X-XII

11
 istoria

X-XII klasebi

saSualo safexuris istoriis gzamkvlevi maswavleblebisTvis

2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis mixedviT

Tbilisi, 2013

2
gzamkvlevze muSaobdnen:

avtori: Tea qarCava erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis sammarTvelos

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis jgufis ufrosi,
istoriis eqsperti, istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori

nikoloz silagaZe erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis sammarTvelos

samoqalaqo ganaTlebis da istoriis eqsper­ti

naTia fircxalava `evropuli skolis~ istoriis pedagogi

samecniero redaqtori: manana SeyilaZe

`evropuli skolis~ istoriis maswavlebeli

teqnikuri redaqtori: manana baliaSvili

3
 sarCevi

Sesavali.................................................................................................................................. 5

I Tavi. istoriis swavleba saqarTvelos sajaro skolebSi

- gamowvevebi, problemebi, perspeqtivebi . . .............................................. 6

Tavi II. meToduri orientirebi . . ........................................................................21

Tavi III. Sefasebis sistema ..................................................................................36

Tavi IV. aqtivobebi.......................................................................................................49

resursebi. . ........................................................................................................................ 168

gamoyenebuli literatura................................................................................. 183

4
 Sesavali
winamdebare gzamkvlevi damxmare saxelmZRvaneloa saSualo safexuris
istoriis pedagogebisTvis. igi 2011-2013 wlebSi Seqmnili dawyebi-
Ti da sabazo safexuris gzamkvlevebis erTgvari gagrZelebaa, Tum-
ca, struqturulad maTgan sakmaod gansxvavdeba. gzamkvlevi Seicavs
rogorc meTodologiur, ise praqtikul (konkretuli gakveTilebis
CatarebisTvis saWiro) rekomendaciebs, romlebic maswavleblebs
erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegebis daZlevaSi
daexmareba. vfiqrobT, rom igi qmediT daxmarebas gauwevs skolis is-
toriis pedagogebs saswavlo procesis ufro efeqturad warsamarTad.

5
 I Tavi. istoriis swavleba saqarTvelos sajaro
skolebSi - gamowvevebi, problemebi, perspeqtivebi
saSualo safexurze istoriis swavleba ori Tvisebrivad gansxvave-
buli etapisgan Sedgeba: me-10 klasi istoriis mecnierebis erTgvar
Sesavals warmoadgens; me-11 - me-12 klasebi ki saqarTvelos istoriis
msoflio istoriul konteqstSi warmoCenazea orientirebuli. Tumca,
orive maTgani istoriis swavla - swavlebis erTian paradigmas eyrdno-
ba, romlis marTebuli gaazrebis gareSe SeuZlebelia 2011-2016 wlebis
erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegebis daZleva. am
paradigmis arsis warmosaCenad, pirvel rigSi, Semdeg kiTxvebs unda
gaeces pasuxi: ra aris istoria? ras niSnavs istoriis codna? ra mizani
aqvs skolaSi istoriis swavlebas?

ra aris istoria? ra mizani aqvs skolaSi istoriis swavlebas?

istoriis arsi da misi mimarTeba sxva humanitarul Tu socialur
mecnierebebTan farTo diskusiis sagania. am diskusiis winamdebare gzam-
kvlevSi ganxilvis aucilebloba, bunebrivia, ar arsebobs. aq mxolod imis
aRniSvniT unda SemovifargloT, rom skolebSi istoriis swavlebisas,
am sakiTxTan (anu istoriis raobis sakiTxTan) mimarTebaSi, ZiriTadad,
ori midgoma iCens Tavs: a) istoria aris mecniereba, romelic warsulSi
momxdar faqtebsa da movlenebs Seiswavlis; b) istoria aris mecniereba,
romelic adamianTa sazogadoebas drois WrilSi Seiswavlis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es definiciebi, erTi SexedviT, erTmaneTisgan
didad ar gansxvavdeba, sagnis swavla-swavlebis procesSi isini pedago-
gebs friad gansxvavebuli aqcentebis dasmisken ubiZgeben. saqme isaa,
rom, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, istoriis sagnis funqcia warsulSi momxdari
faqtebisa da movlenebis daswavla gamodis, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – am
faqtebisa da movlenebis awmyo realobis asaxsnelad gamoyeneba. maSa-
sadame, pirvel SemTxvevaSi istoria moswavleebisTvis fundamenturi
codnis miwodebazea orientirebuli, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – awmyos
erTgvari gasaRebis funqcias iTavsebs. saswavlo procesSi, ra Tqma
unda, Cveulebriv, orive es aspeqti iCens Tavs, Tumca maT Soris ufro
prioritetulis gamokveTis mcdeloba skolaSi istoriis swavlebis
miznebis erTmniSvnelovan gansazRvras friad arTulebs. erovnul sas-
wavlo gegmasa Tu sagnis swavlebis grZelvadian miznebze msjelobisas
es problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualurad iCens xolme Tavs.
2011-2016 wlebis erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi sazogadoebrivi
mecnierebebisa da istoriis swavlebis miznebi da amocanebi Semdegnai-
radaa formulirebuli:

6
 sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis swavlebis miznebi da amocanebi1
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis swavlebis miznebia:
• SesZinos moswavles codna istoriis, geografiis, samarTlis,
ekonomikis, politikisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis sa-
fuZvlebSi;
• daexmaros mas samyaros erT mTlianobad aRqmasa da mimdinare
procesebSi saqarTvelos adgilis gansazRvraSi;
• xeli Seuwyos moswavlis patriot da pasuxismgeblobis mqone mo-
qalaqed Camoyalibebas;
• xeli Seuwyos moswavlis Tavisufal pirovnebad da sazogadoebis
srulfasovan wevrad Camoyalibebas;
• daexmaros moswavles humanuri msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi xels uwyobs codnis SeZenas, rac

aucilebelia mozardis Tavisufal pirovnebad da pasuxismgeblo-
bis mqone moqalaqed CamoyalibebisaTvis. sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi
mecnierebis Seswavla exmareba moswavles, rom msoflio konteqstSi ga-
iazros sakuTari qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi, kulturuli, ekonomiku-
ri da politikuri interesebi. imavdroulad, moswavlem unda icodes,
rogor bunebriv garemoSi cxovrobs, ra ziani SeiZleba miayenos gare-
mos adamianis ama Tu im moqmedebam, rogor SeinarCunos da daicvas
bunebrivi garemo. swored sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis SeswavliT
uviTardeba mozards codna pirad, ojaxur da sazogadoebriv cxovre-
baSi damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miReba-ganxorcielebis Sesax-
eb. dRevandel dinamikur, eTnikurad da kulturulad mravalferovan
samyaroSi sazogadoebis funqcionirebisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobas iZens urTierTSemecneba. swored sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis
Seswavlisas xdeba im codnis miReba, romelic exmareba moswavles Cam-
oyalibdes adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis damcvel, pirovnebis
pativismcemel da sakuTari Tu sxvisi TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaT-
vis mowodebul pirovnebad.
moswavlem, asakis Sesabamisad, codnis nabij-nabij SeZenis gziT, unda
icodes, ra aris politikuri sistema, kanoni, rogori politikuri siste-
mebi arsebobs; unda gaacnobieros sakuTari pasuxismgeblobebi da ufle-
bebi demokratiuli sazogadoebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis winaSe; unda
icnobdes adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso CarCoebs, adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebsa da saSualebebs saqarTveloSi da a.S.
moswavle unda acnobierebdes Tavs, rogorc sakuTari ojaxis, sazo-
gadoebis, saskolo Temisa Tu klasis, samezoblo Temis, referentuli
jgufis (iqneba es eTnikuri Tu religiuri umciresoba Tu satitulo
nacia da a.S.), qarTuli sazogadoebis wevrad; icnobdes sakuTari qvey-
nis, sazogadoebisa da referentuli Temis kulturas; saqarTvelosa

1
gzamkvlevSi citirebulia mxolod is miznebi da amocanebi, romlebic istoriasTanaa
dakavSirebuli.

7
 Tu msoflioSi mcxovrebi sxva sazogadoebebis kulturas; iazrebdes,
ras niSnavs zrunvis eTika, ratom aris is Rirebuli da a.S.
moswavle nabij-nabij, safexurebrivad unda gaecnos Tavisi qveynis
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ZiriTad aspeqtebs: saqonlis, momsaxurebis,
Sromisa da samomxmareblo bazars, minimalur xelfass, msyidvelunaria-
nobas da a.S.; SeZlebisdagvarad unda iyos informirebuli momxmareblis
uflebebsa da movaleobebze, pasuxismgeblobiTi da eTikuri moxmarebis
mniSvnelobasa da principebze; gamWvirvalobis mniSvnelobaze da a.S.
moswavlem nabij-nabij, safexurebrivad unda SeiTvisos codna iseT
sferoebze, rogoricaa mdgradi ganviTareba, garemos dacva, cxovrebis
jansaRi wesi, sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi situaciebis
Sefaseba, sagangebo viTarebebSi moqmedeba, individualuri da kole-
qtiuri dacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba, dazaralebulTaTvis eqimis
mosvlamde aucilebeli gadaudebeli daxmarebis aRmoCena; unda Sei-
grZnos sakuTari qveynis, regionis kavSiri evropasa da msoflioSi mim-
dinare procesebTan; unda gaacnobieros yvela am procesis urTierT-
kavSiri; unda gaacnobieros kacobriobis, rogorc msoflios erTiani
sazogadoebis, winaSe mdgari politikuri, ekonomikuri, garemosdacvi-
Ti da socialuri gamowvevebi.

saSualo safexuri

istoria
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis codna moswavlis patriotad
da politikurad ganaTlebul moqalaqed Camoyalibebis winapirobaa. is-
toriis swavlebam moswavles unda daanaxos, rom istoria aris uwyveti
procesi, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi poli-
tikuri, socialuri da moraluri problemebi metwilad ganpirobebulia
saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebiT.
istoriis swavlebam moswavles aseve unda ganuviTaros problemis gad-
aWris unari.

erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesaval nawilSi vkiTxulobT:

`sagnobrivi standarti gansazRvravs konkretul sagnobriv kompeten-
ciebs, romelTac unda daeuflon moswavleebi dasaxuli miznebis misaRw-
evad. sagnobriv standartSi aRwerili kompetenciebi moicavs sami katego-
riis codnas: a) deklaraciul anu  statikuri xasiaTis codnas, romelic
ver uzrunvelyofs codnis procedurulad gamoyenebas. moswavlis cod-
na deklaraciulia, Tu man icis konkretuli maTematikuri operaciis war-
moebis wesi, magram ver iyenebs mas; b) procedurul anu dinamikur codnas,
romelic codnis gamoyenebis, realizebis saSualebas iZleva; moswavlis
codna procedurulia, Tu is asrulebs maTematikur operacias. proce-
duruli codnis daufleba mravaljeradi  gavarjiSebis gziT xdeba da
g) pirobiseul anu funqciur codnas, romelic uzrunvelyofs codnis
adekvaturad gamoyenebas. moswavlis codna pirobiseulia, Tu mas Seu-
Zlia dasmuli amocanis amosaxsnelad SearCios saTanado maTematikuri
operacia.

8
 codnis sami kategoria

deklaratiuli proceduruli pirobiseuli

viyeneb
vici SemiZlia
adekvaturad

dinamiuri,
statiuri dinamiuri
funqciuri

sagnobrivi programebis ZiriTadi nawilis – standartis  fundamen-

turi principia Sedegze orientireba. masSi swavlebis miznebi  Camoyal-
ibebulia konkretuli Sedegebis anu im codnisa da unar-Cvevebis saxiT,
romlebic unda warmoaCinos moswavlem saswavlo procesis dasrulebis
Semdeg. standartiT gansazRvruli Sedegebisa da indikatorebis sax-
iT  maswavlebels eZleva konkretuli miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
da ra kuTxiT unda daamuSavebinos moswavleebs CamonaTvalSi mocemuli
Sinaarsobrivi sakiTxebi. is erTgvari gzamkvlevia, romelic miuTiTebs,
Tu rogor unda warimarTos saswavlo procesi, raTa moswavleebma codna
gaazrebulad da safuZvlianad SeiZinon~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi istoriis raobis
Sesaxeb msjelobas ver vxvdebiT (es ar aris erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
funqcia), zemoT moyvanili citatebidan mkafiod ikveTeba, rom kuriku-
lumis mixedviT istoriis swavlebis umTavresi mizani Tanamedrove ga-
mowvevebis Sesaxeb informirebuli moqalaqis aRzrda da misTvis saqarT-
velos konstituciisa Tu adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis
Sesatyvisi RirebulebaTa sistemis Camoyalibebaa. am miznis miRweva
ki mxolod istoriis TanamedroveobasTan mWidro kavSirSi swavlebis
SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.
igive daskvnisken gvibiZgebs codnis sam kategoriaze msjeloba (am
sakiTxze ufro konkretulad msjeloba ix. me-3 TavSi), radgan isto-
riuli samecniero konstruqtebis pirobiseul da funqciur codnad
gardaqmna mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tuki istorias Tanamedro-
veobasTan mWidro kavSirSi vaswavliT.
maSasadame, 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, is-
toria unda ganvixiloT sagnad, romelic moswavleebs adamianTa sazo-
gadoebas drois WrilSi warmoudgens da xels Seuwyobs maT informire-
bul moqalaqeebad Camoyalibebas.
istoriis swavla-swavlebis procesze msjelobisas, bunebrivia, Cn-
deba kiTxva: ras niSnavs istoriis codna? saqme isaa, rom istoriul

9
 mecnierebas saqme aqvs faqtebisa da movlenebis Zalian farTo speqtr-
Tan, romlis met-naklebad srulyofilad Seswavlac romelime erTi
adamianis an adamianTa jgufis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. gamodis, rom
istoriis Sesaxeb raRac yvelam icis, yvelaferi ki – aravin. Sesabami-
sad, istoriis SemTxvevaSi, sxva saskolo sagnebTan SedarebiT, ufro
aqtualuria kiTxva: sad gadis arsebiTi zRvari codnasa da arcodnas
Soris? ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom erTma adamianma istoria
icis, meorem ki – ara?
ra Tqma unda, am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad faqtologiuri monace-
mebis bazaze miTiTeba (Tundac es baza Zalian efeqturad iqnes Sedge-
nili) sasurvel Sedegs ver mogvcems. SeuZlebelia Seiqmnas istoriuli
faqtebisa da movlenebis iseTi `banki~, romelic yvelasaTvis misaRebi
iqneba. pasuxi am SemTxvevaSi ufro sworxazovani unda iyos. kerZod,
istoria icis man, vinc flobs sakmaris unarebs am dargSi samuSaod. am
unarebis floba ki TavisTavad garkveul faqtologiur codnasTanac
asocirdeba. ra unarebia es? anu romeli unarebis ganviTarebaze unda
vizrunoT, roca miznad moswavleebisTvis istoriis swavlebas visaxavT?
2011 – 2016 wlebis erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi am TvalsazrisiT Semdegi
ram aris aRniSnuli:

unar-Cvevebi
mSobliuri qveynisa da msoflios mniSvnelovani istoriul-geografi-
uli movlenebis Seswavlis procesSi moswavles unda ganuviTardes Sem-
degi unarebi:
• sivrceSi orientirebis;
• informaciis mopovebisa da organizebis;
• komunikaciis;
• swavlis;
• kvlevis;
• SemoqmedebiTi;
• faqtebisa da movlenebis istoriuli interpretaciis;
• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyenebisa da Seqmnis;
• geografiuli movlenebis, procesebisa da kanonzomierebebis
gavrcelebis dadgenis;
• TanamSromlobis;
• samoqalaqo poziciis SemuSavebis, kritikisa da dacvis;
• tolerantobis;
• pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi problemis gaazrebisa da sxvadasx-
va sakiTxs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis;
• pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi problemis gadaWris;
• sazogadoebrivi situaciebisa da procesebis modelirebis;
• sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi situaciebis Sefasebis;
• sagangebo viTarebebSi moqmedebis.

10
 Tuki zemoT moyvanil unar-CvevaTa CamonaTvals ierarqiulad da-
vajgufebT da maT sakuTriv istoriis (da ara yvela sazogadoebrivi
mecnierebis an, zogadad, yvela sagnis) swavlebis saWiroebebze movargebT,
vfiqrobT, Semdegi umTavresi unarebis gamocalkeveba mogviwevs:
a) istoriuli periodebis diferencirebisa da maTi maxasiaTeblebis
erTmaneTisagan mkafiod gamijvnis unari (saswavlo gegmis mixed-
viT – faqtebisa da movlenebis istoriuli interpretacia, sivrce-
Si orientireba);
b) istoriuli masalis Txrobis (aseve masalis werilobiT gadmoce-
mis) unari (saswavlo gegmis mixedviT – kvleva, komunikacia, in-
formaciis mopoveba da organizeba, SemoqmedebiTi unari, Tvalsa-
Cinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna);
g) istoriuli samecniero cnebebisa da terminebis floba (saswavlo
gegmis mixedviT – kvleva, komunikacia, informaciis mopoveba da
organizeba);
d) istoriuli faqtebis sandoobis Sefasebis unari (saswavlo gegmis
mixedviT – kvleva, komunikacia, informaciis mopoveba da organi-
zeba, SemoqmedebiTi unari, TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna).
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani2:

a) istoriuli periodebis diferencirebisa da maTi maxasiaTeblebis

erTmaneTisagan mkafiod gamijvnis unari (saswavlo gegmis mixedviT _
faqtebisa da movlenebis istoriuli interpretacia, sivrceSi ori-
entireba) istoriis periodizacias xSirad skolaSi erT-erTi rigiTi
paragrafis saxiT aswavlian, rac, ra Tqma unda, arasworia. imisaTvis,
rom moswavles drosa da sivrceSi orientirebis unari ganuviTardes,
saWiroa, istoriis periodizaciis sistemebi praqtikulad yvela ga-
kveTilis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgendes, vinaidan maTi gaTavisebis
gareSe yovlad warmoudgenelia im uamravi faqtisa da movlenis Tan-
mimdevruli gaazreba, romelTac istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebi gvTava-
zobs. didi roli akisriaT maT aseve sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis max-
asiaTeblebis gamokveTis procesSi.
skolaSi istoriis swavlebis erT-erT umTavres mizans moswavleebi-
sTvis istoriuli epoqebis (Zveli msoflio, Sua saukuneebi da a.S.) max-
asiaTeblebisa da maT Sesaxeb codnis funqciuri gamoyenebis swavleba
warmoadgens. paragrafis an axali istoriuli wignis wakiTxvisas, doku-
menturi Tu mxatvruli filmis cqerisas maT zustad unda SeZlon imis
gansazRvra, Tu romel istoriul epoqasTan aqvT saqme da riT avsebs
axlad SeZenili informacia maT winare codnas. me-11 da me - 12 klasebSi
moswavleebma es unari saqarTvelos istoriis masalis msoflio isto-
riul konteqstSi gansazogadebladac unda gamoiyenon.
istoriis swavlebis procesSi mTavar sirTules faqtebisa da mov-
lenebis didi raodenoba da mravalferovneba qmnis. saswavlo proces-
Si xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaZlevi masalis didi

2
unarebis saxelwodebebi pirobiTia. samecniero literaturaSi maT sxvagvar saxel­
debasac SeiZleba SevxvdeT, Tumca es maT arss ar cvlis.

11
 moculoba moswavleebs Trgunavs. isini, xSirad, marTebulad verc ki
aRiqvamen istoriis sagnis swavlebis grZelvadian miznebs, rac maT mo-
tivaciaze uaryofiTad aisaxeba. istoriuli epoqebis maxasiaTeblebsa
da periodizaciis sistemebze aqcentis gakeTeba, udavod, erT-erT gamo-
savals warmoadgens am problemis gadasaWrelad. moswavleebma saWiroa
icoden, Tu riT avsebs maT winare codnas axlad Seswavlili masala; ra
adgili uWiravs am informacias mTelTan mimarTebaSi. amis gaazrebaSi maT
periodizaciis sistemebi daexmareba. magaliTad, Tuki gakveTilze sau-
bris Temas Sua saukuneebSi mimdinare omebi warmoadgens, aucilebelia
moswavleebma (periodizaciis sistemaze dayrdnobiT) misi Taviseburebebi
Zveli msoflios, axali da uaxlesi istoriis periodis sabrZolo qmede-
bebs Seadaron; igive SeiZleba iTqvas qalaqebis, mmarTvelobis sisteme-
bis, yofiTi Taviseburebebisa da yvela sxva sakiTxTan mimarTebaSic, rac
mxolod faqtebis zedmiwevniT damaxsovrebasTan ar asocirdeba.
saswavlo procesSi aucilebeli sulac ar aris mxolod sayovel-
Taod aRiarebul periodizaciis sistemebs veyrdnobodeT. saWiroe-
bis SemTxvevaSi moswavleebs SesaZloa konkretul saswavlo masalaze
morgebuli modelebic SevTavazoT. magaliTad, Tuki Cvens mizans war-
moadgens SevamowmoT – qronologiur WrilSi rogor gaiazra moswavlem
saqarTvelos istoria, mizanSewonilia am sqemis gamoyeneba:

Zv.w. XII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. XI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. X - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. IX - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. VIII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. VII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. VI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. IV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. III - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. II - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -
Zv.w. I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ]] ] ] ] ] ]] ] ] ] ] ] - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
II - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
III - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
IV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -
VI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
VII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
VIII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
IX - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
X - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -
XI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
XII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
XIII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
XIV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
XV - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
XVI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
XVII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
XVIII - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

12
 aq TiToeuli rgoli saqarTvelos teritoriaze sxvadasxva dros ar-
sebul politikur erTeuls Seesatyviseba. kuTxeSi Camowerili sauku-
neebi ki im periodebze miuTiTebs, rodesac isini arsebobdnen. Tuki
moswavleebi SeZleben politikuri erTeulebis saxelwodebebs (diaoxi,
kolxa, kolxida, iberia / qarTlis samefo, lazika, qarTlis saerism-
Tavro, Tbilisis saamiro, hereTis samefo, kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo,
afxazeTis samefo, tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefo, erTiani saqarT-
velo, samcxe-saaTabago, axalcixis safaSo, imereTis samefo, qarTlis
samefo, kaxeTis samefo, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo) sqemaSi zusti adgili
miuCinon, es maT, bunebrivia, wlis ganmavlobaSi naswavli saqarTvelos
istoriis masalis mwyobrad gaazrebaSi daexmareba.

b) istoriuli masalis Txrobis / werilobiT gadmocemis unari (saswav-

lo gegmis mixedviT _ kvleva, komunikacia, informaciis mopoveba da or-
ganizeba, SemoqmedebiTi unari, TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna)
istoriis swavla-swavlebis procesSi Txrobis mniSvnelobis dak-
nineba warmoudgenelia. Tumca, moswavleebis mxridan amis mcdelobas
arcTu iSviaTad SevxvdebiT. kerZod, SesaZloa maT aRniSnon, rom ma-
sala ician, magram ver yvebian, an ra saWiroa moyola, roca gamocda
testirebis formiT aqvT Casabarebeli da a.S. moswavleebma saWiroa
icodnen, rom istoriuli masalis struqturirebulad da Tanmimdevru-
lad gadmocemis unaris gamomuSavebis gareSe yovlad warmoudgenelia
im mravalferovani masalis gaTaviseba, romelsac istoriis programa
gvTavazobs. am SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, Cndeba kiTxva: rogor ganvu-
viTaroT moswavles Txrobis unari da rogor SevafasoT igi?
am sakiTxze msjeloba unda daviwyoT imis aRniSvniT, rom istoriuli
masalis gaazrebulad swavlaSi moswavleebs, ZiriTadad, ori garemoeba
uSlis xels: 1) maT uWirT istoriuli Sinaarsis teqstebis kiTxva; 2) maT
uWirT teqstSi mTavarisa da meorexarisxovnis garCeva. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, isini ar floben (an sustad floben) swavlis strategiebs. am
problemis gadasaWrelad saWiroa, pedagogi mxolod gakveTilis axsniT
ar Semoifarglos. igi uSualod unda Caerios moswavlis mxridan gakveTi-
lis swavlis procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa mravalferovnebis
gamo, Znelia swavlis swavlis universalur praqtikaze msjeloba, Tumca,
erT-erT alternativad SesaZloa Semdegi aqtivoba gamodges.
kerZod, moswavlem, maswavleblis TandaswrebiT, teqsti ramden-
jerme unda waikiTxos:
a) pirvelad wakiTxvis Semdeg man zogadad unda aRniSnos, Tu ras
Seexeboda teqsti;
b) meored wakiTxvis Semdeg teqstSi warmodgenili toponimebi, Tari-
Rebi da personaliebi unda gamoyos (gaxazos an amoiweros);
g) mesame wakiTxvisas teqstis TiToeul abzacs kerZo saTauri unda
daarqvas;
d) yovelive amis Semdeg moswavlem, maswavleblis daxmarebiT, unda
Seqmnas originaluri gegma, romelic gakveTilis Taviseburad
gadmocemaSi daexmareba;
e) moswavlem teqstSi unda moniSnos is umTavresi faqtebi, romelic
gegmis calkeuli punqtebis gasaSuqeblad iqneba saWiro.

