Module 1 - Week 2 - GEC102

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)
Course GEC 102: Readings in Philippine History
Sem/AY First Semester/2021-2022
Module No. 1
Lesson Title BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY OF HISTORY
Week
1
Duration
Date Week 2: October 16, 2020
This lesson will discuss the background of the Philippine History, the meaning and
nature of history, its importance and relevance. This lesson will also discuss the
Description
difference between internal and external criticism and lastly the repositories of
of the Lesson
primary and secondary sources. This lesson will also provide activities and exercises in
a form of student-centered approach.
Learning Outcomes
Intended
Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning
 Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and provenance
Outcomes
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives  determine the meaning, importance, and relevance of history;
 evaluate primary and secondary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and
providence;
 differentiate internal and external criticism; and
 describe the repositories of primary resources.
Student Learning Strategies
Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a Four-Hour class discussion on the
nature and types of educational technologies. To have access to the
Asynchronous) Online Discussion, refer to this link: for BSEntrep 1-A and for BEEd 1-A
The online discussion will happen on October 16, 2020, from 10:00AM –
04:00PM.
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)
B. Learning Guide Questions:
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prepared by: MICHAEL T. ARDIZONE, LPT, MAEd.
Province of Laguna
1. Why do we have to understand the difference between internal and

external criticism in the Philippine history?

2. What are the ways at looking in a set of data?
3. How significant are these sets of data in history?
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.
Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self- Lecture Guide
Paced) History: Its Meaning, Importance and Relevance
Meaning of History
The word history is derived from the Greek word “historia” which means
“inquiry or research”. Thus, term history refers to accounts or inquiries of events that
happened in the past and are narrated in a chronological order.
According to Aristotle, regarded as the father of logic, history is a systematic
account of a set of natural phenomena which are arranged in their chronological
order. The great historians Thucydides and Herodotus (Father of History) defined
history as learning inquiry about the past of mankind. E. H. Carr likewise defines
history as a never-ending dialogue of events between the past and the present. Will
Durant stated that history is a narrative of events of what civilized men have thought
and done in the past. In the words of Jawaharlal Nehru, the theme of history should be
that of man’s growth from barbarism to civilization.
Importance of History
It is said that history is to the human race whereas memory is to each man. It
does not only shed the light of the past upon the present time. It also:
 helps every person to draw conclusion from the past events helping the person
to understand himself by being acquainted with other people.
 helps the person or the government avoid the pitfalls of the present by
knowing the rise and fall of the rulers, government and empires.
 makes a person’s life richer and fuller by giving meaning to the books he reads
(especially history books, the cities and metropolis he visits and the cultural
performances he hers and listens to)
 broaden the person’s outlook in life by learning and understanding the various
races, cultures, idiosyncrasies, habits, rituals, ceremonies, etc. of the making of
contemporary society out of the diverse forces of the past.
 enable a person to grasp his relationship with the past, such as to who ordered
the killing of Ninoy Aquino or why China insists on occupying territories
claimed by the Philippines – and because of the events, one has to turn to
history for a complete answer.
 helps social and political scientists or researchers engaged in research as for
example of political researcher doing a research on federal form of
government has to draw his data from the materials of history and finally,
 history preserves the cultural values of a nation because it guides society in
confronting various crisis. As Allen Nerins outs it, history is like a bridge that

Province of Laguna
connects
Level I Institutionally the
Accredited past with present and “pointing the road to the future”.
Relevance of Studying Philippine History

Some students enrolled in Philippine History subject often asked the question:
What is the use or relevance of studying Philippine History? It is just an additional
payment for an additional 3-unit core subject. Why are we concerned about what
happened a long time ago? The answer to their unending questions is that “history is
inescapable,” according to Penelope J. Carfield. The saying “all people are living
histories – which is why history matters” is true in this case. It is not a “dead”
subject, as some believed. History connects things through time and the students are
encouraged to take a long view such connections. An example is the legacies of the
past are connected to the present so as to determine what comes in the future.
To understand the linkage between the past and past is to have a better group
of condition of being human. All human beings are living histories. For example, the
human species speak languages that are inherited from the past. They use
technologies that they have not themselves invested. Thus an individual is born of an
inherited “genetic template” which has evolved during his lifespan. Thus, the study of
Philippine History is not only relevant; it is also useful and essential.
Understanding Philippine History is essential to a good understanding of the
condition of being human. People build, people destroy, and people change. Neither of
these options can be understood well without understanding the context and starting
point of all these. All human beings live in the here and now, but it took a long
unfolding history to get enough to “NOW”.
Distinction between Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary Source are direct firsthand evidences regarding an object, person or work of
art. They include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results,
experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio, video recordings,
speeches, and art objects. They also include interviews, and newsgroups. In the most
natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies – research
where experiment was performed or a direct observation was done. The results such
empirical studies are found in some scholarly articles or papers delivered at
conferences.
Secondary Sources on the other hand describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon,
analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Secondary source
materials are those that can be found in newspaper or popular magazines, book or
movie reviews, or article written in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate
someone else’s original research.
A comparative analysis or primary and secondary sources in a table format is shown

