THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF TALL AND SPECIAL BUILDINGS

Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)

Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI:10.1002/tal.215

EFFECT OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE IN REINFORCED

CONCRETE FRAME–SHEAR WALL SYSTEM WITH HIGH BEAM
STIFFNESS

SAVITA MARU1, R. K. SHARMA2 AND A. K. NAGPAL2*

1
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

SUMMARY
The behaviour of frames and frame–shear wall systems with regard to creep and shrinkage with high beam
stiffness has been largely unexplored until recently since no procedure has been available. For low beam stiffness
the most widely used procedure available in literature for determining creep and shrinkage effects in reinforced
concrete building frames and frame–shear wall systems designated herein as approximate procedure, AP has been
recommended for buildings having flexible slab systems and with a limited number of storeys. Recently an
accurate procedure termed Consistent Procedure (CP) has been developed which is applicable to low as well as
high beam stiffness and requires no restriction on number of storeys. In this paper, using CP, studies are reported
for frame–shear wall systems with high beam stiffness. The effect of introduction of shear walls on load transfer
among vertical members considering creep and shrinkage is studied. It is shown that the presence of shear wall
alters significantly the load transfer among vertical members. It is also shown that whereas differential vertical
deflections between adjacent vertical members are small owing to high stiffness of beams, the load transfer
between them can be significant. Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

1. INTRODUCTION
In a multistorey building, adjacent vertical members, columns and shear walls may have different
percentages of reinforcement and volume to surface ratio, resulting in differential time-dependent
deformations due to creep and shrinkage. These differential deformations in adjacent columns and
shear walls produce shear and moments in the connecting beams or slabs which result in a
redistribution of forces with the load transfer to the columns/shear walls that shorten less. With the
increasing height of buildings, the importance of these time-dependent differential deformations
increases owing to the cumulative nature of such deformations and the related effects become more
severe. It may cause damage in structural and non-structural elements of a building.
The most widely used procedure available in literature, henceforth designated as Approximate
Procedure (AP) had been given much earlier by Fintel and Khan (1969, 1971). This procedure has been
recommended for buildings having low stiffness of beams. Low stiffness occurs in buildings having
flat plate slab or long span joist system. In this procedure analysis is carried out in two parts. In part 1,

* Correspondence to: A. K. Nagpal, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Haus-Khas, New
Delhi, 110016, India. E-mail: aknagpal@civil.iitd.ernet.in

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received October 2001
Accepted February 2002
94 S. MARU ET AL.

vertical member forces are obtained on the basis of tributary areas neglecting shearing action of beams.
Based on these forces elastic and inelastic deformations are evaluated. No distinction is made between
the sequential nature of application of dead load and the simultaneous nature of application of live
load. In part 2, end forces (moments and shears) in horizontal members, which result from vertical
member deformations of part 1, are evaluated and frame analysis is carried out for these end forces.
The major inconsistency in the procedure is that the deformations in part 1 are evaluated without
taking into account the shearing action of beams while in part 2 this action is considered.
Modifications in AP have been suggested by Fintel et al. (1987), Ghosh (1997) and Banavalkar and
Wilkerson (1993) for estimation of vertical elastic and inelastic deflections in concrete and composite
structures. Yet the major inconsistency of AP remains unattended. The change in nature of the
distribution of column forces with time resulting from creep and shrinkage of the evolving structure
remains neglected.
Recently an accurate procedure termed Consistent Procedure (CP), which is recommended for high
beam stiffness also, has been proposed by Maru (2000) and Maru et al. (2001), in which the shearing
action of beams is considered in determining the distribution of elastic axial forces as well as
redistribution of inelastic axial forces resulting from creep and shrinkage deformations. In the
evaluation of creep deformations, the effect of these inelastic forces, which are generated
progressively with time, is also taken into account. In this procedure, the sequential nature of
application of the dead load and the simultaneous nature of the application of the live load are
considered. This method overcomes serious inconsistencies in the AP. No restriction on number of
storeys and stiffness of horizontal members need be placed in this procedure.
No studies in the literature are available on the effect of presence of shear walls in tall buildings and
load transfer due to inelastic deflections among vertical members when the stiffness of beams is high.
In this paper such studies are reported.

