E

F icc 0027

TOMATO CLEANING AND WATER RECYCLE*

Walter W. Rose**
Allen M. Kat
George E. Wi1 son***

P a r t I: Cleaning of Tomatoes

.INTRODUCTION
I n 1972, engineers a t the US Department of Agriculture's Western
Regional Research Center (WRRC), A1 bany, California, conducted some
exploratory tomato cleaning research, u s i n g the concept of flexible,
s p i n n i n g rubber discs. This study did indicate t h a t mechanical energy,
i n the form of r o t a t i n g discs, could substitute f o r most of the
hydraulic energy, large volumes of water, i n cleaning the surfaces of
tomatoes. This study also indicated t h a t large numbers of stems could
be removed from tomatoes as they were being cleaned.
On the basis of the exploratory work, a cooperative project between
WRRC and the National Canners Association (NCA) was carried o u t i n
1973.2'3 T h i s project evaluated the rubber disc concept for the
cleaning and peeling o f tomatoes. An integrated p i l o t scale system was
operated a t a cannery throughout the 1973 processing season. Data was
developed t o indicate a substantial reduction in the need f o r water t o
clean and peel tomatoes.

*This investigation was supported by funds from the US Environmental

Protection Agency, Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory,
under Grant Number S803251-01.
A*National Canners Associa t i on, Western Research Laboratory, Berkttl e / ,
California.
. ***Eutek Process Development and Engineering, Sacramento, Cal ifoi-ii;a.

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 With the cooperation and assistance o f an i n d u s t r y ad hoc
committee, t h e NCA prepared a p r o j e c t f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n by the US
Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency (EPA). The p r o j e c t was designed t o
demonstrate, on a commercial basis, t h e c l e a n i n g o f tomatoes w i t h a
rubber d i s c machine and t o develop a water r e c y c l e system f o r dump tank
water. P a r t I o f t h i s paper w i l l discuss t h e c l e a n i n g o f tomatoes.
P a r t I 1 w i l l discuss t h e development o f a water r e c y c l e system.

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN AND PROCEDURE

A tomato cannery was l o c a t e d which processed a l l o f t h e tomatoes

from a s i n g l e b i n dumper. The processor d i d n o t r e c e i v e b u l k loads o f
tomatoes n o r d i d i t peel any tomatoes. This was i d e a l from a p r o j e c t
e v a l u a t i o n view-point as i t p e r m i t t e d a comparison w i t h t h e conventional
washing system and t h e proposed demonstration system. The water r e c y c l e
system was a l s o confined t o a s i n g l e o p e r a t i o n and t h e impact o f t h i s on
t h e o v e r a l l q u a l i t y o f water discharged from t h e p l a n t c o u l d be
determined.

Figure 1 i s a schematic r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e processing operations

i n v o l v e d i n dumping, t r a n s p o r t i n g and washing o f tomatoes by t h e
conventional and t h e demonstration systems. Included i n t h e schematic
i s an i n d i c a t i o n o f water f l o w s and sampling p o i n t s .

P r i o r t o s t a r t u p of t h e processing season, several changes were

made by t h e processor which s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l t e r e d t h e amounts o f water
used i n t h e c l e a n i n g o f tomatoes. The f i r s t and second stage washes
were combined i n t o a s i n g l e f l o o d washer. Water sprays were e l i m i n a t e d
from these two operations as w e l l as from t h e dump tank e l e v a t o r . A
t r u e counter f l o w system o f water was employed. Fresh water was used as
a f i n a l r i n s e f o r tomatoes on t h e i n s p e c t i o n b e l t . The d i s t r i b u t i o n
flume combined f i r s t and second stage washes and t h e dump tank each had
independent r e c i r c u l a t i o n loops. The f i n a l r i n s e water co-mingled w i t h
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n water, w i t h t h e excess water f l o w i n g i n t o t h e combined
washer water. The excess water from t h i s r e c i r c u l a t i o n l o o p flowed back
t o t h e dump tank r e c i r c u l a t i o n system, w i t h t h e excess water being
discharged t o t h e g u t t e r .

