Week 13 - 3.1 - Utilities

BUILDING SERVICES
ECM 216
Lecturer: MOHD MUSTAQIM B MOHD NORDIN

Tel. : 019-5982087 @ 04-3822634
E-mail : mustaqimnordin@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Room : 2.17 BKBA
1
Programme Outcomes
1. Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science, mathematics
and engineering (C)
2. Ability to communicate effectively, not only with engineers but also with the
public (A)
3. Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems using thinking
skills and engineering reasoning (C)
4. Ability to act effectively as an individual and as a group with leadership
capabilities (A)
5. Understanding of the social, cultural, global, environmental responsibilities,
ethics and the needs for sustainable development (A)
6. Acquiring the capacity to undertake lifelong learning and having the
knowledge of contemporary issues (C)
7. Ability to design and conduct experiments as well as to analyze, interpret
data and to construct engineering drawing (P)
8. Ability to function in multidisciplinary teams (A)
9. Having the knowledge of management, financial and entrepreneurship (C)
2
Course Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to:
• CO1: Apply knowledge and evaluate the problems than can be

solved using basic concepts and principles in electrical and
mechanical.
• CO2: Explain the application of electrical and mechanical equipment,

safety precaution and control of the building.
• CO3: Exemplify issues related to ethics, responsibilities and

environment.
3
TOPICS OUTLINE
CHAPTER 1 - Building Services (Electrical)

• Learning Outcomes • Transformer
• Introduction • Conductor
• Hydroelectric Power Plant • Earthing and Lightning arrestor
• Electrical Power System • Wiring Method
• Electrical Power Generation • Lighting
CHAPTER 2 - Building Services (Mechanical)
• Learning Outcomes
• Ventilation System
• Air-condition System
• Fire Fighting System
• Building Transportation System
• Building Automation and Control
CHAPTER 3 - Building Services (Utilities)
• Learning Outcomes
• Solid Wasted or Refuse Disposal
• Cold Water and Hot Water Supply
4
COURSE ASSESSMENT
EVALUATION
FINAL EXAMINATION 60%
TEST 20%
ASSIGNMENT 2X 20%
TOTAL 100%
5
CHAPTER 3
BUILDING SERVICES (UTILITIES)
Download all notes and other lectures materials of ECM 216 at;
i-Learn Portal of UiTM
6
CONTENTS
3.1 Solid Wasted & Refuse Disposal
3.2 Cold Water & Hot Water Supply
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8
3.1 Solid Wasted & Refuse Disposal- Learning Outline
Content;
3.1.1 Categories of Solid Waste
3.1.2 Collection System
3.1.3 Disposal Method
3.1.4 Refuse Chute
3.1.5 On-site & Sanitary Incineration
3.1.6 Single Stack & 2-pipe System for Sanitary Pipeline
3.1.7 Matthew Hall Garchey System
3.1.8 Sink Grinders
3.1.9 Loss of Trap Water Seal
3.1.10 Resealing & Anti-siphon traps
9
3.1 Solid Wasted & Refuse Disposal- Learning Outline
By the end of this session, students are able to :
a) Describe and compare categories of solid waste
b) Explain the collection system & disposal method
c) Describe and discuss
a) Refuse Chute
b) On-site & Sanitary Incineration
c) Single Stack & 2-pipe System in Sanitary Pipeline
d) Matthew Hall Garchey System
e) Sink Grinders
f) Loss of Trap Water Seal
g) Resealing & Anti-siphon traps
d) Propose the improvement of solid waste collection system &