2. CONSISTENT PROCEDURE (CP)

In general, in a segment of a vertical member creep deformation c and shrinkage deformation s,
which contribute towards total unrestrained inelastic deformation , are given by (Fintel and Khan
1969, 1971; Smith and Coull, 1991)

c ˆ h "c…28† c lc la …lt…t2† lt …t1† † …1†

and

s ˆ h "s ls …lt…t2† lt …t1† † …2†

where h = height of the vertical member; ec (28) = specific creep value for loading at 28 days; c = stress
in the vertical member; lc, ls = size coefficients for creep and shrinkage respectively, to take into
account the effect of volume to surface ratio; la = creep coefficient, to consider the effect of age of
vertical member; es = ultimate shrinkage strain; lt(t1), lt(t2) = lt at time t = t1 (beginning) and t2 (end) of
a time interval respectively; and, lt = a coefficient defining progress of creep and shrinkage with time.
Therefore, the total unrestrained inelastic deformation  is evaluated as

 ˆ c ‡ s …3†

When  is restrained, the restraining end forces, R f, in a segment of a vertical member arise and are

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE IN FRAME–SHEAR WALL SYSTEM 95

given by

R f ˆ AE=L …4†

where A and L = cross-sectional area and length of the vertical member respectively; and E = modulus
of elasticity of concrete.
In a frame–shear wall system, the restraining action is provided by the beams.
The nature of the application of dead and live load in a frame–shear wall system is different. The
live load comes into operation only after the construction of the main load bearing structure is
complete, and it is resisted by the whole structure, whereas the dead load builds up sequentially and it
is resisted at any stage of construction by the part of the structure completed at that stage. Thus the
analysis that incorporates creep and shrinkage effect for two loads should be carried out in two stages:
(1) for dead load; and (2) for combined dead load and live load.

Stage 1: dead load analysis

Dead load (sequential) analysis of an n-storey frame–shear wall system, shown schematically in Figure
1, comprises linear analysis of n-substructures having number of storeys varying from 1 to n.
The construction time Ctk of the kth storey is taken as the time required for the casting of the kth
floor and subsequent time duration after which the load is transferred to vertical members (Figure 1). It
is further assumed that there is no time lag between the casting of the (k 1) th floor and vertical
members of the kth storey, although in practice some time lag would exist. Therefore the age of the
concrete of the vertical members of the kth storey, when these begin to receive the load from the kth
floor, is also taken to be equal to Ctk.
Variation of the modulus of elasticity of the concrete with time (Fintel et al., 1987) and the effect of
the age of the concrete on the creep and the nature of the progress of the creep and shrinkage with time
(Fintel and Khan, 1969, 1971) are taken into account. The analysis is carried out progressively, starting
from the first substructure and ending at the nth substructure.
For the first substructure (Figure 2), first, elastic analysis is carried out for the loading at the first

Figure 1. Substructures of n-story frame–shear wall system

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
96 S. MARU ET AL.

Figure 2. First substructure

floor when the age of the concrete, ta, is Ct1 to yield elastic member forces (moments and shears in
beams and vertical members and axial forces in vertical members) and elastic vertical deflections. Let