(Steven Profit, 2017)
PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES
are the raw materials of historical research – they are are analysis or a restatement of primary sources. They
the documents or artifacts closest to the topic of often describe or explain primary sources. Some
investigation. Often, they are created during the time secondary sources not only analyze primary sources,
period which is being studied (correspondence, but also use them to argue or persuade the reader to
diaries, newspapers, government documents, art) but hold a certain opinion. Secondary sources are not
they can also produced later by eyewitnesses or evidence, but a commentary on and discussion of
participants (memoirs, oral histories). You may find evidence.
primary sources in their original format (usually in an
archive) or reproduced in a variety of ways: books, Examples include:

Province of Laguna
microfilm, digital,
Level I Institutionally etc.
Accredited Bibliographies
Biographical Works
Examples include: Commentaries, Criticisms
Artifacts (e.g., coins, plant specimens, fossils, furniture, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias
tools, clothing, all from the time under study) Histories
Audio Recordings (e.g., radio programs, oral histories) Journal Articles
Diaries Magazines and Newspaper Articles
Internet Communications on email, Interviews (e.g., oral Monographs, other than fiction and Autobiography
histories, telephone, e-mail) Textbooks
Journal Articles published in peer-reviewed publications Websites
Letters
Newspaper Articles written at the time
Original Documents (i.e., birth certificate, will,
marriage license, trial transcript)
Patents
Photographs
Proceedings of Meetings, Conferences and Symposia
Records of Organizations, Government Agencies (e.g.,
annual report, treaty, constitution, government
document)
Speeches
Survey Research (e.g., market surveys, public opinion
polls)
Video Recordings (e.g., television programs)
Works of Art, Architecture, Literature, and Music (e.g.,
paintings, sculptures, musical scores, buildings, novels,
poems, websites)
The Difference between Internal and External Criticisms

With respect to internal criticisms, these seek to falsify or demonstrate the
discontinuity with an idea by hypothetically assuming its truth in order to prove some
internal inconsistency or contradiction with it. External Criticisms, in contrast seek to
falsify an idea without hypothetically assuming its truth.
Dr. Lynn Sims, a history professor at John Tyler Community College noted two
ways of applying a set of data. According to her, internal criticism looks within the idea
itself to try to determine truth – facts and “reasonable” interpretation. It includes
looking at the apparent or possible motives of the person providing the data whereas;
external criticism applies “science to a document”. It involves such physical and
technical tests as dating of paper a document is written on, but it also involves
knowledge of when certain things existed or was possible, e.g., where zip codes were
invented. External criticism and the application of both forms of critique often require
research. Part of research can be oral history.
Understanding the difference between an internal and external criticism is of
vital importance for all people since falling to do this may lead in to unfocused
conversations where topic of investigation is never sufficiently addressed due to
identifying what type of objection you have or else are confronted with and, as a
result, you will be in a better position for having more fruitful conversations with
those whom you may disagree with.
Repositories of Primary Sources

The main task of preserving and making the primary source of information on
Philippine History accessible to the public lies on the National Archives of the
Philippines. The documents, records, and other primary sources are basic components
of cultural heritage and collective memory – the embodiment of community identities
as well as testaments to shared national experiences. Presently, it is the home of about
60 million documents from the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, the