13
 amasTan, kargi iqneba, Tu moswavleebisTvis SevqmniT rubrikas, ro-
melSic maTi monayolis Sefasebis kriteriumebi iqneba warmodgenili. am
tipis rubrikebs, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxe hqondes, Tumca sasurvelia,
isini Semdeg kriteriumebsac Seicavdes:

moswavlis saxeli da gvari -------------------------------------------------

1 2 3 komentari
gamokveTilad Cans, ra Temazea
saubari
Cans, ratom aris aqtualuri
aRniSnul sakiTxze msjeloba
Cans, ra wyaroebs eyrdnoba
moswavle
ganzogadebulia, ra mdgomareoba
iyo Sesabamisi periodis
saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi

gadmocemuli faqtebi sandoa

gadmocemuli faqtebi
marTebuladaa SerCeuli
moswavle Txrobisas iyenebs
ganmazogadebel winadadebebs /
akeTebs daskvnebs
Txrobisas Cans moswavlis pozicia
moswavle ganmartavs im cnebebis,
terminebis mniSvnelobas,
romelsac Txrobisas iyenebs
Txrobis daskvniT nawilSi Se-
jamebuli da ganzogadebulia ganxi-
luli masala

aqve unda iTqvas eses weris Sesaxebac. mieciT moswavleebs calxaziani

Tabaxis furclebi, romelic aucileblad danomrili iqneba. nu SezRu-
davT maT, Tu surT daweron imaze meti, vidre Tqven fiqrobT. mTavari
kriteriumia, rom ese Seicavdes 6 moculobiT paragrafs. amasTan, mk-
acrad dadgenili dro – 45 wuTi – maT gamoumuSavebs drois efeqturad
gamoyenebis unarsac. moswavleebi Seecdebian daweron mxolod konk-

14
retulad da kriteriumebis mixedviT. ecadeT Tavad amuSaoT Sefasebis
kriteriumebze. rodesac daawerinebT pirvel eses, gaasworebineT erT-
maneTis namuSevrebi, Semdeg ki Tqven sxva feris kalmiT gausworeT. Tu
moswavlem adre daasrula Tema, ar gauSvaT saklaso oTaxidan. man unda
icodes, rom 45 wuTi aris optimaluri dro aseTi moculobiTi Temis
dasawerad. amitom, dRes Tu man iCqara da adre daasrula im imediT,
rom mainc gauSvebT, xval aRar iCqarebs da ecdeba, rom dro raciona-
lurad gamoiyenos.

istoriuli eses organizebis cxrili

Sesavali

argumenti 1 (Tezisis dasaTanxmeblad)

argumenti 2 (Tezisis dasaTanxmeblad)
argumenti3 (Tezisis sawinaaRmdegod)
argumementi 4 (Tezisis sawinaaRmdegod)
istorikosTa azrebi (Tu es SesaZlebelia, kargi iqneba, bolos wina abzaci
moswavlem dauTmos istorikosTa azrebs da warmoadginos gansxvavebuli
damokidebulebebi sakiTxis irgvliv)– moswavle, romelic istorikosTa
azrebs sakuTari mosazrebis gasamyareblad iyenebs, rogorc wesi, Sefase-
bisas maRal qulaze gadis.
daskvna (aucileblad dabalansebuli; anu ar unda iyos gamoxatuli mx-
olod erTi mkveTri pozicia. Sejerebuli unda iyos ori an ramdenime ver-
sia da unda gamomdinareobdes mxolod sakuTari Temidan. axali faqtebis
Semotana daskvnaSi miuRebelia).

eses Sefasebis kriteriumebi

0: davaleba ar aris Sesrulebuli an ar Seesabameba/ar akmayofilebs

moTxovnebs da ar Sefasdeba arc erTi quliT.
1–3: namuSevari ar pasuxobs kiTxvaSi dasmul mTavar moTxovnebs. mos-
wavle warmoadgens mwir codnas. namuSevari bundovani da gaugebar-
ia. moswavle ara mxolod ver avlens codnas – magaliTad, vin aris
gfr-is lideri (da ras niSnavs gfr), aramed ver iazrebs davalebas.
4–5: aris kiTxvis gagebis mcire mcdeloba. istoriuli detalebi moce-
mulia – magaliTad, moswavle saubrobs germaniis mier orive
msoflio omis dawyebaze, saubrobs hitlerze da totalitaruli
saxelmwifoebis liderebze, saubrobs civ omze, Tumca araakurat-
ulad da arakonkretulad. garda imisa, rom misi codna mxolod
zedapirulia, amave dros bundovania da ar aris naCvenebi kavSiri
moxmobil magaliTebs Soris. istoriuli konteqsti bundovani da
gaugebaria; kiTxvaze minimaluri aqcentia gakeTebuli.

15
 6–7: pasuxi gamoxatavs moswavlis garkveul codnas, rac eses kiTxva-
Sia dasmuli, magram istoriuli codna SezRudulia da ar aris
xarisxiani. istoriuli konteqsti, SesaZloa, daculi da gasagebia,
magram istoriuli procesi ar aris ganviTarebuli, aklia msjelo-
ba. kiTxvaze pasuxi mxolod nawilobriv aris gacemuli. magaliTad,
moswavle saubrobs germaniis mier omebis dawyebis Sesaxeb; civi
omis Sesaxeb; germaniis mniSvnelobaze civ omSi; evropisa da amer-
ikis damokidebulebaze germaniis mimarT; sabWoTa kavSiris damok-
idebulebaze dasavleTis mimarT, Tumca es conda SezRudulia da
ar aris siRrmiseuli. moswavle ZiriTadad Txrobas aniWebs up-
iratesobas – ra moxda da ara movlenas – ratom moxda. amasTan,
garda naratiuli xasiaTis pasuxisa, kiTxvaze ar aris gacemuli
amomwuravi da kritikuli pasuxi, rac imas niSnavs, rom moswav-
les mxolod calmxrivi pasuxi aqvs dafiqsirebuli (magaliTad, iz-
iarebs an ar iziarebs, da ar ganixilavs orive kuTxiT).
8–9: eseSi dasmuli kiTxva metwilad gagebuli da gaazrebulia moswav-
lis mier. istoriuli codna warmodgenilia, magram ar aris siR-
rmiseulad gaazrebuli. codna ufro naratiulia, vidre analiti-
kuri (ufro TxrobiTi forma aqvs, vidre argumentirebuli). aris
warmodgenili limitirebuli raodenobis argumentebi; zogierTi
argumenti bundovania da ar aris gaSlili – gavrcobili. nawi-
lobriv axlavs kritikuli komentarebi. Cans moswavlis mcdeloba,
warmoadginos movlenebi istoriul konteqstSi da aCvenos isto-
riuli procesis gageba. namuSevari struqturulad Tu Tematurad
Tanmimdevrulia.
10–12: pasuxi xazs usvams, rom kiTxva ZiriTadad gagebulia, Tumca yvela
moTxovna ar aris xazgasmuli. codna akuratuli da kargia; Sesa-
Zloa Temas axldes kritikuli komentarebi. movlenebi warmodge-
nilia konteqstSi, gagebulia istoriuli procesi, warmodgenilia
msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi; ganxilulia movlenis mimarT sxva-
dasxva midgoma da interpretacia, Tumca es ar eyrdnoba istori-
ul codnas da zogadia. struqtura daculia, namuSevari kargad
gasagebia.
13–15: pasuxSi fokusirebulia kiTxvaSi dasmuli mTavari moTxovna.
specifikuri codna gamoyenebulia, rogorc magaliTi; anu moswav-
le mxolod zogadi faqtebis CamonaTvaliT ki ar kmayofildeba,
aramed akonkretebs faqtebs da gamoaqvs daskvnebi. analizi war-
modgenilia ise, rom moswavlem gaaZlieros argumentacia. movlen-
ebi ganxilulia erT konteqstSi. warmodgenilia istoriuli pro-
cesebis kargi gaazreba, movlenebi mocemulia SedarebiTi analizis
WrilSi; warmodgenilia argumentacia.
16–20: kiTxva kargad aris gagebuli da gaazrebuli. aris sruli da siR-
rmiseuli gaazreba im moTxovnisa, rac kiTxvaSia dasmuli. deta-
luri specifikuri codna gamoyenebulia, rogorc magaliTebi da
argumentebi am codniT aris gamyarebuli. istoriuli procesi –
msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi kargad aris warmodgenili; movlenebi
konteqstualurad aris ganxiluli; warmodgenilia istorikosebis
kritikuli Sefasebebi. namuSevari efeqturia.

16
 moswavlis mier saSualo safexurze aseTi Temis dawera mTliani
kursis namuSevris saboloo Sedegi unda iyos. es imas niSnavs, rom mos-
wavle mTeli X-XI da XII klasebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs im unarebisa da
codnis SeZenaze, romelTa safuZvelze mas SeuZlia es produqti dados
_ daweros istoriuli Tema 45 wuTSi. es advili ar aris. amitom, Tu mos-
wavleebs es gauWirdebaT, ara uSavs, nu SeafasebT; an SeafaseT ara Jur-
nalisa da oficiozisTvis, aramed mxolod sakuTari TavisTvis. etapo-
brivi muSaoba msgavs Temebze Sedegs wlis bolos jer kidev me-10 klasSi
gamoiRebs, rac, sabolood, dadebiT Sedegad aisaxeba me-12 klasSi.
Tu gindaT, rom saboloo gamocda msgavsi saxis iyos, maSin SegiZli-
aT moswavleebs misceT 2 an 3 Tema da, Sesabamisad, droc gauzardoT _
misceT TiToeuli TemisTvis 45 wuTi, da araviTari pauza Temebs Soris.

g) istoriuli samecniero cnebebisa da terminebis floba (saswavlo

gegmis mixedviT _ kvleva, komunikacia, informaciis mopoveba da orga-
nizeba)
istoriuli mecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi cnebebisa da
terminebis gaTavisebas, rogoricaa: wyaro, wyaroebis tipologia, klas-
ifikacia, periodizacia, welTaRricxva, istoriografia, Teoria, hipo-
Teza da a.S., didi mniSvneloba aqvs moswavleebisTvis. maTi ubralod
damaxsovreba, SesaZloa, did sirTules arc warmoadgendes, Tumca am
terminebis qcevas moswavlis aqtiuri leqsikis nawilad, rogorc wesi,
xangrZlivi muSaoba sWirdeba.
vfiqrobT, am kuTxiT muSaobis procesi moswavlisTvis ufro gasage-
bi gaxdeba, Tuki mas Semdeg aqtivobas SevTavazebT:

aqtivobis aRwera:
SesTavazeT moswavleebs mini-leqcia Temaze: „ra aris blumis taq-
sonomia?“
mini-leqcia:
terminSi „blumis taqsonomia“ − pirveli sityva (blumi) amerike-
li fsiqologis benjamen blumis gvars aRniSnavs, romlis saxelsac am
sqemis Seqmna ukavSirdeba, meore sityva ki (taqsonomia) raimes klasifi-
cirebas niSnavs. termini _ taqsonomia _ TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia bi-
ologiidan, sadac igi cocxali arsebebis sxvadasxva niSniT dajgufe-
bas gulisxmobs.
blumis taqsonomia azrovnebis doneebad dayofas cdilobs. aR-
niSnuli dayofis mixedviT sxvadasxva informacias adamiani sxvadasx-
va doneze iazrebs. benjamen blumi azrovnebis eqvs dones gamoyofs: 1)
codna; 2) gageba; 3) gamoyeneba; 4) analizi; 5) sinTezi; 6) Sefaseba. maTgan
pirveli sami (codna, gageba, gamoyeneba) azrovnebis qveda doneSi moi-
azreba; meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse ki − zeda doneSi (ix. sqema №1).

17
 sqema №1

Sefaseba

sinTezi

analizi

gamoyeneba

gageba

codna

mini-leqciis arsi moswavleebisTvis ufro naTeli rom gaxdes, iqve

auxseniT maT, raSi dagWirdaT blumis taqsonomiaze msjeloba. xazgas-
miT aRniSneT, rom gakveTilze maT mier SeTvisebuli informacia, maT So-
ris, samecniero cnebebisa da terminebis daufleba da maTi adekvaturi
gamoyeneba aucileblad azrovnebis romelime safexurs Seesabameba.

davaleba:
mini-leqciis Semdeg moswavleebs mieciT davaleba: konkretul isto-
riul cnebasTan/terminTan, magaliTad, `istoriografiasTan~ mimarTe-
baSi gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba iyos azrovnebis sxvadasxva doneze gasvlis
indikatori.

am kiTxvebze moswavleebma SesaZloa Semdegi pasuxebi gascen:

codna – codnasTan gveqneba saqme, Tu ubralod gvecodineba, ra aris
istoriografia;
gageba – gagebasTan gveqneba saqme, Tu gavigebT, ratom aris isto-
riografiis cneba aucilebeli istoriuli mecnierebisTvis;
gamoyeneba – gamoyenebasTan gveqneba saqme, Tuki am termins gakveTi-
lis moyolisas an referatis werisas gamoviyenebT;
analizi – analizTan gveqneba saqme, Tuki SevZlebT sxvadasxva epoqis
istoriografiisTvis damaxasiaTebel tendenciebze vimsjeloT;
sinTezi – sinTezTan gveqneba saqme, Tuki sxvadasxva epoqis isto-
riografiaSi arsebuli tendenciebis Sesaxeb Cvens codnas sruliad
ganyenebul sakiTxze (magaliTad, xelovnebasa da kulturaze) msjelo-
bisas gamoviyenebT;

18
 Sefaseba – SefasebasTan gveqneba saqme, Tuki istoriografiis fenome-
nis Sesaxeb vimsjelebT.
aqtivobis savaraudo Sedegebi:
aqtivobis warmatebiT ganaxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi moswavlee-
bi praqtikuli magaliTis safuZvelze mkafiod dainaxaven blumis taq-
sonomiis sxvadasxva safexurs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, rac didad
gagiadvilebT grZelvadian saswavlo Sedegebze muSaobas –moswavleebi-
sTvis naTeli iqneba, ra moeTxovebaT. isini advilad gaacnobiereben, rom
maTi mizani ar aris saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli informaciis ubralo
damaxsovreba; es ki erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis daZlevis Tval-
sazrisiT gadadgmuli umniSvnelovanesi nabiji iqneba.

d) istoriuli faqtebis sandoobis Sefasebis unari (saswavlo gegmis

mixedviT _ kvleva, komunikacia, informaciis mopoveba da organizeba,
SemoqmedebiTi unari, TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna)
istoriis codna faqtebis ragvarobis Sefasebis codnasa da Ri-
rebulebaTa garkveuli sistemis qonasac gulisxmobs. istoriasa Tu
Tanamedroveobaze msjelobisas moswavle mkafio zRvars unda avleb-
des faqtebs, interpretaciebsa da stereotipebs Soris. es unari mas
erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi deklarirebuli Rirebulebebis gaTaviseba-
Sic daexmareba. stereotipis raobis codna moswavleebs aratoleran-
tuli, qsenofobiuri ganwyobebisgan daicavs, erTsa da imave sakiTxze
mravalgvari logikuri interpretaciis arsebobis SesaZleblobis Ses-
axeb codna ki maT pluralizmisken ubiZgebs.
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvleze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom 2011-
2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis istoriis sagnobrivi programa
umTavres aqcents moswavleebisTvis zemoT aRwerili unarebisa da
damokidebulebebis ganviTarebaze akeTebs – da ara faqtologiur cod-
naze.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobisas SesaZloa
gaCndes am tipis SekiTxva: Tuki skolis funqcia marTlac moswavlisT-
vis calkeuli unarebisa da damokidebulebebis ganviTarebaa, ra saW-
iroa sakmaod vrceli birTv-programa, romelic erovnuli saswavlo
gegmis istoriis sagnobriv programas axlavs? saqme isaa, rom erovnul
saswavlo gegmaSi warmodgenili birTv-programis sidide imiTaa gan-
pirobebuli, rom pedagogebs sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis maTTvis kom-
fortuli masalis safuZvelze warmoCenis saSualeba hqondeT; magaliT-
ad, SeeZloT ZvelaRmosavluri samyaro ufro siRrmiseulad romelime
erTi qveynis (vTqvaT, Zveli egviptis) magaliTze gaacnon moswavleebs,
ise, rom am epoqis sxva saxelmwifoebs (xeTebi, Sumeri, indoeTi, Cine-
Ti da a.S.) SedarebiT naklebi dro da yuradReba dauTmon. erovnuli
saswavlo gegma (sagamocdo programisgan gansxvavebiT) pedagogebs ar
avaldebulebs moswavleebs yvela es sakiTxi zedmiwevniT da erTnairi
siRrmiT aswavlon. misi erTaderTi moTxovnaa moswavleebma is Sedegebi
daZlion, romlebsac kurikulumi gansazRvravs.
skolaSi istoriis swavlebis zemoT aRweril konteqstSi gaazreba,
bunebrivia, bevr problemas warmoSobs. igi TavisTavad gulisxmobs sa-

19
 leqcio tipis, e.w. `carcisa da dafis gakveTilis~ moswavleze orien-
tirebul sagakveTilo procesad gardaqmnas; swavlis procesSi ganmsaz-
Rvreli Sefasebis xarjze ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis rolis zrdas;
praqtikaSi sxvadasxva inovaciebis aqtiurad danergvas. winamdebare
gzamkvlevis II, III da IV Tavebi swored am problemebze msjelobas isaxavs
miznad.

20
 Tavi II. meToduri orientirebi
swavlebis interaqtiuli meTodebi Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo
sistemis ganuyofeli nawilia. mecnierebi didi xania aRar davoben imis
Sesaxeb, rom tradiciuli, e.w. `dafisa da carcis~ gakveTili, sadac
pedagogi mentoris rolSi gvevlineba, nakleb efeqturia. moswavles mx-
olod Zalian mcire drois (daaxloebiT 8–10 wuTis) ganmavlobaSi Seu-
Zlia pedagogis monologze koncentrireba, rac gakveTilis umetes naw-
ils, faqtobrivad, fiqciad aqcevs. swavlebis interaqtiuli meTodebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic gakveTilis yvela fazaSi moswavlis aqtiurad
CarTvas gulisxmobs, am problemis daZlevis saSualebas iZleva. in-
teraqtiul gakveTilze maswavlebeli aRar gvevlineba mentoris md-
gomareobaSi; am SemTxvevaSi igi fasilitatoris rols irgebs. Tana-
medrove etapze interaqtiuli swavleba TiTqmis yvela saskolo sagnis
farglebSi savaldebulod iTvleba, Tumca, sazogadoebrivi mecniere-
bebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misi roli gansakuTrebiT
didia.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis swavlebis inter-
aqtiuli meTodebi siaxle ar gaxlavT. saqarTvelos sajaro skolebis
pedagogebs, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, maTi gamoyenebis mdidari gamocdile-
ba daugrovdaT; Tumca mimdinare etapze problemaa is, rom swavlebis
interaqtiuli meTodebis gamoyeneba iSviaTad xdeba im aqcentebis war-
moCinebiT, romelsac 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegma iT-
valiswinebs. kerZod, maTi saSualebiT pedagogebi mxolod deklaraci-
ul da ara funqciur da pirobiseul codnaze amaxvileben yuradRebas,
es ki mkveTrad amcirebs am meTodebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas. amitom
qvemoT mocemuli meTodebis aRweras IV TavSi mosdevs konkretuli aq-
tivobebi, rekomendaciebiT maTi funqciuri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivia, interaqtiuli meTodebi da moswavleze orientirebuli
swavleba 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis umTavres meTo-
dur prioritets warmoadgens. saswavlo gegmis Sesavali nawilis VI Tav-
Si vkiTxulobT:
`yvela moswavle aris unikaluri da gansxvavebuli Tavisi individu-
aluri fizikuri da fsiqikuri maxasiaTeblebiT, niWiT, emociebiT, in-
teresebiT, piradi gamocdilebiT, akademiuri saWiroebebiT da swavlis
stiliT, rac gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas swavla-swavlebis dros.
swavla unda mimdinareobdes pozitiur da mowesrigebul garemoSi, sa-
dac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba pozitiur urTierTobebsa da
interaqcias, sadac moswavle aris dafasebuli, aRiarebuli da aris pasux-
ismgebeli sakuTar swavlasa da ganviTarebaze.
swavla aris codnis agebis procesi, romelSic moswavle aqtiurad
aris CarTuli da romelic efuZneba moswavlis arsebul codnas, gamoc-
dilebas da Sexedulebebs~.
iqve:
`ganviTarebis Tanabari SesaZleblobis misacemad skolam moswavleebs
unda SesTavazos mravalferovani saswavlo procesi. saswavlo procesis
mravalferovneba gulisxmobs mravalgvari meTodis, midgomis, strategi-
is, problemaTa gadaWris gzebisa Tu aqtivobaTa tipebis gamoyenebas.

