GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

DISEASE CASE
STUDY
PRESENTATION
Naihma Mae E. Casicas
CONTENTS OF THIS PRESENTATION
Topic:
Reproductive System
Disease:
HIV
Background/Overview of the disease
Signs and Symptoms
Vulnerable group (according to research & statistics)
Medical Intervention
Morbidity/Mortality Rate
General Biology 2
Group 2
WHAT IS
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM?
 Reproductive System
collection of organs and a network of hormone production that work together to
create life.
the male reproductive system includes the testes (which produce sperm), penis,
epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra.
the female reproductive system consists of the ovaries (which produce eggs or
oocytes), fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva.
both the male and female reproductive systems must be functioning properly
for a couple to conceive naturally. A problem with the structure or function of
either reproductive system can cause infertility.
 HIV
(HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS)
 WHAT IS HIV?
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s
immune system, making a person more vulnerable to other infections
and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids (blood,
semen (cum),pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), rectal fluids, vaginal fluids,
and breast milk.) of a person with HIV, most commonly during
unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or
treat HIV). HIV is incurable however with proper medical care it can be
controlled, people with HIV can live long and healthy lives and prevent
transmitting HIV to their sexual partners. If HIV is not treated, it can lead
to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) , the late stage of HIV
infection that occurs when the body’s immune system is badly damaged
because of the virus.
 HIV TRANSMISSION
Most people who get HIV get it through anal or vaginal sex, or sharing needles,
syringes, or other drug injection equipment.

Sexual Intercourse
You can get HIV if you have anal sex with someone who has HIV without
using protection (like condoms or medicine to treat or prevent HIV).
Anal sex is the riskiest type of sex for getting or transmitting HIV.
Vaginal sex is less risky for getting HIV than receptive anal sex.
Either partner can get HIV during vaginal sex.
Most women who get HIV get it from vaginal sex. HIV can enter a woman’s
body during vaginal sex through the mucous membranes that line the
vagina and cervix.
Men can also get HIV during vaginal sex. This is because vaginal fluid and
blood can carry HIV. Men get HIV through the opening at the tip of the
penis (or urethra), the foreskin if the penis isn’t circumcised, or small
cuts, scratches, or open sores anywhere on the penis.
Other HIV transmission
HIV can be transmitted from a mother to her baby
during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. However, it
is less common because of advances in HIV prevention
and treatment. This is called perinatal transmission or
mother-to-child transmission.
Mother-to-child transmission is the most common way
that children get HIV.
You are at high risk for getting HIV if you share
needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment
(for example, cookers) with someone who has HIV.
Never share needles or other equipment to inject
drugs, hormones, steroids, or silicone.
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
HIV symptoms may show up two to four weeks after initial exposure, some can take 10 years
or more for HIV to show any symptoms or much, it's longer than that for people who take HIV
medicines. It's really important to get tested for HIV regularly, especially if you’ve had
unprotected sex or shared needles because people usually look and feel totally healthy for a
long time after they’re infected. HIV treatment can help you stay healthy. Treatment can also
lower or even stop your chances of spreading HIV to other people during sex.

Acute HIV Infection

Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, about two-thirds of people will have
a flu-like illness. This is the body’s natural response to HIV infection.
Flu-like symptoms can include: fever fatigue
chills swollen lymph nodes
night sweats mouth ulcers
muscle aches
sore throat

Stage 2 Clinical Latency

The virus still multiply in a very low levels in this stage. In this stage called chronic
HIV infection, people won't feel sick or suffer any symptoms.

