Imple Esistive Ircuit: Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Philadelphia University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Electrical Engineering Department
SIMPLE RESISTIVE
CIRCUIT
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS, NILSSON AND RIEDEL, 9TH EDITION

REERNCES
11/2/2020
James Nilson and Susan Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10th edition, 2014, Pearson.
Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

W. Hayt and J. Kemmerly, Engineering Circuits Analysis, 5th edition, Mcgraw-
Hill College, 1993.
3. Introductory_Circuit_Analysis_-_12th_Edi-Boylestad
2
Chapter 3
STRUCTURE
Circuit Configuration:
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
 Resistors in Series
 Resistors in Parallel
 Circuit Analysis

 The Voltage/Current Divider Circuit
 Voltage/Current Division General Rules
 Delta-to-Wye Equivalent Circuit
3
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION: RESISTANCE IN SERIES
Chapter 3
 Circuit Elements:
 In general, if k resistors are connected in series, the equivalent
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single resistor has a resistance equal to the sum of the k
resistances.
𝑘
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑘
𝑖=1

𝑖𝑠 = 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = ⋯ = 𝑖7
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑖𝑠 × (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅7 )
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑖𝑠 × (𝑅𝑒𝑞 ) , where
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅7
4
Chapter 3
 Example: Determine the equivalent resistance of the series
connection for the shown figure.
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Solution: Applying the following equation
𝑘
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑘
𝑖=1
Then,
5
Chapter 3
 Example: Determine I and the voltage across the 7 resistor
in the shown figure.
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Solution: Simplifying the circuit as shown in the figure below:
6
Chapter 3
 Example: Determine I and the voltage across the 7 resistor
in the shown figure.
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Solution: Simplifying the circuit as shown in the figure below:
7
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION: RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL
Chapter 3
 Circuit Elements:
 In general, if k resistors are connected in parallel, the reciprocal of
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the equivalent single resistor has a reciprocal resistance equal
to the sum of the reciprocal k resistances.
𝑘
1 1 1 1 1
= = + + ⋯+
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑖 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑘
𝑖=1
𝑘

𝐺𝑒𝑞 = 𝐺𝑖 = 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + ⋯ + 𝐺𝑘
𝑖=1
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = ⋯ = 𝑣4
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑖1 × 𝑅1 = 𝑖2 × 𝑅2 = ⋯ = 𝑖4 × 𝑅4
𝑖𝑠 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + ⋯ + 𝑖4
1 1 1
𝑖𝑠 = 𝑣𝑠 × ( + + ⋯ + ) ,
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅4
Therefore
1 1 1 1 If k = 2, we have
= + + ⋯+ 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
8
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 =…=𝑅𝑘 , we have
𝑅1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =
𝑘
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION: RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL
Chapter 3
 Example: Determine the total conductance of the circuit
shown in the figure.
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Solution: Applying the following equation
𝑘
1 1 1 1 1
= = + + ⋯+
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑖 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑘
𝑖=1
Then,
1 1 1 1
= + + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 1.98 
𝑅𝑒𝑞 2 200 1000 9
Circuit Configuration: Calculating the Equivalent Resistance in
Chapter 3
Series-Parallel Circuits
 Example: For the circuit

shown, find the equivalent
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resistance
Solution:
We start to find the equivalent at
the end of the circuit towards the

terminals.
Series combination: 4+5+3=12 Ω
4 Ω is parallel with 12 Ω
4×12 48
 4 //12= = = 3Ω
4+12 16
Series combination: 3+3=6 Ω

10
Chapter 3
 Example: For the circuit

shown, find the equivalent
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resistance
Solution:

6 Ω is parallel with 6 Ω
6×6 36
 6 //6= = =3Ω
6+6 12
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =4+3+3=10 Ω
11
Chapter 3
 Example 3.1: For the circuit shown, find the currents 𝑖𝑠 , 𝑖1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖2 .
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Solution:
Find first the equivalent resistance
of 18 Ω and (6+3=9 Ω) resistors
as shown in (a):
18×9
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = = 6 Ω.
18+9
Find the current 𝑖𝑠 in Fig.(b):
120 120
𝑖𝑠 = = =12 A 12
4+6 10
Chapter 3
 Example 3.1:
For the circuit shown, find the currents 𝑖𝑠 , 𝑖1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖2 .
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Solution:
In the shown figure, we can calculate 𝒗𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟔 = 𝟕𝟐 𝑽
Notice that 𝒗𝟏 =𝒗𝟔 =𝒗𝟗 =𝒗𝟏𝟖
Since we know the voltage across the 9 and 18 resistors, we can calculate

the currents across them.
𝑣1 72
𝑖1 = = =4 A
18 18
𝑣1 72
𝑖2 = = =8 A
9 9
13
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION:
Chapter 3
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 Example 1:
For the circuit shown, find:
o the voltage v,

o the power delivered to the circuit by the current source, and
o the power dissipated in the 10 Ω resistor.
Solution: 𝑅1
𝑅3
v = 5𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 60 V
p = -5× 𝑣 =-300 W
𝑅2 𝑅𝑒𝑞
𝑅1 = 6+10=16 Ω 𝑅3 = 7.2+𝑅2 =20 Ω 14

𝑅 ×64 𝑅 ×30
𝑅2 = 1 = 12.8Ω 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 3 = 12 Ω
𝑅1 +64 𝑅3 +30
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION:
Chapter 3
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 Example 1:
o the voltage v,

o the power delivered to the circuit by the current source, and
o the power dissipated in the 10 Ω resistor.
Solution: 𝑅1
𝑅3
i1 i2
𝑅2 𝑅𝑒𝑞
𝑣 𝑣𝑅 15
𝑖1 = =3 A 𝑖2 = 2 =2.4 A
7.2+𝑅2 𝑅1
p10 Ω = (𝑖2 )2×10 = 2.42×10 = 57.6 W
𝑣𝑅2 =𝑖1 × 𝑅2 = 38.4 V
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: THE VOLTAGE/CURRENT-‐DIVIDER CIRCUIT
Chapter 3
 The Voltage Divider Circuits:
𝑣𝑠
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o 𝑖=
𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑣𝑠 𝑅1
o 𝑣1 = 𝑖 × 𝑅1 = × 𝑅1 = 𝑣𝑠 ×
𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑣𝑠 𝑅
o 𝑣2 = 𝑖 × 𝑅2 = × 𝑅2 = 𝑣𝑠 × 2
𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅1 +𝑅2

 The Current Divider Circuits:
𝑅1 ×𝑅2
o 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑠
𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑅 ×𝑅
𝑣 𝑖𝑠 1 2 𝑅2
𝑅1 +𝑅2
o 𝑖1 = = = 𝑖𝑠 ×
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑖𝑠
𝑅1 ×𝑅2 16
𝑣 𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅1
o 𝑖2 = = = 𝑖𝑠 ×
𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅1 +𝑅2
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: VOLTAGE/CURRENT DIVISION GENERAL
Chapter 3
RULES
Example:
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Use the voltage divider rule to determine V1 and V2 in the
circuit shown below.
Solution:

17
Chapter 3
RULES
Example:
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Use the current divider rule to determine I2 in the circuit
shown below.
Solution:

18
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:
Chapter 3
vT
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i vR
 Example 2:
o The value of R that will cause 4 A of current to flow through the 80 Ω resistor

in the circuit shown.
o How much power will the resistor R from part (a) need to dissipate?
o How much power will the current source generate for the value of R from part
(a)?
Solution:
𝑅
o 𝑖 = 20 ×  𝑅 = 30Ω
(40+80)+𝑅
(40+80) (16×30)2
o 𝑖𝑅 = 20 × = 16 𝐴  𝑝𝑅 = 16 × 30 =
2
= 7680 𝑊
(40+80)+30 30
o 𝑣𝑇 = 20 × 60 + 𝑣𝑅 = 1200 + 16 × 30 = 1680 𝑉
 𝑝𝑇 = −20 × 1680 = −33600 𝑊 19
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: VOLTAGE/CURRENT DIVISION
Chapter 3
 The Voltage Division:
𝑣𝑠
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o 𝑖=
𝑅1 +⋯+𝑅𝑛
𝑅𝑗
o 𝑣𝑗 = 𝑖 × 𝑅𝑗 = ×𝑣
𝑅𝑒𝑞