21
 myari da dinamikuri codnis misacemad skolam unda uzrunvelyos
gaRrmavebuli swavleba, rac gulisxmobs saswavlo masalis etapobrivad
da mravalmxrivad miwodebas, axali sakiTxebis, cnebebis safuZvlianad
da gansxvavebul konteqstebSi ganxilvas, saganTaSorisi kavSirebis gam-
ovlenas da saerTo aspeqtebis damuSavebas.
moswavlis motivaciis gazrda mniSvnelovani pedagogiuri amocanaa.
swavlebis procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom moswavlis motivacia iz-
rdeba, Tu is xedavs, rom maswavleblis prioriteti misi winsvlis xe-
lSewyobaa da, piriqiT, iklebs, Tu miaCnia, rom maswavleblis priorite-
ti misi Sedegis gansja-Sefasebaa. aseve, moswavlis motivacia izrdeba,
Tu is xedavs davalebis mizans, darwmunebulia mis saWiroebaSi. mniS-
vnelovania, rom maswavlebelma moswavles gaagebinos, ra mizans emsax-
ureba konkretuli davaleba. aucilebelia, moswavlem dainaxos kavSiri
skolaSi mimdinare saqmianobasa da skolis gareT mimdinare cxovrebas
Soris~.
iqve:
`Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo procesi moswavlis mxridan gan-
sakuTrebul aqtiurobas moiTxovs. es gulisxmobs moswavlis ara mx-
olod aqtiur monawileobas ganaTlebis miRebis procesSi, aramed
Tanatolebis swavlis procesSi monawileobasac. gakveTilze jgufuri
muSaobisas, proeqtebSi monawileobisas, warmodgenebis dagegmvisa Tu
ganxorcielebisas moswavleebi erTmaneTs exmarebian sxvadasxva koncef-
ciis ukeT gagebaSi, unar-Cvevebis daufleba-ganviTarebasa da damok-
idebulebebis CamoyalibebaSi. Sesabamisad, moswavleebis gakveTilebze
daswrebis uzrunvelyofa skolis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sazrunavia~.
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis sagnobriv programaSi warmodgenilia
ramdenime interaqtiuli meTodi, romlebic istoriis (iseve rogorc
geografiisa da samoqalaqo ganaTlebis) specifikas Seesatyviseba.
erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi, bunebrivia, ar aris aRnusxuli istoriis
pedagogebis mier aprobirebuli swavlebis yvela interaqtiuli sa-
Sualeba, amitom qvemoT mocemulia am meTodebis aRwera da maTi gamoy-
enebis specifika.
pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom samecniero literaturaSi xSi-
rad mkafio zRvars ar avleben meTodsa da konkretul aqtivobas So-
ris, romelic am meTodis safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas. magaliTd, e.w. `im-
itirebuli sasamarTlo~, romelic qarTul realobaSi roluri TamaSis
meTodis safuZvelze Seqmnil aqtivobad iTvleba, zogjer swavlebis
erT-erT meTodad ganixileba. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs swavlebis is
ZiriTadi meTodebi, romlebic erTnairi warmatebiTa da sixSiriT ga-
moiyeneba rogorc ucxour, aseve qarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi.
swavlebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da adaptirebuli meTodebia: disku-
sia-ganxilva, eqskursia-SemecnebiTi daTvaliereba, gonebrivi ieri-
Si – ideebis mobilizeba-Tavmoyra (generireba); prezentacia-wardgena,
roluri TamaSi – drama, keTebiT swavleba, teqstze an sxvadasxva saxis
ilustraciebze muSaoba, proeqti (mini-kvleva), SemTxvevis ganxilva da
a.S. interaqtiuli meTodebis paralelurad xSirad gamoiyeneba mini-le-
qciis meTodi, romelic codnis mokle droSi gadacemas uwyobs xels.

22
  mini-leqcia

mini-leqcia aris mcire zomis leqcia (maqsimum 10-15 wuTi), ufro

zustad, maswavleblis mier ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli infor-
maciis zepirad miwodeba. misi mizania drois rac SeiZleba mcire mon-
akveTSi moswavleebisTvis saWiro informaciis miwodeba.
mini-leqcia, ra Tqma unda, axali informaciis wyaroa, Tumca nak-
lebad iZleva unarebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. moswavle pasiur
rolSi gvevlineba.
leqciis mimdinareobisas moswavleTa aqtiurobis xelSewyobisT-
vis mniSvnelovania, rogor sxedan isini. sasurvelia ara frontaluri
(rodesac maswavlebeli dgas dafasTan msmenelis win), aramed sadiskusio
stilis (maswavlebeli da moswavleebi sxedan wreze, magidis irgvliv,
ise, rom yvela kargad xedavs erTmaneTs) gamoyeneba. leqcia swavlebis
SedarebiT pasiur formadaa miCneuli, Tumca moswavleTa gasaaqtiureb-
lad maswavlebelma unda waaxalisos isini. maswavlebels mudmivad unda
hqondes mxedvelobiTi kontaqti auditoriasTan, periodulad amowmeb-
des, ramdenad usmens da exmaureba mas auditoria (ukukavSiri).
mini-leqciis Catarebas ar sWirdeba gansakuTrebuli material-
ur-teqnikuri aRWurviloba, Tumca sasurvelia gamoviyenoT vizualuri
masala – grafikebi, fotomasala, cxrilebi da a.S. leqcia aseve SeiZle-
ba Catardes Powerpoint-is gamoyenebiTac, rasac specialuri aRWurvi-
loba – leptopi da proeqtori – dasWirdeba.

mini-leqciis dadebiTi mxareebi:

• saWiro informaciis miwodebis swrafi da efeqturi meTodia;
• saswavlo garemo ar saWiroebs gansakuTrebul, specialur aRWur-
vilobas;
• iZleva Tavisuflad urTierTobis SesaZleblobas.

risk-faqtori:
• rTulia auditoriis yuradRebis SenarCuneba.

 diskusia-ganxilva

diskusia interaqtiuli swavlebis erT-erTi efeqturi da xSirad ga-

moyenebuli meTodia. misi mizania sxvadasxva midgomis, ideisa Tu prob-
lemis jgufSi warmodgena. saleqcio tipis gakveTilisgan gansxvavebiT,
diskusiis dros moswavleebi aqtiurad monawileoben ama Tu im sakiTxis
ganxilvaSi. diskusia xels uwyobs iseTi unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas,
rogoricaa: msjeloba, aqtiuri mosmena, gansxvavebuli azris pativis-
cema, koreqtuli qceva, argumentebis Camoyalibeba da sxv. diskusiam,
rogorc aqtivobam, SeiZleba kargi motivaciac Seqmnas, rom, magaliT-
ad, moswavleebma moiZion axali informacia, gaimyaron codna da ufro

23
 Zlieri da obieqturi argumentebiT daupirispirdnen gansxvavebul
azrs.
diskusiis sworad warsamarTad aucilebelia misi Tavidanve or-
ganizeba da erTgvari kontroli, rac gulisxmobs garkveuli wesebis
dacvas, romlebsac moswavleebi maswavlebelTan erTad Camoayalibeben.
ase, magaliTad: roca erTi laparakobs, sxvebi usmenen; raimes Tqma Tu
gsurs, aiwie xeli; sxvas ar gaawyvetino sityva; dauSvebelia sxva mosau-
bris qiliki; kamaTSi yvela iRebs monawileobas da a. S. wesebis Camona-
Tvali SeiZleba gaizardos maswavleblisa da moswavleebis SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze.
diskusiis dagegmvisas mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebs sakmarisi
codna hqondeT sadiskusio Temaze, raTa SeZlon sakuTari azris ga-
moTqma, misi dacva an sxvisi azris gakritikeba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
diskusia azrs dakargavs.
diskusiis warmatebiT Catarebaze, pirvel rigSi, maswavlebelia pa-
suxismgebeli. man unda daareguliros procesi da Seasrulos fasil-
itatoris roli. maswavlebelma mkafiod unda gansazRvros diskusiis
Catarebis formati: vin da ra drois ganmavlobaSi ilaparakebs, ra Tan-
mimdevrobiT, rogor unda daisvas SekiTxvebi da a.S.
diskusiisas mniSvnelovania kiTxvebis swori formulireba. kiTx-
vebi gansxvavdeba daniSnulebis mixedviT: diskusia iwyeba e.w. mTavari
kiTxviT, romelic gansazRvravs diskusiis arss, warmoaCens sadiskusio
sakiTxs. Semdeg maswavlebelma SeiZleba dasvas damazustebeli kiTxve-
bi, diskusiis mimarTulebis misacemad da/an Sesacvlelad. dasaSvebia,
moswavlis mier maswavleblisaTvis dasmuli kiTxva sxva moswavlisaken
iqnes mimarTuli, im mizniT, rom diskusiaSi yvela CaerTos.
maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom diskusiis procesSi aravin
iyos dominanti, ar gamoxatos simpaTia Tu antipaTia mokamaTe mxaree-
bis mier gamoTqmuli konkretuli mosazrebebis mimarT; is unda iyos
neitraluri figura, romelsac yvelasTan Tanabari damokidebuleba
eqneba.
diskusia rom efeqturi iyos, am procesSi erTdroulad ar unda
monawileobdes Zalian bevri moswavle; did jgufTan muSaobisas maswav-
lebelma unda SeZlos yvela moswavlis CarTva diskusiaSi. mniSvnelova-
nia diskusiaSi monawile mxareebi warmodgenili iyos moswavleTa Tana-
bari raodenobiT. sasurvelia, `mowinaaRmdege~ mxareebi erTmaneTis
pirispir isxdnen, xolo maswavlebels, rogorc diskusiis fasilita-
tors, orive jgufTan Tavisuflad SeeZlos urTierToba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom diskusiis sxvadasxva forma arsebobs, rac in-
terpretaciisa da aqtivobis mravalferovnad Catarebis saSualebas
iZleva. es formebia:
1) `mrgvali magida~ – moswavleTa mcire jgufs Soris gamarTuli
saubari winaswar SerCeul Temaze (am dros xdeba azrTa urTierT-
gacvla);
2) `paneluri diskusia~ – TiToeul jgufs hyavs winaswar arCeuli
lideri; maTi daxmarebiT sakiTxi ganixileba jgufebSi da mxolod
Semdeg gamoaqvT klasis winaSe;

24
 3) `forumi~ – paneluri diskusiis msgavsia, romlis drosac konk-
retul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT jgufi sakuTar mosazrebebs klass
(danarCenebs) uziarebs;
4) `simpoziumi~ – monawileebi ama Tu im sakiTxis irgvliv damoukide-
blad gamodian moxsenebebiT da dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxo-
ben klasis kiTxvebs;
5) `debatebi~ – agebulia monawileTa winaswar dagegmil gamosvleb-
ze. kamaTi iwyeba ori dapirispirebuli mxaris TiTo warmomadgen-
lis gamosvliT. gamomsvlelTa dro winaswar aris gansazRvruli;
6) `sasamarTlo sxdoma~ – es aris saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis im-
itacia;
7) `kuTxeebi~ – es meTodi gamoiyeneba saklaso diskusiis warmarT-
visas, kamaTis provocirebisa da jgufebs Soris paeqrobisTvis;
aseve sasurvelia es meTodi gamoviyenoT teqstis kiTxvis an film-
is naxvis Semdeg. pedagogi moswavleebs sTavazobs mosazrebis mza
formulirebas, romelTan damokidebulebasac moswavleebi gamox-
ataven oTaxis Sesabamisi kuTxis arCeviT, sadac winaswar aris ga-
keTebuli warwerebi: `veTanxmebi~, `ar veTanxmebi~, `var neitral-
uri~.

dadebiTi mxareebi:
• moswavleebi diskusiis dros ganxilul sakiTxebs kargad imaxsovre-
ben;
• maRalia moswavleTa monawileobis xarisxi (CarTuloba);
• moswavles eZleva sakuTari azris Camoyalibebis, gamoTqmisa da
dasabuTebis SesaZlebloba.

risk-faqtori:
• diskusiis msvlelobisas, Tu wamyvani srulyofilad ver marTavs
jgufs, es aqtivoba araracionaluri iqneba da did dros waiRebs.

diskusiis dasrulebis Semdeg aucilebelia procesis Sejameba, rasac

Tavdapirvelad akeTebs maswavlebeli, xolo gamocdilebis dagrovebis
Semdeg am procesSi moswavleebic aqtiurad erTvebian. Sejamebisas unda
gaanalizdes rogorc Sinaarsi, anu ra mogvca diskusiam, ra gvaswavla
da a.S., ise procesi – ramdenad komfortulad grZnobdnen moswavleebi
Tavs, advili iyo Tu ara wesebis dacva da a.S.
diskusiis Catareba, rogorc wesi, ar saWiroebs gansakuTrebul
garemos an damxmare saSualebebs, Tumca sasurvelia gvqondes dafa,
raTa diskusiaSi monawile mxareebs mieceT sakuTari azrebis werilo-
biT gamoxatvis saSualeba.

25
  eqskursia-SemecnebiTi daTvaliereba

eqskursia aris raimes koleqtiuri daTvaliereba – gamgzavreba,

gaseirneba saswavlo, samecniero, sportuli an garTobis mizniT. eq-
skursiis dros moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT konkretul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT saxelmZRvanelodan miRebuli informacia da codna gana-
mtkicon realur garemoSi.
eqskursias sailustracio funqcia aqvs. eqskursiaze nanaxi da mos-
menili moswavleebs ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, vidre mxolod moyolili mas-
ala, vinaidan e.w. smeniT maxsovrobas emateba mxedvelobiTi maxsovroba
da aRqma kidev ufro Zlierdeba.
eqskursiis, rogorc saswavlo RonisZiebis, gamoyenebis Taobaze sami
mosazreba arsebobs:
1. eqskursiaze moswavleebi midian saswavlo wlis dawyebisTanave. eq-
skursia xels uwyobs moswavleTa da pedagogTa daaxloebas, aR-
vivebs interess sxvadasxva sakiTxis mimarT da zrdis swavlis mo-
tivacias;
2. eqskursiaze moswavleebi midian saswavlo wlis dasrulebisas,
rodesac isini ukve saTanado codnasa da unar-Cvevebs floben da
SeuZliaT realur garemoSi daakvirdnen maTTvis saintereso obi-
eqtebsa Tu movlenebs;
3. eqskursias gegmavs sagnis pedagogi, wlis ganmavlobaSi sagnis
saWiroebisa da specifikidan gamomdinare. eqskursia Zalian sain-
tereso da Sinaarsiani iqneba, Tu mowveuli iqneba gareSe stu-
mari, romelic ufro zust informacias miawvdis bavSvebs maTTvis
sainterso Temebze da samizne jgufTan arsobrivad iqneba daka-
vSirebuli. stumari SeiZleba iyos mecnieri, sazogadoebisTvis
cnobili pirovneba da sxv.
skolis gareT swavlebas SeiZleba garkveuli problemebi axldes, am-
itom aucilebelia eqskursiis detaluri dagegmva, raTa Tavidan avici-
loT gaugebrobebi. maswavlebelma winaswar unda gaiTvaliswinos da
dagegmos Semdegi sakiTxebi: eqskursiis mizani, eqskursiis zusti dro,
moswavleebis dasaSvebi raodenoba.
saeqskursio jgufSi moswavleTa raodenoba damokidebulia klasis
sidideze. sasurvelia, rom 5-6 bavSvs erTi ufrosi axldes (iqneba es
pedagogi, skolis administraciis warmomadgeneli Tu aqtiuri mSobe-
li).
maswavlebelma winaswar unda miawodos moswavleebs informacia eq-
skursiis gegmis Sesaxeb – ra unda naxon, ras unda miaqcion gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba da a.S., eqskursiis dros unda waaxalisos moswavleebi
– dasvan kiTxvebi; SesaZlebelia saWiro gaxdes raRacis CaniSvnac.

dadebiTi mxareebi:
• swavlebis TvalsaCino meTodia – moswavle realur viTarebaSi ak-
virdeba da exeba garemos;
• amaRlebs moswavleTa motivacias;
• moswavleebs umuSavdebaT praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi;

26
 • xels uwyobs klasis wevrTa daaxloeba-damegobrebas.

risk-faqtori:
• eqskursia erTjeradi RonisZiebaa, Sesabamisad, arasworad dageg-
mvis SemTxvevaSi an gauTvaliswinebeli, xelis SemSleli garemoe-
bebis gamo (magaliTad, cudi amindis) is SeiZleba araefeqturi
gamodges.

eqskursiis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad

ganixilavs mis Sedegebs – ra naxes an ra moismines, ramdenad gasagebi
da saintereso iyo informacia; eqskursia SesaZloa moswavleTa samo-
mavlo proeqtebisTvis wyarodac iqces. saqme isaa, rom eqskursia kargi
saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom moswavlem Tavisi Cveuli garemosagan mo-
SorebiT aRmoaCinos problemebi, romlebic mSobliur garemoSi mas Se-
umCneveli rCeba.

 gonebrivi ieriSi _ ideebis mobilizeba-Tavmoyra

gonebrivi ieriSi aris drois mcire monakveTSi didi raodenobis

ideebis Tavmoyra, romelic SeiZleba Catardes an damoukideblad, an
rogorc damxmare saSualeba sxva aqtivobis Sesrulebisas. gonebrivi
ieriSis Sedegad xdeba ama Tu im TemasTan dakavSirebiT moswavleTa su-
bieqturi azris gageba, romelic manamde maTTvis (moswavleebisTvis) ar
warmoadgenda daswavlis kompetencias.
gonebrivi ieriSis procesi sakmaod martivia. Tavdapirvelad mas-
wavlebeli asaxelebs gansaxilvel Temas da adgens gegmas; gonebrivi
ieriSis dawyebamde aucilebelia jgufSi muSaobis wesebze SeTanxmeba,
magaliTad: yvela idea sworia da TiToeuli maTgani unda ganvixiloT;
gonebrivi ieriSis procesSi arafers ganvsjiT da vafasebT; mTavaria
ideebis raodenoba da ara xarisxi.
moswavleebi dasmuli sakiTxis irgvliv gamoTqvamen uamrav mosaz-
rebas/ideas, romelTac maswavlebeli dafaze iniSnavs. drois limiti
winaswaraa gansazRvruli, magaliTad, 20-25 wT.
ideebis Camoweris Semdeg maswavlebeli maT xmamaRla, jgufis yvela wev-
risTvis gasagonad kiTxulobs. Semdeg moswavleebi afaseben ideebs, davuS-
vaT, 3- an 5-qulian skalaze da erTmaneTis msgavs ideebs ajgufeben. sab-
olood SeirCeva sasurveli, yvelaze maRalquliani, daaxloebiT 3-4 idea.
rogorc aRvniSneT, gonebrivi ieriSis process maswavlebeli warm-
arTavs. mas unda SeeZlos yuradRebiT mosmena da monawileebis waxal-
iseba ideebis miwodebis procesSi. man xeli unda Seuwyos maqsimalurad
bevri ideisa da mosazrebis Tavmoyras. maswavlebeli procesSi neitra-
luri figuraa.

dadebiTi mxareebi:
• meTodi SemoqmedebiTia da moswavleebi Tavisuflad (SeuzRuda-
vad) gamoTqvamen sakuTar ideebs;

27
 • xSir SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia sxva meTodebTan kombinirebulad
gamoyeneba.

risk-faqtorebi:
• rTulia yvela moswavlis CarTulobis xarisxis uzrunvelyofa;
• drois faqtori.

rekomendaciebi:
• winaswar SearCieT gansaxilveli Tema;
• gaiTvaliswineT monawileTa asakobrivi Taviseburebebi;
• yvela moswavles mieciT procesSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba;
• iyaviT maqsimalurad neitraluri da amavdroulad pozitiuri
jgufis wevrebis mimarT.

 T-diagrama

swavla swavlebis procesSi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiurad gamoyene-

badi gamosaxvis saSualebaa. maswavlebelma igi mravalmxriv SeiZleba
gamoiyenos; Zalian mosaxerxebeli da komfortulia sapirispiro mosaz-
rebaTa gamosaTqmelad, movlenebisa da faqtebis Sesapirispireblad,
Sesadareblad. savarjiSo maswavlebels exmareba informaciis dax-
arisxebaSi, vTqvaT, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi an romelime sxva niSniT
dasajgufeblad. savarjiSo sruldeba individualurad, wyvilebSi an
jgufebSi.

 prezentacia - wardgena

prezentacia auditoriis winaSe garkveuli Teoriuli Tu praqtiku-

li masalis wardgenaa.
prezentacia efeqturi meTodia iseTi unarebis gansaviTareblad,
rogoricaa: komunikacia, sakuTari poziciisa Tu mosazrebebis msmenel-
isaTvis gacnoba, argumentireba, poziciis dacva da a.S. prezentaciis
Tema SeiZleba iyos nebismieri sakiTxi. sasurvelia prezentaciis Teme-
bis raodenoba SezRuduli iyos. rekomendebulia maqsimum sami Temis
gamoyeneba.
prezentaciis momzadebisas maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos
prezentaciis Tavisebureba. Tu moswavleebi akeTeben prezentacias,
maswavlebelma winaswar unda misces maT prezentaciis tipuri sqema.
prezentacia Sedgeba sami nawilisagan:

1. Sesavali: Sesavali prezentaciis aucilebeli nawilia. am nawilis

mizani auditoriis yuradRebis miqceva da pirveli kontaqtis dam-
yarebaa. Sesavali prezentaciisaTvis gankuTvnili saerTo drois
daaxloebiT 20 procents Seadgens;

28
 2. ZiriTadi nawili: ZiriTadi nawili prezentaciis yvelaze vrceli
da sapasuxismgeblo nawilia. ZiriTad nawilSi ganixileba debule-
bebi, mosazrebebi da gamoiyeneba sailustracio masalebi. prez-
entaciis gakeTebisas yuradReba eqceva saubris tons, qcevis mane-
ras, rac mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens auditoriaze. es nawili
prezentaciisaTvis gankuTvnili saerTo drois daaxloebiT 70
procents Seadgens;

3. daskvna: daskvniT nawilSi jamdeba prezentacia – risTvis gakeTda,

ra iyo mizani da Sedegi. es nawili prezentaciis drois daaxloe-
biT 10 procents Seadgens.