M1;1e
;
d1;1
e
represent elastic member forces and elastic vertical deflections, in which the first and
second subscripts indicate storey/floor and substructure, respectively, and the superscript indicates
elastic analysis for the applied loading.
Among these member forces, let
Pe1;1 represent elastic vertical member axial forces. Total
unrestrained inelastic deformations  in the vertical members are evaluated on the basis of
Pe1;1 for
the next time interval Ct2, after which the members of this substructure become members of the next
substructure. Restraining vertical member end forces, R f, due to  are obtained and frame analysis,
designated as inelastic frame analysis, to indicate that loading arises from inelastic deformations, is
carried out for these forces. This analysis yields inelastic member forces and inelastic vertical
deflections. Let
M1;1i
;
d1;1
i
represent these inelastic member forces and inelastic vertical deflections
in which the changed superscript i refers to inelastic analysis. Among these member forces let
Pi1;1
represent inelastic vertical member axial forces. In evaluation of  in subsequent intervals,
Pi1;1 are
assumed to have been generated at the end of the time interval Ct2.
Elastic member forces in the first storey M1e …tc † and vertical deflections at the first floor d1e …tc †, up to
the current time tc (=Ct1 ‡ Ct2) are obtained by adding
M1;1 e
and
d1;1
e
to the respective quantities at
a previous time tp (=Ct1). For the first substructure, M1 …tp †; M1 …tp †; M1 …tp †; d1e …tp †; d1i …tp † and d1t …tp † are
e i t

equal to zero. Among these member forces let Pe1 …tc † represent elastic vertical member axial forces in
the first storey. Similarly, inelastic member forces M1i …tc † and inelastic vertical deflections d1i …tc † are
obtained. Total member forces M1t …tc † and vertical deflections d1t …tc † are obtained by including both
elastic and inelastic contributions.
As stated above, at the end of the time interval Ct2 storey 1 becomes a part of second substructure.
In a similar way, second and all the substructures are analysed.
Consider a typical substructure, say jth (Figure 3), for which forces that contribute for the next time
interval Ctj‡1 are
Pek;l …k ˆ 1; . . . ; j† and (l = k, k ‡ 1, …, j) and
Pik;l …k ˆ 1 . . . ; j 1† and (l = k,
k ‡ 1, …, j 1). At this instant of time, elastic member forces have been generated in all j storeys,
while inelastic member forces have been generated in all the storeys except the top storey.
For the last substructure, j = n, the time interval Ctn‡1 should be interpreted as the waiting period
after which live load on the complete frame is applied and is designated as Wt (=Ctn‡1).

Stage 2: combined dead and live load analysis

Let the total time for which creep and shrinkage effects are being studied be T (=20 years typically).
The part of the live load that is of permanent nature is applied to the complete frame–shear wall system
(n storeys)
 aftern‡1the time
 interval Wt (= Ctn‡1), after the construction of the complete frame–shear wall
P
system tb ˆ Cti .The remaining period tr = T tb is divided into a number of intervals q of
iˆ1
Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE IN FRAME–SHEAR WALL SYSTEM 97

Figure 3. jth substructure

duration r1, r2, …, rq. The duration of the intervals is progressively increased, because creep and
shrinkage decrease with time.
Let
Mk;n;s
e
and
dk;n;s e
represent increments in elastic member forces and elastic vertical
deflections, in which the first and second subscripts and the superscript have the same meaning as in

Mk;n e
and
dk;n
e
and the third subscript refers to the sth interval after the application of the live load.
Further, let
Mk;n;s i
and
dk;n;s
i
represent corresponding inelastic quantities in the interval. These
quantities in an interval are obtained in a manner described earlier in stage 1. Forces that contribute to
 in the first interval are
Pek;l ;
Pik;l , (k = 1, …, n and l = k, k ‡ 1, …, n) generated in stage 1 and

Pek;n;1 ; …k ˆ 1; . . . ; n† in stage 2 (Figure 4), whereas in subsequent intervals contributing forces are
(Figure 5)
Pek;l ;
Pik;l ;
Pek;n;1 and
Pik;n;m (k = 1, …, n; l = k, k ‡ 1, …, n; and m = 1, …, s 1).
Elastic member forces in the kth storey, Mke …tc † and vertical deflections at the kth floor dke …tc † up to
the current time tc (= tb ‡ r1), at the end of the first interval, are obtained by adding
Mk;n;1e
and
dk;n;1
e

