COMPLEX NUMBER

COMPLEX NUMBER

4. Division :
1. DEFINITION
z1 a  bi a  bi c  di
.
z 2 c  di c  di c  di
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b  R and i 1 ,
§ ac  bd · § bc  ad ·
is called a complex number and is denoted by ‘Z’.
¨ 2 2 ¸
¨ 2 2 ¸
i
© c d ¹ © c d ¹
z a  ib
p p
Re z Im z
1. a + ib = c + id
1.1 Conjugate of a Complex Number œa=c&b=d
For a given complex number z = a + ib,
­ 1; r 0
its conjugate ‘ z ’ is defined as z = a – ib ° i;
° r 1
i 4k  r ®
2. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 2. °1; r 2
°¯i; r 3

Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be two complex numbers 3. ` a = ` a only if atleast one of either a or b

where a, b, c, d  R and i 1 . is non-negative.
1. Addition :
3. ARGAND PLANE
z1 + z2 = (a + bi) + (c + di)
= (a + c) + (b + d) i A complex number z = a + ib can be represented by a
unique point P (a, b) in the argand plane.
2. Subtraction :
z1 – z2 = (a + bi) – (c + di)
= (a – c) + (b – d) i
3. Multiplication :
z1 . z2 = (a + bi) (c + di)
= a (c + di) + bi (c + di)
2
= ac + adi + bci + bdi
= ac – bd + (ad + bc) i
2
(' i = –1)
Z = a + ib is represented by a point P (a, b)
 COMPLEX NUMBER

3.1 Modulus and Argument of Complex Number 3.2 Principal Argument

If z = a + ib is a complex number The argument ‘T’ of complex number z = a + ib is called

principal argument of z if –S < T d S.

b
Let tan D , and T be the arg (z).
a

(i) Distance of Z from origin is called as modulus of complex

number Z.

It is denoted by r z a2  b2

(ii) Here, Ti.e. angle made by OP with positive direction of

real axis is called argument of z.

z1 > z2 or z1 < z2 has no meaning but |z1| > |z2| or |z1| < |z2|
holds meaning. In (iii) and (iv) principal argument is given by –S + D and
–D respectively.
COMPLEX NUMBER

14. amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 kS; k  I

4. POLAR FORM
§ y0 ·
15. amp ¨ ¸ = amp z1  amp z2 + 2 kS; k  I
© y1 ¹
16. amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2kS ; k  I

6. DE­MOIVRE’S THEOREM

Statement : cos n T + i sin n T is the value or one of the

values of (cos T+ i sin T)n according as if ‘n’ is integer or
a rational number. The theorem is very useful in
a = r cos T & b = r sin T; determining the roots of any complex quantity
where r = |z| and T = arg(z)
7. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY
? z = a + ib
= r (cos T + isin T)
3
Roots of the equation x = 1 are called cube roots of unity.
3
x – 1=0
2
(x – 1) (x + x + 1) = 0
2
x=1 or x +x+1=0
iT
Z = re is known as Euler’s form; where
r =|Z| & T = arg(Z) 1  3i 1  3i
i.e x or x
 2

   2

 
w w2
5. SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES

1  i 3 1  i 3
1. (z) z (i) The cube roots of unity are 1 , , .
2 2
2. z  z 2Re z (ii) W3 = 1

3. z  z 2i Im(z) (iii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then

1 + w + w² = 0.
4. z1  z2 z1  z2 (iv) In general 1 + wr + w2r = 0 ; where r  I but is not the
multiple of 3.
5. z1z 2 z1 z2 (v) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
6. | z | = 0 Ÿz = 0
2S 2S 4S 4S
cos 0 + i sin 0 ; cos + i sin , cos + i sin
7. zz | z | 2 3 3 3 3
(vi) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand
z z1 plane constitute the verties of an equilateral triangle.
8. | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 | ; 1
z2 z2 (vii) The following factorisation should be remembered :

9. | z | | z | | z | a3  b3 = (a  b) (a  Zb) (a  Z²b) ;
x2 + x + 1 = (x  Z) (x  Z2) ;
10. | z1 r z2 |2 | z1 |2  | z 2 |2 r 2 Re (z1 z2 )
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a + Zb) (a + Z2b);
11. | z1 + z2 | d | z1 | + | z2 | (Triangle Inequality)
12. | z1 – z2 | t| |z1 | – | z2 || a3 + b3 + c3  3abc = (a + b + c) (a + Zb + Z²c) (a + Z²b + Zc)
2 2 2 2 2 2
13. | az1 – bz2 | + | bz1 + az2 | = (a + b ) (| z1 | + | z2 | )
 COMPLEX NUMBER

th
8. ‘n’ n ROOTS OF UNITY 9. SQUARE ROOT OF COMPLEX NUMBER
n
Solution of equation x = 1 is given by
Let x + iy = a  ib , Squaring both sides, we get
2kS 2kS 2
x cos  isin ; k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n – 1 (x + iy) = a + ib
n n 2 2
i.e. x – y = a, 2xy = b
§ 2kS ·
i¨
Solving these equations, we get square roots of z.
¸ ; k = 0, 1, ....., n – 1
e© n ¹