SesaZlebelia, maswavlebelma moswavleebTan erTad SeimuSaos Se-

fasebis skala, sxvadasxva kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis mixed-
viTac moxdeba prezentaciis Sefaseba.
prezentaciis gakeTeba specialur teqnikur aRWurvilobas saW-
iroebs – proeqtors, leptops, dafas. sasurvelia, prezentacia Power-
Point-Si gakeTdes.

 roluri TamaSi

roluri TamaSi – jgufuri muSaobis erT-erTi formaa, romelic

xSirad swavlebis yvela safexurze gamoiyeneba. misi mizania konkret-
uli istoriuli situaciisa Tu ambis dramiT warmodgena da sakuTar
Tavze gancda. am dros moswavleebi, imis garda, rom Teoriul codnas
iZenen, ganicdian/iazreben konkretuli personaJis grZnobebs, fiqrebs,
qcevasa da motivebs, SeigrZnoben im epoqis suliskveTebas, romelsac
gaiTamaSeben.
roluri TamaSi swavlebis aqtiuri formaa. am dros SesaZlebelia
moswavleebi ara mxolod gonebrivad, aramed fizikuradac aqtiurni
iyvnen; Temis ganxilvis garda, maT saSualeba aqvT gamoxaton TavianTi
damokidebulebebi, emociebi, rac aadvilebs swavlis process da, Ses-
abamisad, masalis aTvisebas. swavlebis aqtiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT
moswavleebi ufro martivad swavloben, vidre mxolod masalis wakiTx-
viT, mosmeniT an raimeze dakvirvebiT.
roluri TamaSis dawyebamde maswavlebelma/damrigebelma moswav-
leebs unda gaacnos Tema da gaakeTos mokle Sesavali – magaliTad, es
TamaSi/mcire istoriuli piesa gaacocxlebs ama Tu im epoqas, istori-
ul pirovnebas da gagrZeldeba 20 wuTi, ris Semdegac movawyobT ganx-
ilvas da SevajamebT Sedegebs.
Semdeg klasi unda daiyos jgufebad. amisTvis SegviZlia gamovi-
yenoT oTxi meTodi:
1. jgufis dayofa siis mixedviT (aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma/
damrigebelma unda gaakontrolos jgufis Semadgenloba);
2. dayofa sakuTari survilisamebr – monawileebi jgufebad saku-
Tari survilis mixedviT iyofian;

29
 3. dayofa SemTxveviTi SerCevis xerxiT – jgufebis raodenobidan ga-
momdinare, vTxovT monawileebs, gaiTvalon. gaTvlis Semdeg pir-
veli nomrebi warmoqmnian pirvel jgufs, meore nomrebi – meores
da a.S.;
4. daWrili baraTebis meSveobiT ganawilebisas maswavlebelma/dam-
rigebelma unda aiRos imdeni feris patara baraTi, ramdeni jgu-
fis Seqmnac unda. Semdeg TiToeuli feris baraTi daWras imden
nawilad, ramdeni adamianic aris jgufSi; daWrili baraTebi patara
kalaTaSi iyreba. monawileebi kalaTidan iReben daWrili baraTis
TiTo furcels. erT jgufSi xvdebian erTi feris mflobelebi.
feradi baraTebis nacvlad SeiZleba safosto baraTebis gamoy-
enebac. aseve SesaZlebelia monawileebi davyoT dabadebis Tvis,
ricxvis, weliwadis drois mixedviT da a.S.

Semdeg maswavlebeli monawileebs acnobs instruqcias. Tavad jgu-

furi muSaobis procesSi aris neitraluri da asrulebs damkvirveblis
rols.
Semdegi etapi aris uSualod TamaSi. moswavleebi asruleben rolebs
instruqciis Sesabamisad. roluri TamaSis Sedegi pirdapir ukavSirdeba
jgufis wevrebis procesSi CarTvasa da dadebiTi atmosferos SenarCu-
nebas, amitom unda waxalisdnen jgufis pasiuri wevrebi, rom maqsimal-
urad CaerTon TamaSis procesSi.
roluri TamaSis dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebi gamoTqvamen mosaz-
rebebs, ra SeiZines/iswavles am TamaSidan. monawileebi jgufis muSaobis
Sedegebs imis mixedviT afaseben, Tu ra iswavles, ra iyo pozitiuri
da ra – negatiuri muSaobis procesSi; Semdeg unda ganixilon mxolod
Sinaarsi da procesi da ara procesis monawileebi, pirovnebebi, maTi
Tvisebebi da a.S.

roluri TamaSis dadebiTi mxareebi:

• roluri TamaSi xels uwyobs monawileebs Soris informaciis
gacvlas, moswavleTa CarTvas swavlis procesSi;
• roluri TamaSi xels uwyobs sakiTxis Rrma Seswavlas sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan, sxvadasxva personaJis TvalTaxedviT;
• roluri TamaSis dros viTardeba unar-Cvevebi, icvleba damok-
idebulebebi;
• roluri TamaSi realuri situaciis simulaciaa; monawileebs sa-
Sualeba aqvT sxvebis TandaswrebiT gamoxaton TavianTi damok-
idebuleba;
• roluri TamaSebi xels uwyobs SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTare-
bas, saxalisoa da zrdis motivacias;
• roluri TamaSebi xels uwyobs masalis safuZvlianad damaxsovre-
bas, radgan am dros ara mxolod informaciis gadamuSaveba xdeba,
aramed monawileebi emociurad ganicdian Tavad process;
• roluri TamaSebis monawileebs Secdomis gamo mkacrad ar akri-
tikeben.

30
 risk-faqtorebi:
• jgufis yvela wevri SiZleba ver grZnobdes jgufSi Tavs komfor-
tulad; adamianebs zogjer uWirT davalebis simulacia, sxvebis
TandaswrebiT emociebisa da damokidebulebebis Tavisuflad ga-
moxatva;
• rolur TamaSSi SeiZleba moswavleTa mxolod nawili CaerTos;
• rolur TamaSebs sWirdeba dro, gansakuTrebiT did dros moiTx-
ovs Sejamebis etapi, radgan yvela monawilem unda gamoxatos Ta-
visi damokidebuleba; jgufuri muSaobis Semdeg yvela monawiles
unda hqondes kmayofilebis gancda;
• vinaidan roluri TamaSis dros gansxvavebuli azrebi warmoiSo-
ba, SeiZleba jgufis wevrebma erTmaneTs ver gaugon da maT Soris
negatiuri atmosfero Camoyalibdes;
• roluri TamaSebi ar gamodgeba didi jgufebisTvis swavlebis
meTodad.

 sokratuli meTodi

sokratuli meTodis gamoyenebis dros maswavlebeli svams mxolod

problemur (da ara informaciul) kiTxvebs (magaliTad, `ras fiqrobT
am sakiTxze?~ `ra ganmartebebi gvWirdeba amisaTvis?~) da ar awvdis in-
formacias moswavleebs. am dros maswavlebeli ganixilavs gamonaklis
SemTxvevebs da martiv ideas eWvqveS ayenebs. igi moswavleebisgan moiTx-
ovs azrovnebas, raTa isini damoukideblad mividnen problemis gad-
awyvetamde.
sokratuli meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia diskusiiT, debatebiT,
problemuri kiTxvebis dasmiT da sxv. zogjer maswavlebels mohyavs
faqtebi moswavleTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdegod,
magram ar afiqsirebs sakuTar pozicias. igi xels uwyobs im pasuxebis
eWvqveS dayenebas, romelTac gvaZlevs, magaliTad, sxvadasxva avtorite-
ti. moswavleebi Tavisuflad gamoTqvamen sakuTar mosazrebebs dasmul
problemasTan dakavSirebiT, Tamamad Txzaven hipoTezebs da versiebs,
aanalizeben erTmaneTis argumentebs.

 keTebiT swavleba

keTebiT swavlebis anu praqtikis meTodis gamoyenebis dros moswav-

leebs awvdian ara informacias, aramed zust instruqcias simulaci-
isaTvis. am meTodis mizania moswavleebma zustad Seasrulon iseTi
qmedebebi, romlebic xels uwyobs codnis miRebas an Cvevis Camoyalibe-
bas.
praqtikis dros maswavlebeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs
moswavleTa gamoxmaurebas (ukukavSirs), rac azrians xdis moswavlis
praqtikas da exmareba mas, kargad gaacnobieros, rasac akeTebs da ara
mxolod avtomaturad (meqanikurad) gaimeoros. amgvari swavleba mniS-

31
 vnelovan efeqts mxolod saTanado gamoxmaurebis SemTxvevaSi gvaZlevs.
maswavlebelma moswavles unda SesTavazos aqtivobis sqema an modeli
cxadad gamokveTili miRwevis doneebiT, romlis saSualebiTac moswav-
le SeZlebs gansazRvros, ras moelian misgan da rogor fasdeba misi
warmateba anu ra aris efeqturi `keTeba~ da miznis miRweva.
amrigad, praqtikis mTavari principebia: moswavleebisaTvis praqti-
kuli davalebis micema, maTi waxaliseba da saTanado ukukavSiri (gamox-
maureba), raTa maT azrianad imoqmedon.
SesaZlebelia, maswavleblis survilisamebr, klasis donisa da Sesa-
Zleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ZiriTadi sakiTxebis erT Temad miwodeba
an piriqiT – erTi Temis dayofa ZiriTad sakiTxebad.
keTebiT swavla ufro saxalisoa; gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca mos-
wavleebi Tavad qmnian Temis Sesatyvisi istoriuli movlenis an faqtis
raime saxis models, rukas. sakuTari xeliT Seqmnili amgvari modelebi
Tu rukebi mravali praqtikuli da eqsperimentuli unar-Cvevis gamo-
muSavebas uwyobs xels.

 TvalsaCinoebebze muSaoba

TvalsaCinoebebze muSaobis meTods mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

swavlebis procesSi da moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs vizualuri in-
formacia aRiqvan, gaiazron da axal informaciad aqcion. TvalsaCi-
noebebi (magaliTad, rukebi, ilustraciebi, fotoebi da sxv.) farTod
gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis swavlebis yvela safexurze.
am midgomiT bavSvs uviTardeba vizualuri unarebi. moswavle igebs,
rom SeiZleba `waikiTxo~ ara marto teqsti, aramed fotoc da rukac,
romlisganac maqsimaluri Tu ara, minimaluri informaciis miReba yov-
elTvis SeiZleba. TiToeuli maTgani erTgvar gzamkvlevs warmoadgens
rogorc maswavleblis, ise moswavlisaTvis.
TvalsaCinoebebze muSaobis meTodi saSualebas iZleva, moswavle
daeuflos gamWol semiotikur kompetencias. semiotikuri kompetencia
aris verbalurad da araverbalurad (rukis, diagramis, sqemis, naxatisa
da a. S. saSualebiT) gadmocemuli informaciis gaazrebisa da inter-
pretaciis, sakuTari naazrevisa da gancdilis sxvadasxva saSualebiT
gadmocemis, informaciis niSanTa erTi sistemidan meoreSi gadatanis
unari (magaliTad, teqstis ilustraciiT gamoxatvis an erTi formiT
warmodgenili informaciis diagramis saxiT warmodgenis da a.S.); es
procesi efeqturia da moswavlis mravalmxrivi inteleqtualuri ganvi-
Tarebis saSualebas iZleva.
gakveTilisTvis konkretuli TvalsaCinoebis arCevisas gaiTvalis-
wineT moswavleTa interesebi: am konkretuli TvalsaCinoebis gamoy-
eneba SeZlebs gazardos swavlis motivacia? SeZleben moswavleebi am
resursis saTanadod gamoyenebas? ra sabaziso unar-Cvevebi aqvT maT da
romeli unarebis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels gamosayenebeli TvalsaC-
inoeba?

32
  teqstze muSaoba

werilobiT teqstze muSaoba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da saWiro

meTodia. es aCvevs moswavles arastandartuli teqstebis kiTxvas, am-
didrebs mis leqsikur marags, xels uwyobs kritikuli azrovnebis gan-
viTarebas.
teqstze muSaoba ramdenime etapad unda davyoT. Tavdapirvelad mos-
wavleebs teqstis zedapiruli gadaTvaliereba unda vTxovoT. sasur-
velia, maT teqstidan personaliebis, TariRebis, obieqtebisa da sxva,
advilad aRsaqmeli informaciis gamocalkeveba da amowera davavaloT.
teqstis amgvarad damuSavebis Semdeg moswavleebs ZiriTadad aRar
aSinebT masalis teqstis sirTule da ukve mzad arian ufro rTuli
aqtivobebis Sesasruleblad.
momdevno etapze saWiroa teqsti azrobriv abzacebad da strofebad
davanawiloT. kargi iqneba, aseT azrobriv erTeulebs saTaurebsac Tu
davarqmevT da maT Sinaarss sajarod gavaanalizebT.
teqstis struqturuli damuSavebis Semdeg misi Sinaarsobrivi mx-
aris damuSavebaze gadavdivarT. amisTvis vsvamT analitikur kiTxvebs,
rac moswavles kritikul azrovnebas ganuviTarebs.

dadebiTi mxareebi:
werilobiT wyaroebze muSaoba moswavles uviTarebs da aCvevs:
• faqtebisa da movlenebis istoriuli interpretaciis unars;
• analitikuri msjelobis unars;
• arastandartuli teqstebis kiTxvas;
• werilobiT dokumentebSi aRwerili realobis sazogadoebriv cx-
ovrebasTan dakavSirebas.

risk-faqtori:
• asakisTvis Seusabamo da gaumarTavi teqstis miwodeba.

 proeqti3

proeqti Zalian mniSvnelovani da saWiro interaqtiuli meTodia. is

saukeTeso saSualebaa calkeuli sakiTxebis damoukideblad kvlevisTvis.
proeqtze muSaobisas konkretuli valdebulebebi ekisrebaT ro-
gorc maswavlebels, ise moswavleebs, kerZod:
1) maswavlebelma Tavad unda SearCios saproeqto Tema, gansazRvros
miznebi da Sedegebi da mxolod Semdeg warudginos moswavleebs.
SesaZlebelia gonebrivi ieriSis gamoyenebiT moswavleebma Seqmnan
sakvlevad sasurveli savaraudo Temebisa Tu problemuri sakiTx-
ebis banki, maswavleblis daxmarebiT SearCion maT Soris erT-er-
Ti, yvelaze aqtualuri, dasaxon miznebi da gansazRvron mosal-
odneli Sedegebi;

3
proeqtuli swavlebis Sesaxeb meti informacia ix. mesame TavSi.

33
 2) maswavlebelma moswavleebTan erTad unda gansazRvros proeqtis
Sesrulebis vadebi;
3) maswavlebelma unda miuTiTos resursebi, riTac moswavleebi is-
argebleben kvlevis procesSi;
4) maswavlebeli unda daexmaros moswavleebs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
unda gauwios konsultaciebi.

proeqtis Sesaqmnelad saWiro sayrdeni kiTxvebi:

ra? – mizani;
rogor? – amocanebi;
vin? – monawileebi;
visTvis? – vin isargeblebs;
rodis? – ra vadebSi.

rogori unda iyos proeqti?

specifikuri;
gazomvadi;
miRwevadi – Sesrulebadi;
realisturi;
droSi gansazRvruli.

nebismieri meTodis dros klasi SeiZleba vamuSaoT individualu-

ri, wyviluri, jgufuri an frontaluri organizaciuli formis gamoy-
enebiT.
wyvilebsa da jgufebSi muSaoba Zalian efeqturi, moswavleTa
erT-erTi yvelaze sayvareli aqtivobaa. organizebis es formebi xels
uwyobs TanamSromlobis, gunduri muSaobis da, Tundac, lideris un-
ar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas.
aseve mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebi acnobiereben drois fass da
misi racionalurad gamoyenebis aucileblobas, swavloben da eCvevian
funqciebis danawilebas da, rac mTavaria, kolegebis mimarT uviTarde-
baT pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. qvemoT warmovadgenT wyvilebSi muSao-
bis ramdenime aucilebel wess:

• maswavlebeli klass yofs wyvilebad;

• klass eZleva saerTo davaleba da maswavlebeli Tavad anawilebs
funqciebs;
• moswavleebi davalebas asruleben wyvilebSi;
• dro gansazRvrulia, Tumca damokidebulia davalebis sirTuleze.

niSandoblivia, rom wyvilebSi muSaobis dros gamomuSavebuli Ta-

namSromlobis unar-Cvevebi kidev ufro mtkicdeba jgufSi muSaobisas.
jgufebad dayofis mravali xerxi arsebobs: Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
bavSvebiT dakompleqteba, gogonebisa da biWebis gundi, moswavleebis
megobruli urTierTobebis gaTvaliswineba, SemTxveviTi SerCeva da ase
Semdeg, Tumca aucilebelia jgufebis danawileba moxdes swrafad, 2-3
wuTis ganmavlobaSi.

34
 rac Seexeba jgufSi muSaobis wesebs (magaliTad, lideris SerCeva,
vin waradgens prezentacias da sxv.), sasurvelia, es wesebi Tavad mos-
wavleebma daadginon, Tumca SesaZlebelia gaiTvaliswinon maswavleb-
lis direqtiva an rCeva.
maswavlebelma winaswar unda gansazRvros drois limiti – davalebis
Sesrulebis, prezentaciisa da SefasebisTvis.
samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg TiToeuli jgufi warmoadgens sakuTar
namuSevars. prezentaciis msvlelobisas maswavlebeli da moswavleebi
gamomsvlels kiTxvebs ar usvamen. bolos namuSevrebi gamoifineba da
maswavlebeli afasebs maT winaswar SerCeuli Sefasebis sqemis safuZ-
velze.
qvemoT warmodgenilia jgufebSi muSaobis ramdenime aucilebeli
wesi:
1) klasis dayofa sasurvelia 4-5-wevrian jgufebad, rac, zogadad,
warmoadgens jgufis wevrTa optimalur raodenobas;
2) klass eZleva saerTo davaleba;
3) davaleba sruldeba jgufebSi da misi yvela wevri sakuTari kompe-
tenciis farglebSi erTveba muSaobis procesSi;
4) davaleba sruldeba winaswar dadgenil droSi (15-20 wuTi);
5) jgufi muSaobs saerTo magidis garSemo.

 SemTxvevis ganxilva

SemTxvevis ganxilvis meTodi inicirebul SemTxvevis ganxilvas

gulisxmobs. misi mizania konkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilvis safuZvelze
damatebiTi informaciisa da codnis SeZena. maswavlebeli moswavleebs
jgufebad yofs, TiToeuli jgufi sakuTari Sexedulebisa da inter-
pretaciis safuZvelze ganixilavs mocemul SemTxvevas; Semdeg imarTeba
diskusia imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli poziciaa ufro adekvaturi da real-
uri. modelebi sxvadasxvaa:
1) namdvili ambavi/realurad momxdari ambavi _ istoriuli wyaroebi-
sa da yofiTi faqtebis gamoyeneba;
2) hipoTeturi ambebi _ am SemTxvevaSi gansaxilveli sakiTxis SerCevis
farTo arCevani arsebobs. maswavlebels SeuZlia Tavad SearCios
moqmedebis adgili, monawile pirebi Tu socialuri jgufebi, imis
mixedviT, Tu ra Sedegis miRweva surs;
3) savele kvleva _ kvlevis dros miRebuli konkretuli Sedegis sta-
cionaluri analizi-ganxilva.

35
 Tavi III. Sefasebis sistema
istoriis swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa Sefaseba bevr problemas-
Tanaa dakavSirebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es problemebi sazogadoe-
brivi mecnierebebis sagnebis SemTxvevaSi (sxva saskolo savaldebulo
saganebTan SedarebiT) yvelaze mwvaved ikveTeba. saqme isaa, rom samizne
Sedegebi, romlebzec am sagnebis pedagogebi muSaoben, naklebad gazom-
vadia. Sefasebis sistemam unda gamoavlinos, ramdenad flobs moswavle
aucilebel codnasa da unar-Cvevebs da ramdenad viTardeba igi wlidan
wlamde am mimarTulebiT. istoriis swavlebis procesSi efeqturi Se-
fasebis sistemis saWiroeba eWvs ar iwvevs, Tumca misi (e.i. Sefasebis)
dagegmvis procesSi uamravi SekiTxva da gamowveva Cndeba, romelic ar-
Tulebs istoriis pedagogebis muSaobas. kerZod, yvelasaTvis cxadia,
rom tradiciuli, safexurebiani (e.w. ganmsazRvreli) Sefaseba istori-
is swavlebisas bolomde efeqturi ar aris; Sefasebis sxva sistemebi ki
an naklebad cnobilia, an praqtikaSi bevr winaRobas awydeba. winamde-
bare Tavi rig rekomendaciebs Seicavs, romlebic istoriis pedagogebs
am kuTxiT arsebuli sirTuleebis daZlevaSi daexmareba.
2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, sazogadoe-
brivi mecnierebebis swavlebis procesSi rekomendebulia ganmsazRvre-
li da ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis gamoyeneba.
ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba akontrolebs swavlis xarisxs, adgens
moswavlis miRwevis dones erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvrul
miznebTan mimarTebaSi. ganmsazRvrel SefasebaSi qulebi qvemoT moce-
muli sqematuri normis Sesabamisad iwereba.

qulebi Sefasebis doneebi

10
maRali
9
8
saSualoze maRali
7
6
saSualo
5
4
saSualoze dabali
3
2
dabali
1

ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba akontrolebs TiToeuli moswavlis gan-

viTarebis dinamikas da xels uwyobs swavlis xarisxis gaumjobesebas.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba iseTi saSualebebi, rogoricaa
sityvieri komentari, rCeva-darigeba, dakvirvebis furceli, TviTSe-
fasebisa da urTierTSefasebis sqema da sxv.