to the respective quantities at the previous time, tp (= tb), which is the end of stage 1.
Similarly inelastic member forces, Mki …tc †,and inelastic vertical deflections, dki …tc †,are obtained.
Total member forces, Mkt …tc † and total vertical deflections dkt …tc † are obtained by including both elastic
and inelastic contributions.
In subsequent intervals,
Mk;n;s e
and
dk;n;s
e
…s 6ˆ 1† are equal to zero. Elastic member forces and
vertical deflections remain constant in the subsequent intervals and therefore Mke …tc † and dke …tc † at tc (=
tb ‡ r1) become the final elastic forces and the final vertical deflections respectively.
Similarly, inelastic and total member forces, Mki …tc † and Mkt …tc †, and vertical deflections, dki …tc † and
dk …tc †, at the end of any interval, sth up to current time tc (= tp ‡ rs) are obtained by adding
t

Mk;n;s
i
;
Mk;n;s
t
;
dk;n;s
i
, and
dk;n;st
to the respective quantities at the previous time,

Figure 4. Forces contributing to total unrestrained inelastic deformation  in the first interval of stage 2

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
98 S. MARU ET AL.

Figure 5. Forces contributing to total unrestrained inelastic deformation  in the sth interval of stage 2
 sP1

tp ˆ tb ‡ rm . At the end of the qth interval, these values become the final inelastic member
mˆ1
forces, Mki …tc † and the final total member forces Mkt …tc †,and the final inelastic vertical deflections,
dki …tc † and the final total vertical deflections dkt …tc †.

3. NUMERICAL STUDY
Two frame–shear wall systems are considered: frame–shear wall system 1 having uniform properties
along the height; and frame–shear wall system 2 with non-uniform properties.

Frame–shear wall system 1

The system comprises six bays and 60 storeys, with each bay of span 5 m, storey height 3 m and
exterior and interior columns of size 1
0  1
0 m (moment of inertia Ic = 0
0834 m4, area Ac = 1
0 m2,
volume (V) to surface (S) ratio (V/S)c = 25 cm) and exterior and interior shear wall of size 3
6  0
3 m
(moment of inertia Ish = 1
1664 m4, area Ash = 1
08 m2 and volume to surface ratio, (V/S)sh = 13
8 cm)
(Figure 6). All beams have Ib = Ic (high stiffness). Percentage of reinforcement in columns and shear
walls is taken as 2% and 0
3% respectively.
The frame–shear wall system is subjected to uniform dead loading of 27 kN/m and uniform live
loading of permanent nature 10 kN/m. Construction time Ctk for each storey and the total time T are
taken as 4 days and 7244 days (20 years) respectively. The time duration of stage 2, tr, is divided into
20 intervals, 10 intervals of 50 days, five intervals of 100 days, three intervals of 1000 days and two
intervals of 1500 days duration. Material properties are: concrete mix M40, E (28 days) = 3
6  107
kN/m2, Es (modulus of elasticity of steel) = 2
1  108 kN/m2, ec(28) = 81  10 9 (m/m)/(kN/m2) and
es = 480  10 6 m/m for the first 90 days.
Vertical deflections dke …tc †; dki …tc † and dkt …tc † for the exterior and interior columns, the exterior shear
wall and the interior shear wall are shown in Figure 7. From this figure it can be seen that the difference
in differential vertical deflections between adjacent vertical members is small owing to high shear
stiffness of beams. Variation of differential vertical total deflection …dkt …tc †† between exterior shear
wall and interior column is shown in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows variation of Pek …tc † and Ptk …tc † along the
height for both columns and shear walls. Table 1 shows the magnitude of Pek …tc † and Ptk …tc † in the first
storey. In a vertical member the load transfer to it (or away from it) owing to inelastic deflections takes
place from adjacent members. Columns 4 and 5 of the table give the magnitude of the load transfer
from adjacent members. This is also shown schematically in Figure 10. The load transfer takes place
from exterior shear walls to interior columns owing to higher creep in shear walls resulting from low
(V/S)sh and low percentage of reinforcement of shear walls. The load transfer also takes place from

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE IN FRAME–SHEAR WALL SYSTEM 99

Figure 6. Frame–shear-wall system 1

Figure 7. Final vertical deflections, elastic dke …tc †, inelastic dki …tc † and total dkt …tc † of frame–shear wall system 1; (a)
external columns, (b) internal columns, (c) external shear walls and (d) internal shear wall

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100 S. MARU ET AL.