Stage 3 Aids
If you have HIV and you are not on HIV treatment, eventually the virus will weaken your
body’s immune system and you will progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome). This is the late stage of HIV infection.
 DISEASE' VULNERABILITY
Three most at-risk populations fuel the HIV epidemic in the Philippines: males
who have sex with males, injecting drug users, and female sex workers. Males who
have Sex with Males are the major driver of the epidemic. In January 2021, there
were 890 confirmed HIV-positive individuals reported to the HIV/AIDS & ART
Registry of the Philippines (HARP) and this comprised 1% of the (83,755) total
diagnosed cases since January 1984. Moreover, 19% (172) had clinical
manifestations of advanced HIV infection at the time of testing.
 Injecting drug use (IDU)

Sexual contact

Injecting drug use (IDU) and sexual contact

Blood product

Mother to child

Kidney transplant

Unknown factor

0 20 40 60
A total of 52,342 people living with HIV (PLHIV) were presently on antiretroviral therapy (ART) as of July
2021. Ninety-six percent (50,317) were males. The age of reported cases ranged from 1 to 80 years
(median: 32 years old). Ninety-six percent were on the first line regimen, 4% were on the second line,
and <1% were on the third line of regimen.
Pregnant Women with HIV

In January 2021, there were nine HIV positive women reported pregnant at the time
of diagnosis. Fifty-six percent were from NCR, 22% each from Central Luzon and
CaLaBaRZon. The age of diagnosis ranged from 17 to 30 years old (median age: 21).

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW)

Seventy-five Filipinos who worked overseas within the past five years, whether on land or
at sea, were recently reported with HIV in January 2021. They comprised 8% of the total
cases for this period. Of these, 92% (69) were male.
Ninety-nine percent were infected through sexual contact (14 male-female sex, 37 male-
male sex, 23 sex with both males & females ). One (1%) case had no data on MOT. The age
of diagnosis ranged from 21 to 55 years old (median age: 32).
Transactional Sex
In January 2021, 9% (84) of the newly diagnosed engaged in transactional sex. Ninety-
nine percent (83) were male and aged from 18-60 years old (median: 31 years old).
Fifty-five percent (46) of the males reported paying for sex only, 24% (20) reported
accepting payment for sex only and 20% (17) engaged in both. Only one female aged
33 years old engaged in transactional sex and had accepted payment for sex only.

Youth (15-24 years old)

In January 2021, 220 (25%) cases were among youth 15-24 years old, and 96% were
male. Ninety-nine percent (211) were infected through sexual contact (14 male-
female sex, 140 malemale sex, 64 sex with both males & femalesf ), and one (<1%)
acquired HIV through sharing of infected needles. One (<1%) case had no data on
the MOT.
Children (<10) & Adolescents (10-19)
There were 33 newly reported adolescents in January 2021. Of these, 3% (1) were 10-14
years old, 18% (6) were 15-17 years old, and 79% (26) were 18-19 years old. All
adolescents were infected through sexual contact (5 male-female sex, 18 male-male
sex, 18 sex with both males & femalesf ). Further, one child was diagnosed with HIV in
this reporting period and had acquired HIV through mother-to-child transmission.
 MEDICAL INTERVENTION
HIV treatment involves taking medicine that reduces the amount of HIV in our body.
HIV medicine is called antiretroviral therapy (ART).
There is no effective cure for HIV. But with proper medical care, we can control HIV.
Most people can get the virus under control within six months.
Taking HIV medicine does not prevent transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases.