36
 ganmaviTarebel da ganmsazRvrel SefasebaTa sqematuri aRweriloba:

ganmaviTarebeli ganmsazRvreli
mizani swavlis xarisxis gaumjobese- swavlis xarisxis gakon-
ba; troleba;

moswavlis ganviTarebis xe- moswavlis miRwevis donis

lSewyoba. dadgena erovnuli saswav-
lo gegmiT gansazRvrul
miznebTan mimarTebaSi;

akademiuri moswrebis donis

gansazRvra.
Sefasebis swavlis procesi swavlis Sedegi
sagani

Sefasebis winsvlis xelSesawyobad momdevno etapze (klasSi/

Sedegad miRe- gansxvavebuli aqtivobis safexurze) daSveba/ardaSve-
buli gadawyve- SerCeva, swavlebis strate- ba
ti-leba giis Secvla, rCeva-darigebis
micema da sxv.
warmartebis konkretuli moswavlis wins- imis safuZvelze, Tu ram-
kriteri- vlis safuZvelze (sakuTar denad miaRwia standartiT
ume-bis gansaz- miRwevebTan mimarTebiT – ra gansazRvrul Sedegebs
Rvra dones flobda, ra dones (yvelasaTvis saerTo, stand-
flobs) artiT dadgenil normasTan
mimarTebaSi)
Sefasebis sa- TviT/urTierTSefasebis qula
Sualebebi rubrika;

kiTxvari;

sityvieri (zepiri/werilobi-
Ti) komentari;

unaris ganviTarebis donis

aRwera.

xSirad skolebSi ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas jerovani yuradReba ar

eTmoba, rac, praqtikulad, gamoricxavs erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli miznebis miRwevas. saqme isaa, rom saswavlo gegmis
calkeuli (maT Soris istoriis) sagnobrivi standarti gansazRvravs
konkretul sagnobriv kompetenciebs, romelTac unda daeuflon mos-
wavleebi dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. sagnobriv standartSi aRwerili
kompetenciebi, rogorc zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli, moicavs sami kate-
goriis codnas: a) deklaraciul anu  statikuri xasiaTis codnas, rome-
lic ver uzrunvelyofs codnis procedurulad gamoyenebas; moswavlis
codna deklaraciulia, Tu man icis konkretuli operaciis warmoebis

37
 wesi, Tumca ver iyenebs mas; b) procedurul anu dinamikur codnas, rome-
lic codnis gamoyenebis, realizebis saSualebas iZleva; moswavlis cod-
na procedurulia, Tu is asrulebs operacias. proceduruli aTviseba
mravaljeradi  gavarjiSebis gziT xdeba da g) pirobiseul anu funqciur
codnas, romelic uzrunvelyofs codnis adekvaturad gamoyenebas. mos-
wavlis codna pirobiseulia, Tu mas SeuZlia dasmuli amocanis amosaxsne-
lad SearCios saTanado operacia.  

deklaratiuli proceduruli pirobiseuli

viyeneb
vici SemiZlia
adekvaturad

dinamiuri,
statiuri dinamiuri
funqciuri

aqve unda iTqvas, rom erovnuli saswavlo gegmis sazogadoebriv

mecnierebaTa sagnobriv programaSi mkafiodaa gawerili is kompeten-
ciebi/ unar-Cvevebi, romlebic saskolo Sefasebis sistemam unda Sea-
mowmos.
Sefasebis sistema sami komponentisagan Sedgeba: saklaso samuSao, sa-
Sinao davaleba, Semajamebeli davaleba.

1. saklaso samuSao

fasdeba Semdegi codna1 da unarebi:

• problemis gaazreba;
• komunikacia;
• swavla;
• TanamSromloba;
• sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileoba;
• SemoqmedebiToba;
• drois istoriuli gageba;
• garemoze pasuxismgebloba da zrunva;
• istoriuli kvleva;

1
codna fasdeba TiToeuli sagnisa da klasis programuli Sinaarsis Sesabamisad.

38
 • geografiuli kvleva;
• sivrceSi orientireba;
• istoriuli epoqis gancda;
• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna2.

unarebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT:

• TemasTan dakavSirebiT dasmuli kiTxvebiT;
• dasmul kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxiT;
• gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli msjelobiTa da analiziT;
• ganxiluli movlenebisa da procesebisadmi sakuTari damok-
idebulebis gamoxatviT;
• dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzis SeTavazebiT;
• jgufur muSaobaSi Setanili wvliliT;
• diskusiaSi monawileobis sixSiriT;
• axsnili cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebiTa Tu gamoyenebiT;
• movlenebisa da procesebis ganxilvisas sakuTari mosazrebis
dasabuTebiT;
• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyenebiTa da SeqmniT;
• prezentaciiT;
• drois limitis dacviT;
• diskusiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebiTa da argumentebiT.

2. saSinao davaleba

fasdeba Semdegi codna da unarebi:

• problemis gaazreba;
• informaciis mopoveba da organizeba;
• kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis dadgena;
• komunikacia;
• swavla;
• TanamSromloba;
• problemis gadaWra;
• SemoqmedebiToba;
• istoriuli drois gageba;
• garemoze pasuxismgebloba da zrunva;
• istoriul-geografiuli kvleva;
• sivrceSi orientireba;

2
es kompetenciebi gankuTvnilia sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa oTxive sagnisTvis (isto-
ria, geografia, samoqalaqo ganaTleba, samoqalaqo Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba) da ara
mxolod istoriisTvis.

39
 • istoriuli epoqis gancda;
• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna;
• kritikuli azrovneba.

unarebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT:

• cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebiTa Tu gamoyenebiT;
• movlenebisa da procesebis ganxilvisas mosazrebebis argumen-
tirebiT;
• dasmul kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxiT;
• gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli msjelobiTa da analiziT;
• dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzis CamoyalibebiT;
• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyenebiTa da SeqmniT;
• prezentaciiT;
• diskusiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebiTa da argumentebiT;
• weriTi namuSevris SeqmniT.

3. Semajamebeli Sefaseba3

fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:

• kritikul pirobebSi (testireba, sakontrolo wera da sxv.) cod-
nisa da unar-Cvevebis gamomJRavneba;
• problemis gaazreba;
• informaciis mopoveba da organizeba;
• kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis dadgena;
• komunikacia;
• istoriul-geografiuli kvleva;
• problemis gadaWra;
• SemoqmedebiToba;
• sivrceSi orientireba;
• istoriuli epoqis gancda;
• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna;
• garemoze pasuxismgebloba da zrunva;
• kritikuli azrovneba.

3
Semajamebeli samuSaoebi sruldeba rogorc zepiri (diskusia, inscenireba) da weri-
Ti (testi, naSromi, ese, istoriul-geografiuli Tema), ise Sereuli (prezentaciis an
proeqtis wardgena) formiT saswavlo Temis, Temebis blokisa Tu saswavlo procesis
garkveuli etapis dasrulebis Semdeg.

40
 Semajamebeli davalebebis tipebi:
• sakontrolo wera;
• testireba;
• kiTxva-pasuxi;
• Tema/ese;
• prezentacia;
• proeqti;
• referati;
• kvleva;
• diskusia/debatebi;
• konferencia.

moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes Semajamebeli davaleba

• davalebis TiToeul tips unda axldes Tavisi Sefasebis zogadi
rubrika;
• zogadi rubrika unda dazustdes konkretuli davalebis pirobisa
da gavlili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT;
• 10 qula unda gadanawildes rubrikaSi Semaval kriteriumebze;
• miTiTebuli unda iyos sagnobrivi standartis is Sedegebi, ro-
melTa Sefasebasac emsaxureba Semajamebeli davaleba.

maSasadame, 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis istoriis

sagnobrivi programis Sedegebi SeiZleba daZleulad CaiTvalos, Tu
moswavlis mier gakveTilze SeZenili codna samive komponents moicavs
(deklaraciuls, proceduruls, pirobiseuls) da moswavle avlens
iseT unarebs, rogoricaa: problemis gaazreba, swavlis swavla, infor-
maciis mopoveba da organizeba, kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis dadgena,
kritikuli azrovneba, komunikacia, TanamSromloba, TvalsaCinoebebis
gamoyeneba da Seqmna da sxv. miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnul saswavlo
gegmaSi arcTu mcire raodenobiTaa gansazRvruli davalebebis tipe-
bi (sakontrolo wera, testireba, kiTxva-pasuxi, Tema/ese, prezentacia,
proeqti, referati, kvleva, diskusia/debatebi, konferencia), romelTa
safuZvelzec istoriis swavlebis kuTxiT moswavlis miRwevebi SeiZleba
Sejamdes, praqtikaSi farTod mxolod ramdenime maTgania danergili.
am mxriv yvelaze metad popularulia testireba4, yvelaze naklebad ki
kvleva, proeqti, Tema/ese da konferencia gamoiyeneba.
es garemoeba bevr problemas qmnis. saqme isaa, rom standartize-
buli testebi, umTavresad, mxolod moswavlis deklaraciul codnas
amowmebs. saswavlo procesSi proeqtis, kvlevis, konferenciisa da Se-
fasebis sxva tipebis gamouyenebloba praqtikulad SeuZlebels xdis

4
am SemTxvevaSic avtorTa msjeloba ar aris gamyarebuli statistikuri masaliT. isi-
ni, erTi mxriv, skolebSi Semajamebeli davalebebis analizs, meore mxriv ki, 2012-2013
wlebSi erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis departamentis warmomadgenlebis skolis pedago-
gebTan Sexvedris angariSebs eyrdnobian.

41
 ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis warmoebasa da erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
Sedegebis daZlevas. erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli Se-
degebis miRweva mxolod ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
kombinirebulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis praqtikaSi danergva bevr sirTulesTanaa
dakavSirebuli. saskolo sivrceSi mis implimentacias farTo Teoriuli
codna da praqtikuli gamocdileba sWirdeba. qvemoT mocemuli infor-
macia pedagogebs am mxriv arsebuli problemebis daZlevaSi daexmareba.
pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom istoriis (iseve rogorc bev-
ri sxva sagnis) calmxrivi, mxolod Teoriul codnaze orientirebu-
li swavleba mxolod qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sivrcis problemas ar
warmoadgens. tradiciuli Sefasebis sistemis naklovanebebic didi xa-
nia msjelobis sagania. ganaTlebis sferoSi yvelaze metad warmatebuli
qveynebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sefaseba saganmanaTleblo sistemis Zlier mx-
ares ar warmoadgens. am mxriv, sirTuleebs, rogorc ukve iTqva, Sefase-
bis e.w. tradiciuli sistema qmnis, romlis SezRudul SesaZleblobebsac
specialistebi erTxmad aRiareben (igi pedagogisTvis Zalze komfor-
tulia, Tumca naklebad axerxebs moswavlis unar-Cvevebis Semowmebasa
da ganviTarebas). am fonze sul ufro da ufro popularuli xdeba
Sefasebis alternatiuli sistema. igi samecniero literaturasa da
praqtikaSi sxvadasxva saxeliT aris cnobili. kerZod, mis aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyeneba iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa: authentic assessment, integrative
assessment, holistic assessment, assessment for learning, formative assessment, per-
formance assesment5 da a.S., Tumca maT erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTe-
beli aerTianebs – TiToeuli maTgani moswavlisagan im tipis davalebeb-
ze muSaobas moiTxovs, romlebic mis garkveul unar-Cvevebsa da aqtiur
codnas warmoaCenen. zogadad, Sefasebis alternatiuli sistemis miza-
nia gamoavlinos, ramdenad ganviTarebuli aqvT moswavleebs kompeten-
ciebi, romelTa safuZvelzec SeZenili codnis praqtikul realizebas
SeZleben. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi alternatiuli Sefasebis kargi siste-
ma mTel rig kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdes, kerZod:

1. igi moswavlisgan SeZenili codnis mecnierul konteqstSi gamoy-

enebas moiTxovs;
2. moswavlem socialur garemos eqspertis TvaliT unda uyuros;
3. unda Candes, rom moswavles ara marto siRrmiseulad esmis Si-
naarsi, aramed misi praqtikuli realizaciis unaric Seswevs;
4. kargi Sefasebis sistema moswavles rogorc Temis SerCevis, ise
misi damuSavebis procesSi arCevanis saSualebas unda aZlevdes;
5. moswavles mkafio warmodgena unda hqondes imis Sesaxeb, rogor
Sefasdeba misi naSromi;
6. Sefaseba umniSvnelovanes, centralur sakiTxebze unda iyos
koncentrirebuli;
7. gansazRvruli unda iyos simkacris minimaluri standarti.

5
mecnierebi zogjer maT sinonimebad ganixilaven, zogjer ki maT Soris arsebul
specifikur gansxvavebebze saubroben.

42
 maSasadame, avTenturi (alternatiuli) Sefasebis upiratesoba isaa,
rom igi moswavles aqtiuri codnis SeZenisken ubiZgebs – maSin, roca
tradiciuli sistema am sargebels moklebulia; Sefasebis alternati-
uli sistemisTvis mTavaria imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs mos-
wavle SeZenili codnis praqtikul gamoyenebas.
Cveulebriv, Sefasebis alternatiuli sistema tradiciuli sistemis-
gan principulad gansxvavebul fenomenad ganixileba, Tumca maTi para-
lelur reJimSi warmoeba sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli praqtikaa6.
maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi sqematurad ase SeiZleba gamoisaxos:

tradiciuli Sefaseba  avTenturi Sefaseba

arCeviTi pasuxebi –––––––––––––––– SemoqmedebiTi produqti
gamogonili –––––––––––––––– cxovrebiseuli
daswavla –––––––––––––––– konstruireba
maswavleblis –––––––––––––––– moswavlis
mier organizebuli mier organizebuli
arapirdapiri –––––––––––––––– pirdapiri
monacemebi monacemebi

Sefasebis alternatiuli sistema dRes samecniero literaturaSi kar-

gi gamoxmaurebiT sargeblobs. saerTaSoriso kvlevebi erTmniSvnelovnad
adasturebs mis maRal potencials, Tumca skolebSi misi danergva neli
tempiT mimdinareobs. 2011-2016 wlebis saqarTvelos erovnul saswavlo
gegmaSi Sefasebis alternatiuli sistemebi (iseTi, rogoricaa authentic
assessment, integrative assessment, holistic assessment, assessment for learning, for-
mative assessment, performance assesment da a.S.) ar aris naxsenebi (gansx-
vavebiT, magaliTad, singapurisgan), Tumca misi umTavresi principebi aq
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis konceptis saxiTaa SemoTavazebuli.
vfiqrobT, Sefasebis avTenturi sistemis elementebis gamoyeneba
da saswavlo procesSi danergva saqarTvelos skolebis sazogadoebriv
mecnierebaTa sagnebis pedagogebs didad daexmareba imaSi, rom Tavidan
aicilon saswavlo procesis calmxrivoba, misi mxolod deklaraciul
codnaze orientirebuloba.

rogor unda vawarmooT skolebSi avTenturi Sefaseba?

skolebSi avTenturi Sefasebis warmoebis erTmniSvnelovni in-
struqciebi, ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs, Tumca, metad gavrcelebuli
praqtikaa portfolios gamoyeneba. alternatiuli Sefasebis momx-
reebi, Cveulebriv, mas did yuradRebas uTmoben. windawinve xazgasmiT
unda aRiniSnos, rom portfolio ar aris ubralo saqaRalde, romel-
Sic ubralod moswavleebis namuSevrebi grovdeba. masSi Tavmoyrili
moswavlis naSromebis koleqcia mkafiod unda aCvenebdes moswavlis

6
xSirad Sefasebis tradiciul da alternatiul sistemebs manqanis tarebis testis
Teoriul da praqtikul komponentebs adareben.

43
 Zalisxmevas, unarianobasa da progress drois garkveul monakveTSi.
saamisod saWiroa saswavlo procesis dasawyisSi winaswar iyos deklari-
rebuli, romeli unarebi unda gamoavlinon moswavleebma SemoqmedebiTi
davalebebis saSualebiT. amasTan, saWiroa, mkafiod iyos gansazRvruli,
ra tipis produqti SeiZleba gaxdes portfolios nawili da rogori
iqneba misi Sefasebis kriteriumebi.

ra tipis produqti SeiZleba gaxdes portfolios nawili?

portfolios nawili SeiZleba gaxdes rogorc werilobiTi, ise Tx-
robiTi da vizualuri masala. am sam kategoriaSi, SesaZloa, bevri sxva-
dasxva tipis produqti moTavsdes. kerZod, socialuri reklama, visime
biografia, referati, broSura, ese, Jurnali, werili, statia, memoran-
dumi, gazeTi, saproeqto winadadeba, testi, scenari, interviu, zepiri
prezentacia, Tojinebis Sou, radiodadgma, gakveTilis gegma, parodia,
baneri, naxati, diagrama, ruka, modeli, fotografia, posteri, kiTx-
vari, albomi, video, veb-gverdi da sxv. sasurvelia, moswavleebma Tvi-
Ton SearCion ganxorcielebuli proeqtis prezentaciis maTTvis ufro
misaRebi forma. pedagogi ki valdebulia Seqmnas Sefasebis rubrika,
romelic warmodgenili naSromis Sefasebis safuZveli gaxdeba.

Sefasebis rubrikebi
SemoqmedebiTi produqtis Sefasebisas qulobrivi aRnusxvis saukeTe-
so saSualebaa rubrikebi. rubrikebis uamravi variacia arsebobs. mag-
aliTad, 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegma gvTavazobs proeq-
tis, diskusiisa da referatis Sefasebis rubrikas:

proeqtis Sefasebis rubrika

am SemTxvevaSi me-3 da me-5 kriteriumebi fasdeba 0-2 quliT, xolo
yvela danarCeni – 0 an 1 quliT. maqsimaluri jami aris aTi qula.
moswavlis saxeli, gvari

1. mizani/Tezisi _ kvlevis Sedegad gamoTqmuli 1

ZiriTadi idea
2. proeqtis organizeba 1

3. Sinaarsis koreqtuloba, faqtobrivi saimedooba 2

4. enobrivi gamarTuloba 0
5. kvleva 2
6. ilustraciebi/ TvalsaCinoebebi 1

7. SeTavazebuli mosazrebis argumentebiTa da maga- 1

liTebiT gamyareba
8. daskvnebi 1
jami 9

44
 diskusiis Sefasebis rubrika
konkretul moswavles TiToeuli kriteriumis gaswvriv ewereba Se-
sabamisi qula, jamdeba yvela kriteriumSi miRebuli qulebi da iyofa
eqvsze (gamoiTvleba maTi saSualo ariTmetikuli).

III done (8-10 qula) II done (5-7 qula) I done (1-4 qula)
mosmena yovelTvis usmens da xSirad usmens iSviaTad usmens da
Tvalyurs adevnebs da uyurebs uyurebs orators.
orators. orators.
saubari mkafiod metyvelebs ZiriTadad metyveleba aram-
da uyurebs msme- metyveleba kafioa, msmenelebs
nelebs. gasagebia da uWirT gageba.
uyurebs msme-
nelebs.
araverbal- SeuZlia efeqturad xSirad Seu- iSviaTad iyenebs ar-
uri komu- aRiqvas da gamoi- Zlia daamyaros averbaluri komunik-
nikacia yenos araverbal- araverbaluri aciis formebs.
uri komunikaciis kontaqti.
formebi (TvaliT,
JestebiT, gamome-
tyvelebiT, xmiT).
monawil- gamoxatavs interess ZiriTadad ga- mcire interesi aqvs;
eoba diskusiis Temisadmi moxatavs inter- ar gamoxatavs an ver
saWiro komentar- ess; komentar- ukavSirebs Tavis mo-
ebiTa da azrebis ebi da azrebi sazrebebs sadiskusio
gamoTqmiT. yovelTvis araa Temas.
Temis Sesatyvi-
si.
kooperacia TanamSromlobs ZiriTadad iSviaTad TanamSrom-
TanaklaselebTan, TanamSrom- lobs da icavs disku-
aclis sxvebs azris lobs Tanak- siis wesebs.
gamoTqmas da icavs laselebTan,
diskusiis wesebs. zogjer erTveba
sxvis saubar-
Si, ZiriTadad
icavs diskusiis
wesebs.
mosazrebis mosazreba origi- mosazrebis mosazreba moklebu-
argumen- naluria da gamyare- gasamyareblad lia logikur kav-
tireba bulia faqtebiT, gamoyenebulia Sirs sakiTxTan da
cnebebiT; aris sadavo faqtebi ar aris gamyarebuli
logikuri kavSiri da cnebebi. faqtebiT.
sakiTxTan.