Province of Laguna
American
Level I Institutionallyand Japanese
Occupations, as well as the years of the Republic.
Accredited
The Archiver is created by Republic Act 9470 on May 21, 2017. This new law
strengthened the record-keeping system and administration program for archival
materials as it is the final repository for the voluminous notarized documents in the
country.
Other local repositories of primary sources could be found in museums of
provinces, cities, and municipalities in the locality.
For Republic Acts and other legislative enactments or statutes, the repositories
are the Official Gazette published by the National Printing Office.
The Supreme Court decisions, the repositories of the SC decisions are the
Philippine Reports, citations of books, treaties, pleadings and even court decisions are
found in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA).
Engaging Activities
Reflection:
Direction: Indicate the things you have learned in this lesson (knowledge),
the things that you have realized and appreciated (values), and the things
that you have discovered and wanted to do more (skills). Place these
things inside the circular, rectangular, and triangular boxes which look like
a human figure.
Things that I have learned

(knowledge)
Things that I have realized

and discovered
(values)
Things that I have

discovered and wanted
more
(skills)
Performance Tasks
Province of Laguna
My History101
Directions: Write your concise learning about the Philippine History. Narrate your answer through these
themes:
Pre-Colonial Period
Spanish Era
American Occupation
Japanese Imperial Army
The Present Republic
Activity 1: Words to Know

Directions. Define the following terms based on your own point of view (not exactly copied from the text).
History
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Primary Source
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Province of Laguna
Secondary Source Level I Institutionally Accredited

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Internal Criticism
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
External Criticism
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Archives
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Repositories
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Brush up!

Directions. Differentiate the following terms and give examples to support your answer.
2.1 Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.2 Archives vs. Museums

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.3 Internal Criticism vs. External Criticism

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 3. Things to ponder!

Directions. Answer the following questions comprehensively.
3.1 Why do we have to understand the difference between internal and external criticism?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.2 What are the ways at looking in a set of data? How significant are these sets of data in history?

Province of Laguna
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.3 Give an example on how internal and external criticism can be applied in the study of Philippine History?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.4 Cite some other primary and secondary sources not found in this learning material:
3.4.1 Other Primary Sources
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.4.2 Other Secondary Sources

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.5 Do you consider electronics or digitalized sources as primary sources?

Support your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.6 What is meant by saying that “history matters”? Explain well.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.7 Is history a “dead” subject? Support your answer.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.8 Why is Herodotus considered as the “Father of History”? Describe his life, works, and achievements.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 4: React to the Statement

4.1 History is inescapable.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Province of Laguna
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.2 All people are living histories.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.3 History is not only useful, it is also essential.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.4 History is to the human race whereas memory is to each man.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Understanding Directed Assess
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/497225615085699043/
Learning Resources

Province of Laguna
Ariola, M. M. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. P. 11-21, ISBN: 978-621-427-037-7

Profit, Steven (2017). What’s the Difference Between Primary and Secondary Source?
Republic Act No. 9470, National Archives of the Philippines Act of 2007, Retrieved September
27, 2012
Sims, Lyn (1998). Taking an Active Role in Learning History. Posted Spring 1998
Wesson, Stephen (2011). Selecting Primary Sources, Part II: Considering Historical Context”,
Posted July 26, 2011
Wesson, Stephen (2012). Top Ten Tips for Facilitating an Effective Primary Source Analysis”
Posted September 13, 2012
https://sccollege.edu/Library/Pages/Primary-Sources.aspx
https://libguides.wmiich.edu/archives/repositories


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Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

B. Learning Guide Questions:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

1. Why do we have to understand the difference between internal and

external criticism in the Philippine history?

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Relevance of Studying Philippine History

Distinction between Primary and Secondary Sources

A comparative analysis or primary and secondary sources in a table format is shown

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The Difference between Internal and External Criticisms

Repositories of Primary Sources

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Things that I have learned

Things that I have realized

Things that I have

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Japanese Imperial Army

The Present Republic

Activity 1: Words to Know

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Secondary Source Level I Institutionally Accredited

Activity 2: Brush up!

2.2 Archives vs. Museums

2.3 Internal Criticism vs. External Criticism

Activity 3. Things to ponder!

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

3.4.2 Other Secondary Sources

3.5 Do you consider electronics or digitalized sources as primary sources?

3.6 What is meant by saying that “history matters”? Explain well.

3.7 Is history a “dead” subject? Support your answer.

Activity 4: React to the Statement

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

4.2 All people are living histories.

4.3 History is not only useful, it is also essential.

4.4 History is to the human race whereas memory is to each man.

Understanding Directed Assess

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Ariola, M. M. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. P. 11-21, ISBN: 978-621-427-037-7

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

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