces. Hence the air
air rates include occupancy, air Table 6-2), the outdoor air rate can be supplied to the space to make up for
distribution efficiency, and economizer reduced when the system is supplying (replace) the air exhausted may be any
operation with VAV systems. air that is colder than space combination of outdoor air, recirculated
temperatures. air, and transfer air—all of which are
OCCUPANCY expected to have low or zero
For multiple space systems, the
The number of people occupying a concentration of the pollutants
equations in Appendix A can be solved
space can be estimated by (but not generated in the listed spaces. For
dynamically based on zone and system
limited to) the following.
supply airflow rates and outdoor air example, the exhaust from a toilet room
Expected occupancy based on time-of- requirements to reset either or both can draw air from either the outdoors,
day: This is perhaps the most common zone minimum airflow setpoints adjacent spaces, or from a return air duct
example of occupancy-based outdoor (VAV systems) and outdoor airflow or plenum. Because all of these sources
air control—most HVAC systems rates. This approach can also respond of makeup air have essentially zero
include time based scheduling to to scheduled or sensed changes in concentration of toilet-room odors,
operate ventilation systems based on occupancy (see previous discussion of they are equally good at diluting odors
an assumed occupancy schedule. More occupancy). in the toilet room. If the rate of air
sophisticated systems also shut off exhausted from these spaces exceeds the
ventilation during other unoccupied ECONOMIZER OPERATION WITH VAV outdoor air supplied to adjacent spaces,
modes such as warm-up and setback. SYSTEMS the outdoor air rate to the adjacent
When a ventilation system has an spaces will generally be increased to
Occupancy sensors: These sensors, outdoor air economizer, outdoor air ensure the net building pressure is not
commonly used for lighting control,
rates can be more than five times the negative. Maintaining a positive net
can also be used to assure design design minimum outdoor air rate during pressure is required for some systems
ventilation is supplied when people mild and cool weather. During these per § 5.10.2.
are present and shut off ventilation or
periods, minimum primary airflow rate
setpoints at VAV boxes can be reset
6-42 P r o c e d u r e s : V e n t i l a t i o n R a t e P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 2 )
Ventilation in Smoking Areas The Standard does not allow air from
Example 6-Z—Five More Cubic Feet
(§ 6.2.9) smoking areas to be recirculated or
The Standard requires that when using Per Minute For Smoking Area
transferred to non-smoking areas,
the VRP, the rate of outdoor air
ventilation or air cleaning for smoking
regardless how much it is diluted by Q
outdoor air or cleaned. The air delivered
areas must be greater than similar If a system serving a smoking area is
to smoking areas can be cleaned and/or
non-smoking areas, but it does not say delivering 20 cfm/person to the space
diluted and recirculated back to
how much more ventilation or air and 15 cfm/person is required for a
smoking areas, but it may not be comparable non-smoking area, does
cleaning should be provided. The recirculated or transferred to non-
Standard acknowledges that specific it meet the requirements of § 6.2.9?
smoking areas.
ventilation or air cleaning requirements
for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) When providing one of the required A
cannot be established until cognizant measures (increasing ventilation rates or Yes, because the Standard only
authorities determine the concentration additional air cleaning), designers may requires that smoking areas shall
of ETS that achieves an acceptable level wish to evaluate alternative measures to have more ventilation and/or air
of risk to occupants. ETS has many improve the cost-effectiveness of ETS cleaning than comparable non-
adverse health effects, in addition to removal in smoking areas, such as: smoking areas. However, a small
being a known carcinogen. The heart- increase in ventilation rates alone is
Recovering energy from exhaust air not likely to result in acceptable air
disease-related death and disease rate (provided that no cross-contaminated
from ETS is even greater than that quality.
air is supplied to a non-smoking area);
related to cancer. No level of
acceptability for ETS is under Sensing levels of ETS and modulating
outdoor air in response; and/or Example 6-AA—Higher MERV, Same
development by any cognizant Ventilation Rate
authority in the U.S. as of the time of Using displacement or directional
this writing. ventilation. Q
If a MERV 6 filter is required per
§ 5.9 or § 6.2.1.1 and a system
serving a smoking area has a MERV 7
filter at the same ventilation rate as a
comparable non-smoking area, does
it meet the requirements of § 6.2.9?
A
Yes, because again the Standard only
requires that smoking areas shall
have more ventilation and/or air
cleaning than comparable non-
smoking areas. However, an
incremental increase in particulate
filtration efficiency is not likely to
provide acceptable air quality.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-43
A
Indoor Air Quality Sometimes meeting the target Many of these strategies involve added
concentrations will result in perceived construction and maintenance costs but
Procedure (§ 6.3) acceptability and sometimes not. For can have the benefit of conditioning less
The Indoor Air Quality Procedure instance, the human nose is very outdoor air. They can also result in
(IAQP) may be used as an alternative to
sensitive to odors that may or may not higher levels of perceived acceptability
the Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP). be addressed by the contaminant by building occupants. The IAQP may
While the VRP is a prescriptive concentration targets. On the other also be used to achieve better air quality
procedure that determines minimum
hand, meeting only the perceived than the VRP (lower contaminant levels
outdoor air ventilation rates for typical acceptability targets is not sufficient and/or higher perceived acceptability)
applications, the IAQP is a since some contaminants cannot be with or without increasing first cost or
performance-based design approach
sensed until harmful levels are reached maintenance cost.
that focuses on controlling the (for instance radon and carbon
concentrations of contaminants to monoxide). Compliance Requirements
certain levels and maintaining a (§ 6.3.1)
specified percentage of occupant The IAQ Procedure requires the Designing for compliance using the IAQ
satisfaction. The VRP is an indirect building and its ventilation system to be Procedure requires four steps:
solution to achieving acceptable IAQ. designed to achieve both objective and
Identifying contaminants of concern
The IAQP is a more direct approach to subjective criteria. The IAQP allows
(COC);
the goal, but it requires very different ventilation air to be reduced below rates
methods, knowledge, evaluations, that would have been required by the Determining acceptable
decisions, and documentation than VRP, if it can be reliably demonstrated concentrations of these contaminants;
those of the VRP. that the resulting air quality meets the Specifying the perceived indoor air
required criteria described in § 6.3.1. quality criteria; and
While the VRP allows (and in some
cases requires) that recirculated air be The IAQP may allow for a more Applying an acceptable design
cleaned, the specified outdoor air cost-effective solution to providing approach to achieve the performance
ventilation rates may not be reduced. good air quality since all design criteria.
On the other hand, the IAQP allows any strategies may be considered and
method to be used to achieve the target compared, including: These steps are described in greater
(or maximum) concentrations of detail in the following subsections.
Dilution ventilation and the
contaminants, including source control, commensurate added energy costs of CONTAMINANT SOURCES (§ 6.3.1.1)
air cleaning, or dilution of indoor conditioning greater volumes of The Standard requires that the COC that
contaminants with outside air. outdoor air; will be used for design purposes be
The performance of the HVAC system Controlling contaminants at the identified. For each contaminant, both
in maintaining good air quality is based source by specifying low-emissions indoor and outdoor sources shall be
upon two requirements: carpets, wall coverings, paints, identified, and the strength of each
adhesives and furnishings; source shall be determined.