On a c o n t i n u a l use basis, t h e f i n a l r i n s e water was t h e major

source o f water e n t e r i n g t h e counter f l o w system. A secondary source
was water used t o r i n s e b i n s a f t e r dumping o f tomatoes. This r i n s e
water entered t h e dump tank and added t o t h e water volume being
c o n t i n u a l l y discharged. On an i n t e r m i t t a n t basis, water t o f i l l t h e
dump tank, i n s i d e washer and d i s t r i b u t i o n flume added t o t h e t o t a l water
used t o process t h e tomatoes. The o n l y o t h e r source o f water associated

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 -
CONVENTIONAL LINE 5 DEMONSTRATION LINE
-IIIIIIIIIII I I I IIIII I IIIIIIIIIIIIEIIII IIIIII II IIIIIIIII IIIIIIII-
1- III I
-
- -
-
-
-
- -
-
-
WATER I1 N- 1
I
I

WASTEWATER ,- WATER IN

4-r DUMP TANK kab @-f DUMP TANK

~4 DlSTRlBUTlON
FLUME

DISE?TION

I INSPECTION
BET
-
I -
KEY
0 PRODUCT SAMPLING POINTS
0 WATER SAMPLING POINTS
r-h WATER IN OR OUT
I- -+- WATER RECIRCULATION

Figure 1. Sampling p o i n t s f o r conventional versus

demonstration c l e a n i n g systems.

22 5
w i t h t h e processing o f tomatoes was t h a t used f o r clean-up piirPoses
e i t h e r d u r i n g operations o r a t scheduled shut downs.

A sampling program was r e v i s e d t o r e f l e c t t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s made by

t& processor. The product was evaluated f o r c l e a n l i n e s s by c o l l e c t i n g
*to samples from t h e f o l l o w i n g l o c a t i o n s .

1. B i n before dumping
2. A f t e r t h e dump tank
3. A f t e r t h e combined i n s i d e washer
4. A f t e r f i n a l r i n s e

Product samples from t h e demonstration system were collected from

t h e f o l 1owing 1ocations :

1. B i n before dumping
2. A f t e r t h e dump tank
3. A f t e r d i s c cleaner
4. After final rinse

Every 4 hours approximately 5 pounds o f tomatoes were c o l l e c t e d

from t h e f o u r sampling l o c a t i o n s o f e i t h e r t h e conventional o r t h e
demonstration system. A f t e r weighing, water equal t o t w i c e t h e weight
o f tomatoes was added t o t h e tomatoes h e l d i n a w i r e mesh basket t h a t
f i t i n s i d e a p l e x i g l a s s c y c l i n d e r . The tomatoes were shaken f o r two
minutes, then some o f t h e water was t r a n s f e r r e d t o a s t e r i l e p l a s t i c bag
and some t o a q u a r t p l a s t i c b o t t l e . For each 8-hour period, two o f t h e
4-hour samples were combined, ending up w i t h t h r e e 8-hour samples p e r 24
hours.

A l l samples were h e l d under r e f r i g e r a t i o n u n t i l t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e

Berkeley l a b o r a t o r y f o r a n a l y s i s . Samples i n s t e r i l e p l a s t i c bags were
analyzed f o r t o t a l p l a t e count and mesophilic aerobic ~ p o r e s . ~Samples
i n t h e p l a s t i c b o t t l e s were analyzed f o r suspended and f i x e d suspended
sol ids.

Water samples were c o l 1ected from t h e f o l l o w i n g l o c a t i o n s :

1. D i s t r i b u t i o n flume overf ow
2. I n s i d e washer o v e r f l o w
3. Dump tank o v e r f l o w t o gu t e r
4. Inside c o l l e c t i o n gutter
5. Disc cleaner e f f l u e n t

Samples were c o l l e c t e d from t h e above l o c a t i o n s on a 24-hour b a s i s

w i t h automatic timed samplers. Samples were analyzed f o r BOD, COD,

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suspended and f i x e d suspended s o l i d s . Water and product washing
samples were c o l l e c t e d s i x days per week. Water meter readings were
made d u r i n g each 8-hour s h i f t .