Figure 8. Differential vertical total deflections  dkt …tc † of frame–shear wall system 1

interior columns to exterior columns owing to smaller creep deflections in exterior columns resulting
from smaller axial forces, which cause creep. These two effects results in progressive load transfer
from the interior shear walls to the exterior columns.
In order to study the effect of presence of shear walls on load transfer among vertical members the
exterior and interior shear walls are replaced by columns having the same cross-sections and
reinforcement percentage as the other columns in the system.
Figure 11 shows variations of vertical deflections dke …tc †; dki …tc † and dkt …tc † for all the columns of the
frame. Figure 12 shows variations of Pek …tc † and Ptk …tc † for all the columns. Table 2 shows magnitude of
Pek …tc † and Ptk …tc † in the first storey and the magnitude of load transfer among members. The load
transfer is also shown schematically in Figure 13.
As in the case of frame–shear wall system 1 the load transfer takes place from the innermost column
to the exterior columns though the magnitude of the load transfer is smaller, since such transfer takes
place only owing to smaller creep deflections in the exterior columns resulting from smaller axial
forces, which cause creep.

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE IN FRAME–SHEAR WALL SYSTEM 101

Figure 9. Final axial forces, elastic Pek …tc † and total Ptk …tc † of frame–shear wall system 1; (a) external columns, (b)
internal columns, (c) external shear walls and (d) internal shear wall

Such difference in magnitude of load transfer in the frame–shear wall system from the frame results
in differing percentage increase in Pek …tc † (column 7 of Tables 1 and 2). For example, in the frame–
shear wall system the percentage net change in Pek …tc † in the exterior columns is 31
2%, whereas for the
frame it is 9
4%. Similarly in the interior shear wall of the frame–shear wall system the decrease in
Pek …tc † is 29
7%, whereas in the innermost column of the frame the decrease is by 4
0% only.

Table 1. Effect of inelastic deflections on axial forces (kN) and transfer of load (kN) among columns and shear
walls in the first storey of the frame–shear wall system 1

Final elastic Final total Load transfer from Load transfer from
Vertical member forces, forces, immediate exterior immediate interior Net % Net
position Pek …tc † Ptk …tc † member member change change

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Exterior 8396
4 11022
0 – ‡2625
6 (int. col. to 2625
6 31
2

columns ext. col.)
Interior columns 9334
3 11455
5 2625
6 (int. col. to ‡4746
8 (ext. shear 2121
2 22
7
ext. col.) wall to int. col.)
Exterior shear 10388
0 7180
20 4746
8 (ext. shear 1539
0 (int. shear 3207
8 30
8
walls wall to int. col.) wall to ext. shear
wall)
Interior shear 10362
4 7284
4 1539
0 (int. shear – 3078
0 29
7
walls wall to ext. shear
wall)

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102 S. MARU ET AL.

Figure 10. Load transfer among columns and shear walls in kN of frame–shear wall system 1

Frame–shear wall system 2

Frame–shear wall system 2 is similar to frame–shear wall system 1 except that the size of columns is
taken as 1
0  1
0 m for storeys 1–20, 0
8  0
8 m for storeys 21–40 and 0
5  0
5 m for storeys 41–
60. Constant percentage of reinforcement in columns is taken as 2% throughout the height.
Vertical deflection, dke …tc †; dki …tc † and dkt …tc †, for all columns and shear walls of frame–shear wall
system 2 are shown in Figure 14. As expected, kinks in dke …tc †; dki …tc † and dkt …tc † may be noted in the
neighbourhood of the 20th and 40th floors of the exterior and the first interior columns owing to change
in column cross-sectional properties at these locations. There are no kinks in vertical deflections of
shear walls as the sectional properties remain the same.
It is of interest to compare the behaviour of frame–shear wall system 2 with that of frame–shear wall
system 1.
As expected, deflections at floors 1–20 of columns in frame–shear wall system 2 are close to the
deflections in frame–shear wall system 1, whereas at floors 21–60 these are higher than the