disposal method towards environmental friendly
e) Classify the responsibilities & justify the action taken by different
parties involved for improvement of solid waste management
10
• Definition:
– Solid waste is unwanted material that need to be disposed hygienically
without affecting the environment.
• It can be categories into 3 major types of waste:
– Domestic waste : Food, bottles, cans, rags and carpet and furniture.
– Commercial waste : Domestic and Papers and stationery.
– Industrial waste : Toxic, Offensive and dangerous.
11
• Collection system :
– Refuse Bins
– Refuse Chutes
– Garchey system
– Sink Grinder
– Technocuum System
– Centralsug system
Refuse Chutes
- waste collection
through refuse
chute system
Refuse Bins
- is a container for temporarily storing refuse and waste
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– Refuse Bins
– Refuse Chutes
– Garchey system
– Sink Grinder
– Technocuum System
– Centralsug system
Garchey system
- Invented by Frenchman Louis Garchey (1927)
- Sealed system thus reducing the smell and vermin problems
- Directly from the flats to a central incinerator
Sink Grinder
- A garbage disposal unit, waste disposal unit, or garburator
is a device, usually electrically powered, installed under a
kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap which
shreds food waste into pieces small
13
– Refuse Bins
– Refuse Chutes
– Garchey system
– Sink Grinder Centralsug system
– Technocuum System - an efficient, modern and exceptionally hygienic method of handling waste
- based on the principle of transporting waste to the truck
– Centralsug system - utilizes air to transport the waste via a network of underground pipes from
buildings to a central collection station
- Coult be vacuum truck or vacuum station system
Technocuum System
- A Pneumatic Refuse Conveyance and Transportation system (Mobile Type)
- Fully automated refuse collection & transportation system with hermetically sealed design
• Disposal Method:
– All of waste collected from refuse bins to centralsug system either not to
be treated or partially treated must be disposed.
– Waste management practices can differ for developed and developing
nations, for;.
• Urban areas
• Rural areas,
• Residential
• Industrial
• Types of disposal method
a) Sea dumping
b) Open land dumping
c) Controlled landfill
d) Incinerator
e) Recycle plant
f) Waste water treatment
15
a) Sea dumping
• unhygienic and provide environmental risk
b) Open land dumping
• unhygienic and provide environmental risk
c) Controlled landfill
• better than open land dumping
d) Incinerator
• Reinforcing the focus away from landfilling and towards waste prevention, recycling,
composting
• Energy-from-Waste in that order of priority
• Process of incineration
• combusting the waste stream, extracting heat for steam and electricity generation, monitoring
and controlling emissions, and carefully handling ash
• combustion of waste, pollution prevention, emissions control, and ash management
19
e) Recycle plant
• high capital but provide environmental friendly, long term profit
20
f) Waste water treatment
• (for sink unit and sink grinder) need higher capital but provide environmental
friendly
21
• Refuse Chute
– Is a Centralized Garbage Collection System
– Refuse chute is a hollow shaft, built-in the high rise flat of
circular, square or rectangular shaped.
– A means of transporting waste materials by chute, from the point
of disposal in high-rise residential (or office building) to a refuse
collection room at the base of the chute.
22
• Refuse Chute
– New Technologies…!
23
• On-site & Sanitary Incineration
– Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of
organic substances contained in waste materials.
– Incineration or “mass burning” is the common disposal method globally after
landfill.
– It is one of the most expensive waste treatment facilities especially when
equipped with energy recovery and advanced emission control technology.
– Compared to landfill, the advantages of incinerator (with energy recovery) are;
• environmental benefits (i.e. lower carbon emission & avoidance of land contamination)
• higher energy recovery per ton,
• outputs of ashes in inert form,
• chemically stable without odor
• requires a minimum area of land.
– Economically, the benefits are the location which can be near to city and land
value with less depreciation unlike landfill.
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• On-site & Sanitary Incineration
– In Malaysia, 5 units of small-scale incinerators of rotary kiln type were in erected
in 5 tourism spots:
• Pulau Langkawi (100 ton/day)
• Pulau Labuan (60 ton/day)
• Cameron Highlands (40 ton/day)
• Pulau Pangkor (20 ton/day)
• Pulau Tioman (10 ton/day).
– Rotary kiln and an air-injection system to ensure continuous combustion.
– Emissions resulting from the combustion process will be treated by a
combination of pollution control systems to remove
• dust particulates
• acid gases
• nitrogen oxides
• heavy metals
• dioxin
Incinerator of 12 ton/day for Incinerator of 40 ton/day at