Figure 2 i s a photograph o f t h e d i s c cleaner. The d i s c bed i s 5

feet wide by 10 f e e t i n length. The bed i s i n c l i n e d upward some 16
inches over t h e 10 f o o t length. The d i s c s are mounted on s h a f t s w i t h 3-
1/2 i n c h center. Rotation i s by means o f a chain and gear arrangement
w i t h t h e i n i t i a l torque coming t o t h e two f r o n t chains. Speed o f
r o t a t i o n could be v a r i e d b u t was maintained a t 400 r e v o l u t i o n s per
minute f o r t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e study. Bearings were l u b r i c a t e d by means
of an a d j u s t a b l e timed i n t e r v a l system.

Above t h e d i s c b i n were i n s t a l l e d two types o f spray systems. One

consisted o f t h r e e evenly spaced manifolds t h a t contained hollow cone o r
fogging nozzles. The second spray system consisted o f f o u r manifolds o f
f l a t j e t nozzles. The cleaner could be operated w i t h e i t h e r the hollow
cone nozzles f o r minimal water o r a combination o f hollow cone and f l a t
j e t nozzles. Normal p r a c t i c e was t o operate t h e sprays a t 40 pounds
pressure.

RESULTS

The i n i t i a l t e s t phase o f t h e program was t o c o l l e c t data from t h e

d i s c cleaner and t h e conventional washing system f o r comparative
purposes. For two days, t h e d i s c cleaner was operated over s h o r t
periods o f time w i t h several tomato samples being c o l l e c t e d . During
these two days, several samples were a l s o collected from the
conventional washing system. For some o f t h e runs, t h e cleaner operated
w i t h o n l y t h e low water hollow cone nozzles and f o r o t h e r runs a
combination o f t h e two sprays was u t i l i z e d .

A summary o f t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h i s t e s t phase i s given i n Table 1.

Results are given f o r f i x e d suspended s o l i d s and mesophilic aerobic
spores, two i n d i c a t o r s o f t h e c l e a n l i n e s s o f tomatoes.

Results i n Table 1 f o r t h e d i s c cleaner i n d i c a t e t h e importance o f

supplementing t h e mechanical energy o f t h e r o t a t i n g d i s c s w i t h some
water. Results from t h e cleaner a r e much b e t t e r when operated w i t h a
combination o f sprays r a t h e r than w i t h t h e m i s t type hollow cone
nozzles.

Results f o r t h e f i n a l r i n s e o f t h e conventional system d i d g i v e t h e

best r e s u l t s . However, t h i s could be expected as tomatoes are i n
c o n t a c t w i t h water f o r a longer p e r i o d o f time. Also, t h e volume o f

22 7
 i
228
 Table 1. SUMMARY OF INITIAL TEST RESULTS

Cleaning system :ixed suspended sol ids Mesophilic aerobic spores

Conventional
washing system
Location PPm % red. per ml % red
Bin 86 - 2,461 -
Dump tank 59 31 562 77
Inside wash 38 56 147 94
Final rinse 6 93 50 98
Disc cleaner w i t h
hol 1ow cone
nozzle
Loca t i on P Pm % red per ml % red
Bin 82 - 1,067 -
Dump tank 50 39 731 31
Disc cleaner 27 67 198 81
Disc cleaner w i t h
combination o f
nozzles
Location PPm % red per ml % red
Bin 116 - 3,230 -
Dump tank 81 30 1,178 64
Disc cleaner 14 88 140 96