Maintaining concentrations of specific
contaminants below target Air cleaning strategies; and Establishing the contaminants of
concentration limits, and concern for a specific application is a
Evaluation of occupant satisfaction somewhat subjective task, since
Achieving a design target level of based on perceived air quality in hundreds of contaminants are known to
perceived indoor air quality similar buildings or through post- be harmful to human occupants and/or
acceptability. occupancy evaluation. to affect perceived acceptability. For
6-44 P r o c e d u r e s : I n d o o r A i r Q u a l i t y P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 3 )
instance, does one choose those contaminants, or the most problematic types. One of the more commonly
contaminants present in the highest may all potentially be valid approaches studied building types (e.g., an office
concentration—even though they to choosing the COC. building) may serve as a base model
represent a very low odor or irritation with further specific or expected
Identification and selection of the COC
risk?53 Or does one look for and choose contaminant source types or increased
may also be influenced by whether the
those known to present IAQ concerns, emission rates added to the base.56 For
application involves new construction,
even though these contaminants may retrofit applications57 involving only
renovation, or simple retrofit. For new
represent a very small portion of the the selection and installation of
construction and renovation
total contaminant load?54 ventilation system enhancements (such
applications, there may be less data on
as improved air cleaning), the same
Identification of the COC produced by which to base the selection of COC,
COC selection process can be used.
indoor sources may come from previous especially if experience with the
Alternatively, since the building already
experience with a particular building building type is limited. Immediately
exists, COC selection may be
type or occupancy pattern, or may after construction, there may be
determined by direct and/or indirect
involve an investigation into the use of contaminant sources present that will
contaminant monitoring techniques
the spaces served by the HVAC system recede over time. The design team may
and may be combined with assessment
being designed. Identifying the COC choose to consider these temporary
of occupant-perceived acceptability.
may also result from an evaluation of sources. While post-construction
building materials,55 wall and floor verification of the COC list or the source Of course, such monitoring costs
coverings, finishes, and furnishings in strengths or the resulting money, takes time and requires
each space. Specific contaminant concentrations may be valuable for the appropriate techniques and protocols.
sources produced by personnel or by design team, it is not required by the COC may already have been identified
activities in the space (cooking, printing Standard. in § 4 and the outdoor air quality may
operations, etc.) might also be have been determined to be
One method used for determining COC
considered in the choice of COC. unacceptable. Indoor source strength
in new construction/renovation
Choosing the indoor COC may require from outdoor contaminants is a function
applications is a review of the available
collaboration among the HVAC system of outdoor concentration and
published literature on buildings of
designer, building owner/operator, and ventilation rate. Site-specific sources
similar construction, size, and uses.
the authority having jurisdiction. could include diesel generator exhaust,
There are many research, field, and
Looking at the most common bus stops, helicopter pads, or other
practitioner studies available for office
contaminants, the most abundant combustion engine processes. Other
environments, schools, and medical
potential sources of odors and irritants
facilities—but fewer for other building
53. Individual VOCs may be COC in the application of the IAQ Procedure. Concentrations of concern range from less than 1 part per billion (ppb) for some
very toxic compounds or for compounds having very low odor thresholds up to concentrations several orders of magnitude higher. Not all compounds
can be identified, and toxicological data are incomplete for many compounds.
54. “ASHRAE 62-89 Analysis, Part 3: Indoor Air Quality Procedure” Trane Engineers Newsletter 22 no. 2.
55. Alevantis, L. “Building Material Emissions Study” submitted to the California Integrated Management Board through the Public Health Institute, available
at: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/Specs/Section01350/METStudy.htm, California Department of Health Services (2003)
56. Womble, S.E., et al. “Developing Baseline Information on Buildings and Indoor Air Quality (BASE ’94): Part I—Study Design, Building Selection, and
Building Descriptions” Presented at Healthy Buildings (Sep. 1995), Table 3: 6. Brightman, H.S., et al. “Baseline Information on Indoor Air Quality in Large
Buildings (BASE ’95)” Table I. Copies of both resources available through: Indoor Air Division, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460 USA.
57. Modifying existing buildings for new uses or renovating existing building and using the IAQ Procedure to avoid having to upgrade the HVAC system to
meet higher ventilation requirements.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-45
A
could be landfills and industrial department, emergency management Contaminant concentrations listed in
processes. There are guidance agency, air quality board,60 and/or the Appendix B may be specified for design
documents available from the EPA for a EPA. Air monitoring data may also be purposes, but sometimes appropriate
number of industry types that describe available for the source or direct target concentration limits will be those
common pollutants and sources.58 monitoring may be required. related to odor and/or irritation
thresholds—especially where the
In addition to or in the absence of site-
CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION (§ 6.3.1.2) design is intended to attain specific
specific outdoor air COC, designs may The Standard requires that, for each levels of perceived indoor air quality.
consider the criteria pollutants listed in contaminant of concern, a target Studies of irritation and odors related to
the NAAQS.
concentration limit be specified along IAQ can be reviewed to develop target
Source strengths must be determined with the corresponding exposure concentration limits that may be lower
for all specified COC. For indoor period. An appropriate reference to a than the Appendix B levels.61
contaminants, source strengths are most cognizant authority must be specified
often represented as generation rates for each contaminant concentration. A PERCEIVED INDOOR AIR QUALITY (§
(mass emitted over time). For new cognizant authority is defined as either 6.3.1.3)
construction applications, building of the following: The Standard’s definition of acceptable
studies may be used as a source of indoor air quality reads: “air in which
An agency or organization in
information on contaminant generation there are no known contaminants at
possession of both the expertise and
rates for both people and materials. harmful concentrations as determined
jurisdiction to establish and regulate
Manufacturers of construction materials by cognizant authorities and with
concentration limits for airborne
and building products may be able to which a substantial majority (80% or
contaminants.
provide information on the more) of the people exposed do not
contaminant generation rates for An organization that is recognized as express dissatisfaction.” The latter
specific products.59 authoritative and whose scope perceived air quality criterion must also
includes the establishment of be used for compliance with the IAQ
Outdoor air source strengths are guidelines, limit values, or Procedure. For the purposes of the IAQ
typically represented as a volumetric
concentrations levels for airborne Procedure, acceptable perceived indoor
concentration (ppbv, g/m3). For the contaminants. air quality excludes dissatisfaction
criteria pollutants, the AIRS Database related to thermal comfort, noise and
can be used unless site-specific Appendix B of the Standard lists some
vibration, lighting, and psychological
information is available for these contaminant concentration guidelines
stressors. Although these stressors may
contaminants. For other contaminants pertinent to indoor environments that
cross over to influence occupant
(depending on the source(s) identified), may be relevant to a specific
perception of air acceptability, they are
one may be able to review an emission application.
beyond the scope of the Standard.
inventory on file with the local fire
The criteria to achieve the design level contaminant monitoring and subjective Contaminant monitoring and
of acceptability must be specified in occupant evaluations; and application of occupant surveys is the third option
terms of the percentage of building one of these three approaches to specific given. Validation of acceptable IAQ
occupants and/or visitors expressing contaminants and the use of the VRP to through contaminant monitoring and
satisfaction with perceived indoor air address the general aspects of indoor air subjective occupant evaluations or
quality. A minimum design level of 80% quality. surveys must be performed at some
acceptability is consistent with the time after all construction is complete.
Mass balance analysis is the most
Standard’s definition of acceptable IAQ. While the Standard does not specify
commonly used method. This involves
However, other targets of acceptability exactly when such monitoring and
taking the information generated from
may be determined based on the evaluation must be done, a typical
§ 6.3.1.1 and § 6.3.1.2 and performing
conditions of a specific building. For design approach would be to do so
a mass balance analysis of the spaces
example, there may be some when the building is being normally
served by the HVAC system to show
applications where a lower satisfaction occupied and operated. Construction
that the target concentration limits for
criterion would be appropriate, such as and building material related
all COC are not exceeded. Equations
an office area in a manufacturing contaminants are likely to be
for performing a steady-state mass
facility. A higher percentage could also somewhat higher immediately after
balance analysis on single zone
be a goal, but would be more difficult to completion. The USGBC’s LEED
systems are provided in Appendix D of
achieve. Obviously, specifying the rating program gives credit for indoor
the Standard. However, these
percentage of acceptability is dependent air quality sampling prior to
equations may not be appropriate for a
upon the specific application and may occupancy. While the design
system serving multiple zones. For
be somewhat subjective, like identifying approach may consider this, the
multizone systems, software modeling
the COC. Standard does not require that the
tools such as CONTAM62 may be
IAQP address these short-term
One method of gauging perceived air utilized to perform the mass balance
increases. Many building studies have
quality, if required after construction, is analysis. Section 6.3.1.3 requires that a
discussed the time it takes for initial
through the use of subjective goal be set for occupant acceptability,
higher building emission rates to
evaluations in the completed building. and this goal may be estimated using
decrease and these data can aid in
Panels of observers have been used to the mass balance analysis method.
deciding when to begin monitoring
perform these evaluations of indoor air
Design approaches that have proved and evaluations that address steady-
quality in buildings and an acceptable
successful in similar buildings is the state conditions. Contaminant
approach to subjective evaluation is
second method. The key word here is monitoring involves selecting the
presented in Appendix B of the
“similar” and while not required, this appropriate monitoring equipment
Standard.
similarity can be tied to the definition based on the COC of indoor and
of a zone. A zone is defined in § 3 as, outdoor origin, the time and duration
DESIGN APPROACHES (§ 6.3.1.4)
“a collection of occupied spaces of the of the monitoring period and how
The fourth step in the IAQP is to apply
the data collected in the previous steps same occupancy category, occupant soon after the building has been
by using one of four design approaches. density, and air distribution normally occupied that the
effectiveness.” monitoring will commence.