45
 referatis Sefasebis rubrika

mizani/Tezisi 0-1 0 qula - kv- _ 1 qula - Sesaval-

– kvlevis Zi- levis mizani Si, SerCeul Te-
riTadi ideis ar aris gan- masTan mimarTe-
Camoyalibeba sazRvruli baSi, mkafiodaa
/ kvlevis warmoCenili is
mizani mar- kiTxvebi, rom-
Tebulad ar lebzec aris re-
aris gansaz- feratSi pasuxi
Rvruli. gacemuli.
referatis 0-1 0 qula - araa _ 1 qula - kargad
organizeba gamokveTili Cans, moswav-
(referatis resursebi, lem ra bazaze
struqtu- ris safuZ- Seasrula
ra-Sesavali, velzec referati; Se-
ZiriTadi nawi- Sesrulda moTavazebuli
li, daskvnebi) referati; bibliografia
da gamoyenebu- naSroms samecniero
li resursi, ara aqvs naSromebiTaa
ris bazazec struqtura, dakompleqtebu-
referats li.
Seiqmna refe-
ar axlavs
rati
adekvaturi
bibliogra-
fia.
Sinaarsis 0-2 0 qula 1 qula - 2 qula - icnobs
koreqtuloba, - moZiebu- moZiebuli pirvelad da
faqtobrivi li masala masala Seicavs meoreul wy-
saimedooba Zalian mwir- pirvelad da aroebs, moxmo-
ia, ar icnobs meoreul wy- bili faqtebi
pirvelad aroebs, Tumca sandoa,radgan
wyaroebs, warmodgeni- marTebulad
meoreuli li wyaroebi xdeba wyaros
wyaroebic zedapiru- amokiTxva; pir-
araa da- ladaa da- veladi da meo-
muSavebuli. muSavebuli, reuli wyaroebi
anu moswavles saTanadodaa
mxolod nawi- damuSavebuli,
lobriv aqvs moswavle av-
gaazrebuli lens kritikul
masala. damokidebule-
bas wyarosadmi.
enobrivi 0-1 0 qula - ena _ 1 qula - ena na-
gamarTuloba gaumarTa- Teli da gasage-
via, azrebi bia,msjeloba –
araTanmim- Tanmimdevruli.
devruladaa
gadmocemu-
li

46
 kvleva 0-2 0 qula - mos- 1 qula - mos- 2 qula - moswav-
(wyaroebis wavles ar wavle avlens le damajere-
urTierTSe- gaaCnia pozi- wyaroebis an- blad ganasx-
jerebisa da cia Temas- alizis unars, vavebs faqtsa
Sepirispire- Tan mimarTe- Tumca uWirs da varauds
bis safuZvel- baSi, misi wyaroebSi erTmaneTisa-
ze sakuTari referati faqtebisa da gan, saTanadod
varaudebis originalu- varaudebis amuSavebs pirve-
SemuSaveba) ri naS-romis garCeva; lad da meoreul
STabe- Sesabamis- wyaroebs, maTi
Wdilebas ad, mis mier gaanalizebis
ar tovebs; gamoTqmuli safuZvelze ga-
moswavle ar zogierTi moTqvams saTana-
avlens wy- varaudi do varaudebs,
aroebis ana- safuZvels Tanmimdevrulad
lizis unars, moklebulia. dalagebuli
SeimCneva masalis safuZ-
plagiatoba. velze axerxebs
TavisTvis saint-
ereso kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemas.
ilustracie- 0-1 _ _ _
bi/ TvalsaCi-
noebebi
SeTavazebuli 0-2 0 qula - ara 1 qula - cdi- 2 qula - avlens
mosazrebis aqvs saku- lobs Se- sagnis karg cod-
argumentebi- Tari pozi- mogvTavazos nas, damuSave-
Ta da magali- cia. sakuTari buli ma-salis
TebiT gamya- xedva sakiTx- moSveliebiT
reba Tan mimarTe- kargad ayal-
baSi, Tumca ibebs sakuTar
uWirs saku- pozicias da
Tari poziciis amyarebs mas ar-
dacva. gumentebiT;

msjelobs Tam-
amad, angariSs
uwevs, magram
brmad ar endoba
avtoritetebs.
daskvnebi 0-1 0 qula - 1 qula - ajamebs
referatSi kvlevis Sede-
mocemuli gebs, kargad
daskvnebi axerxebs amis
araargumen- mkiTxvelamde
tirebuli da mitanas.
mcdaria.
jamuri
qula

47
 erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi mxolod sami rubrikis prezentacia, ra
Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom Sefasebis warmoebisas pedagogi mxolod
proeqtiT, diskusiiTa da referatiT unda Semoifarglos. nebismier
zemoT CamoTvlil (da ara mxolod zemoT CamoTvlil) SemoqmedebiT
produqtTan mimarTebaSi mas Tavadac SeuZlia Seqmnas rubrikebi, Tumca
maTi Seqmnis procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom praqtikaSi ori tipis
– holisturi da analitikuri – rubrikebi gamoiyeneba:
holisturi rubrika naSroms mTlianobaSi amowmebs da erTian niSans
iZleva. is moswavlis namuSevars, Cveulebriv, nakleb detalurad af-
asebs, Tumca nakleb drosac moiTxovs.
analitikuri rubrika ki amowmebs specifikur niuansebs da TiToeul
maTgans qulobrivad afasebs.
rubrikebis erTiani dizaini, ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs, magram sasur-
velia yovel maTganSi aqcenti iyos gakeTebuli Semdeg komponentebze:
Sinaarsi _ gamoyenebuli informacia (faqtebi, detalebi, ganzoga-
deba);
xarisxi _ ramdend kargad aris sxvadasxva tipis masala dajgufebuli;
procesi _ ramdenad efeqturad warimarTa naSromze muSaobis pro-
cesi (dedlaini, gamoyenebuli wyaroebi, drois menejmenti, jgufis in-
teraqcia);
gavlena _ ramdenad axdens gavlenas naSromi msmenelze.
rogor unda warmarTos pedagogma konkretul SemoqmedebiT proeqtze
muSaobis procesi?
avTenturi Sefasebis adekvatur proeqtze muSaoba sakmaod rTuli
da Sromatevadi procesia. rogorc Temis SerCevis, ise misi damuSave-
bisa da prezentaciis procesSi is pedagogisgan moswavlis regularul
konsultirebas gulisxmobs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moswavle daibneva
da motivacias dakargavs.
SemoqmedebiTi davalebis warmoeba Semdeg etapebs moicavs:
a) kvlevis obieqtis SerCeva;
b) misi miznebis, amocanebisa da Sedegebis gawera;
g) im unarebis gansazRvra, romelTa gamovlenac dasWirdeba moswav-
les proeqtze muSaobisas;
d)formis gansazRvra, romliTac iqneba warmodgenili saboloo pro-
duqti;
e) moswavlesTan erTad Sefasebis rubrikis Seqmna.
proeqtze muSaoba ar aris erTjeradi procesi. masze muSaobisas
moswavleebi, ra Tqma unda, garkveul Secdomebs dauSveben, romelTa
gamosworebazec kvlevis momdevno fazaSi unda izrunon. Sesabamisad,
erT proeqtze muSaobam SesaZloa mTeli semestri da erTi saswavlo
welic ki gastanos.
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom istoriis swavlebis procesSi al-
ternatiuli modelebis safuZvelze Sefasebis warmoeba bevr sirTul-
esTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca igi saswavlo procesis moswavleze
orientirebulad warmarTvis karg SesaZleblobas iZleva. 2011–2016
wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis implimentacia mis gareSe SesaZloa
mniSvnelovnad Seferxdes.

48
 Tavi IV. aqtivobebi
problemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba mravalmxrivi midgomiT

Tema I - safrangeTis revolucia

1. ganmanaTlebloba
2. safrangeTis revolucia _ grZelvadiani/moklevadiani mizezebi
3. problemebi safrangeTSi
problema 1 - ekonomikuri krizisi
problema 2 - mousavlianoba
problema 3 - mefe lui XVI-is mier generaluri Statebis mowveva
problema 4 - erovnuli kreba, 1789 wlis ivnisi
4. bastiliis aReba
5. didi SiSianoba
6. `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~
7. 6000 parizeli qali (oqtombris marSi versalisken)
8. qalTa uflebebis deklaracia
9. 1791 wlis 3 seqtembris konstitucia
10. varenis krizisi
11. ganxeTqileba parlamentSi
12. omi
13. verdiqti - mefis sikvdiliT dasja
14. maria antuanetas sikvdiliT dasja
15. iakobinelTa diqtatura
16. giliotina
17. 9 Termidoris gadatrialeba
18. moda revoluciamdel da revoluciis Semdgom safrangeTSi
19. sankiulotebi da axali simbolo - qudi
20. teroris dasasruli
21. direqtoriis sisuste da napoleonis mosvla xelisuflebaSi
22. Semajamebeli aqtivobebi
23. kavSiri qarTul sinamdvilesTan _ ganmanaTlebloba saqarTveloSi

49
 safrangeTis revolucia
ganmanaTlebloba

safrangeTis revoluciis grZelvadiani mizezebi

aqtivoba

ganmanaT- citata
leblebi
`imisaTvis, rom sworad gavigoT politikuri Zalaufleba da misi
jon loki sawyisidan gamoviyvanoT, unda ganvixiloT is mdgomareoba, ro-
(inglisi) melSic yvela adamiani bunebrivad imyofeba: rodesac TiToeuls
sruli Tavisufleba aqvs, bunebis kanonebis sazRvrebSi Tavad gad-
awyvitos, ra akeTos – ise moeqces Tavis sakuTrebasa da sxva adami-
1632-1704 anebs, rogorc TviTon unda da saamisod aravis sTxovos nebarTva
da aravisze iyos damokidebuli.
…aravin aris vinmes mier daqvemdebarebuli an damorCilebuli, Tu
yvela maTganis saerTo ufalma da batonma Tavisi nebis aSkara ga-
mocxadebiT erTi meoreze maRla ar daayena da naTlad da cxadad ar
ganusazRvra pirvels batonobisa da suverenobis ueWveli ufleba.
…imisaTvis, raTa yvela adamiani Seakavon imisgan, rom man sxvi-
si uflebebi daarRvios da sxvas ziani miayenos da dacul iqnes
bunebiTi kanoni, romelic mTeli kacobriobis mSvidobasa da Sen-
arCunebas moiTxovs, bunebiTi kanonis aRsruleba am mdgomareoba-
Si TiToeuli adamianis xelSia. es niSnavs, rom yovel adamians aqvs
ufleba, iseTi sasjeli miuyenos am kanonis damrRvevs, rom kanonis
darRveva aRikveTos.~
Jan Jak `dahmorCildiT xelisufalT!– Tu amiT surT Tqvan, danebdiT Zala-
ruso so, maSin es rigiani, magram zedmeti rCeva-darigebaa; me vamtkiceb,
rom mas arasodes daarRveven. yoveli xelisufleba RmerTidan mom-
1712-1778 dinareobs; asea, magram yoveli daavadebac xom RvTis nebaa; .....
maSasadame, SevTanxmdeT: Zala ar qmnis uflebas, adamiani valdebu-
lia morCilebdes mxolod kanonier xelisufalT.
„gamoinaxos asociaciis iseTi forma, romelic erTiani ZaliT
daicavs da uzrunvelyofs misi yoveli wevris pirovnebasa da
qonebas, da, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela erTmaneTTan iqneba Seka-
vSirebuli, TiToeuli mxolod sakuTar Tavs daemorCileba da
uwindeburad Tavisufali darCeba.“ – ai, aseTia sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis gadasawyveti umTavresi problema.~
Sarl lui `frangi mefe yvelaze Zlieri mefea evropaSi. mas ara aqvs oqros
monteskie sabadoebi espaneli mefis msgavsad, magram sxva mefeebze meti
(1689-1755) simdidre aqvs, radgan is unamusod Zarcvavs mTel xalxs, sxva
qveynebis gasaZarcvavad eweva usamarTlo omebs, awarmoebs TaRl-
Tur finansur operaciebs. frangi mefe erTnairi genialurobiT
marTavs Tavis ojaxsa da Tavis saxelmwifos. is ajildoebs imas,
vinc emsaxureba safrangeTs, vinc mis winaSe warmatebiT mliqvne-
lobs, Tanac es ukanaskneli pirvels urCevnia...monarqiis reJimi

50
 iwyebs lpobas, rodesac saxelmwifoSi maRali Tanamdebobebi uka-
viaT didgvarovnebs...monarqiuli reJimi valdebulia misces yov-
el moqalaqes politikuri Tavisuflebis minimumi. xelmwifem ar
unda Seuracxyos moqalaqeebi, ar unda daarRvios kanonebi. Tu xe-
lmwife Tavs daayenebs kanonze maRla, is gadaiqceva despotad...~
fransua `SeiZleba me mzaravdes is, rasac Tqven axla ityviT, magram si-
mari arue cocxlis ukanasknel wuTamde davicav Tqvens uflebas – war-
volteri moTqvaT igi.~
1694-1778 `saxelmwifoSi kanonebis mravalricxovneba igivea, rac mkur-
nalebis didi raodenoba, es ki avadmyofobisa da uZlurobis ni-
Sania.~
`Seafase adamiani misi kiTxvebiT da ara misi pasuxebiT.~

aqtivoba: mrgvali magida _ diskusia

sadiskusio Tema - ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi da maTi gavlena

moswavleebs sTxoveT axsnan TiToeuli citatis mniSvneloba; rogor
esmiT, eTanxmebian Tu ara maT?
maswavlebelma diskusiisTvis winaswar moamzados kiTxvebi. sasurve-
lia kiTxvebi mizans SefarviT warmoadgendes da ara aSkarad. magaliT-
ad: nu hkiTxavT moswavleebs pirdapir, ras fiqroben am ideebze, aramed
sTxoveT maT axsna, msjeloba TiToeul citataze, winadadebaze. axnan,
rogor esmiT, rogori damokidebuleba eqnebodaT am ideebis mimarT
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis warmomadgenlebs, anu ganixilon isini
sxvadasxva TvalTaxedviT:
• xelisuflebis;
• moqalaqis;
• mefis;
• glexis;
• muSis.

isaubreT maTTan erTad da Tu SeatyobT, rom pauza Seiqmna, SeavseT

igi romelime citatiT an winadadebiT (romelic winaswar gaqvT mo-
niSnuli) da kvlav sTxoveT mis garSemo msjeloba. kargi iqneba, Tu am
diskusiis procesSi CarTavT imanuel kantis romelime citatas, mag-
aliTad, naSromidan: `pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris ganmanaTlebloba?~
diskusia-mrgvali magidis mimdinareobisas maswavlebeli moswavleebs
winaswar daWril baraTebze amobeWdil mokle amonaridebs urigebs da
sTxovs, pirveli baraTi erTmaneTs gadaawodon (SegiZliaT baraTebi ar
danomroT da sxvadasxva feris furclebze amobeWdoT).

baraTi 1
`_ esaa ganmanaTleblobis lozungi. sizarmace da silaCre _ esaa mize-
zebi, romelTa gamoc adamianTa didi nawili, miuxedevad imisa, rom bunebam
isini karga xnis win gaaTavisufla sxvaTa xelmZRvanelobisgan, mTeli cx-
ovrebis manZilze umwifarni rCebian; da romelTa gamoc maT meurveebad ad-

51
 vilad iqcevian xolme sxvebi. umwifrobaSi yofna Zalze komfortulia. Tu
maqvs wigni, romelic gansjas Semicvlis, myavs moZRvari, romelic sindisis
magivrobas gamiwevs, eqimi, romelic dietas Cem magivrad gansazRvravs da
a. S. _ maSin sakuTari Zalisxmeva aRar mWirdeba. ar mWirdeba azrovneba, Tu
SemiZlia fulis gadaxda _ sxvebi Cem magivrad Seasruleben mosabezrebel
samuSaos. meurveebi, romlebmac esoden uSurvelad aiRes sakuTar Tavze
zedamxedvelobis saqme, imaze zrunaven, rom adamianTa udidesma nawilma
(maT Soris mTelma mSvenierma sqesma) es rTuli nabiji simwifisken saSi-
Sadac ki CaTvalos. mas Semdeg, rac meurveebma sakuTar Sinaur pirutyvs
jer Wkua gamoacales da saguldagulod uzrunvelyves, rom am mSvid ar-
sebebs erTi nabijic ki ver gadaedgaT sabavSvo etlis gareSe, romelSic Ca-
ketilebi arian _ yovelive amis Semdeg isini maT safrTxes uCveneben, rome-
lic emuqrebaT, Tu damoukideblad gavlas Seecdebian. arada, es safrTxe
ase didi sulac araa, radgan ramdenjerme dacemis Semdeg isini sabolood
siaruls iswavlidnen. magram am saxis magaliTi adamianebSi gaubedaobas
iwvevs da maT, Cveulebriv, SiSis gamo sxva mcdelobebisgan xels aRebinebs~.
http://burusi.wordpress.com/2011/06/26/immanuel-kant-3/

sTxoveT moswavleebs imsjelon am azrze – rogor esmiT, eTanxmebian

Tu ara, ras gamokveTen, ratom. sasurvelia Tqveni Careva minimaluri iyos.
Tqveni surviliTa da gemovnebiT SearCieT damatebiT 1 an 2 sxva
baraTi (amonaridi) da CarTeT igi diskusiis msvlelobaSi.
dasrulebisas ki moswavleebs sTxoveT Seqmnan garkveuli definicia
(ganmarteba) – ra aris ganmanaTlebloba? (SesaZlebelia moswavleebs
daurigoiT carieli baraTebi da sTxovoT maT Tavad daweron TavianTi
damokidebuleba am sakiTxis irgvliv, Semdeg ki waikiTxon).
bolos ki daasruleT kvlav kantis sityvebiT, amjerad ganmanaT-
leblobis miseuli ganmartebiT da kvlav sTxoveT moswavleebs gamoyon
is mTavari Rirebuleba, rasac kanti usvams xazs.
daukvirdiT, damatebiT ra argumentebs wamosweven moswavleebi.
kargi iqneba moswavleTa Sefaseba winaswari rubrikis saSualebiT
(rubrika - diskusiis Sefasebis sqema).

`ganmanaTlebloba _ esaa adamianis gamosvla umwifrobidan, ro-

melic misive bralia. umwifroba uunarobaa, sakuTari gansja sxvi-
si xelmZRvanelobis gareSe moixmaro. umwifroba sakuTari Tavis
bralia maSin, roca misi mizezi gansjis naklulovnebaSi ki ara, gad-
awyvetilebisa da simamacis arqonaSi mdgomareobs. Sapere Aude! gabede
sakuTari gansjis gamoyeneba!~
`safrangeTis didebuli eri qmnis didebul adamianebs ara mxolod
safrangeTisTvis, aramed yvela erisaTvis. salami safrangeTs!~ - ilia
WavWavaZe

52
 safrangeTis revolucia _ grZelvadiani/moklevadiani mizezebi

me-18 saukunis bolos safrangeTi revoluciis zRvarze idga. mizeze-

bi grovdeboda wlebis ganmavlobaSi. safrangeTis sazogadoeba gayofili
iyo sam wodebad. pirvel wodebaSi Sedioda samRvdeloeba (daaxloebiT
100 000). meoreSi – aznauroba (daaxloebiT 400 000). mesameSi – burJua-
zia, mewarmeebi, glexebi da uRaribesi fena. pirveli da meore wodeba iyo
privilegirebuli. isini ar ixdidnen gadasaxadebs.

aqtivoba

warmoadgine wodebebis sqema. amasTan, gaiTvaliswine, rom pirveli

wodeba (samRvdeloeba – klerusi) aseve iyofoda maRal da dabal samR-
vdeloebad. aseve iyo meore wodebaSi – isic iyofoda maRal da dabal Ta-
vadaznaurobad. privilegiebiT sargeblobda yvela, vinc pirvel da meo-
re wodebaSi Sedioda, magram ifiqre, ratom, ra niSnis mixedviT iyofoda
franguli sazogadoeba? rames xom ar SeuSlida xels amgvari dayofa?
saxeldobr, ras? ratom fiqrob ase?

sqemas daaxloebiT aseTi saxe eqneba:

I wodeba II wodeba
klerusi (samRvdeloeba) Tavadaznauroba
maRali (TeTri) samRvdeloeba maRali Tavadaznauroba (daSnis)
dabali (Savi) samRvdeloeba dabali Tavadaznauroba (mantiis)

III wodeba
mdidari burJuazia – mewarmeebi, xelosnebi, vaWrebi
saSualo mewarmeebi, xelosnebi, vaWrebi, advokatebi,
eqimebi, leqtorebi, maswavleblebi
Raribi mosaxleoba – glexebi, muSebi

Rataki mosaxleoba – mawanwalebi

53
54
 aqtivoba
aRwereT mokled, ras gamoxatavs TiToeuli karikatura da sqema;
ecadeT gamoyoT detalebi;
imsjeleT, ras gamoxatavs TiToeuli maTgani;
CamoayalibeT – ra problema gamoikveTa? ratom? romel faqts (mag-
aliTs/wyaros) moitanT dasasabuTeblad?

problemebi safrangeTSi
problema 1 _ ekonomikuri krizisi
1787 wlisTvis safrangeTis xelisufleba gabankrotebuli iyo – mas
daaxloebiT 4 miliardi livris odenobis valebi hqonda. ZviradRi-
rebulma omebma `dideba~ ver moutana safrangeTs. mefe lui XVI da
misi meuRle, maria antuaneta, did xarjebs eweodnen mxolod fufu-
nebisTvis. mefem aznaurobas daxmareba sTxova sagadasaxado sistemis
reformirebis saqmeSi da winadadeba Semoitana, rom pirvel da meore
wodebasac gadaexada gadasaxadebi, magram uari miiRo.

`dedofali, rogorc orTaviani monstri~

politikuri karikatura (1789)

55
 maria antuaneta-skandali

aqtivoba
pirveli naxati safrangeTSi mcxovreb mesame wodebis qals gamo-
saxavs, meore – safrangeTis dedoflis, maria antuanetas, portretia.
imsjele, ra ikveTeba aSkarad am ori naxatiT?

• maria antuanetas gataceba tansacmliTa Tu fufunebis sxva sagnebiT

cnobili iyo ara mxolod safrangeTSi. Sesabamisad, misi reputacia
Zalian Seilaxa, radgan safrangeTis mosaxleobis didi nawili am dros
siRaribesa da gaWirvebaSi cxovrobda. `briliantis yelsabamis saqme~
(`The Affair of the Diamond Necklace~) – am saxeliT gaxmaurda skandali, ro-
melmac misi reputacia kidev ufro Selaxa frangebis TvalSi.
• biblioTekaSi an internetSi moiZie am faqtis Sesaxeb informacia
da gamoikvlie, ra moxda. Semdeg warmoidgine, rom Sen xar mesa-
me wodebis warmomadgeneli. dawere proklamacia, romelSic isau-
breb maria antuanetaze da gamoiyene Sen mier mokvleuli masala
am skandalis Sesaxeb. dedofals miewereba cnobili gamonaTqvamic:
`Tu maT (xalxs) ara aqvT puri, Wamon namcxvari~. es fraza man maSin
warmoTqva, rodesac iyo mxolod 11 wlis da cxovrobda ara sa-
frangeTSi, aramed avstriaSi, magram amis Sesaxeb yvelam ar icoda,
xolo vinc icoda, mas ar ainteresebda, sad da rodis Tqva. aseve
Seecade axsna es gamonaTqvami da gamoiyeno Sens `proklamaciaSi~.

wyaro a

safrangeTis samefos Semosavlebi milioni livra

Semosavali 471.6
samefo monopoliebi 17.5
damatebiTi gadasaxadebi 219.3
ZiriTadi gadasaxadebi 163
Semowirulobani 20.6
samefo samflobeloebi da tyeebi 51.2

56
 wyaro b

danaxarjebi milioni livra

samefo ojaxi 633.1 milioni
sagareo saqmeebi 42 milioni
armia 107.1 milioni
floti 51.8 milioni
sajaro saqme 14,9 milioni
qvelmoqmedeba 19.0 milioni
xelfasebi da pensiebi 47,8 milioni
davalianebebi 261, 1 milioni
sxva danaxarjebi 65.6 milioni

kiTxvebi:
• ra damatebiT problemebs kveTs es statistika? gamoyaviT prob-
lemebi da imsjeleT maTze.
• rogor fiqrobT, ratom gaxda sajaro es statistika? ratom das-
Wirda safraneTis samefo kars am statistikis gamoqveyneba?

aqtivoba: cnobili gamonaTqvamebi

lui XIV (mefe mze) – `Tqven ggoniaT, rom saxelmwifo Tqven xarT?
Tqven cdebiT! saxelmwifo – es me var!~
lui XV – `Cem Semdeg Tugind warRvna yofila!~
lui XVI – ra SeiZleba iyos misi gamonaTqvami? gamonaTqvamis (slo-
ganis) Seqmnisas gaiTvaliswineT, ra garemoebaSi uwevda mas mefoba.
moawyveT msjeloba moswavleTa gamonaTqvamebze. aaxsnevineT TiToeul
maTgans, risi xazgasma undodaT am gamonaTqvamiT?

problema 2 _ mousavlianoba
safrangeTi ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedebis (agrokulturuli) qveyana
iyo, romelic damokidebuli iyo mosavalze. 1787-89 wlebi mousavlia-
nobis wlebi aRmoCnda, ramac produqciaze fasebis zrda gamoiwvia.
samefo kari kvlav fufunebaSi cxovrobda.
• axseniT, ratom unda yofiliyo mousavlianoba ukmayofilebis
mizezi? romel fenaSi? romel wodebaSi? ratom? ra Sedegi Sei-
Zleba mohyoloda am faqts safrangeTSi?

problema 3 _ mefe lui XVI-is mier generaluri Statebis mowveva

1789 wlis mais-ivnisi

1788 wels mefem moiwvia generaluri Statebi – organo, romelic

safrangeTis mefeebs 1614 wlidan aRar mouwveviaT da romelzec yvela
wodebis warmomadgeneli eswreboda. pirveli Sekreba Sedga versalis
sasaxleSi 1789 wlis maisSi. generaluri Statebis sxdomas eswreboda
1100 warmomadgeneli –samRvdeloeba, Tavadaznauroba, mesame wodeba.