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water t o process the tomatoes i s greater. Should the disc cleaner
results be compared to those from the inside washer, then tomatoes from
either system are equal l y clean.
Results of this t e s t program were discussed w i t h cannery personnel
and w i t h the visual observations of the tomatoes d u r i n g the t e s t phase,
concurrence was given t o i n i t i a t e the evaluation. For the remainder of
the season, either the conventional or the demonstration system was
operated on a continuous 24-hour basis. The normal procedure was t o
operate the disc cleaner for 4 days, followed by 2 days of conventional
processing. Tables will be given t o i l l u s t r a t e seasonal averages f o r
various conditions of operation.
Table 2 gives results for tomato samples collected from various
sample locations. Results a r e given for total plate count (TPC) and
mesophilic aerobic spores (MAS). Results are tabulated for the
conventional washing system and for the disc cleaner operated w i t h the
two types of spraying arrangements.
The results given in Table 2 follows a similar pattern obtained
from the i n i t i a l t e s t phase. For the disc cleaner r e s u l t s are better
when operated w i t h a combination of sprays rather than the hollow cone
nozzles. The best results were obtained from tomatoes sampled a f t e r the
final rinse. The spread in percent reduction of spores f o r the two
types of sprays on the cleaner i s not as great on a season average a s
compared to the i n i t i a l t e s t results. The percent spread f o r the
i n i t i a l results between hollow cone and combination of sprays was 81
percent versus 96 percent; seasonal summary results were 77 percent
versus 81 percent. The disc cleaner r e s u l t s , compared to those from the
washer of the conventional system are much better t h a n those indicated
by the preliminary t e s t program. This may be the r e s u l t of sampling
over a longer period of time and r e f l e c t the tendency for bacteria t o
grow i n water which has been recirculated for extensive periods of time.
Table 3 i s a summary of suspended and fixed suspended solids for
tomatoes sampled under three cleaning modes. The general pattern for
these results i s similar t o those presented i n Table 2 f o r total plate
count and mesophilic aerobic spores. O f the two solids parameters,
f i x e d suspended solids more closely f i t s the pattern f o r the bacteria
data. This would suggest that fixed suspended solids m i g h t serve as a
quick indicator of microbial quality, especially mesophilic aerobic
spores. Spores and fixed suspended solids are normally associated w i t h
soil load.
Total suspended solids, as mentioned above, f i t s the general
reduction pattern obtained from Table 2. However, suspended solids i s
highly influenced by the quality of the incoming f r u i t ( s o f t versus hard

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Table 2. CLEANING OF TOMATOES - SUMMARY OF TOTAL PLATE COUNT (xlO-")
AND MESOPHILIC AEROBIC SPORES, PER GRAM OF TOMATOES

Cleaning system TP C MAS

Conventional was h i ng
system

Location Avg
1,841
. % red.
-
Avg . % red.
-
Bin 1,043
Dump tank 1 ,167 37 971 7
Was her 702 62 612 42
Final rinse 141 92 86 92
Disc cleaner w i t h
hollow cone nozzle

Location Avg
1,743
. % red.
-
Avg . % red.
-
Bin 1,862
Dump tank 827 53 1,532 18
Disc cleaner 243 86 432 77
Disc cleaner w i t h
hol 1ow cone and
f l a t j e t nozzle

Location Avg . % red. Avg . % red.

-
Bin 1,456 - 1,946
Dump tank 1,414 3 1,040 46
Disc cleaner 228 84 379 81

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 Table 3 . CLEANING OF TOMATOES - SUMMARY OF TOTAL AND
FIXED SUSPENDED SOLIDS, PARTS PER MILLION

I
3eani ng system TSS FSS
Conventional washing
sys tem
Loca t i on Avg . X red. Avg . % red.
-
Bin 189 - 111
Dump tank 179 5 86 22
Was her 99 48 30 73
Final rinse 46 76 8 93

Disc cleaner w i t h
hollow cone
nozzle
Loca t i on Avg . % red. Avg . % red.
. Bin 213 - 119 -
Dump t a n k 153 28 69 42
Disc cleaner 114 46 30 75

Disc cleaner with

hollow cone and
f l a t j e t noztl e
Loca t i on Avg . % red. Avg . % red.
Bin 205 - 129 -
Dump t a n k 109 47 48 63
Disc cleaner 84 59 18 86

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o r o v e r r i p e versus u n d e r r i p e ) and as such should more c l o s e l y c o r r e l a t e
w i t h the BOD o r COD content on t h e processing waters r a t h e r than the
s a n i t a r y q u a l i t y . No attempt has been made t o l o o k a t the raw data t o
determine if t h i s i s i n f a c t t r u e .

Table 4 i s a summary o f water used and waste generated. Results

a r e expressed as g a l l o n s per t o n o f tomatoes processed o r pounds o f COD
per t o n o f tomatoes processed.

C e r t a i n estimations and assumptions were made i n order t o develop

some o f t h e data i n Table 4. The volume o f water used i n t h e f i n a l
r i n s e was metered; t h e r e f o r e , the 130 g a l l o n s per t o n i s an accurate
f i g u r e . To c a l c u l a t e t h e pounds o f COD per ton, i t was assumed t h a t t h e
130 g a l l o n s per t o n o f r i n s e water d i d co-mingle w i t h t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
flume c i r c u l a t i o n l o o p and t h a t a sample of t h e excess water was an
i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e waste generation f o r t h e f i n a l r i n s e - d i s t r i b u t i o n
f 1ume.