Kuantan Municipal Council Cameron Highland 25
• Single Stack System Sanitary Pipeline
– Reduce the cost of soil and waste system
– Branch vent pipe are not required but the
length and fall of the waste pipes must be
carefully govern to prevent loss of trap
water seals
– The trap water seals must be 76 mm deep.
– The vertical stack must be straight below
the highest sanitary appliance.
26
• 2-pipe System Sanitary Pipeline
– Most expensive of the soil and waste disposal
system.
– Only be used in circumstances where the sanitary
appliances are widely spaced.
– Especially in building such as hospitals, schools or
even houses, wash basins or sinks may be sited
in rooms some distance from the main soil stack
and its then necessary to connect these
appliances to a separate waste stack.
27
• Matthew Hall Garchey System
– system of domestic and bulk refuse
disposal
– Refuse is placed inside a central tube in
the sink.
– When the tube is raised the waste water
and the refuse are carried away down a
stack or discharge pipe to a chamber
– Refuse from the chamber is collected at
weekly intervals by a specially equipped
tanker
• Sink Grinders
– A garbage disposal unit, waste disposal unit, or garburator is a device, usually
electrically powered
– Installed under a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap which shreds
food waste into pieces small
• Loss of Trap Water Seal
– The most obvious cause of water seal loss is leakage due to defective fittings or
poor workmanship.
– Poor system design and installation:
a) Self siphonage - as an appliance discharges, the water fills the waste pipe and creates a vacuum to
draw out the seal. Causes are a waste pipe that is too long, too steep or too small in diameter.
b) Induced siphonage - the discharge from one appliance draws out the seal in the trap of an adjacent
appliance by creating a vacuum in that appliance's branch pipe. Causes are the same as for self-
siphonage, but most commonly a shared waste pipe that is undersized. Discharge into inadequately
sized stacks can have the same effect on waste branch appliances.
• Loss of Trap Water Seal
c) Back pressure - compression occurs due to resistance to flow at the base of a stack. The positive
pressure displaces water in the lowest trap. Causes are a too small radius bottom bend, an undersized
stack or the lowest branch fitting too close to the base of the stack.
d) Capillary action - a piece of rag, string or hair caught on the trap outlet.
e) Wavering out - gusts of wind blowing over the top of the stack can cause a partial vacuum to disturb
water seals.
• Resealing & Anti-siphon traps
– Where trap water seal loss is apparent, the problem may be relieved by fitting
either a resealing or an anti-siphon trap.
– Types of trap variations are available, some of which include;
a) McAlpine trap - this has a reserve chamber into which water is retained as siphonage occurs. After
siphonage, the retained water descends to reseal the trap.
b) Grevak trap - contains an anti-siphonage pipe through which air flows to break any siphonic action.
• Resealing & Anti-siphon traps
c) Econa trap - contains a cylinder on the outlet into which water flows during siphonic action. After
siphonage the water in the cylinder replenishes the trap.
d) Anti-siphon trap - as siphonage commences, a valve on the outlet crown opens allowing air to enter.
This maintains normal pressure during water discharge, preventing loss of water seal.
• Assignment #2
– Students should submit the assignment latest 28 February 2014 before 5.00 pm
• You are requested to do the task below:

i. Classify and briefly explain the responsibility of the parties involved in managing the solid
waste collection system and disposal method for residential, commercial or industrial
building;
ii. Discuss and justify the actions that need to be taken by the parties to execute the
suggestion for improving the solid waste collection system and disposal method which
already been proposed in the assignment 1;
iii. Prepare a framework or a layout of a diagram to show detailing of the actions need to be
taken by the parties involved in managing the solid waste collection system and disposal
method for residential, commercial or industrial building.
35
36
Content;
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Method of Supply
3.2.3 Types of pipes
3.2.4 Storage and distribution of water
3.2.5 Connection to water main
3.2.6 Valve used for water supply
3.2.7 Cold water supply–(direct and indirect system)
3.2.8 Storage tank
3.2.9 Back siphonage and water hammer
3.2.10 Hot water supply
- usage of central boiler direct and indirect
- usage of localized heating cylinder – direct only
37
3.2 Cold Water & Hot Water Supply - Learning Outcome
By the end of this session, students are able to :
a) Describe method of supply and types of pipe.
b) Describe and illustrate storage and distribution of water.
c) Describe and illustrate connection to water main and valve used for water.
d) Describe and illustrate cold water supply system (direct and indirect
system).
e) Describe and illustrate storage tank and water hammer.
f) Describe and illustrate hot water supply using central boiler (direct and
indirect) and localized heating cylinder (direct only).
g) Describe and illustrate hot water supply using electric water heater and
gas water heater.
h) Identify and explain the system that can assist in energy saving for hot
water supply towards achieve the environmentally friendly.
38
3.2.1Introduction – Source of water
• A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered
hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply
• An adequate supply of water is a basic requirement for most building for
reasons of personal hygiene (sanitary), cooking, watering, cleaning and
manufacturing for industrial processes
• Surface and substrata water sources are contaminated by dissolved
inorganic materials such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. These are
responsible for water hardness
• Chlorination is applied to filtered water to destroy any remaining bacterial
microbes before general distribution through service reservoirs and mains.
39
3.2.1Introduction – Source of water
• Sources of water
• Surface sources - Lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs, run off from roofs and
paved areas.
• Underground sources - Shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells, artesian
springs, land springs.
40
• Gravitational Distribution
• Water from upland gathering grounds is impounded in a reservoir
• From this point, the water is filtered and chlorinated before serving to an
inhabited area at lower level
• There are no pumping cost.
41
• Pumped Distribution
• The water from the river is pumped into a
settlement tank.
• From this point, the water is filtered and
chlorinated.
• This method is more expensive than the
gravitational distribution due to pumping
cost.
42
• Ring Main Distribution
• The water mains supplying the town or village may be in the form of a grid.
• This is preferable to radial distribution as sections can be isolated with
minimal disruption to the remaining system
• This grid provides a ring.
43
3.2.3 Types of Pipes - Materials
• Recognizing the different types of pipes within your house is vital to knowing
the right repair technique
• Types of pipes commonly used in homes
• Cast iron: Commonly used before
1960 for the vertical drain, vent
stacks, and sometimes the
horizontal drain lines. Cast iron is
durable, but can rust over time.
• Plastic: Plastic pipe comes as
either ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene) or PVC (polyvinyl-chloride).
Most homes since mid-1970 have
plastic pipes and fittings because
it‟s inexpensive and easy to use.
Simply glue the joints using a primer
and liquid cement.
44
• ABS: This black pipe was the first
plastic pipe to be used in residential
plumbing. Today, many areas don‟t
allow ABS in new construction
because joints can come loose.
• PVC: This white or cream-colored
pipe is the most commonly used
pipe for drain lines. It‟s strong,
untouchable by chemicals, and
seems to last forever! The rating
and diameter is stamped right on
the pipe.
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• PEX: PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) is the newest pipe for residential use.
Approved in many regions of the country, PEX is easy to install because it cuts
easily, is flexible, and uses compression fittings. However, more permanent
connections require a special crimping tool. PEX is three to four times more
expensive than copper or plastic.
• Steel: Galvanized steel pipe is

common in older homes.
Galvanized pipe is strong, but
lasts only about 50 years.
Before repairing, consider
replacing instead.
46
• Copper: Copper pipe is resists corrosion, so it‟s commonly used pipe in water supply
lines. It costs more than plastic but it lasts! There are two common types of copper
pipe:
• Rigid copper, which comes in three thicknesses. Type M is the thinnest but is strong enough for
most homes. Types L and Type K are thicker and used in outdoor and drain applications. To cut rigid
copper, you'll need a wheel cutter, tube cutter, or a hacksaw. Pipes are usually connected with
soldered (sweat) fittings and
compression fittings can connect
the pipe to shut-off valves.
• Flexible copper, which is often used