 The Current Divider Circuits:
o 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑠 × 𝑅𝑒𝑞
𝑣 𝑅𝑒𝑞
o 𝑖𝑗 = =𝑖×
𝑅𝑗 𝑅𝑗
20
Chapter 3
RULES
Example:
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Using the voltage divider rule, determine voltages V1 and V3
for the series circuit shown in the figure.
Solution:

21
Chapter 3
RULES
Example: For the parallel circuit shown in the figure:
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a. Find the total / equivalent resistance.
b. Calculate the source current.
c. Determine the current through each branch.
Solution:
1 1 1 1
a. = + + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑇 = 9.49 
𝑅𝑒𝑞 1.2𝐾 220 10
b.
22
Chapter 3
RULES
Example: For the parallel circuit shown in the figure:
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a. Find the total / equivalent resistance.
b. Calculate the source current.
c. Determine the current through each branch.
Solution:
23
Chapter 3
 Example 3.4: For the circuit shown, find:
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a) Use current division to determine the current io through the 24 Ω resistor.
b) Use voltage division to determine the voltage vo across the 30 Ω resistor.
24
Chapter 3
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a) Use current division to determine the current io through the 24 Ω resistor.

o Solution:
25
Chapter 3
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b) Use voltage division to determine the voltage vo across the 30 Ω resistor.

o Solution:
26
Chapter 3
i
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i2
i1
 Example 3:

o Use voltage division to determine the voltage vo across the 40 Ω resistor.
o Use vo from part (a) to determine the current through the 40 Ω resistor, and use this
current and current division to calculate the current in the 30 Ω resistor.
o How much power is absorbed by the 50 Ω resistor?
Solution:
o Req = 40+(20||30||(50+10))+70 = 120 Ω
40 40
o vo= 𝑣 × = 60 × = 20 𝑉
𝑅𝑒𝑞 (120)
𝑣𝑜 10+50 | 30 |20
o 𝑖= = 0.5 𝐴  𝑖1 = 0.5 × = 166.67 𝑚𝐴 27
40 30
2 10+50 | 30 |20 2
o 𝑝50Ω = 𝑖2 × 50 = ( ) × 50 = 347.22 𝑚𝑊
(10+50)
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: DELTA-TO-WYE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Chapter 3
 Δ-to-Y Conversion:
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𝑅𝑏 × 𝑅𝑐
𝑅1 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐 × 𝑅𝑎
𝑅2 =
𝑅𝑎 × 𝑅𝑏

𝑅3 =
 Y-to-Δ Conversion:
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑎 =
𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑏 =
𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑐 = 28
𝑅3
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: DELTA-TO-WYE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Chapter 3
 Example 1: Use a Y-to-Δ transformation to find the voltage v in
the circuit shown.
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Solution:
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑎 = =17.5Ω
𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑏 = = 70Ω

𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
𝑅𝑐 = = 35Ω
𝑅3
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =35//[(28//70)+(105//17.5)]= 17.5 Ω

𝑣 = 𝑖 × 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2 × 17.5=35 V 29

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Philadelphia University

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS, NILSSON AND RIEDEL, 9TH EDITION

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

 Voltage/Current Division General Rules

 Delta-to-Wye Equivalent Circuit

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

 Example: For the circuit

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Series combination: 4+5+3=12 Ω

Series combination: 3+3=6 Ω

 Example: For the circuit

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

𝑅1 = 6+10=16 Ω 𝑅3 = 7.2+𝑅2 =20 Ω 14

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Example: For the parallel circuit shown in the figure:

Example: For the parallel circuit shown in the figure:

b) Use voltage division to determine the voltage vo across the 30 Ω resistor.

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

Eng. Ahlam A. Damati

𝑅𝑒𝑞 =35//[(28//70)+(105//17.5)]= 17.5 Ω

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