10. LOCI IN COMPLEX PLANE

(i) |z – zo| = a represents circumference of circle, centred

at zo, radius a.
1. We may take any n consecutive integral values of k (ii) |z – zo| < a represents interior of circle
th
to get ‘n’ n roots of unity.
(iii) |z – zo| > a represents exterior of this circle.
Sum of ‘n’ n roots of unity is zero, n  N
th
2.
th
(iv) |z – z1| = |z – z2| represents A bisector of segment
3. The points represented by ‘n’ n roots of unity are located with end points z1 & z2.
at the vertices of regular polygon of n sides inscribed in
a unit circle, centred at origin & one vertex being one
 ­circle, k z 1 ½
+ve real axis. (v) 1
k represents : ® ¾
 2 ¯ A bisector, k 1¿
Properties :

If 1 , D1 , D2 , D3 ..... Dn  1 are the n , nth root of unity (vi) arg (z) = T is a ray starting from origin (excluded)
then : inclined at an ‘Twith real axis.

(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2S/n) (vii) Circle described on line segment joining z1 & z2 as
diameter is :
o o o ª 0, if p z k n
(ii) 1p + D 0 + D 1 + .... +D m 0 = « where kZ
¬ n, if p = k n  1  z2  z  2  z1 0.

(iii) (1  D1) (1  D2) ...... (1  Dn  1) = n (viii)Four pts. z1, z2, z3, z4 in anticlockwise order will be
concyclic, if & only if
ª 0, if n is even
(iv) (1 + D1) (1 + D2) ....... (1 + Dn  1) = «
¬1, if n is odd §z  · §z  ·
T arg. ¨ 2 4
¸ arg ¨ 2 3
¸
© 1 4 ¹ © 1 3 ¹
ª-1, if n is even
(v) 1 . D1 . D2 . D3 ......... Dn  1 = «
¬ 1, if n is odd
§  z4 · §  z3 ·
Ÿ arg ¨ ¸  arg. ¨ ¸ 2nS ; n  I
2 2

© 1  4 ¹ © 1  z3 ¹

sin nT 2 § n 1 · ª§  z4 · §  ·º
(i) cos T + cos 2T + cos 3T + ..... + cos nT = cos ¨ ¸ T Ÿ arg «¨ 2
¸¨
1 3
¸» 2nS
sin T 2 © 2 ¹
«¬© 1  z4 ¹ © 2  3 ¹»
¼
sin nT 2 § n 1 ·
(ii) sin T + sin 2T + sin 3T + ..... + sin nT = sin ¨ ¸ T
sin T 2 © 2 ¹ § z2  · § z1  3 ·
Ÿ ¨ ¸u ¨ ¸ is real & positive.
4

© z1  4 ¹ © z 2  z3 ¹
 COMPLEX NUMBER

11. VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX 12. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

Every complex number can be considered as if

(i) If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, then the distance
it is the position vector of that point. If the point
between z1 and z2 is |z2 – z1|.
P represents the complex number z then,
(ii) Segment Joining points A (z1) and B(z2) is divided by point
o o P (z) in the ratio m1 : m2
OP = z & ~ OP ~ = ~z~

m1z 2  m 2 z
then z , m1 and m2 are real.
m1  m 2

(iii) The equation of the line joining z1 and z2 is given by

z z
z z 0 (non parametric form)
z2 z2

Or

zz z  z2
zz z  z2

(iv) az  az  b 0 represents general form of line.

(v) The general eqn. of circle is :

o o
(i) If OP = z = r ei T then OQ = z1 = r ei (T + I) = z . e iI. zz  az  az  b 0 (where b is real no.).

o o
If OP and OQ are of unequal magnitude then Centre : (–a) & radius | a |2  b aa  b.
/ /
OQ OP e iI
(vi) Circle described on line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter
(ii) If z1, z2, z3, are three vertices of a triangle ABC described
is :
in the counter-clock wise sense, then

z3  z AC AC iD | z 3  z1 | iD z  z1 z  z2  z  z 2 z  z1 0.
cos D  i sin D .e .e
z2  z AB AB | z 2  z1 |
 COMPLEX NUMBER