Figure 11. Final vertical deflections, elastic dke …tc †, inelastic dki …tc † and total dkt …tc † of frame; (a) external columns,
(b) first internal columns, (c) second internal columns and (d) innermost column

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE IN FRAME–SHEAR WALL SYSTEM 103

Figure 12. Final axial forces, elastic Pek …tc † and total Ptk …tc † of frame; (a) external columns, (b) first internal
columns, (c) second internal columns and (d) innermost column

corresponding deflections of frame–shear wall system 1. Table 3 shows the comparison of vertical
deflections dke …tc †; dki …tc † and dkt …tc † in the exterior columns of the two systems.
Figure 15 shows variation of final elastic force Pek …tc † and final total force Ptk …tc † for columns and
shear walls of frame–shear wall system 2. The load transfer among columns and shear walls in the first
storey owing to inelastic deflections may be seen in Table 4 and also schematically in Figure 16. The
nature of load transfer among columns and shear walls of frame–shear wall system 2 is similar to that
of frame–shear wall system 1 (Figure 10). In both the systems the load transfer takes place from the
interior shear wall to the exterior columns.

Table 2. Effect of inelastic deflections on axial forces (kN) and transfer of load (kN) among columns in the first
storey of the frame

Vertical
member Final elastic Final total Load transfer from Load transfer from
(column) forces, forces, immediate exterior immediate interior Net % Net
position Pek …tc † Ptk …tc † member member change change

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Exterior 8588
2 9394
7 – ‡806
5 (1st int. to ext.) 806
5 9
4

1st interior 9660
6 9422
8 806
5 (1st int. to ext.) ‡568
7 (2nd int. to 1st 237
8 2
4
int.)
2nd interior 10002
4 9634
5 568
7 (2nd int. to 1st 200
8 (innermost to 2nd 367
9 3
6
int.) int.)
Innermost 10097
3 9695
9 200
8 (innermost to – 401
6 4
0
2nd int.)

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104 S. MARU ET AL.

Figure 13. Load transfer among columns in kN of frame

Figure 14. Final vertical deflections, elastic dke …tc †, inelastic dki …tc † and total dkt …tc † of frame–shear wall system 2;
(a) external columns, (b) internal columns, (c) external shear walls and (d) internal shear wall

Table 3. Comparison of vertical deflections (mm), elastic, inelastic and total for exterior columns of frame–shear
wall systems 1 and 2

% Increase in frame–shear wall

Frame–shear wall system 1 Frame–shear wall system 2 system 2
Elastic Inelastic Total Elastic Inelastic Total Elastic Inelastic Total
def., def., def., def., def., def., def., def., def.,
Story dke …tc † dki …tc † dkt …tc † dke …tc † dki …tc † dkt …tc † dke …tc † dki …tc † dkt …tc †

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1st 0
6 2
1 2
7 0
6 2
1 2
7 0
0 0
0 0
0
30th 11
7 46
4 58
1 12
5 50
0 62
5 6
8 7
7 7
6
60th 6
1 55
9 62
0 7
7 69
4 77
1 14
7 24
1 24
3

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 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE IN FRAME–SHEAR WALL SYSTEM 105

Figure 15. Final axial forces, elastic Pek …tc † and total Ptk …tc † of frame–shear wall system 2; (a) external columns, (b)
internal columns, (c) external shear walls and (d) internal shear wall