for dishwashers, refrigerator
icemakers, and other appliances that
need a water supply. It‟s easy to
bend, but if it kinks, you must cut the
piece off and replace it. Sections of
flexible copper pipe are joined using
either soldered or compression
fittings.
47
3.2.3 Types of Pipes - Sizes
• Trunk mains (> 300 mm Φ pipes)
• Secondary mains (200 – 300 mm Φ)
• Service Mains (100 – 200 mm Φ)
• Service Pipes ( 20 – 50 mm Φ)
• Distribution Pipes ( <50 mm Φ)
48
3.2.4 Storage and Distribution of Water
Surface Water Treatment Plant – Flow Diagram
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3.2.5 Connection to Water Main
• The water authority requires at least 7 days'
written notice for connection to their supply
main
• The main is drilled and tapped live with special
equipment, which leaves a plug valve ready for
connection to the communication pipe.
• A goose neck or sweeping bend is formed at
the connection to relieve stresses on the pipe
and valve.
50
3.2.5 Connection to Water Main
• At or close to the property boundary, a stop
valve is located with an access compartment
and cover at ground level.
• A meter may also be located at this point.
51
3.2.6 Valve used for Water Supply
• Stop valves used on plumbing water supply piping
• Drain valves installed on water heaters, water tanks, heating boilers etc.
52
3.2.7 Cold Water Supply–(Direct and Indirect System)
• For efficient operation, a high pressure water supply is essential particularly
at periods of peak demand.
• Drinking water is available at every draw-off
point and maintenance valves should be fitted
to isolate each section of pipework.
• Back siphonage can occur when there is a
high demand on the main.
53
3.2.7 Cold Water Supply–(Direct and Indirect System)
• The indirect system of cold water supply has only
one drinking water outlet, at the sink. The cold
water storage cistern (tank) has a minimum
capacity of 230 litres
• The system requires more pipework than the direct
system and is therefore more expensive to install
• Uniform pressure occurs at all cistern-supplied outlets
54
3.2.8 Storage Tank (cistern)
• Cold-water storage tanks are expected to contain water of similar quality to
that supplied from the main and so must be covered to exclude foreign
matter, insects and light as well as being thermally insulated and not
contaminating the stored water themselves.
55
3.2.10 Hot Water Supply
• Hot water and heating systems must incorporate a means for
accommodating expansion. A fail safe mechanism must also be provided
should the initial provision malfunction.
56
Usage of central boiler direct
• The hot water from the boiler mixes directly
with the water in the cylinder.
57
Usage of central boiler indirect
• This system is used in ` hard ' water areas to
prevent scaling or ` furring „ of the boiler and
primary pipework. Unlike the direct system,
water in the boiler and primary circuit is not
drawn off through the taps.
• The same water circulates continuously
throughout the boiler, primary circuit and heat
exchange coil inside the storage cylinder.
• Fresh water cannot gain access to the higher
temperature areas where precipitation of
calcium would occur.
• The system is also used in combination with
central heating, with flow and return pipes to
radiators connected to the boiler. Boiler water
temperature may be set by thermostat at
about 80 ƒ C. 58
END OF CHAPTER 3
59

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BUILDING SERVICES

Lecturer: MOHD MUSTAQIM B MOHD NORDIN

• CO1: Apply knowledge and evaluate the problems than can be

• CO2: Explain the application of electrical and mechanical equipment,

• CO3: Exemplify issues related to ethics, responsibilities and

CHAPTER 1 - Building Services (Electrical)

BUILDING SERVICES (UTILITIES)

3.1 Solid Wasted & Refuse Disposal

d) Propose the improvement of solid waste collection system &

Incinerator of 12 ton/day for Incinerator of 40 ton/day at

• You are requested to do the task below:

3.2 Cold Water & Hot Water Supply

• Steel: Galvanized steel pipe is

• Flexible copper, which is often used

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