The four methods are: mass balance
analysis; those having proved successful Compliance with this design approach
in similar buildings; those validated by requires subjective occupant
62. This program can be downloaded at no charge from the NIST Multizone Modeling Website: http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/IAQanalysis/index.htm or
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/IAQanalysis/CONTAMWdesc.htm.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-47
A
evaluation. Appendix B of the of the space and the IAQ Procedure is The sources and source strengths of
Standard presents one approach for used to address the specific the contaminants of concern found
these evaluations. The evaluations contaminants through source control, both indoors and outdoors;
may be done during or in the same supplemental ventilation, exhaust at
The target concentration limits and
general time period as contaminant the source, air cleaning, or some other
exposure periods for the COC, and the
monitoring, but not before the means. This design approach will
reference to cognizant authorities that
building is completed. Similar timing never result in outdoor air quantities
justify said limits;
considerations to those discussed lower than what is required by the
above about contaminant monitoring VRP. If the design is based on an approach
also apply to occupant evaluation. that has proved successful for similar
Documentation (§ 6.3.2) buildings, the documentation must
Combination of methods with the The Standard requires that the IAQP be include the basis for concluding that
VRP is the fourth design approach documented. The following the design approach was successful in
given. Application of one of the three information must be included in the the other buildings and the basis for
preceding approaches to specific documentation. concluding that the other buildings
contaminants and the use of the VRP
The design approach used to control are substantially similar to the
to address the general aspects of
the contaminants of concern and the proposed design;
indoor air quality would most likely
be used when specific contaminants background or justification for using If contaminant monitoring and
are anticipated or expected that are the approach; occupant evaluation are to be used to
not typical or not covered by the VRP The contaminants of concern used in demonstrate compliance, then the
occupancy categories. In this the design process; monitoring and evaluation plans must
situation, the VRP is used to also be included in the
determine the design ventilation rate documentation.
6-48 P r o c e d u r e s : I n d o o r A i r Q u a l i t y P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 3 )
Start
Design
approach to
A determine airflow D
rates?
Combination of methods
B C
with VRP (§ 6.3.1.4d)
Choose
A companion design
approach.
B
Is
less than
s
proposed
or equal to
design substantially No Go to Start.
target
similar
?
?
No
Ye
Yes
Go to Start. s
Q
Can you provide an example of how the IAQ Procedure can be applied to a single zone space such as a lecture hall?
A
The IAQ Procedure may be a good choice for this application given the following set of design considerations: new
construction, a desired outdoor air intake rate of 5 cfm/person, perceived IAQ acceptability of 80% of occupants, an air
handler with constant outdoor and supply airflows, a filter (air cleaner) location in the supply (mixed) airstream (location B
in Figure D.1 in the Standard), and a supply airflow of 20,000 cfm.* The following table shows specific zone summary
information.
Return Zone Air Distribution
Area Volume No. Of People Supply Air, Cooling and Heating Supply Location Location Effectiveness†
12,790 ft2 260,000 ft3 600 20,000 cfm ceiling ceiling 0.8
Given these design criteria, the outdoor air intake flow (Vot) required under § 6.2.3 of the VRP would be 6,584 cfm. This
compares to 3,000 cfm using the IAQ Procedure.
For this example, the contaminants of concern in the outdoor air were carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and
sulfur dioxide. Concentration values to be used for the mass balance analysis are shown below.
2nd Max 8-hr Value for CO NO2 Annual Mean Value 4th Max 8-hr Value for O3 SO2 Annual Mean Value
2.2 ppm 0.014 ppm 0.084 ppm 0.002 ppm
For indoor contaminants, both the contaminants of concern must be chosen as well as the generation rates of these
contaminants from occupants, materials, and processes. Acetone, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl alcohol, and phenol
were chosen to be indicators of human activities. The contaminants from building materials and processes were selected to
be formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC). Each of these contaminants chosen are representative
compounds in indoor and outdoor air and there is much data in the public domain from which concentrations and
generation rates could be obtained (see references below). TVOC was chosen due to the fact that many of the published
building studies include this as an air quality indicator—sometimes as the sole indicator of air quality.‡ For this application,
no particulate contaminants of concern were chosen.
GENERATION RATES OF BIOEFFLUENTS FROM OCCUPANTS (Wang, 1975)
& OUTDOOR AIR CONCENTRATIONS (ASTDR, 1990, 1994, 1998, 1999)
Contaminant Generation Rate, in mg/(min*person) Concentration in Outdoor Air
Acetone 0.0352 0.007 ppm
Ammonia 0.0224 0.005 ppm
Hydrogen Sulfide 0.0019 0.00033 ppm
Methyl Alcohol 0.0517 negligible
Phenol 0.0066 0.000091 ppm
* The choice of the outdoor air intake rates to use with the IAQ Procedure can be based on a simple reduction of those prescribed by the VRP (i.e., 25%,
50%, 75%, etc.); based on some fixed value necessary to recover exhaust air volumes and maintain pressure differentials in the space (building); or based
on economic considerations due to estimated HVAC system capital and/or operational savings possible by a reduction in heating and cooling
requirements.
† Referred to as “Air Change Effectiveness” in Appendix D of the Standard.
‡ For this example, the COC were chosen using the best available information and based upon agreement between the HVAC system designer, the
building owner/operator, and the authority having jurisdiction. This could include published building studies and general IAQ studies, review of IAQ
standards and guidelines, etc.
6-50 P r o c e d u r e s : I n d o o r A i r Q u a l i t y P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 3 )
The following mass-balance equation (from Appendix D of the Standard) determines the space contaminant (Cs)
concentration for this particular system configuration. Using the information for formaldehyde as an example, the
calculations are as follows.
N + eVo (1 − E f )C o
Cs =
e( Vo + RVr E f )
where:
N = generation rate of formaldehyde = V * [0.021 mg/(m3*hr)** ]
[V=260,000 ft3 (7,362 m3)]
= (7,362 m3)(0.021 mg/[m3*hr])
= 154.6 mg/hr
e = air change effectiveness = 0.8
Vo = volumetric flow of outdoor air = 3,000 cfm (5,097 m3/hr)
Ef = air cleaning efficiency = 0.25 ††
Co = concentration of formaldehyde in outdoor air = 0.0068 mg/m3
RVr = volumetric flow of recirculated air = 17,000 cfm (28,883 m3/hr)
Cs = space concentration of formaldehyde = 0.0178 mg/m3
Target concentration limit for formaldehyde = 0.033 mg/m3 (see STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES)
% Target= [(CS / Target)](100%)
= [(0.0178 mg/m3) / (0.033 mg/m3)]×(100%)
= 53.9%
This confirms that outdoor air intake rate of 5 cfm/person is sufficient to provide a space concentration of formaldehyde that
would be below the established target concentration limit. The results of repeating this calculation for the mass balance
analysis for all of the contaminants of concern used in this example are shown in the following table.
SPACE (ZONE) CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION RESULTS FOR ALL CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN
Contaminant Units Concentration Value Target Concentration Limit % Target
Acetone [mg/m3] 0.134 7 2%
Ammonia [mg/m3] 0.202 0.5 40%
Carbon monoxide [ppm] 2.2 9 24%
Formaldehyde [mg/m3] 0.0178 0.12 15%
Hydrogen sulfide [mg/m3] 0.00708 0.04 18%
Methyl alcohol [mg/m3] 0.189 1.5 13%
Nitrogen dioxide [ppm] 0.00434 0.053 8%
Ozone [ppm] 0.0261 0.08 33%
Phenol [mg/m3] 0.0242 0.1 24%
Sulfur dioxide [ppm] 0.000621 0.03 2%
For all of the contaminants used in this example, using an outdoor air intake rate of 5 cfm/person will provide a Cs value of
55% or less of the COC target concentration limits shown above. This model will therefore comply with the requirements
of the IAQ Procedure.
** Offerman, F.J. et al. “Indoor Emission Rates Before and After a Building Bake-Out." Operating and Maintaining Buildings for Health, Comfort, and
Productivity Proceedings IAQ 94. (Philadelphia: ASHRAE Nov. 1993): 157-163.