57
 aqtivoba: gavacocxloT istoria
moswavleebs sTxoveT warmoadginon mokle sketCi (mini-roluri
TamaSi an mini-speqtakli):
warmoidginon, rom isini arian safrangeTis mefe, pirveli, meore da
mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebi. am aqtivobisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
yvela moswavle CarToT da misceT garkveuli roli – es sainteresos
xdis davalebas.
mas Semdeg, rac maT daurigebT rolebs, sTxoveT, maqsimalurad Car-
Ton fantazia da gaiTvaliswinon epoqa. dasviT pirveli da meore wode-
ba erTad, mesame ki – calke (mefec calke) da sTxoveT ikamaTon. Tu
kamaTis safuZveli moswavleebma uceb ver gamonaxes, maSin sTxoveT me-
same wodebas, gamoxatos (sityvierad) Tavisi damokidebuleba arsebuli
viTarebis mimarT, xolo danarCenma wodebebma kontrpasuxebiT uaryon
maTi braldebebi; anu sasurvelia Sedges mcire debatebi; Tqven xeli
ar SeuSaloT, Tu xmasac auwies da protestis sxvadasxvagvari forma
SemogTavazes. mTavari amosavali unda gaxdes is, rom mefes sWirdeba
fuli, gadasaxadebi, rom fulis didi wili modis mdidar burJuaziaze.
amasTan, Sejamebisas aRniSneT, rom mesame wodebas amdens ar akamaTebd-
nen. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini miwveulni iyvnen am sxdomaze, isini
araprivilegirebul fenas warmoadgendnen.

problema 4 _ erovnuli kreba, 1789 wlis ivnisi

mesame wodebis deputatebma Tavi erovnul krebad gamoacxades. isini
warmoadgendnen mosaxleobis 96%-s, amdenad, isini realurad warmoad-
gendnen ara mxolod umravlesobas, aramed `WeSmarit parlaments~. mes-
ame wodebam gadawyvita konstituciis Seqmna, magram 20 ivniss maT ver-
salis kari daketili dauxvdaT. gareT wvimda, amitom maT Tavi Seafares
burTis saTamaSo darbazs da daifices, ar daetovebinaT darbazi, sanam
mefe ar daTanxmdeboda maT moTxovnebs. mefe daTanxmda. amdenad, ara
mxolod mesame wodeba, aramed pirveli da meore wodebis dabali war-
momadgenlebic SeuerTdnen erovnul krebas.

aqtivoba
imsjele, ratom ganviTarda procesi aseTi dinamikiT.

58
 aqtivoba
aRwereT suraTi burTis saTamaSo moedanze. axseniT, ra aris sura-
Tze TvalSi sacemi? rogor fiqrobT, ratom? miaqcieT yuradReba ada-
mians yviTel tansacmelSi da misi xelebis moZraobas. rogor fiqrobT,
ras gamoxatavs igi am JestiT? ecadeT aRmoaCinoT saintereso detale-
bi da imsjeleT maT garSemo.

aqtivoba : `burTis saTamaSo moedanze~

burTis saTamaSo moedanze sityviT bevri adamiani gamovida.
warmoadgine TiToeuli maTganis pozicia:
• glexis;
• qalaqis muSis;
• mewarmis;
• poetis;
• mwerlis;
• yvelasi erTad.

airCie romelime maTganis roli da warmoadgine sityva, romelsac

ityodi burTis saTamaSo moedanze da romelSic warmoadgendi Sens
pozicias – ratom unda Seicvalos mmarTveloba safrangeTSi.

Semajamebeli aqtivoba warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT:

safrangeTis revoluciis
grZelvadiani mizezebi moklevadiani mizezebi

amoarCie SenTvis mniSvnelovani erT-erTi mizezi da axseni, ratom

warmoadgens is revoluciis mizezs; imsjele Sen mier arCeuli mizezis
Sesaxeb (sasurvelia yvela mizezi gaaanalizoT klasSi. moswavleebma ga-
iazron grZelvadiani da moklevadiani mizezebis arsi).

aqtivoba
SegiZliaT moswavleebs aseTi sqemac SesTavazoT saSinao davalebad:
revoluciis mizezebi:

ekonomikuri inteleqtualuri sagareo faqtori xelisuflebis

faqtori faqtori faqtori

59
 bastiliis aReba

aqtivoba
safrangeTis revoluciis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi epizodi bas-
tiliis aRebaa. warmoidgine, rom Sen xar reportiori, romelic am mov-
lenebs aSuqebs. dawere mokle sagazeTo statia (5 abzaci an cota nakle-
bi). aRwere 14 ivlisis movlena. gamoiyene saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebuli
da internetidan moZiebuli informacia, CarTe ramdenime detalic;
Caatare damatebiTi kvleva. amasTan, gaiTvaliswine, rom Sen bastiliis
aRebis TviTmxilveli an Tanamonawile xar.

moiZie informacia, rogor aRniSnavs Tanamedrove safrangeTi basti-

liis aRebis dRes.

didi SiSianoba
ivlisSi parizSi ganviTarebuli mov-
lenebis zegavleniT masobrivi mRel-
vareba daiwyo provinciebSic. glexe-
bi arbevdnen, wvavdnen da Zarcvavdnen
adgilobrivi batonebis mamulebsa da
saxlebs.
yofili ymebis SurisZiebam Tavadaz-
naurobas `didi SiSianobis~ dro dauye-
na. didgvarovnebi masobrivad garbodnen
qveynidan. parizelebis revoluciuri
magaliTi misabaZ nimuSad iqca safran-
geTis sxva qalaqebis: strasburgis,
truas, amienis, ruanis mosaxleobisTvi-
sac. am qalaqebSic SeiaraRebuli moqa-
laqeebi arbevdnen cixeebsa da qalaqis

60
 gamgeobis Senobebs, qmnidnen
municipaluri mmarTvelobis
axal arCeviT organoebs.
mdgomareobis normal-
ur kalapotSi dabrunebis
mizniT erovnuli kreba sxva-
dasxva umniSvnelovanes dad-
genilebas iRebs. 4-5 agvistos
Ramis sxdomaze feodaluri
privilegiebi gauqmebulad
gamocxadda.

aqtivoba
Seafase ganviTarebuli movlenebi. axseni, visTvis dadga `didi Si-
Sianobis dro~ da ratom; imsjele erovnuli krebis mier miRebuli kan-
onis Sesaxeb da Seafase `Ramis gankarguleba~. rogor fiqrob, aseTi
mniSvnelovani dadgenileba – feodaluri privilegiebis gauqmebulad
gamocxadeba – ase naCqarevad ratom iqna miRebuli?
1789 wlis 26 agvistos damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo `adamianisa da
moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~.

`adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~

aqtivoba
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti, romelic Seiqmna safrangeTis
revoluciis dros, aris `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~.
igi dawera markiz de lafaietma 1789 wels. es dokumenti eyrdnoboda
amerikis konstitucias, romelic ori wlis win daiwera amerikaSi (1787)
da nimuSad iqca safrangeTisTvis. am or dokumentSi msgavsebebic aris da
gansxvavebebic. saxelmZRvanelodan (an sxva damxmare wyarodan) moiZie es
ori dokumenti. wakiTxvis Semdeg gamokveTe msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi;
Semdeg furcelze daxaze cxrili or svetad. TiToeul svetSi Camowere
TiToeuli dokumentis xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ufleba. davalebis
Sesrulebisas daukvirdi dokumentebis Sinaarss da aRniSne, moqalaqeTa
romel kategorias Seexeba es uflebebi da romels – ara.
maswavlebelma dokumentebze muSaobis Semdeg, analizisas, yuradRe-
ba unda gaamaxvilebinos moswavleebs Semdeg sakiTxebze:

• ra mizezebma ganapiroba amerikis konstituciis Seqmna?

• ra mizezebma ganapiroba safrangeTis adamianisa da moqalaqis
uflebaTa deklaraciis Seqmna?

61
 • (xSir SemTxvevaSi, dokumentebis saTaurebic ki miiyvans moswav-
leebs swor daskvnamde)
• romeli muxlebi miiCneva mniSvnelovnad orive dokumentSi?
• romel adamianebs (moqalaqeebs) exeba es muxlebi amerikaSi? sa-
frangeTSi?
• ra faseulobebs gamoyofdiT frangul dokumentSi? ratom?
• `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciis~ ZiriTadi ideebi
mokled da yvelasaTvis gasagebi formiT gamoixata revoluciis
mTavari lozungiT _ `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. ifiqre
am sloganis Sesaxeb da axseni misi mniSvneloba frangisTvis, amer-
ikelisTvis, saqarTvelos moqalaqisTvis.

6000 parizeli qali (oqtombris marSi versalisken)

qalTa marSi versalisken, 5 oqtomberi, 1789 weli

1789 wlis oqtomberSi 6 aTasi parizeli qali versalisken daiZra. isi-

ni aprotestebdnen purze fasebis gaZvirebas. zogierT ubanSi `gabra-
zebulma~ qalebma aiZules sasuliero pirebi, rom maT gangaSis zarebi
daerekaT. aman ganapiroba, rom adamianebis didi raodenoba Seikriba,
romlebmac gadawyvites versalisken aeRoT gezi. viTareba gaarTula im
faqtmac, rom jari ar uwevda winaaRmdegobas msvlelobas. piriqiT, ram-
denime jariskacma sajarod simpaTiac ki gamoxata msvlelobis mimarT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxedarTmTavrisgan, markiz lafaietisgan moZ-
raobis Sekavebis brZaneba hqondaT miRebuli. versalis alya 6 saaTs
gagrZelda. marSis monawileebi iTxovdnen puris gaiafebas da mefis
parizSi gadmosvlas.
xalxma iZulebiT gadmoiyvana mefe parizSi, tiulris sasaxleSi da
zewoliT aRiarebina mas damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRebuli yvela gad-
awyvetileba. parizSi gadavida damfuZnebeli krebac. mogvianebiT frang-
ma revolucionerebma qalTa am marSs qalTa gmiroba uwodes.

62
 aqtivoba: ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego gadawyvetileba
revolucionerebma qalTa uflebebis deklaraciis avtori, olimp
de guJi, 1793 wels sikvdiliT dasajes, maSin, roca imave revolucio-
nerebma qalTa marSi versalisken safrangeTis revoluciisTvis brZo-
laSi parizel qalTa udidesi gmirobis magaliTad Seracxes. axseniT, ra
SeiZleboda yofiliyo frangi revolucioneri qalebis mimarT am ori,
erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli, midgomis mizezi.

qalTa uflebebis deklaracia, 1791 w, olimp de guJi (Olympe De Gouges)

olimp de guJi iyo yasbis qaliSvili.
generaluri Statebis Sekrebamde (1789)
igi ukve iyo ramdenime pamfletis avtori.
Tavis naSromSi `adamianisa da moqalaqis
qalTa da mdedr moqalaqeTa uflebebis
deklaracia~ (romlis pirdapir Targmansac
warmoadgens `mamakacisa da moqalaqis
uflebaTa deklaracia~ - Declaration of Rights
of Man and Citizen), olimpi wers, rom safran-
geTSi ar aris daculi qalTa uflebebi. igi
sTavazobs safrangeTis, rom qalebs mieni-
WoT xmis micemis ufleba, moiTxovs qalTa
erovnuli krebis Seqmnas, usamarTlobad
miiCnevs mamakacebis mier qalTa Cagvras da
xazs usvams qalTa ganaTlebis aucileblo-
bas.

revoluciuri ideebisaTvis 1793 wels olimp de guJs giliotinaze

Tavi mohkveTes.

63
 qalTa da mdedr moqalaqeTa uflebebis deklaracia
mamakacebo, xarT Tqven samarTlianebi? diax, me, qali, gisvamT am
SekiTxvas; Tqven ar gaqvT ufleba qali ganixiloT sakuTrebad da daar-
RvioT misi uflebebi. miTxariT, ra gaZlevT Tqven imperatiul ufle-
bas – SezRudoT Cemi uflebebi? Tqveni Zala? Tqveni niWi? davakvirdeT
Semoqmedis sibrZnes, SevinarCunoT misi didmSveniereba, rom cxovreba
am samyaroSi iyos harmoniuli da ara tiranuli. davubrundeT bunebas,
vikvlioT mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro, Tvali gadavavloT organu-
li modifikaciis safuZvlebs da davamarcxoT is! – amas me gTavazobT.
Tu SegiZliaT, gamoikvlieT, gamoiZieT da, Tu gnebavT, ganasxvaveT
kidec sqesi bunebasa da samyaroSi – aq yvelas da yvelafers Tanaarse-
bobis konteqstSi ixilavT; yvela harmoniulad Tanacxovrobs, rogorc
romelime ukvdavi Sedevri.
mamakacebi aRzevdnen gansakuTrebuli da principuli garemoebebis
gamo, ucnauri, brma, gadagvarebuli ganmanaTleblobisa da sibrZnis
epoqaSi; gadametebuli ignoriT mamakacs unda, rom despoturad marTos
mdedri, arada es qali isedac mis srul inteleqtualur sakuTrebas
warmoadgens; mamakacs urCevnia Caebas revoluciaSi da ibrZolos Tanas-
worobisa da uflebebis gaTanabrebisaTvis, magram amave dros araferi
Tqvas qalis Sesaxeb, aranairad ar gaiTvaliswinos es sakiTxi.
deklaracia unda iqnas miRebuli erovnuli asambleis (krebis) dad-
genilebiT asambleis bolo sxdomebze, an momdevno sakanonmdeblo or-
ganoSi.

preambula
dedebo, qaliSvilebo, debo da eris warmomadgenlebo, romlebic
iTxovT dainiSnoT erovnul krebaSi!
mxolod qalTa uflebebis uaryofa, ucodinaroba da umoqmedoba
aris xalxis ubedurebisa da mTavrobis korumpirebulobis mizezi; qa-
lma gadawyvita Camoeyalibebina sazeimo deklaracia qalTa bunebrivi,
ganuyofeli da wminda uflebebisa imisaTvis, rom am deklaracias aqam-
de sazogadoebis mudmivad daucveli yvela wevrisTvis ganuxrelad Se-
exsenebina TavianTi uflebebi da movaleobebi; imisaTvis, rom nebismier
momentSi SeedarebinaT avtoritetuli qalebisa da mamakacebis ufle-
bebi da pativi ecaT nebismieri politikuri institutis miznisaTvis;
imisaTvis, rom amieridan moqalaqeebis martiv da udavo principebze
dafuZnebul moTxovnebs yovelTvis mxari daeWira konstituciis, swori
moralisa da yvelas bednierebisaTvis.
Sesabamisad, sqesi, romelic iseTive aRmatebulia silamaziT, ramde-
nadac gambedavi – dedobriv gaWirvebaSi, cnobs uzenaesis mfarvelobaSi
yofnas da acxadebs qalTa da mdedr moqalaqeTa uflebebs.

muxli I
qali daibada Tavisufali da cxovrobs Tanasworad mamakacTan misi
uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. socialuri gansxvaveba dafuZnebuli unda
iyos mxolod saerTo SeTanxmebaze.

64
 muxli II
nebismieri politikuri asociaciis mizania arsebobdes komunikacia
qalsa da mamakacs Soris bunebrivi da xelSeuvali uflebebis fonze. es
uflebebia: qonebis xelSeuxebloba, usafrTxoeba da, gansakuTrebiT,
opoziciis winaaRmdegobisgan dacva.

muxli III
suverenobis yvela principis dacva ekisreba erTaderTs – ers, ro-
melic sxva araferia, Tu ara erToblioba qalebisa da mamakacebisa;
aravis SeuZlia mianiWos romelimes upiratesoba, Tu es mTeli eris neba
ar aris.

muxli IV
Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba Seadgens imas, rac ekuTvnis sxvas...
amgvarad, erTaderTi limiti qalTa uflebebisa aris mudmivi mamrobi-
Ti tirania. es SezRudvebi unda reformirdes kanonzomierad.

muxli V
bunebrivi kanonzomierebisTvis saWiroa ukuvagdoT sazogadoebisT-
vis saziano yvela aqti. veraferi, rac ar aris akrZaluli am brZnuli
da RvTaebrivi kanonebiT, ver aRikveTeba. veravis SevzRudavT, rom gaa-
keTos is, rac ar aris nabrZanebi.

muxli VI
kanoniT unda gamoxato mTavari survili; yvela qalma da mamakacma
moqalaqem personalurad an vinmes CareviT unda Seitanos wvlili kano-
nis SeqmnaSi. es ufleba yvelasTvis Tanabrad erTnairi unda iyos.
qali da mamakaci moqalaqeebi, arian ra Tanasworni kanonis winaSe,
unda iyvnen Tanasworni aseve pativis miRebisas, dajildoebisas, pozici-
is gamoxatvisas, sajaro saqmianobisas – maTi SesaZleblobebis gaTval-
iswinebiT da ara gansxvavebiT.

muxli VII
arc erTi qali ar aris gamonaklisi; is dakavebuli, datyvevebuli
unda iyos mxolod kanonis mixedviT. qali, iseve rogorc mamakaci, mk-
acrad unda icavdes am kanonebs.

muxli VIII
kanoni mxolod im mkacr sasjels unda amkvidrebdes, romelic
aSkarad aucilebelia...

muxli IX
mas Semdeg, rac qali aRiarebul iqneba damnaSaved, kanoni mis mimarT
iseve unda aRsruldes, rogorc mamakacis mimarT.

65
 muxli X
aravin unda daisajos azris gamoTqmisaTvis; qals aqvs Tanaswori
ufleba monawileoba miiRos demonstraciebSi, saprotesto RonisZie-
bebSi, Tu amiT ar xelyofs sxvis uflebebs.

muxli XI
Tavisufali komunikacia, azrebis gamoxatva qalisTvis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani uflebaa im droidan, rodesac Tavisuflebam irwmuna, rom
mamakacebs unda eRiarebinaT TavianTi bavSvebi. amgvarad, nebismier md-
edr moqalaqes SeuZlia Tavisuflad Tqma imisa, rom igi aris bavSvis
deda da bavSvi mas ekuTvnis. qals ar mouwevs simarTlis damalva (gam-
onaklisis daSveba SesaZlebelia), Tavi rom aaridos cudad mopyrobas,
rac kanoniT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.

muxli XII
qalTa da mdedr moqalaqeTa uflebebis garantia mTavari faseu-
lobaa; es garantia unda warmoadgendes yvelas faseulobas da ara mx-
olod imisas, vinc am garantiebiTaa dainteresebuli.

muxli XIII
qalisa da mamakacis wvlili Tanasworia sazogadoebrivi Zalis dasax-
mareblad da administraciuli xarjebis dasafarad. qali iziarebs yve-
la movaleobasa da mZime samuSaos. amgvarad, qalsa da mamakacs Tanas-
worad unda gadaunawildes poziciebi, samuSao, ofisebi da pativi.

muxli XIV
mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, rom Ta-
vad an TavianTi warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT daamtkicon sajaro cx-
ovrebaSi Tavisi wvlilis Setanis, daxmarebis aucilebloba. es Seexeba
mxolod im qalebs, romelTac miniWebuli aqvT ara marto qonebis Tana-
bari wili, aramed akisriaT sajaro administraciuli xarjebi da aseve
dadgenili aqvT gadasaxadis gadaxdis vadebi.

muxli XV
qalTa koleqtivebs, romlebic Seikribnen sagadasaxado miznebisaT-
vis, mamakacebTan SesaerTeblad, aqvT ufleba, rom moiTxovon sabuRal-
tro aRricxva Tavisi nebismieri sajaro agentisgan.

muxli XVI
arc erT sazogadoebas ara aqvs konstitucia uflebebis garantiisa
da xelisuflebis danawilebis gareSe; konstitucia gauqmebulia, Tuki
eris umravlesobas ar miuRia monawileoba mis SeqmnaSi.

muxli XVII
qoneba ekuTvnis orive sqess, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, erTiania Tu
gancalkevebuli. TiToeuli maTganisTvis es aris urRvevi da wminda
ufleba, romelsac veravin CamoarTmevs.