The variation in nature and magnitude of net change in elastic forces, Pek …tc †, resulting from creep
and shrinkage along the height in frame–shear wall systems 1 and 2 are compared in Table 5.
The percentage net change in Pek …tc † in the two systems differs significantly. In frame–shear wall
system 1, cross-sectional area of columns and R d (difference in volume-to-surface ratio of exterior and
interior vertical members) for adjacent column and shear wall remain constant (= 11
2 cm) throughout
the height. Owing to low (V/S)sh and low percentage of reinforcement load transfer takes place from
shear wall to adjacent columns. In frame–shear wall system 2, R d is 11
2 cm for storeys 1–20, 6
2 cm
for storeys 21–40 and 1
3 cm for storeys 41–60. The reduction in R d (in storeys 21–40 and 41–60)

Table 4. Effect of inelastic deflections on axial forces (kN) and transfer of load (kN) among columns and shear
walls in the first storey of frame–shear wall system 2

Vertical Final elastic Final total Load transfer from Load transfer from
member forces, forces, immediate exterior immediate interior Net % Net
position Pek …tc † Ptk …tc † member member change change

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Exterior 8239
2 11493
7 – 3254
5 (int. col. to ext. 3254
5 39
50

columns col.)
Interior 9359
1 12372
8 3254
5 (int. col. to 6268
2 (ext. shear wall 3013
7 32
2
columns ext. col.) to int. col.)
Exterior 10475
3 6234
4 6268
2 (ext. shear 2027
3 (int. shear wall 4240
9 40
4
shear walls wall to int. col.) to ext. shear wall)
Interior 10452
8 6398
2 2027
3 (int. shear – 4054
6 38
7
shear walls wall to ext. shear wall)

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106 S. MARU ET AL.

Figure 16. Load transfer among columns and shear walls in kN of frame–shear wall system 2

reduces the tendency of load transfer from exterior shear wall to adjacent columns, whereas negative
R d in storeys 41–60 induces load transfer in the opposite direction, i.e. from the first interior columns to
adjacent shear walls. Further, reduction in cross-sectional area of columns also induces load transfer
from the first interior columns to adjacent shear walls. The occurrence of this opposing load transfer
tendency in frame–shear wall system 2 makes the magnitude of load transfer among the vertical
members of the frame–shear wall system 2 significantly different from that of frame–shear wall system
1. This results in the percentage net change in final elastic force in frame–shear wall system 2 to be
significantly different from the corresponding change in final elastic force of frame–shear wall system
1.

Table 5. Variation in nature and magnitude of net change in elastic forces (kN) along height in frame–shear wall
systems 1 and 2

Frame–shear wall system 1 Frame–shear wall system 2

Final elastic Final total Final elastic Final total
Story force, Pek …tc † force, Ptk …tc † % Net change force, Pek …tc † force, Ptk …tc † % Net change

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Exterior column
1st 8396
4 11022
0 31
2 8239
2 11493
7 39
5
20th 5830
5 7769
5 33
3 5276
7 7338
2 39
0
40th 2819
9 4148
1 47
10 2039
4 2440
6 19
6
60th 102
5 170
2 66
0 85
2 90
6 6
3
Interior column
1st 9334
3 11455
5 22
7 9359
1 12372
8 32
2
20th 6366
3 7792
4 22
4 5844
3 7895
9 35
1
40th 3289
0 4363
6 32
6 2204
8 2944
7 33
5
60th 161
8 439
4 171
5 138
3 147
3 6
5
Exterior shear wall
1st 10388
0 7180
2 30
8 10475
3 6234
4 40
4
20th 7044
5 4776
6 32
1 7757
1 4955
9 36
1
40th 3703
5 2088
1 43
6 4952
4 4142
0 16
3
60th 199
4 76
8 138
5 233
1 208
7 10
4
Interior shear wall
1st 10362
4 7284
4 29
7 10452
8 6398
2 38
7
20th 7027
2 4832
8 31
2 7353
8 5130
2 30
2
40th 3685
3 2110
4 42
7 4916
8 4255
1 13
4
60th 182
3 44
5 75
5 196
9 216
6 10
0

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE IN FRAME–SHEAR WALL SYSTEM 107

CONCLUSIONS
Using the CP the behaviour of frame–shear wall systems due to creep and shrinkage has been studied
when stiffness of beams is high (Ib = Ic). From the studies the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Vertical deflections differ only marginally in adjacent vertical members (columns and shear
walls), since shear stiffness of beams is high but load transfer among them can be significant.
2. The percentage net change in final elastic force owing to creep and shrinkage in a non-uniform
frame–shear wall system is significantly different from the corresponding change in final elastic
force of the uniform frame–shear wall system.