†† This is a conservative estimate of filter efficiency based on manufacturer’s test data as well as data from NIST studies. Howard-Reed, C., et al,
"Measurement and Simulation of the Indoor Air Quality Impact of Gaseous Air Cleaners in a Test House" Indoor Air (July, 2002) Proceedings: 9th
International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Monterey, CA). Howard-Reed, C., et al, “Predicting the Performance of Gaseous Air
Cleaners: Measurements and Model Simulations from a Residential-Scale Pilot Study” NISTIR 7114 (NIST 2004). The air cleaning efficiency (Ef ) will
most likely be different for each COC and in fact may require more than one type of filter or filter medium for best effectiveness. Because of this, it might
be advisable to use a conservative value for Ef based on the lowest reported efficiency for each of the COC. Documentation as to the method(s) used to
determine air cleaning efficiencies and the Ef for each individual COC should be available for review by all parties.
6-52 P r o c e d u r e s : I n d o o r A i r Q u a l i t y P r o c e d u r e ( § 6 . 3 )
Q
A retail store is being built in San Antonio, Texas and will have the following space types: corridors, fitting rooms, and sales
areas. How might the IAQ Procedure be applied for this application?
A
This is an example of a multizone system. Of the four design approaches presented in § 6.3.1.4, the mass balance analysis is
most frequently used and will be used for this example. Although the equations from Appendix D of the Standard could be
used here, the recirculation of air between zones is not easily accounted for. For multizone systems, software tools such as
CONTAM can be utilized to perform the mass balance analysis.
For the purposes of this User’s Manual, this example will use the same indoor and outdoor contaminants, air change
effectiveness, and air cleaning efficiency data as in Example 6-AB. Please note, however, that each application of the IAQ
Procedure will require a separate determination of contaminant sources and concentrations as well the appropriate design
approach to use. The additional information necessary to perform the mass balance analysis for this example is provided
below.
AIR HANDLER DESCRIPTION
Outdoor Air (cfm)
Supply Airflow Type Outdoor Airflow Type Filtration Location Supply Air (cfm) VRP IAQP*
Constant Constant Supply 14,080 6,860 1,900
* The desired limit was 1,900 cfm, this results in an outdoor airflow rate at the intake of 7 cfm/person based on total occupancy.
ZONE INFORMATION
Zone Room Area Volume C Supply Air Supply Return Zone Air Distribution
# Type (ft2) (ft3) People (cfm) Location Location Effectiveness
1 Corridor 305 3,355 0 300 Ceiling Ceiling 0.8
2 Fitting 480 4,320 5 690 Ceiling Ceiling 0.8
3 Fitting 542 4,878 5 930 Ceiling Ceiling 0.8
4 Sales 1 6,040 66,440 60 3,360 Ceiling Ceiling 0.8
5 Sales 2 1,628 17,908 16 840 Ceiling Ceiling 0.8
6 Sales 3 9,828 108,108 98 3,980 Ceiling Ceiling 0.8
7 Sales 4 8,786 96,646 88 3,980 Ceiling Ceiling 0.8
The CONTAM software has been used with the information provided above to calculate the space/zone concentrations
based on outdoor air of 7 cfm/person at the outdoor air intake, i.e., 7 cfm/person multiplied by total occupancy. The results
are displayed in the following table as a percent of the target concentration limit for each contaminant. The outdoor air
contaminants and concentrations were obtained from the AIRS database for monitoring station nearest the site.* All
calculations were carried out at steady state.
* For more information about the AIRS Database, visit: http://www.epa.gov/airs/ or http://www.epa.gov/air/data/. For more general information about the
EPA’s outdoor air quality monitoring programs, visit: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/montring.html, http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/qa/monprog.html, or
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 6-53
A
As in Example 6-AB, all of the contaminants of concern are less than the target concentration limits when using a mass
balance analysis design approach (§ 6.3.1.4a). Therefore, using a total system outdoor airflow of 7 cfm per person based on
total occupancy (1900 cfm) would comply with the Standard using the stated design criteria and the IAQ Procedure.
6-54 P r o c e d u r e s : D e s i g n D o c u m e n t a t i o n P r o c e d u r e s ( § 6 . 4 )
Design Documentation installation. This includes not listed in Tables 6-1, 5-2, or 5-3
documentation of the findings of the (§ 5.17.4), and the IAQ Procedure
Procedures (§ 6.4)
outdoor air quality investigation (§ 4.3), design documentation (§ 6.3.2).
Design criteria and assumptions must be
the ventilation air distribution design
documented and should be made
(§ 5.2.3), the justification for
available for operation of the system
classification of air from any location
within a reasonable time after
A
63. See, for example, “Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings,” U.S. EPA, March 2001.
7-2 C o n s t r u c t i o n & S y s t e m S t a r t - u p : C o n s t r u c t i o n P h a s e ( § 7 . 1 )
System Start-Up Phase Alterations to air distribution systems balancing procedures will follow one of
affecting more than 25% of the floor these two guides, which are both
(§ 7.2) area served by the systems. acceptable for meeting the Standard.66
Application (§ 7.2.1) Balancing procedures are also required
Air Balancing (§ 7.2.2)
Section 7.2 has stricter requirements for for systems that undergo limited
Section 7.2.2 requires testing and
the start-up of new systems and lesser balancing of the outdoor airflow at the alterations that involve reductions in
requirements for those that undergo intake and the balancing of airflow to airflow or air distribution modifications
more limited alterations. These that exceed the 25% of floor area
each ventilation zone (see § 6) in the
requirements are specifically described system. Testing and balancing criterion as described previously.
in the body of the Standard and in the procedures are normally performed on a
following sections. Testing of Drain Pans
ventilation system at start-up for (§ 7.2.3)
multiple purposes, including: Section 7.2.3 requires verification that
NEW AIR HANDLER
Only the installation of a new air Verification that equipment such as drain pans drain for new air handlers,
handling system triggers all the fans and controls are installed and using one of two methods: field-testing
functioning properly; or proper installation per factory
requirements of § 7.2. The new air
handler may be in a new building, an certification.
Energy conservation;
existing one or an addition. The Stagnant water in a drain pan should be
requirements, further described in Thermal comfort; avoided. It can be a site for biological
subsequent sections, consist of all of the Protection of equipment from contamination, since organic matter is
following: excessive flows and pressures; and present. Furthermore, during off-
periods, the water temperature may
Air balancing; Ventilation and air distribution. increase, creating conditions ideal for
Testing of drain pans; Section 7.2.2 contains minimal the growth of microorganisms. Growth
Cleanliness; balancing requirements to meet the last can occur even in relatively cold water.
goal only. All it requires is to verify Field-testing may be performed for any
Testing of outdoor air dampers; and conformance with the total outdoor drain pan, including those that are
System documentation. airflow and space supply airflow
manufactured, but it is the only
requirements. acceptable method for those that are
LIMITED ALTERATIONS Any balancing method is acceptable if it field-erected (not manufactured). The
Certain alterations short of replacing is equivalent to the SMACNA or details of the field test method are not
the air handler trigger only the air ASHRAE publications referenced in the specified, but it must demonstrate that
balancing requirement of § 7.2.2. These Standard.64 There are two other major the pan drains under normal operating
limited alterations include: organizations in the U.S. that certify conditions. In other words, the fan
Reduction in supply or outdoor balancing technicians and methods and must be operating and the coil
airflow; or publish methodology guides.65 Many dehumidifying.
64. Standard 111 (ASHRAE 1988). Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building Environmental Systems and HVAC Systems—
Testing, Adjusting & Balancing SMACNA, (Chantilly, VA: 2002). The latter includes material very similar to the NEBB publication and additional
background information. Neither ASHRAE nor SMACNA certify balancing technicians.
65. Procedural Standards for Testing Adjusting and Balancing of Environmental Systems 6th ed. (NEBB, Gaithersburg, MD, 1998). National Standards for Total
System Balance 6th ed. (AABC Washington, D.C. 2002). Testing, Adjusting and Balancing Bureau (TABB) visit www.tabbcertified.org for additional
information.
66. Balancing procedures that follow any of these guides are acceptable for meeting the Standard.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 7-5
A
HVAC controls information consisting of diagrams, Controls maintenance and/or calibration information The controls vendor and/or designer might
schematics and control sequence narratives provide the maintenance or cailbration
information.
An air balance report documenting the work None A standard complete report will document
performed for § 7.2.2 much more than required.
Construction drawings of record and final design Control drawings are required. These may be
drawings included in the diagrams listed above.
Design criteria and assumptions for the ventilation This will likely require that the designer
design—in order to be useful, this would normally document assumptions in a form that can
include all the calculations required by § 6.2 if the be easily transferred.
ventilation rate procedure is used. If the design is
based on the IAQ Procedure (§ 6.3), then additional
assumptions related to contaminant sources and
concentrations must be included.