Some 1,981 g a l l o n s per hour o f water was used i n s i d e t h e p l a n t .

Some o f t h i s water was used t o f i l l t h e f l o o d washer and some was used
f o r clean-up purposes. Since t h e volume o f water f o r each i s n o t known,
i t i s assumed t h a t 25 percent o f t h e water was f o r t h e f l o o d washer and
75 percent was used f o r hosing down. To c a l c u l a t e t h e pounds o f COD, i t
was assumed t h a t t h e 130 g a l l o n s per tons o f excess water from t h e
d i s t r i b u t i o n - f i n a l r i n s e and 25 percent o f the 1,981 g a l l o n s per hour
(16 g a l l o n s per t o n ) overflowed from t h e f l o o d washer r e c i r c u l a t i o n
sys tem.

The dump tank o v e r f l o w was d e r i v e d by assuming t o t a l excess f l o w

from t h e i n s i d e washer p l u s b i n washing water. The excess o v e r f l o w was
assumed t o be 146 g a l l o n s per tons and t h e b i n r i n s e water t o be 20
g a l l o n s per ton. The i n s i d e g u t t e r , a measure of a l l water used i n t h e
washing and t r a n s p o r t i n g o f tomatoes, i s t h e sum t o t a l o f t h e excess
water from t h e b i n dumping and t h a t water used f o r cleaning.

Table 4 a l s o gives t h e water and waste generation f o r t h e d i s c

cleaner when operated under the two types of spray arranagement. Water
usage by e i t h e r mode i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower than t h e o t h e r operations
and supports t h e concept o f using mechanical energy as a major
s u b s t i t u t e f o r hydraul i c energy.

DISCUSSION

As discussed i n P a r t I 1 on t h e development o f a water r e c y c l e

system, a h i g h v e l o c i t y o f water i n t h e dump tank was r e q u i r e d t o

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 Table 4. WATER AND WASTE GENERATION - SUMMARY

System Gal 1ons/ton Pounds COD/ton

Final rinse -
distribution flume 130 1.0

Inside washer 146 2.44

Dump tank 166 2.02

Inside gutter 216 2.23

Disc cleaner - hollow

cone nozzle 3.3 0.1

Disc cleaner -
combination nozzles 24.7 0.42

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 E

prevent s o i l deposition. This considerably shortened t h e c o n t a c t time

between water and tomatoes and may have r e s u l t e d i n i n s u f f i c i e n t w e t t i n g
time, The r e s u l t o f t h i s s h o r t exposure time would be tomatoes
d e l i v e r e d t o t h e d i s c cleaner t h a t s t i l l contained d r i e d surface s o i l .
Since t h e residence time o f tomatoes on t h e d i s c i s s h o r t ( l e s s than 30
seconds) i t i s important t h a t smear s o i l be thouroughly wetted before
being removed.

To increase t h e product-water c o n t a c t time, i t has been suggested

t h a t t h e dump tank be reconstructed w i t h a f a l s e bottom. The water
v e l o c i t y above t h e dump tank bottom c o u l d be decreased. Below t h e f a l s e
bottom, a h i g h water v e l o c i t y c o u l d be maintained t o scour and t r a n s p o r t
the s o i l towards t h e water r e c y c l e pump i n t a k e .

During t h e course o f t h e study, i t was observed on several

occasions t h a t clods o f d i r t were being c o l l e c t e d i n t h e d i s t r u b i t i o n
flume f o l l o w i n g t h e d i s c cleaner. This i s another i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e r e
was i n s u f f i c i e n t residence time i n t h e dump tank. The advantages from
i n c r e a s i n g t h i s residence time would be t h e p o s s i b l e improvement t o
tomatoes being cleaned by t h e d i s c s and maintenance o f a higher q u a l i t y
d i s t r i b u t i o n flume water.

