BC-312

Bioprocess Technology Industrial importance of microorganism.

Learning objectives:
Introduction:

Historical Perspective and Modern Advancements

Microorganisms and their Classifications

by

Dr. Prodyut Dhar Primary and Secondary Metabolites

School of Biochemical Engineering Bioproducts and its Classifications

Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Fermentation and range of processes

Types of Microorganisms Types of Microorganisms: Bacteria

• Cell properties: Bacteria is a prokaryotic cell (having a primitive nucleus) and
unicellular.
• Size: It ranges from 0.2-100 µm.
• Shape: Bacteria are pleomorphic in nature. It possesses variable shapes.
• Types: Bacteria can be either Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on cell wall
characteristics.
• Cell Morphology: Depending upon the cell shape, bacteria typically exist in 7
forms, viz. Bacillus, Coccus, Vibrio & Spirillum etc.
• Resistance: Some strains of the bacteria are resistant to adverse conditions like
high pH, temperature, high salt concentration and many antibiotics etc.
• Nutrition type: Heterotrophic or autotrophic
• Oxygen Requirements: Classified into two forms based on requirements of oxygen
Multicellular Animal 1. Aerobic (living in presence of oxygen)
Parasites (helminths) Archaea 2. Anaerobic (living without oxygen)

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 Types of Microorganisms: Fungi Types of Microorganisms: Protozoa
• Cell properties: Fungi are eukaryotic and it can be multicellular or unicellular. • Cell properties: These are eukaryotic and multicellular.
Size: The size of moulds ranges from 2.0-10.0 µm and the size of yeast ranges from • Size: It ranges from 2.0-200 µm.
5.0-10.0µm. • Shape: Protozoa are variable in shape.
• Shape: A fungus has two distinct morphological shapes. Its vegetative stage is • Movement: Protozoa move through the help of cilia or flagella.
characterized by the formation of a hyphal network, while the reproductive stage • Nucleus: It contains a vesicular nucleus with complex organelles.
is characterized by the formation of fruiting bodies through the hyphae. • Genetic material: DNA.
• Movement: Fungi have no locomotory apparatus, there is only the movement of • Types: Flagellates, ciliates, amoeboid and sporozoans are the four types of
spores through air or wind. protozoa.
• Nucleus: True nucleus present. • Nutrition type: Most of the protozoans are
• Genetic material: In fungi, either DNA or RNA is present. heterotrophic and a few are autotrophic.
• Types: On the basis of cell type, fungi are broadly classified into yeast and moulds. • Chlorophyll: Few protozoans contain green
chlorophyll pigment.
• Mold is a type of fungus that grows in • Morphology: Complex.
multicellular filaments called hyphae. • Oxygen requirement: Most of the
• These tubular branches have multiple, protozoans are aerobic.
genetically identical nuclei, yet form a • They are useful in mineralizing
single organism, known as a colony nutrients and making them available to
plants or soil organisms. They feed on
bacteria and regulate bacterial
populations.

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Types of Microorganisms: Algae Types of Microorganisms: Viruses

• Cell properties: Algae are eukaryotic and it can be unicellular, multicellular or
• Cell properties: Virus are prokaryotic and acellular microorganisms.
colonial.
• Size: It ranges from 0.015-0.2 µm
• Size: It ranges from 1.0 µm to several feet.
• Shape: Its shape is generally icosahedral, while a few are spherical, helical and
• Shape: Algae exist in variable shapes or irregular structure.
complex.
• Movement: They move through their flagella.
• Habitat: These are mainly living inside the host.
• Nucleus: True nucleus present.
Movement: They move into the host cell by recognition of receptor site through tail
• Genetic material: DNA.
pin and tail fibres by various methods like endocytosis and exocytosis.
• Types: Euglenoids, golden-brown algae, fire algae, green algae, red algae, brown
• Genetic material: In viruses either DNA or RNA is present.
algae and yellow-green algae are common types.
• Types: Viruses are broadly classified into a plant, animal and human virus on the
• Nutrition type: Autotrophic.
basis of their effect.
• Chlorophyll: Present.
• Nutrition Type: Parasitic.
• Nature: Heterotrophic and parasitic in nature.
• Oxygen requirement: • Reproduction: Viruses replicate inside
Algae can be aerobic or anaerobic. the host via lytic and lysogenic
replication cycle.
• Nature: Viruses only share a parasitic
relationship with other organisms.

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What is Virus? How Virus was discovered?
• Virus is a living or non-living system? A simple experiment lead to discovery of Virus
• How does it propagates and multiplies in the living systems?
• What is Viruses composed of?
• How was it discovered and when?
Structure and Function
• A virus is a small parasite that cannot reproduce by itself. Once it infects a
susceptible cell, however, a virus can direct the cell machinery to produce more
viruses. It is called as obligate intracellular parasite
• Each viral particle, or virion, consists of a single nucleic acid, RNA or DNA,
encoding the viral genome surrounded by a protein coat, and is capable of
replication only within the living cells of bacteria, animals or plants.

• Viruses are classified into different orders

and families by consideration of the type
of nucleic acid present (RNA or DNA),
The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is
whether the nucleic acid is single- or
awarded to Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and
double-stranded, and the presence or
Charles M. Rice for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus.
absence of an envelope

What are different types of Virus?

Virus Classification on basis of morphology & replication

Thank You

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