* According the Construction Specifications Institute Master Format (see csinet.org and masterspec.com), general requirements for documents to be
turned over at contract closeout are covered in Division 1 and may be in Sections titled, “Closeout Procedures,” “Operation and Maintenance Data,” and
“Project Record Documents.” Specific requirements for mechanical systems appear in Division 15, for instance in a section that may be titled “Testing,
Adjusting and Balancing.” Sections such as “HVAC Commissioning Requirements” and “Demonstration and Training” may appear in either division and
may contain applicable requirements.
7-8 C o n s t r u c t i o n & S y s t e m S t a r t - u p : S y s t e m S t a r t - U p P h a s e ( § 7 . 2 )
A
Q
Construction of a school was completed in August 2002, based on a permit applied for on March 15, 2001, and plans approved
in July 1999. Nothing has been renovated since then. What does Standard 62.1-2004 require for operation and maintenance?
A
Nothing. There are no requirements for operation and maintenance since the permit was applied for on March 15, 2001,
which is prior to November 16, 2001, and no renovation has been done since then. Notice that three separate dates have
been provided in the question: permit application, plan approval, and construction completion. For the purposes of this
example, though it is not mentioned in the Standard, we assume that the authority having jurisdiction recognizes the
significant date is the permit application date, which is typical for most jurisdictions. Check with the jurisdiction or other
authority responsible for compliance with codes and standards for different applicability or adoption dates.
Even though there are no requirements, an operations and maintenance plan is a good idea for any building and the
principles in § 8 can be applied on a voluntary basis.
Q
In July 2003, an entire office building was vacated in order to paint, reroof, as well as upgrade lobbies and elevators. After
the work was completed, the building was reoccupied as office space with the same density. The conference room, enclosed
offices, open plan offices, and all other spaces are in identical locations. Is a reevaluation of the ventilation system design
required?
A
No. Since there has been no change in building use or occupancy category, the alterations are not considered significant
enough to warrant a reevaluation. There is no change in occupant density nor any other changes inconsistent with design
assumption. However, see § 7 for required protection of occupied areas.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 8-3
A
trigger partial or full redesign are Operations and systems, operating procedures and
discussed in the following section schedules. Some of this modification
Maintenance Manual
(§ 8.1.3). will require skilled assistance by design
(§ 8.2) engineers or specialty contractors, such
Building Alterations or This section requires that an operations as changes to system air distribution or
Change of Use (§ 8.1.3) and maintenance manual be maintained to control system components.
Section 8.1.3 requires that the entity at a centrally accessible location for the
operating the building have some life of the ventilation system or The maintenance activities must
knowledge of design assumptions. This components. The manual must contain include the thirteen specific items listed
is because ventilation system design, the following as a minimum: in Table 8-1, but may contain more.
operation, and maintenance must be Table 8-1 gives default frequencies for
reevaluated if any of the following Operation and maintenance seven of the thirteen activities, but these
occurs: procedures; frequencies may be increased or
Final design drawings; decreased for a specific project and
Change in building use;
documented in the O&M manual.
Change in occupancy category; Current operation and maintenance
schedules; The installer, engineer, or manufacturer
Significant building alteration; may list tasks and frequencies in the
Maintenance requirements and O&M manual that is turned over to the
Significant changes in occupant frequencies. building operator at system installation;
density;
The O&M manual required by the but the operator is permitted to adjust
Other changes inconsistent with Standard may be different from what is these frequencies, so long as a record of
design assumptions. often called for in engineers’ this adjustment is kept in the current
construction specifications as well as copy of the O&M manual.
that which is often turned over by
installing contractors.
Ventilation System
This O&M manual is contained in the
documentation that § 7.2.6 requires to
Operation (§ 8.3)
be provided to the building owner or its Section 8.3 requires that the ventilation
designee. It is permitted to be in systems be operated in a manner
consistent with the O&M manual. Thus,
electronic form.
the operation procedures, schedules,
The O&M manual is required to be and maintenance activities in the
updated as necessary. Thus it is a living manual are requirements of the
document, to be modified by the Standard for the particular building for
building operator as changes are made which they were written.
to physical features of the building and
8-4 O p e r a t i o n s & M a i n t e n a n c e : V e n t i l a t i o n S y s t e m O p e r a t i o n ( § 8 . 3 )
Q
In July 2004, walls were installed to carve a new 120 ft2 (11 m2) enclosed office out of a formerly open plan office area. The
new office does not have a supply air diffuser. Another office area was converted to a conference room. The original building
was constructed in November 2002. Is a reevaluation of the ventilation system design required?
A
Yes. Since both a change in occupancy category (the conference room) and a change inconsistent with design assumptions
(the room with no supply diffuser) occurred, a reevaluation is required. This reevaluation will likely conclude that additional
supply air must be provided to the conference room and supply air extended to the new enclosed office. The reevaluation
may be confined to the areas that receive more or less air and need not extend to the entire building. If the conference room
and new office comprise more than 25% of the floor area served by the system, then § 7.2.1 triggers the need for rebalancing
in accordance with § 7.2.2. It is possible that the amount of minimum outdoor air may need to be increased in accordance
with § 6.
Q
The occupied schedule for an auditorium is lengthened in a school that was constructed in August 2001. Is a reevaluation of
the ventilation system design required?
A
Yes. However, keep in mind that reevaluation does not necessarily mean redesign. For instance, the reevaluation might be
limited to equipment schedules and may result in an earlier start time and later stop time for the auditorium’s air handler.
In certain cases, skilled reevaluation will be required. For instance, in this example, skilled analysis of the time averaging
may be required.
Q
An entire office building is remodeled with new partitions, new space uses, and different occupant densities. Is a complete
recalculation of the ventilation air quantities required?
A
Yes. This recalculation may trigger the need for duct, outdoor air intake, and cooling capacity design changes. Or it may
trigger a mere readjustment of the outdoor air damper. Alternatively, it may demonstrate that the old air distribution
complies without any changes at all, for instance if the system is modular and occupant densities and categories decrease the
requirements.
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 8-5
A
Humidifiers, when they are installed, introduce contaminants into the visually inspected for cleanliness and
must be cleaned and maintained to airstream at the same time that they integrity and that they be cleaned as
limit fouling (deposition of solid reduce biological activity. needed, including the removal of
material that may or may not be visible debris or biological material. It
Drain pans must be kept clean to
organic) and microbial growth. In also requires the repair of any physical
prevent contamination of the air.
addition, a regular inspection schedule damage to louvers, screens, or mist
Another important reason for keeping
should be set and adhered to (once eliminators that impairs the ability to
drain pans clean is so that the
every three months, or as specified in prevent contaminant entry. Outdoor
condensate pipe does not become
the O&M Manual). Humidifiers add air intake louvers are openings in the
clogged, causing an uncontrolled
moisture to the airstream. They are building wall that allow the
water overflow into the air handler
not required, since the Standard no introduction of outdoor air. Usually
and/or the occupied space. Water
longer includes a minimum humidity they have fixed position vanes, except
from the dehumidification coil and/or
requirement. However, they are for special products that serve the dual
the drain pan will wet adjacent
sometimes installed, especially in function of outdoor air damper (see
surfaces. Sometimes this is intended
computer rooms, some hospitals, and previous bullet).
(such as on the metal support frame of
in locations where a work process
the drain pan) and other times it is not Sensors whose primary function is
requires it. Humidifiers are known to
(such as the sound lining downstream dynamic minimum outdoor air
be a potential source of biological
of the pan). Section 8.4.1.5 requires control, such as flow stations at an air
contamination, but proper
that such wetting be investigated, handler and those used for demand-
maintenance and cleaning can reduce
cleaned up as necessary, and the cause controlled ventilation (CO2 sensors,
this possibility.
of any unintended wetting rectified. people counters) are required to have
Dehumidification coils must be Rectification methods are not their accuracy verified. Recalibration
visually inspected on a regular basis, specified by the Standard, but they is required for a sensor that fails the
especially during the cooling season may include measures such as accuracy specified in the O&M
(once a year or as specified in the enlargement of the drain pan, manual.