Near t h e end o f t h e season, i t was noted t h a t some o f t h e cleaner

d i s c s were separating a t t h e f i l l e t j u n c t u r e . This s i t u a t i o n became
p r o g r e s s i v e l y worse w i t h time and, a t t h e conclusion o f t h e t e s t
program, i t was estimated t h a t over 25 percent o f t h e d i s c s had
separated a t t h e f i l l e t . This m a t t e r was brought t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f
several concerned p a r t i e s , w i t h agreement t h a t t h e problem was caused by
having too sharp o f an angle between t h e t h i c k and t h i n p a r t o f t h e
d i s c . I t has been recommended t h a t new d i s c s be manufactured which have
a g r e a t e r taper a t t h e f i l l e t j u n c t u r e .

Some o t h e r minor m o d i f i c a t i o n s should be made on t h e d i s c cleaner

as a r e s u l t o f observations made d u r i n g t h e study period. The two s i d e
w a l l s need t o be increased by approximately 4 inches t o prevent
occassional tomatoes from bounding o f f t h e d i s c bed and onto t h e f l o o r .
Permanent spray headers should be i n s t a l l e d and t h e i r h e i g h t above t h e
d i s c b i n should be increased t o improve c l e a n up and appearance. There
i s a need t o improve t h e d r i v e mechanism. The two main d r i v e chains
were s t r e t c h e d and had t o be t i g h t e n e d several times. The two small
chains a t t h e f r o n t o f t h e cleaner a l s o s t r e t c h e d and had t o be
tightened. These matters have been brought t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e
manufacturer and s o l u t i o n s have been suggested that should be
incorporated i n t o t h e cleaner before i t i s operated another season.

As operated i n 1974, i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o assess t h e water savings

and/or t h e b e n e f i t s t o be d e r i v e d from t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e d i s c

235
cleaner. W i t h the present set-up, tomatoes are flumed t o the final
inspection belts and given a final rinse. This rinse water i s added
back t o the distribution flume as make u p water. After several uses
t h i s water i s eventually discharged from the dump tank.
When the disc cleaner i s used, there i s no need for the inside
washer. As previously indicated, some 1,981 gallons of water per hour
i s used for either f i l l i n g the washer or hosing down the inside area.
Therefore, a potential water savings, from the use of the disc cleaner,
could be the total elimination of t h a t water or 33 gallons per ton. If
the disc cleaner i s operated w i t h hollow cone nozzles (3.3 gallons per
t o n ) , the water reduction would be approximately 30 gallons per ton or
20 percent reduction i n total water usage.
Another benefit from the use of the disc cleaner, and t h i s aspect
has n o t been f u l l y evaluated, i s the potential for a higher quality of
water i n the distribution flume recirculation system. Limited data on
t h i s water system, compared when the two types of cleaning systems are
used, indicated the water to be cleaner when the disc cleaner i s used.
For example, fixed suspended solids i s lower (180 versus 229) as i s
syspended solids (391 versus 431) and COD (847 versus 1,126). I f the
combination of sprays i s used, rather than the hollow cone nozzles, then
the comparison i s even better, f o r fixed suspended solids (180 versus
229), suspended solids (256 versus 431) and COD (800 versus 1,126).
However, water i s increased from 3.3 gallons per t o n t o 24.7 gallons per
ton.

236
REFERENCES

1. Krochta, J . M., G. S. Williams, R. P. Graham, and D. F. Farkas.

Reduced-Water Cleaning of Tomatoes. Food Processing Waste
Management. Proceedings o f 1973 A g r i c u l t u r a l Waste Management
Program, Cornel1 U n i v e r s i t y , Ithaca, New York. 1973.

2. Krochta, J . M., R. P. Graham, and W. W. Rose. Cleaning o f Tomatoes

Using R o t a t i n g Rubber Discs. Food Technology. 28(12):26. 1974. -
3. Hart, M. R., R. P. Graham, and G. S. Williams. Lye P e e l i n g of
Tomatoes Using R o t a t i n g Rubber Discs. Food Technology. -
28( 12) :38.
1974.

4. N a t i o n a l Canners A s s o c i a t i o n . L a b o r a t o r y Manual f o r Food Canners

and Processors, Volume I , 3 r d e d i t i o n . 1968.

5. Standard Methods f o r t h e Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th

e d i t i o n . 1971.

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