(vii) Four pts. z 1, z2, z 3, z4 in anticlockwise order will be Important Identities

concylic, if & only if
2 2
(i) x + x + 1 = (x–Z) (x–Z )
§ z  z4 · §z z ·
T arg. ¨ 2 ¸ arg ¨ 2 3 ¸
© z1  z 4 ¹ © z1  z 3 ¹
(ii) x – x + 1 = (x + Z) (x + Z )
2 2

§ z  z4 · § z 2  z3 · 2 2
(iii) x + xy + y = (x–yZ) (x–yZ )
2
Ÿ arg ¨ 2 ¸  arg. ¨ ¸ 2nS ; n  I
© z1  z 4 ¹ © z1  z3 ¹
(iv) x – xy + y = (x + Zy) (x + yZ )
2 2 2

ª§ z  z 4 · § z1  z3 · º
Ÿ arg «¨ 2 ¸¨ ¸» 2nS
¬«© z1  z 4 ¹ © z 2  z 3 ¹ ¼»
2 2
(v) x + y = (x + iy) (x – iy)

3 3 2
(vi) x + y = (x + y) (x + yZ) (x + yZ )
§ z2  z4 · § z1  z 3 ·
Ÿ ¨ ¸u ¨ ¸ is real & positive.
© z1  z 4 ¹ © z 2  z3 ¹ 3 3 2
(vii) x – y = (x – y) (x – yZ) (x – yZ )
(viii) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle
2 2 2 2 2
where z0 is its circumcentre then (viii) x + y + z – xy –yz – zx = (x + yZ+zZ ) (x+yZ + zZ)

1 1 1
(a)   0 or
2
(xZ+ yZ + z) (xZ + yZ+ z)
2
z 2  z3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2

2 2
(b) z 01 + z 11 + z 12  z1 z2  z2 z3  z3 z1 = 0 or (xZ+ y + zZ ) (xZ + y + zZ).

(c) z 01 + z 11 + z 12 = 3 z 1/ 3 3 3
(ix) x + y + z – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x+Zy+Z z)
2

2
(ix) If A, B, C & D are four points representing the complex (x +Z y+Zz)
numbers z1, z2 , z3 & z4 then

z4  z 3
AB ~~ CD if is purely real ;
z 2  z1

z4  z3
AB A CD if is purely imaginary ]
z 2  z1

(x) Two points P (z1) and Q(z2) lie on the same side or opposite
side of the line az  az  b accordingly as az1  az1  b and

az 2  az2  b have same sign or opposite sign.

 QUADRATIC EQUATION

QUADRATIC EQUATION

1. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION 3. NATURE OF ROOTS

The general form of a quadratic expression in x is,

(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
f (x) = ax + bx + c, where a, b, c  R & a z 0.
2
where a, b, c  R & a z 0 then;
and general form of a quadratic equation in x is,
(i) D > 0 œ roots are real & distinct (unequal).
ax + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c  R & a z 0.
2

(ii) D = 0 œ roots are real & coincident (equal).

2. ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
(iii) D < 0 œ roots are imaginary..
(a) The solution of the quadratic equation,
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation,
then the other must be the conjugate p – i q &
2 b ± b2  4ac
ax + bx + c = 0 is given by x =
2a vice versa. p, q  R & i = -1 .
The expression D = b2 – 4ac is called the discriminant
of the quadratic equation. (b) Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, c  Q & a z 0 then;
(b) If D & E are the roots of the quadratic equation
(i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square, then roots are
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then ;
rational & unequal.
(i) D + E = – b/a (ii) α β = c/a
(ii) If α = p + q is one root in this case, (where p
D
(iii) | α  β |= .
|a|
is rational & q is a surd) then the other root
(c) A quadratic equation whose roots are D & E is
(x – D) (x – E ) = 0 i.e. must be the conjugate of it i.e. β = p - q & vice

x 2 – ( D + E ) x + DE = 0 i.e. versa.

x 2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.

Remember that a quadratic equation cannot have

y (ax 2  bx  c) { a(x  D) (x  E) three different roots & if it has, it becomes an

2
identity.
§ b · D
a ¨x ¸ 
© 2a ¹ 4a
 QUADRATIC EQUATION

4. GRAPH OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION 6. MAX. & MIN. VALUE OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

Consider the quadratic expression, y = ax 2 + bx + c, Maximum & Minimum Value of y = ax2 + bx + c occurs
at x = –(b/2a) according as :
a z 0 & a, b, c  R then ;
For a > 0, we have :
(i) The graph between x, y is always a parabola.
If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is
concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of
the parabola is concave downwards.

(ii) y > 0  x  R, only if a>0&D<0

ª 4ac - b 2 ·
(iii) y < 0  x  R, only if a<0&D<0 y« , f ¸¸
¬ 4a ¹

5. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

ax2 + bx + c > 0 a z 0 .