O&M Manual). In addition, they must reduction in air volume, installation of
Outdoor airflow verification must be
be cleaned when fouling or microbial mist/moisture eliminator panels or
performed for all ventilation systems
growth is observed. Dehumidification smoothing of the velocity profile using
where the supply air quantity is 2000
coils (most often serving the dual air baffles. Drain pans collect the
cfm (1000 L/s) or greater. Many
function of cooling coils) are intended moisture that the dehumidification
systems have so-called outdoor air
to be wet, since they take water vapor coils remove from the system
economizers, which bring in excess
from the air and condense it into free airstream. The pan is generally
outdoor air for free cooling when
water (also called condensate). While connected to a condensate drain pipe
outdoor air temperatures are moderate
the coils themselves are made of that conducts the water, usually to a
enough to permit it. The verification
metal, organic solids collect on them, sewer system. Some packaged air
should not be done in this excess
and conditions of moisture and conditioners conduct the water to the
outdoor air mode; instead it is required
temperature favorable to biological outdoor refrigerant condenser, where
to be performed when the system is in
growth are likely to occur. Anti- it evaporates into the outdoor air.
minimum outdoor air mode. If the
microbial treatments for
Outdoor air intake louvers must have measured minimum outdoor airflow
dehumidification coils exist, but are
the ability to control moisture entry rate is less than that specified in the
not required by the Standard. Please
and be equipped with bird screens. O&M manual (+/- 10% tolerance)
note that such treatments can
Section 8.4.1.6 requires that they be then it must either be adjusted to the
User’s Manual for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 8-7
A
Table 8-A—Minimum Maintenance Activity and Frequency (Table 8-1 in the Standard)
ITEM ACTIVITY MINIMUM FREQUENCY
Filters and air cleaning Maintain according to O&M Manual. According to O&M Manual
devices
Outdoor air dampers and Visually inspect or remotely monitor for proper function. Every three months, or in accordance
actuators with O&M Manual
Humidifiers Clean and maintain to limit fouling and microbial growth. Every three months of use, or in
accordance with O&M Manual
Dehumidification coils Visually inspect for cleanliness and microbial growth, and clean when Regularly when it is likely that
fouling is observed. dehumidification occurs, but no less
than once per year or as specified in the
O&M Manual
Drain pans and other Visually inspect for cleanliness and microbial growth, and clean when Once per year during cooling season or
adjacent surfaces subject to fouling is observed. as specified in the O&M Manual
wetting
Outdoor air intake louvers, Visually inspect for cleanliness and integrity, and clean when necessary. Every six months or as specified in the
bird screens, mist O&M Manual
eliminators, and adjacent
areas
Sensors used for dynamic Verify accuracy and recalibrate or replace as necessary. Every six months or periodically in
minimum outdoor air control accordance with O&M Manual
Air handling systems except Measure minimum quantity of outdoor air. If measured minimum airflow Once every five years
for units under 2000 cfm rates are less than 90% of the minimum outdoor air rate in the O&M
(1000 L/s) Manual, they must be adjusted or modified to bring them above 90%, or
must be evaluated to determine if the measured rates are in conformance
with this Standard.
Cooling towers Treat to limit the growth of microbiological contaminants. In accordance with O&M Manual or
treatment system provider
Floor drains located in Maintain to prevent transport of contaminants from the floor drain to the Periodically according to the O&M
plenums or rooms that serve plenum. Manual
as air plenums
Equipment/component Keep the space provided around the ventilation equipment for routine
accessibility maintenance and inspection clear.
Q
What are examples of a water treatment programs compliant with § 8.4.1.9?
A
Any treatment of the water to limit growth of microbiological contaminants is compliant.
Slug dosing at relatively high concentrations of broad-spectrum biocides at regular intervals is usually the preferred method
for cooling towers.* “Broad-spectrum” means having the capability of controlling a wide range of conditions. The water
treatment vendor recommends the concentration. It is common to use two broad-spectrum biocides in an alternating
fashion so that each one is used once per week during the cooling season. In this way, an organism that is not susceptible to
one of the biocides will be controlled by the other. It is possible to dose the cooling tower directly into its lower basin, using
manual chemical handling procedures. To reduce handling by maintenance personnel, the dosage and timing can be
automated using feed pumps.
There are tablet products intended for smaller cooling towers that can be inserted into the cooling tower once every few
weeks. Ozone treatment programs are also available to limit microbial growth.
* Cooling Water Treatment Manual, 3rd ed., National Association of Corrosion Engineers, TPC Publication 1, (1990): 20.
Q
What are examples of investigation and rectification of visible microbial contamination that is compliant with § 8.4.2?
A
Any response that includes both investigation and rectification is compliant.
Examples of some responses include the following:
Any of the procedures described in Section 7 “Mitigating IAQ Problems,” Problems 5, 8, 9, and 15 of EPA’s Building Air
Quality, A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers, see http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/baqtoc.html;
Any of the techniques described in EPA’s Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, see
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/molds/mold_remediation.html; and
New York City’s “Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments,” see
http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doh/html/epi/moldrpt1.html.
8-10 O p e r a t i o n s & M a i n t e n a n c e : V e n t i l a t i o n S y s t e m M a i n t e n a n c e ( § 8 . 4 )
Q
former cooling towers
built 1973
(§ 8 does not apply)
central plant
built 1971
built 1973
renovated
2003, B A
new AHUS
and ducts
(§ 8 applies)
The Health and Life Sciences (HLS) building wings A and B of a State College were constructed in 1973. Wing C was
constructed in 2002 and the wing B renovation, which took place in 2003 included new air handlers and new supply air
distribution ducts. The 1971 central plant, located in wing B, serves all of the wings. Since wing C was built in the location
of the old cooling towers, they were replaced in a new location adjacent to wing C at the time of its construction. The College
uses the same maintenance schedule, plan storage system, and O&M procedures for all areas of all of its buildings. How does
§ 8 apply to the HLS building?
A
Section 8 of Standard 62.1-2004 applies in full to wings B & C since they were constructed or renovated after November 16,
2001. Even though building alterations and change-of-use may occur in wing A, § 8 requirements do not apply. However,
building codes and application of previous versions of Standard 62.1 may have requirements that are beyond the scope of
this Manual.
The O&M Manual (§ 8.2), operation procedures (§ 8.3), and maintenance procedures (§ 8.4) for wings B & C must be
compliant, so if the college desires consistent procedures in all areas, it may voluntarily use these same compliant procedures
for wing A. Strictly speaking, the Standard requires that visible microbial contamination be investigated and rectified only
if it occurs in wings B & C, but for reasons of consistency and best practice, the College may also elect to comply in wing A.
Since the cooling tower is located in the newly constructed wing C and since its replacement in a new location amounts to
a building component renovation, it must be installed with the clearances required in § 5 and must have water treatment
compliant with § 8.4.1.9.
A
A. Appendix
CO2-Based Demand Controlled Ventilation
Overview direct-fired combustion devices, dry ice, which are located within the breathing
This appendix describes how carbon compressed CO2, etc., since it could result zone. Using a control volume around the
dioxide (CO2) concentration may be used in excessive ventilation. room and balancing CO2:
to control the occupant component of the CO2-based DCV is an energy A-A
ventilation rate. The approaches
& + V C − (V − V′ )C − V′ C = v ∂C R
conservation measure; its purpose is to
described may be used to dynamically reduce outdoor air rates and the energy N
∂t
pz s pz ot RA ot R
Hence, we can use CO2 concentration to This section describes the science behind
air supply air
dynamically adjust the occupant the CO2 control strategies described later
handling
component of the ventilation rate to in this Chapter. unit
Vpz, Cs
reduce outdoor air intake rates when Figure A-A shows airflow rates and CO2 (Vpz-V'ot), CRA
zones are not occupied at their design concentrations for a single zone
occupancy. This is commonly called CO2- ventilation system. return air
based demand-controlled ventilation
The zone is assumed to be pressurized and V'ot, CR
(DCV). CO2-based DCV should not be •
Assuming steady-state (this assumption If pefsople are the only sources of CO2 Combining the last three equations and
is justified subsequently), the equation in the zone, then the source strength of Equation 6-B, the outdoor air intake
simplifies to: CO2 is: rate as a function of CO2 concentration
(V′ot) can be determined as:
A-B A-F
N = Vpz (C RA − C s ) + Vot (C R − C RA )
& ′ & =kmP
N z
A-G
R a Az
Vot′ =
At the air handler, mass balance where
R p (C R − C OA )
equations yield:
k is the generation rate of CO2, which Ez −
averages about 0.0084 cfm/met/person km
over the general adult population,
A-C m is the activity level of the people in the With typical adult CO2 generation rates
Vot′ (C RA − C OA ) = Vpz (C RA − C s ) zone (in met), and
and the units of concentration in parts
Pz is the number of people in the zone.