REFERENCES

Banavalkar PV and Wilkerson S. 1993. Creep and shrinkage of composite columns in tall buildings. In
Proceedings of the Symposium on Structural Engineering in Natural Hazards Mitigation, ASCE, New York;
1473–1478.
Fintel M and Khan FR. 1969. Effects of column creep and shrinkage in tall structures: prediction of inelastic
column shortening. ACI Journal 66: 957–967.
Fintel M and Khan FR. 1971. Effects of column creep and shrinkage in tall structures: analysis for differential
shortening of columns and field observation of structures. Paper SP 27-4, ACI Spec. Publ. 27, American
Concrete Institute, Detroit; 95–119.
Fintel M, Ghosh SK and Iyengar HS. 1987. Column shortening in tall buildings: prediction and compensation.
Publ. EB108 D, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL; 1–34.
Ghosh SK. 1997. Differential shortening in tall concrete buildings. In Proceedings of 15th Structures Congress,
Part I, Vol. 1, ASCE, New York; 135–139.
Maru S. 2000. Analysis and behaviour of R.C. tall buildings incorporating creep and shrinkage. PhD thesis, IIT
Delhi, India.
Maru S, Asfaw M and Nagpal AK. 2001. A consistent procedure for creep and shrinkage effects in R.C. frames.
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE 127(27): 726–732.
Smith BS and Coull A. 1991. Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design. Wiley: New York.

APPENDIX: NOTATION
The following symbols are used in this paper:
A, L cross-sectional area and length of column respectively
Ctk construction time
dke …t†; dki …t†; dkt …t† vertical deflections at time t
E modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es modulus of elasticity of steel
I b, I c moment of inertia of beam and column respectively
Mke …t†; Mki …t†; Mkt …t† member forces at time t
Pek …t†; Pik …t†; Ptk …t† axial forces at time t
q number of time intervals in stage 2
Rd difference in volume-to-surface ratio of exterior and interior vertical
members
Rf restrained column end forces
rm duration of mth interval in stage 2
T total time for which creep and shrinkage effects are being studied
ta age of concrete
tb time duration from beginning of construction after which live load
acts

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)
108 S. MARU ET AL.

tc , tp current and previous time

tr remaining time after construction of the frame
(V/S)c volume-to-surface ratio of column
(V/S)sh volume-to-surface ratio of shear wall

dk;j e
;
dk;j
i
;
dk;j
t
vertical deflections

dk;n;s ;
dk;n;s ;
dk;n;s
e i t
vertical deflections

Mk;j ;
Mk;j ;
Mk;j
e i t
member forces

Mk;n;s e
;
Mk;n;si
;
Mk;n;s
t
member forces

Pk;j ;
Pk;j ;
Pk;j
e i t
axial forces

Pek;n;s ;
Pik;n;s ;
Ptk;n;s axial forces
 total unrestrained inelastic deformation
 c,  s
creep and shrinkage deformations
 dkt …t† differential vertical total deflections at time t
"c(28) specific creep value for loading at 28 days
"s ultimate shrinkage strain
la creep coefficients, to include effect of age of vertical member
lc , ls size coefficients for creep and shrinkage
lt(t1), lt(t2) lt at time t = t1 (beginning) and t2 end) of time interval respectively
lt coefficient defining progress of creep and shrinkage with time; and
c stress in vertical member
Superscript
e elastic
i inelastic; and
t total
Subscript
j substructure
k story/floor
n total no. of stories in frame–shear wall system; and
s interval no. after the application of live load

Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 12, 93–108 (2003)