(i) If D > 0, then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has D b

ymin at x , and y max o f
4a 2a
two different roots (x1 < x 2).

Then a > 0 Ÿ x (–f, x1) ‰(x2 , f)

For a < 0, we have :
a<0 Ÿ x (x1, x2)

§ 4ac  b 2 º
y  ¨¨ f, »
© 4a ¼

P x
(ii) Inequalities of the form 0 can be
Q x
D b
ymax at x , and ymin o  f
4a 2a
quickly solved using the method of intervals
(wavy curve).
QUADRATIC EQUATION

7. THEORY OF EQUATIONS

If D1, D2, D3, ....., Dn are the roots of the nth degree
polynomial equation : Remainder Theorem : If f (x) is a polynomial, then
f (h) is the remainder when f (x) is divided by x – h.
f (x) = a0xn + a 1xn–1 + a2 xn–2 + ...... + an–1x + an = 0
Factor theorem : If x = h is a root of equation
f (x) = 0, then x–h is a factor of f (x) and conversely.
where a 0, a 1, ....... a n are all real & a0 z 0,

Then,

a 9. MAX. & MIN. VALUES OF RATIONAL EXPRESSION

¦ α1 = – a 1 ;
0
Here we shall find the values attained by a rational
a2
¦ α1 α 2 = a0
;
a1x 2  b1x  c1
expresion of the form for real values
a 2 x 2  b2 x  c2

a
¦ α1 α 2 α3 = – a 3 ; of x.
0
Example No. 4 will make the method clear.
............
10. COMMON ROOTS
an
α1 α 2 α 3.....α n = (–1) n
a0 (a) Only One Common Root

Let D be the common root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 &

8. LOCATION OF ROOTS
a’x 2 + b’x + c’ = 0, such that a, a’ z 0 and a b’ z a’b.
Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a > 0 & a, b, c  R.
Then, the condition for one common root is :
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be
greater than a specified number ‘k’ are : (cac  cca) 2 = (abc  a cb) (bcc  bcc).
Dt 0 & f (k) > 0 & (–b/2a) > k.
(ii) Conditions for both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on (b) Two Common Roots
either side of the number ‘k’ (in other words Let D , E be the two common roots of
the numb er ‘k’ lies between the r oo ts o f
f (x) = 0 is: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 & a’x 2 + b’x + c’ = 0,
a f (k) < 0. such that a, a’ z 0.
(iii) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie
Then, the condition for two common roots is :
in the interval (k1, k2) i.e. k1 < x < k2 are :
D>0 & f (k1) . f (k2) < 0. a b c
a' b' c'
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f(x) = 0 to be
confined between the numbers k 1 & k 2 are
(k1 < k2) :
D t 0 & f (k1) > 0 & f (k2) > 0 & k1 < (–b/2a) < k2.
 QUADRATIC EQUATION

(iii) If there be any two real numbers ‘a’ & ‘b’ such
11. RESOLUTION INTO TWO LINEAR FACTORS
that f (a) & f (b) are of opposite signs, then
The condition that a quadratic function f (x) = 0 must have atleast one real root
between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
f (x, y) = ax 2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c
(iv) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has
may be resolved into two linear factors is that ;
atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg 2 – ch 2 = 0 of its last term.
a h g 13. TRANSFORMATION OF EQUATIONS
OR h b f =0
g f c (i) To obtain an equation whose roots are reciprocals
of the roots of a given equation, it is obtained by
replacing x by 1/x in the given equation
12. FORMATION OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION (ii) T r ansformation of an equation to another
equation whose roots are negative of the roots of
If D1, D2, D3, ....., Dn are the roots of the nth degree a given equation–replace x by – x.
polynomial equation, then the equation is (iii) Transformation of an equation to another
n
x – S 1x n–1
+ S 2x n–2
+ S3x n–3 n
+ ...... + (–1) Sn = 0 equation whose roots are square of the roots of a

where Sk denotes the sum of the products of roots given equation–replace x by x .

taken k at a time. (iv) Transformation of an equation to another
equation whose roots are cubes of the roots of a
Particular Cases
given equation–replace x by x1/3.
(a) Quadratic Equation if D, E be the roots the
quadratic equation, then the equation is :

x 2 – S 1x + S 2 = 0 i.e. x2 – (D + E) x + DE = 0

(b) Cubic Equation if D, E, J be the roots the cubic

equation, then the equation is :

x3 – S1x2 + S2x – S3 = 0 i.e.

x3 – (D + E+J) x2 + (DE + EJ + JD) x – DEJ = 0

(i) If D is a root of equation f(x) = 0, the polynomial

f (x) is exactly divisible by (x – D). In other words,
(x – D ) is a factor of f(x) and conversely.

(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n t 1) has exactly

n roots & if the equation has more than n roots,
it is an identity.