per million, this equation can be
Combining these two equations yields: Chapter 8 of the ASHRAE Handbook— written:
A-D Fundamentals, contains typical met
A-H
& = V ′ (C − C )
N levels for a variety of activities. Some of
ot R OA R a Az
these values are reproduced in Table Vot′ =
For single zone systems, the system R p (C R − C OA )
A-A. Ez −
outdoor air rate can be converted to the 8400 m
breathing zone outdoor air rate: Table A-A—Typical Met Levels for Equation A-H can be used to determine
A-E Various Activities the CO2 concentration that will occur in
V ACTIVITY MET the breathing zone at design occupancy
Vot = Voz = bz and minimum outdoor air rate under
Ez Seated, quiet 1.0
Reading and writing, steady-state conditions:
1.0
The outdoor air rate in the breathing seated
A-I
zone, Vbz, is calculated from Equation Typing 1.1
R p Pz + R a A z R a Az
6-B. Vot in Equation A-E becomes V'ot Filing, seated 1.2 Vot = =
when the occupancy is at other than Ez R p (C R − C OA )
Filing, standing 1.4 Ez −
design conditions. 8400 m
Walking, at 0.89 m/s 2.0
House cleaning 2.0–3.4
Exercise 3.0–4.0
Solving for room CO2 concentration we conservative “code intended” CO2 concentration may be used as an
get: philosophy used to determined indicator of bioeffluent concentration.
ventilation rates. Thus the steady-state assumption in
A-J
Equation A-H is made not because the
8400E z m Steady-State Assumption
C R = C OA + actual system is at steady-state but
R A
Rp + a z P Both Equation A-H and Equation 6-B because the ventilation rate equation,
z
from which it was derived are based on Equation 6-B, is based on steady-state
Table A-B shows steady-state CO2 an assumption of steady-state conditions. This steady-state
concentrations for several common conditions. In the non-steady-state relationship is simply being used to
occupancy types calculated using conditions typical of most real-world establish the relationship between CO2
Equation A-J assuming default occupant applications, CO2 concentration will (odor) concentration and airflow
density, estimates of activity levels, Ez generally lag behind changes in the setpoint in Equation A-H. Therefore,
equal to 1.0, and an ambient CO2 actual number of occupants in the zone while the rate of air supplied using
concentration of 400 ppm. and changes in ventilation airflow rates. Equation A-H will not exactly track the
However, using Equation A-H to source strength of bioeffluents due to
For offices, the CO2 concentration is control outdoor air rates is still valid
about the same as what was transient effects, it should maintain an
because the rate of generation of CO2 by acceptable bioeffluent concentration. In
recommended in previous versions of occupants should be nearly proportional
Standard 62 (about 525 ppm above practice, acceptable performance will
to the rate of bioeffluent generation; also hinge on the ability of the control
ambient or 925 ppm at 400 ppm both are generated at a rate that is in
ambient). Concentrations for the other system to sense CO2 concentrations and
proportion to the number of people and adjust ventilation rates according to the
occupancy types listed, which are all their activity level. It is bioeffluent
densely occupied zones, are equation.
(odor) concentration we are trying to
significantly higher than prior control, and if the source strengths of
recommendations. This is due to the less CO2 and bioeffluents are proportional,
A-4 A p p e n d i x C O 2 - B a s e d D e m a n d C o n t r o l l e d V e n t i l a t i o n : D y n a m i c R e s e t o f O u t d o o r A i r I n t a k e
Dynamic Reset of Outdoor direct digital control system) would Zone Breathing Level Parameters
have to be capable of using Equation (Rp, Pz, Ra, Az)
Air Intake
A-H to dynamically calculate the Breathing level ventilation parameters
Constant Volume Systems required outdoor air rate setpoint and are determined as described in Chapter
with Airflow Measurement then modulate dampers (or provide 6’s “VRP Summary,” with one
For single zone systems with outdoor some other means) to adjust the outdoor exception: the number of occupants (Pz)
airflow measuring and control devices, air rate to the new setpoint. cannot be reduced using the time
Equation A-H can be used to averaging technique described in the
The variables in Equation A-H can be
dynamically reset outdoor air intake “Time Averaging (§ 6.2.6.2)” section of
determined as follows.
rate, V'ot. The control system (e.g. a Chapter 6. This is necessary since the
exhaust air
M
signal
converter
M
D
outdoor air
X
zone
CO2
sensor
Activity Level
Vot
Activity level is estimated from Table
A-A. The lower the estimate, the more
conservative the resulting outdoor air
rates will be.
its design outdoor airflow rate, Vot. In this way, the minimum outdoor air signal converter replaces the
See examples in Table A-B. Call this intake rate varies from the building area potentiometer—the CO2 DCV controls
value CO2max. rate (Vat) to the design rate (Vot) as the will maintain minimum outdoor air
Step 4: Provide a CO2 CO2 concentration varies from ambient rates instead. The signal converter is
sensor/controller that is adjusted to to the steady-state maximum rate adjusted to send a resistance that
send a maximum output signal when CO2max. Note that this control adjusts provides Vat (as measured at the AC unit
the room CO2 is at the CO2max and a the minimum outdoor air rate setpoint. outdoor air intake by the test & balance
minimum output signal when the The economizer controller can override contractor) when the CO2 sensor output
room CO2 is at the ambient conditions DCV to provide additional outdoor air corresponds to ambient CO2
(e.g. 400 ppm). to reduce cooling energy usage when concentration and to a resistance that
weather and load conditions are provides Vot when the CO2 sensor
Step 5: Adjust the outdoor air damper
favorable. output corresponds to CO2max.
so that at the maximum controller
output signal the system delivers The design for a packaged single zone Multiple Zone Systems
design outdoor air rate Vot. This is AC unit is shown in Figure A-B. A CO2 DCV for multiple zone recirculating
generally done by or in conjunction sensor provides an analog signal systems has not been adequately
with the test & balance contractor. proportional to CO2 concentration. It is developed at this time. Supplemental
wired to a signal converter (transducer) information is expected to follow after
Step 6: Adjust the outdoor air damper
that scales the output and converts it to further research and after successful
so that at the minimum controller
be compatible with the damper implementation of various approaches.
output signal the system delivers the
actuator. For instance, the damper
building area outdoor air rate Vat.
actuator may operate using a variable
Again, this is generally done by or in
resistance signal with a potentiometer
conjunction with the test & balance
to maintain a minimum damper
contractor.
position when the AC unit is on. The
A-8 A p p e n d i x C O 2 - B a s e d D e m a n d C o n t r o l l e d V e n t i l a t i o n : D y n a m i c R e s e t o f O u t d o o r A i r I n t a k e
Q
A 2000 ft2 meeting/conference room with a design occupancy of 100 people is served by a packaged gas/electric AC unit.
What’s the simplest way to do DCV with this system?
A
The simplest control approach is as shown in Figure A-B and described in the earlier section titled “Constant Volume Systems
Without Airflow Measurement.”
First, calculate the minimum system outdoor air rate, assuming a zone air distribution effectiveness of 0.8 (due to the possibility
of heating when the zone is fully occupied):
R p Pz + R a A z
Vot =
Ez
5 ∗ 100 + 0.06 ∗ 2000
=
0.8
= 775
Then calculate the outdoor air rate with no occupants:
5 ∗ 0 + 0.06 ∗ 2000
Vat =
0.8
= 150
Next calculate the steady-state CO2 concentration when the zone is fully occupied, assuming 400 ppm outdoors, Ez at 0.8, and
an activity level of 1 met:
8400E z m
C R = C OA +
R A
Rp + a z P
z
8400 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 1
= 400 +
5 + 0.06 ∗ 2000100
= 1485
If the CO2 sensor has a 0 to 2000 ppm range corresponding to an output of 0 to 5 Vdc, the signal at minimum (400 ppm) and
maximum (1485 ppm) CO2 concentration would be 1 Vdc and 3.7 Vdc respectively.
While the test & balance contractor measures outdoor air rate at the AC unit, the signal converter (Figure A-B) is adjusted to
cause the economizer dampers to provide 150 cfm with an input signal to the converter of 1 Vdc and 775 cfm with an input
signal of 3.7 Vdc.