Start Treatment As Soon As Possible After Diagnosis

HIV medicine is recommended for all people with HIV, regardless of how long they’ve had
the virus or how healthy they are.
Talk to a health care provider about any medical conditions you may have or any other
medicines you are taking.
Let your health care provider know if you or your partner is pregnant or thinking about
getting pregnant. They will determine the right type of HIV medicine that can help
prevent transmitting HIV to your baby.
Taking Treatment as Prescribed Helps Prevent Drug Resistance
Taking HIV medication consistently, as prescribed, helps prevent drug resistance.
Drug resistance develops when people with HIV are inconsistent with taking
their HIV medication as prescribed. The virus can change (mutate) and will no
longer respond to certain HIV medication.
If you develop drug resistance, it will limit your options for success
 Morbidity/Mortality Rate
The HIV/AIDS epidemic has seen dramatic shifts since the first cases were described in
1981. Initially perceived as a disease among gay men or Haitians in Western countries,
HIV transmission has been reported in virtually all parts of the world. Prevalence levels
in the 1990s reached more than 30 percent among adults in many Sub-Saharan
African cities, and no accessible, effective treatment was available. Although treatment
was available for a limited number of people in wealthier settings shortly after the
studies on triple therapy in 1996, mortality nevertheless soared, particularly in Sub-
Saharan Africa, slashing the hard-won gains in life expectancy resulting from social
and economic development and advances in medical technology and nutrition
(United Nations Population Division 2004) by more than a decade within a few years.
Latest worldwide data
HIV/AIDS deaths have been reduced by 64% since the peak in 2004 and by 47% since 2010.
In 2020, around 680 000 [480 000–1 million] people died from AIDS-related illnesses worldwide,
compared to 1.9 million [1.3 million–2.7 million] people in 2004 and 1.3 million [910 000–1.9 million]
people in 2010. AIDS-related mortality has declined by 53% among women and girls and by 41%
among men and boys since 2010.

Mortality Rate in the Philippines

In August 2021, there were 142 reported deaths due to any cause among people with HIV. Eighty-seven
percent (124) of them were males. Moreover, 14 were 15-24 years old, 66 were 25-34 years old, 53 were 35-
49 years old, and 9 were 50 years and older. From January 1984 to August 2021, there were a total of
5,062 reported deaths. Further, 32 cases were less than 15 years old at the time of death, 726 cases were
15-24 years old, 2,516 were 25-34 years old, 1,467 were 35-49 years old, and 318 were 50 years old and
older. There were 3 cases with no reported age at the time of death. The top three regions with the
most number of reported deaths were NCR with 62 (44%) cases, Region 3 with 23 (16%) cases and
Region 4A with 13(9%) cases. The rest of the country reported 39 (27%) cases while five (4%) cases have
no reported region of residence.
Differences among transmission groups continue to be important. IDUs are a vulnerable group
with respect to death from HIV-related and external causes, although they make up only 10%
of new HIV-non-AIDS diagnoses. The IDU males had a higher mortality rate by external causes
of death. MSM had higher weighted crude mortality rates for both HIV-related and non-HIV-
related causes of death, as well as heterosexual males. In the adjusted model we found higher
mortality in heterosexual males and IDUs (male and female) than MSM. These groups have
been found to be more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage, related to receiving care for their
condition.
Nevertheless, there is no room for complacency. Countries need to live up to their
commitment to end the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030 -- a target included
in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly in September 2015. The drop in HIV-related mortality is especially evident in the
regions with the greatest burden of HIV infection, including the WHO African Region, home to
over 67% of people dying from HIV-related causes in 2020. An estimated 460 000 [320
000−680 000] people died in the African Region from HIV-related causes in 2020, which
indicates that mortality has dropped by almost 48% since 2010.
“The decline in HIV-related deaths proves that investments in HIV testing, care,

and treatment are paying off, but we should also protect people from getting

HIV in the first place,” said Jonathan Mermin, M.D., M.P.H., Director of CDC’s

National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. “Through

the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative, we are working to accelerate progress

and ultimately make this epidemic a thing of the past.”

References
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https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html.
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basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/symptoms-of-hiv
Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention,
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Danforth, K., Granich, R., Wiedeman, D., Baxi, S. and Padian, N., 2021. Global Mortality and
Morbidity of HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525184/
Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet. Unaids.org. (2021). Retrieved 22 November 2021, from
https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet.
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https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/number-of-deaths-due-to-
hiv-aids
GROUP MEMBERS
1. Abantas, Princess Jamela
2. Dumapias, Kassandra Belle
3. De La Torre, Elaine Joy
4. Tumanda, Kim Hilary
5. Flores, Jesse Benidict
6. Mejos, Collins Dave
7. Nambatac Perf
8. Ambor, Nasrollah Grade 12 STEM 4
THANK YOU!