Index
Symbols 7-4, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, 8-10 1-8
“stretched string” method 5-15, 5-16 existing 1-1, 2-4, 6-5, 6-44, 7-1 electrostatic precipitator 8-5
Numerics new 1-1, 7-1, 7-4 environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
62MZCalc spreadsheet 2-5, 6-23, 6-26, speculative 6-14, 6-36 3-2, 6-1, 6-42
6-27, 6-28, 6-29, 6-30, 6-32, 6-34, exfiltration 3-1, 5-22, 1-1
C
6-36 carbon dioxide (CO2) 2-4, 3-2, 5-11, expected average snow depth 5-15,
80% satisfaction 6-5 5-12, 5-19, 6-5, 6-41, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 5-17, 5-18
A 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8 F
absorption 5-27, 5-31 carbon monoxide 2-3, 3-2, 4-1, 4-2, filter
actuator 8-8, 1-7 5-19, 6-49, 6-50 gas-phase 6-1, 8-5
additivity 6-3, 6-4 cognizant authority 3-1, 6-45 particulate 5-20, 6-10, 7-1, 7-2, 8-5
aerometric information retrieval system condensate 5-27, 5-28, 5-29, 5-36, 8-6 finned-tube coil 5-29
(AIRS) 3-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 6-45, condensation 5-22, 5-33, 5-34, 5-35,
H
6-52 5-36 humidifier 5-27, 5-31, 5-33, 8-5, 8-6,
air balancing 5-3, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 7-4, CONTAM 6-46, 6-52 8-8
7-5, 7-6, 8-4 contaminants of concern (COC) 3-2, humidity 2-3, 3-2, 5-2, 5-11, 5-13,
air cleaning 2-4, 4-1, 4-6, 5-37, 6-1, 6-43, 6-44, 6-45, 6-46, 6-47, 6-49 5-20, 5-21, 5-23, 5-24, 5-34, 6-13,
6-9, 6-10, 6-11, 6-43, 6-44, 6-47, cooling tower 5-15, 8-5, 8-7, 8-8, 8-9, 6-39, 8-6
6-51, 6-52, 8-5, 8-8 8-10
I
air handling unit 2-4, 4-6, 5-28, 5-32, D Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)
5-33, 6-9, 6-13, 6-23, 6-29, 6-33, damper 3-2, 4-6, 6-1, 6-2, 6-43, 6-44, 6-45,
6-34, 6-36, 6-49, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, 8-4, automatic 8-5 6-47, 6-49, 6-51, 6-52, 6-53, 6-54,
8-6, 8-7, 8-8, 8-10, 1-1, 1-2 manual 5-3, 8-5 7-7
air intake 2-4, 4-4, 5-3, 5-11, 5-12, mixing 1-6 infiltration 5-22, 5-34, 5-37
5-14, 5-15, 5-16, 5-17, 5-18, 5-22, modulating 5-11, 1-4
5-33, 5-38, 6-1, 6-9, 6-20, 6-21, outdoor air 5-11, 5-12, 7-4, 7-5, L
6-22, 6-23, 6-24, 6-26, 6-27, 6-29, lead 4-1, 4-2
8-1, 8-4, 8-5, 8-6, 8-8, 1-7
6-31, 6-33, 6-35, 6-36, 6-38, 6-39, louvers 5-2, 5-16, 5-17, 5-18, 8-5, 8-6,
volume 5-31
6-41, 6-51, 7-4, 8-4, 8-5, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8
dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
8-8, 1-1, 1-2, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7 5-11, 5-12, 5-23 M
airstream surfaces 2-4, 5-13 dehumidification 5-11, 5-20, 5-21, mass balance analysis 2-4, 6-46, 6-49,
appliances 5-22, 5-23, 5-27, 5-29, 5-34, 7-4, 6-51, 6-52, 1-2
fuel-burning 5-19 8-5, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8 microbial growth 5-13, 5-14, 5-16,
unvented 5-19 demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) 5-17, 5-20, 5-22, 5-27, 5-28, 5-29,
vented 5-19 3-2, 6-36, 6-41, 1-1, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8 5-31, 5-32, 5-33, 5-34, 5-36, 7-1,
attainment area 4-1, 4-5 dilution ventilation 5-15, 6-23, 6-27, 7-4, 8-5, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8, 8-9, 8-10
B 6-29, 6-43 minimum efficiency reporting value
bioeffluents 4-1, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-6, direct digital control (DDC) system 3-2, (MERV) 3-2, 5-20, 6-10, 6-12,
6-28, 6-49, 1-1, 1-3 1-4, 1-6 6-42, 7-2
bird screen 5-2, 5-14, 5-18, 8-6, 8-8 drain pans 5-27, 5-28, 5-29, 5-31, 7-4, minimum ventilation rates 4-1, 6-1,
buildings 7-5, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8 6-28
alterations to existing 6-44, 7-1, mist eliminator 5-17, 8-6, 8-8
E
economizer 5-12, 6-41, 8-6, 1-6, 1-7, N
national ambient air quality standards
(NAAQS) 3-2, 4-1, 4-2, 4-5, 4-6, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning variable air volume (VAV) system 3-3,
6-11, 6-45, 6-50 National Contractor’s Association 5-11, 5-12, 6-21, 6-22, 6-23, 6-26,
nitrogen oxides (NOx) 2-3, 3-2, 4-1, (SMACNA) 3-3, 5-10, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4 6-27, 6-28, 6-29, 6-30, 6-32, 6-33,
4-2, 6-49, 6-50, 6-51, 6-53 sick building syndrome 5-2, 6-5 6-35, 6-38, 6-41
nonattainment area 4-2, 4-5, 4-6, 6-10, source control 4-1, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 5-14, Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP) 2-3,
6-11 5-20, 5-28, 5-35, 6-1, 6-43, 6-47, 3-3, 5-37, 6-1, 6-2, 6-5, 6-6, 6-9,
O
8-1, 8-5, 8-6, 8-7 6-13, 6-24, 6-35, 6-41, 6-42, 6-43,
occupant space 6-46, 6-47, 6-49, 6-52, 7-7
adapted 6-1, 6-2, 6-4, 6-5 industrial 2-4, 3-1, 5-22 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 3-3,
unadapted 6-1, 6-2, 6-4 occupiable 3-1, 5-2, 5-10, 6-2, 6-1, 6-44, 6-45, 6-49, 6-50, 6-53
ozone (O3) 2-3, 3-2, 4-1, 4-2, 6-9, 6-10, 6-13, 6-15 volumetric 2-4, 3-2, 6-2, 6-11, 6-12,
6-11, 6-12, 6-49, 6-50, 6-51, 6-53, occupied 5-2, 5-6, 5-10, 5-11, 5-13, 6-45, 6-51
8-9 5-20, 5-35, 5-37, 6-4, 6-7, W
6-9, 6-10, 6-12, 6-19, wind effect 5-22
P 6-20, 6-27, 6-28, 6-35,
people counter 8-6 Z
6-41, 6-46, 7-2, 7-5, 8-1,
plenum 5-3, 5-7, 5-8, 5-10, 5-12, 5-18, zone
8-2, 8-6, 8-7, 1-1, 1-3
5-27, 5-33, 5-35, 5-36, 6-23, 6-28, breathing 3-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-7, 6-9,
stack effect 5-2, 5-6, 5-22, 5-37
6-41, 7-2, 8-7, 8-8, 1-6 6-15, 6-20, 6-22, 6-24,
steady-state 6-20, 6-27, 6-35, 6-46, 1-2,
PM10 3-2, 4-2, 4-4, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11 6-35, 6-36, 6-41, 8-1, 1-1,
1-3, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8
PM2.5 3-2 1-2, 1-4, 1-5
sulfur dioxide 3-3, 4-2, 6-10, 6-49,
critical 6-21, 6-25, 6-26, 6-27,
R 6-50, 6-51, 6-53
radon 5-35, 6-43 6-30, 6-31, 6-32, 6-33,
reentrainment 4-4, 5-16 T 6-36
thermal comfort 6-45, 8-1 HVAC 6-13, 6-21
retroactive application 2-4
time averaging 4-1, 6-2, 6-28, 6-35, thermal 6-13
S 6-36, 6-37, 6-38, 6-39, 6-40, 8-4, ventilation 5-3, 5-7, 5-8, 6-1, 6-9,
sensitive population 2-3, 4-1, 6-10 1-4 6-13, 6-14, 6-19, 6-21,
sensor
V 6-26, 6-30, 7-4
CO2 6-41, 8-6, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8
vapor retarder 5-34
occupancy 5-11, 5-12