66
 postskriptumi
qalebo, gamoiRviZeT! Tqveni xma mTel msoflios esmis; aRmoaCineT
Tqveni uflebebi! Zlieri imperia aRar aris garSemortymuli crurwme-
nebiT, stereotipebiT, fanatizmiT, zaraliTa da tyuiliT! simarTlis
alma mimofanta yovelgvari sisulele da uzurpacia. damonebulma kacma
gaiormaga Zala, raTa daarRvios monobis jaWvebi. gaxda ra Tavisufali,
igi amave dros gaxda usamarTlo Tavisi cxovrebis TanamgzavrisaTvis. o,
qalebo, qalebo! rodis agexilebaT Tvali? ra sargebloba miiReT revo-
luciisgan? – ufro mkveTrad gamoxatuli upativcemuloba, ufro aSkara
zizRi. korufciis saukuneSi Tqven marTavdiT imitom, rom kaci iyo susti.
memkvidreobaze `zrunva~, romelic dafuZnebulia bunebis gankargulebaze
– risiRa unda geSinodeT aseTi valdebulebebis Semdeg? imisi geSiniaT,
rom Cveni frangi kanonmdeblebi, moralis gamomsworeblebi, xangrZlivi
patimrobidan gaTavisuflebulebi, axla kvlav getyvian: qalebo, ra gvaka-
vSirebs Cven da Tqven? yvelaferi! es iqneba is pasuxi, rac Tqven (mamakace-
bo) unda gagvceT. maT unda SeinarCunon TavianTi sisuste da gabedulad
daupirispirdnen mas. gaaerTianeT Tqveni Tavi filosofiuri standar-
tebiT. daitireT mTeli Tqveni xasiaTis energia da male Tqven dainaxavT
qedmaRal mamakacebs, romlebic fexqveS ki ar gagegebian, rogorc morCili
Tayvanismcemlebi, aramed iamayeben, rom TqvenTan erTad gaiziareben im
saganZurs, rasac uzenaesi qmnileba hqvia. miuxedavad imisa, ra barierebs
daupirispirdebian, Tqvenzea damokidebuli is, rom Tavi gaiTavisufloT;
amisaTvis mxolod survili unda iqonioT... qorwineba aris ndoba da siy-
varulis samare. gaTxovil qals SeuZlia dausjelad misces qmars ukanono
Svili da aseve misces qoneba, romelic saerTod ar ekuTvnis mas. gauTx-
ovar qals mxolod erTi susti ufleba aqvs; ZvelTaZveli da ulmobe-
li kanonebi ukrZalavs qals, rom ukanono Svilma miiRos mamis saxeli da
qoneba. uZvelesi droidan ar Secvlila es kanoni. Tu paradoqsad da Seu-
Zleblad iTvleba, rom Cems sqess pativiscema da mudmivoba mivaniWo, maSin
mamakacebisTvis mimindvia, rom moipovon dideba am saqmis SeTanxmebasTan
dakavSirebiT. magram sanam Cven vicdiT, paralelurad SegviZlia ganvaax-
loT moraluri principebi, col-qmruli konvenciebi.

socialuri kontraqti mamakacsa da qals Soris

Cven, ________ da ________, Cveni survilisamebr, verTiandebiT Cve-
ni cxovrebisa da xangrZlivi erToblivi miswrafebebisTvis Semdegi
pirobebiT:
Cven vapirebT da gvsurs, rom Cveni simdidre gaxdes komunaluri,
amasTanave, Cven Tavs vutovebT uflebas, rom gavuyoT qoneba Cvens
Svilebs an sxva pirovnebas, vis mimarTac aseTi survili gagviCndeba. Cven
erToblivad vcnobT, rom Cveni sakuTreba pirdapir gadaeces da ekuTv-
nodes Cvens bavSvebs, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori arian isini. amasTan,
ganurCevlad yvela Cvens bavSvs aqvs ufleba, rom ataros mamisa Tu dedis
saxeli, vinc aRiara. Cven gvevaleba, rom xeli movaweroT im kanons, ro-
melic sjis sakuTar sisxlsa da xorcze uaris Tqmas. Cven agreTve val-
debulad vracxT Tavs, rom daSorebis SemTxvevaSi Cveni qoneba gavyoT

67
 da winaswar iyos gaTvlili, Tu
ra nawils miiRebs bavSvi. xolo
srulyofili kavSiris SemTxveva-
Si is, vinc gardaicvleba, Tavisi
simdidris naxevars dautovebs
bavSvebs, da Tu uSvilod gar-
daicvleba, cocxlad darCenili
memkvidreobiT miiRebs uflebas
qonebaze; oRond es im SemTxvevaSi
moxdeba, Tu gardacvlils winas-
war ar eqneba datovebuli ander-
Zi TavisTvis sasurveli da dam-
saxurebuli piris sasargeblod.
es aris daaxloebiT qor-
winebis aqtis is formula, ro-
melsac me gTavazobT Sesas-
ruleblad. me ukve vici, rom am
ucnauri dokumentis wakiTxvis `qalTa da mdedr moqalaqeTa ufle-
Semdeg Cem mimarT aRiZvreba or- bebis deklaraciis~ pirveli gverdi
piroba, manWioba, RvarZli, Cem
winaaRmdeg daigeSeba samRvdeloeba da mTeli jojoxeTuri ierarqia.
magram nuTu Cemi gonivruli SeTavazeba da iniciativa ar aris imis saw-
indari, rom mivaRwevT srulyofil, bednier xelisuflebas!
me gTavazobT kanons, romelic daexmareba qvrivebs da axalgazr-
da gogonebs, romlebsac imedi gaucrues mamakacebma. minda da vwer am
kanons, raTa vaiZuloT cvalebadi xasiaTis kacebi, rom Seasrulon sa-
kuTari valdebulebebi, an Tavisi qonebis Sesabamisi kompensacia mainc
gadauxadon qalebs.
amasTan, kvlav moviTxov – rac ukve davwere 1788 wels `adamianis
martiv bednierebaSi~ – prostitutebi unda moTavsdnen garkveul adg-
ilebSi. prostitutebs ar miuZRviT brali moralis garyvnaSi. es aris
qalTa sazogadoeba. Tavidan es areulobas moitans, magram Sedegad
srulyofil harmonias miviRebT.
me gTavazobT martiv gzas, rom avamaRloT qalis suli; Cven unda
davakavSiroT isini yvela mamakacur saqmesTan; Tu mamakacs es gad-
awyvetileba arapraqtikulad miaCnia, maSin mas SeuZlia Tavisuflad
gauziaros Tavisi bedi qals wynarad, kanonierad da ara imperatiulad.
crurwmena ecema, moralebi iwmindeba, buneba axlidan iZens kanonebs.
am yvelafers davamatoT mRvdlebis qorwineba, mefis uflebebis ga-
Zliereba da safrangeTis parlamenti ar daecema!
aqtivoba
moswavleebs daavaleT, yuradRebiT waikiTxon dokumenti; imsjelon
misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb; gaaanalizon maTTvis saintereso muxlebi.
sTxoveT moswavleebs, kidev erTxel waikiTxon Sesavali nawili da ga-
moTqvan sakuTari azri mxolod Sesavali nawilis Sesaxeb; igive gaa-
keTeT muxlebisa da daskvniTi nawilis gaanalizebisas; bolos ki mos-
wavleebs SeafasebineT dokumentis mniSvneloba:

68
 a. safrangeTisTvis;
b. msoflios masStabiT.
dasasrul, moswavleebs sTxoveT, kidev erTxel axsnan, ratom daisa-
ja qalTa uflebebis deklaraciis avtori sikvdiliT; imsjelon am gad-
awyvetilebis mizezebze .

1791 wlis 3 seqtembris konstitucia

damfuZnebelma krebam konstituciis SemuSavebiT muSaoba daasrula.

aqtivoba
moiZieT saxelmZRvaneloSi konstituciidan amonaridi. imsjeleT,
mmarTvelobis rogori forma damyarda safrangeTSi? moswavleebs sTx-
oveT pasuxis dasabuTeba; amisaTvis sasurvelia moitanon amonaridi kon-
stituciidan. romeli muxli gamoxatavs safrangeTis revoluciis Zlier
mxares? romeli – sust mxares? pasuxis dasasabuTeblad moswavleebma
daimowmon amonaridebi konstituciis Sesabamisi muxlebidan. maswavle-
belma yuradReba gaamaxvilos aqtiur da pasiur moqalaqeebad dayofaze.

varenis krizisi
1791 wlis ivnisSi mefem da dedofalma qveynidan gaqceva scades, ma-
gram uSedegod. radikalurad ganwyobil politikur wreebSi gaismoda
monarqiis damxobisa da respublikis damyarebis momxreTa xmebi. kon-
stituciuri monarqiis momxreebma imarjves da 1791 wlis 13 seqtembers
mefes damfuZnebeli krebis mier damtkicebul konstituciaze xeli
moawerines. safrangeTSi konstituciuri monarqia damyarda.

ganxeTqileba parlamentSi

radikalebi zomierebi konservatorebi

(memarcxeneebi) (memarjveneebi)
isxdnen darbazis isxdnen darbazis centrSi, ami- isxdnen darbazis
marcxena mxares, tomac daerqvaT centristebi. marjvena mxares,
amitomac daerq- daerqvaT memar-
surdaT garkveuli cvlilebebi
vaT memarcxeneeebi. jveneebi. momxre
mmarTvelobaSi, magram mxolod
iyvnen monarqiisa da iyvnen SezRuduli
zomieri cvlilebebis momxreni
mefis radikalurad monarqiis; iTxo-
iyvnen.
mowinaaRmdegeni; vdnen mTavrobaSi
mcireoden cvli-
surdaT respublika
lebebs
da Tvlidnen, rom
mxolod xalxs aqvs w(konstituciur-
qveynis marTvis monarqistebi – fe-
ufleba (Jirondele- lianebi).
bi da montaniarebi).

69
 aqtivoba
memarjveneebi, memarcxeneebi da centristebi dResac arseboben.
partiebis aseT dayofas safrangeTis revoluciam daudo saTave. sTx-
oveT moswavleebs imsjelon dRes arsebul politikur partiebze (ara
mxolod saqarTveloSi), maT ideebsa Tu programebze. hkiTxeT, erT-
gulni rCebian Tu ara partiebi im ideebisa, ris gamoc Seiqmnen? anu Tu
memarcxeneebi arian, raSi gamoixateba maTi memarcxeneoba? Tu memar-
jveneebi – memarjveneoba? arseboben Tu ara zomierebi? xom ar ician
raime radikalurad memarjvene (faSizmi) da radikalurad memarcxene
(komunizmi) partiebis Sesaxeb? SeafasebineT maT franguli revoluci-
is es movlena – aseTi dapirispirebuli partiebis Seqmna safrangeTSi
progresuli movlena iyo Tu regresuli? dRes rogor aRiqvamen am mov-
lenas?
dayaviT isini sam jgufad imave kriteriumiT da sTxoveT Seqmnan
Tanamedrove mokle partiuli programa, romelSic gamoikveTeba maTi
arsi (memarjveneoba, memarcxeneoba Tu centristoba).

omi
rodesac avstriul-prusiuli samokavSireo jarebis mTavarsardal-
ma, braunSvaigis hercogma, gamosca manifesti, romelSic frangebs sik-
vdiliT dasjiT, saxlebis gadawviTa da parizis dangreviT emuqrebo-
da, dedaqalaqSi 1792 wlis 10 agvistos axalma ajanyebam ifeTqa, rasac
mefis sasaxlis mcvelebis darbeva-daxocva mohyva. lui XVI-m Tavisi
ojaxiT usafrTxo TavSesafari hpova sakanonmdeblo krebaSi, magram
am ukanasknelma misive TandaswrebiT daadgina mefis xelisuflebi-
sgan CamoSoreba da datusaReba, xolo safrangeTis momavali mowyobis
sakiTxis gadasawyvetad moiwvia sagangebo kreba, romelsac `erovnuli
konventi~ ewoda. sakanonmdeblo krebam aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
axal saministros Caabara, romelSic iusticiis ministris posti ergo
10 agvistos ajanyebis erT-erT organizators, dantons.

1792 wlis zafxulSi sakanonmdeblo krebam Tanamoqalaqeebs moxaliseTa

masobrivi mobilizaciis mowodebiT mimarTa. `saxelmwifo safrTxeSia!~
– acxadebda sakanonmdeblo krebis mier gamoSvebuli dekreti. avstri-
isa da prusiis jarebi parizis ganadgurebiT imuqrebodnen. dekretiT
safrangeTma omi gamoucxada avstria-prusias.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad frangebi cudad iyvnen orga-
nizebuli, naklebi SeiaraReba hqondaT da prusiisa da avstriis gaer-
Tianebuli koalicia maT gacilebiT aRemateboda, warmatebebs mainc
miaRwies.

70
es karikatura braunSvaigis hercogis manifestis sawinaaRmdegod Seiqmna. ras ga-
moxatavs igi?

ruka #1

71
 ruka #2

aqtivoba: sadiskusio kiTxva

• rogor fiqrobT, ra iyo imis mizezi, rom safrangeTma omis sawyis
etapze warmatebebs miaRwia?
• daakvirdi rukebs da imsjele faqtebisa da rukis gamoyenebiT.

konventSi arCevnebi am saSinelebebisa da aRmosavleT sazRvridan

miRebuli arasasurveli cnobebis mZime STabeWdilebebis fonze Catar-
da – swored aRmosavleTidan SeiWra safrangeTSi avstro-prusiuli
armia. ucxoelTa Semosevam mTel erSi patriotizmis arnaxuli afeTqe-
ba gamoiwvia. armiis Sesavsebad uwyvetad moedineboda moxaliseTa
nakadebi. swored im dros, rodesac 1792 w. 21 seqtembers erovnuli
konventi sxdomebs atarebda, frangebma valmisTan prusielebis Semote-
va moigeries (20 seqtembers). frangebi Setevaze gadavidnen da mtris
teritoriis dapyrobac ki daiwyes (belgia, rainis marcxena napiri da
savoia, nicasTan erTad, 1792 w. bolos). erovnul konventSi Jiron-
distebs ukve marjvena mxare ekavaT; marcxena mxare mTlianad Sedge-
boda iakobinel-montaniarebisgan, xolo centri (`dablobi~)–gaubedavi
adamianebisgan, romlebic meryeobdnen or ukidures partias Soris. Ji-
rondistebic da iakobinelebic iyvnen demokratebi da respublikelebi,
rusosa da klasikuri (antikuri) warsulis idealizebuli respublike-
bis Tayvanismcemlebi, magram amave dros maTi Sexedulebebi Sordeboda
erTmaneTs metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi.

72
 Jirondistebi iyvnen pirovnebis Tavisuflebis mxurvale damcvele-
bi da eSinodaT saxelmwifos yovlisSemZleobisa, Tundac respublik-
is formiT; amasTan erTad, isini saerTod ar TanaugrZnobdnen xalxis
masebis Zaladobas; amitom isini brZolaSi Caebnen qalaqis axal sabWosa
da dantonTan, romelTac brals sdebdnen xocva-JletaSi. montaniare-
bi, piriqiT, mxars uWerdnen daSinebis (`teroris~) politikas, xalxis
masebis uSualo moqmedebas yvela gansxvavebulad moazrovnis winaaRm-
deg, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis yvelaze ufro SeuzRudavi uflebamo-
silebebiT aRWurvasa da piradi Tavisuflebisken miswrafebis CaxSobas.
arsebiTad iakobinelebma respublikuri diqtaturis formiT ganaaxles
Zveli monarqiis mTeli samTavrobo praqtika, da Tanac ufro meti ra-
dikalizmiTa da simkveTriT. maTi partia Cinebulad iyo organizebuli
da disciplinirebuli.
konventis pirveli saqme iyo safrangeTis gamocxadeba respublikad.
amis kvaldakval Jirondistebma wamoayenes sakiTxi mefis sasamarTlo
procesis gamarTvis Sesaxeb. iakobinelebi mtkiced CaeWidnen am azrs;
robespierma pirdapir ganacxada, rom aq saqme exeba ara sasamarTlos,
aramed politikur zomas, da rom `ludoviko unda mokvdes, raTa icocx-
los respublikam~. am pirdapirma gancxadebam SeaSina Jirondistebi. maT
mefis gadarCenis saSualeba moifiqres: SesTavazes konvents, ganaCeni
xalxisTvis gadaecaT dasamtkiceblad; magram iakobinelebs swored ami-
si eSinodaT. daiwyo sasamarTlo procesi, romlis drosac lui XVI-s
Tavi didi RirsebiT eWira. Jirondistebs ar eyoT samoqalaqo gambedao-
ba, rom mefe sikvdiliT dasjisgan exsnaT. xmebis uzarmazari umeteso-
biT mefe miCneul iqna damnaSaved eris Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifos
saerTo usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi; xalxisTvis ganaCenis
saapelaciod gadacemis azri uaryofil iqna aseve xmebis mniSvnelovani
umravlesobiT (sxvaTa Soris, bevri Jirondistis xmiTac), magram mx-
olod umniSvnelo umravlesobam misca xma lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasjis
sasargeblod. ganaCeni sisruleSi moiyvanes 1793 w. 21 ianvars.

verdiqti: mefis sikvdiliT dasja

lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasja xmaTa umravlesobiT gadawyda. deputa-
tebs unda epasuxaT sami SekiTxvisTvis:
pirveli SekiTxva: deputatebs unda gadaewyvitaT, damnaSave iyo Tu
ara mefe; yvela, 693-ve, deputatma upasuxa „ki“.
meore SekiTxva: maT unda gadaewyvitaT – Catarebuliyo Tu ara
referendumi mefis bedis gadasawyvetad. 284-ma deputatma upasuxa „ki“,
danaCenma 409-m – `ara~.
bolo SekiTxva mefis sikvdiliT dasjas exeboda. 321 deputati sik-
vdiliT dasjis winaaRmdegi iyo: „cixeSi an gadasaxlebaSi“ – aseTi iyo
maTi pasuxi; xolo 372-ma mefis sikvdiliT dasjas misca xma.
1793 wlis 21 ianvars gadawyda mefis sikvdiliT dasja.
im dRes parizSi daaxloebiT 80.000 jariskaci iyo mobilizebuli
damatebiTi problemebis Tavidan asarideblad.

73
 wyaro a - mefis ukanaskneli Sexvedra ojaxis wevrebTan diliT

wyaro b
mefe lui XVI-is sityvebi, romelic man mRvdels daubara sikvdil-
iT dasjis win: `gadaeciT samefo beWedi Cems vaJs... saqorwino beWedi
– dedofals... uTxariT, rom me vtoveb mas didi tkiviliT. am patara
paketSi Cemi ojaxis yvela wevris Tma aris Senaxuli. mieciT es paketi
dedofals. uTxariT mas da Cems sayvarel Svilebs, rom ver vasruleb
Cems danapirebs, me unda menaxa isini am diliT; magram rogor gauZlebd-
nen isini aseT sastik danakargs!~

wyaro g
lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasja

74
 wyaro d
Tanamedrove istorikosi lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb,
amonaridi:
`mefem warmoTqva es dauviwyari sityvebi: me vkvdebi udanaSaulo
yvela im danaSaulis gamo, romelsac bralad mdeben. yvelas mivuteveb,
visac brali miuZRvis Cems sikvdilSi, da SevTxov RmerTs, rom sisxli,
romelic Tqven gaiReT, aRarasodes gaxdes saWiro safrangeTisTvis~.

aqtivoba: sagazeTo statia

axali ambebi
yoveldRiuri gazeTi 22 ianvari, 1793 weli

lui XVI sikvdiliT dasjilia!

guSin, parizSi ________________________________________

______________________________________________________
braldebis mxare amtkicebda, rom ______________________
______________________________________________________
dacvis mxare amtkicebda, rom _________________________
_______________________________________________________
mas daumtkicda brali da moxda ganaCenis aRsruleba
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
sikvdilis win mefe lui XVI iyo________________________
_______________________________________________________
statiis avtori ________________

75
 statiis daweris Semdeg (es davaleba jgufuradac SeiZleba Sesrul-
des) moswavleebs sTxoveT imsjelon am faqtze, gaaanalizon wyaroebi,
Seafason mefis bolo sityvebic da imsjelon safrangeTSi ganviTare-
bul movlenebze.

maria antuanetas sikvdiliT dasja

1793 wlis 16 oqtomberi

aqtivoba
1. aRwereT suraTi.
2. rogor fiqrobT, vis mohyavs ganaCeni sisruleSi (anu vin arian
jalaTebi)?
3. romel wodebas ganekuTvnebian isini?
4. ras geubneba es naxati safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb?

maria antuanetas aRsasruli

rogor gamoutanes ganaCeni maria antuanetas?
lui XVI-is Semdeg sikvdilis manqana Tavis rigiT meore msxverpls
`maspinZlobda~. weliwadnaxevris win is safrangeTis Tavneba dedofali
iyo, mogvianebiT es wodeba xalxis mtris saxeliT Seucvales da sa-
samarTlo procesebze moixseniebden, rogorc erchercoginia maria an-
tuanetas (habsburgebis samefo dinastia). garda amisa, lui XVI-is qvrivs
dacinvis mizniT avstrielad moixseniebdnen, radgan is warmoSobiT
marTlac am qveynidan iyo. odesRac yvelasaTvis sanatreli da sasur-
veli 38 wlis qali 13-Tviani patimrobis Semdeg ise iyo daleuli, rom
jafadamdgar moxucebuls hgavda. mis yofas yvelaze metad amZimebda
sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamudmebuli molodini, romelic damokles max-

76
viliviT ekida mis Tavze. maria antuanetam sasamarTlo procesualuri
normebis igive etapebi gaiara, rac misma qmarma, bolos nafic msajul-
Ta sabWom xmebis umravlesobiT kenWi uyara tribunalis gadawyvetile-
bas. tribunals ki Tavmjdomareobda franguli revoluciis sisastikiT
ganTqmuli piri, profesiiT advokati, maqsimilian robespieri.

mainc ra braldebebi wauyenes dedofals?

– saidumlo kavSiri ucxo qveynis imperatorebTan korufci-
is mizniT, saxelmwifo xazinis gaflangva, saxelmwifos marTva-gam-
geobaSi uflebamosilebis gadameteba da yvelaze mZime – samoqalaqo
omis mdgomareobis Seqmna saxelmwifoSi. Tu mis qmars sami advokati
icavda, man oric ikmara. isini TavganwirviT cdilobdnen dedoflis
gadarCenas, magram amaod, radgan am sisastikes Tavmjdomareobda ma-
Tze aranakleb gonieri profesionali robespieri. dedofali mzad
iyo, swrafad damdgariyo mtanjveli miwieri sicocxlis aRsasruli.

ratom aiZules dedofali sakuTari sisxliT daewera werili?

dedofals CamoarTves yvela piradi nivTi, TviT saqorwino beWedic
ki; sanTlis Suqic ki mxolod garkveul dros hqonda. yovel Sesvlaze
mis advokatebs Zalze mkacrad Cxrekdnen, raime nivTi rom ar SeetanaT.
TviTon dedofali ki sakuTari TiTebidan dadenili sisxliTa da nemsis
kalmiT werda yvelaze mwuxare striqonebs Tavis muls da sixaruliT
auwyebda, rom misi aRsasruli samarcxvino sikvdili ki ara, xelsayreli,
bednieri SemTxveva iqneboda sakuTar meuRlesTan maradiuli SeerTebi-
sa, mxolod erT rames ganicdida – rom yvelaze mZime dros tovebda
Tavis Svilebs, rodesac maT yvelaze metad sWirdebodaT dedis zrunva.
maria antuanetas dilis rva saaTze miakiTxes. karze dakakunebis
Semdeg masTan Sevida respublikelTa sasuliero warmomadgeneli, ro-
melic meuRlis, lui XVI-is msgavsad, manac uariT gaistumra. Tumca,
mRvdeli dahpirda, rom mainc ilocebda misi sulisaTvis. mRvdlis Sem-
deg gamoCnda jalaTi – giganti san-suni, romelsac sasikvdilo gana-
Cenis aRsrulebis win msxverplisTvis Tmebis SeWra da xelebis ukan
Sekvra evaleboda. eSafotze asvlisas jalaTma mas xeli SeaSvela...
maria antuanetam garegnul iersaxezec gulmodgined izruna, oRond
ise, rom qvrivis elferi ar daekarga. rogorc misi qmari ramdenime
Tvis win, isic mtkice nabijiT uaxlovdeboda aRsasrulis wams; mas mu-
dam axsovda, rom maria-terezas Svili iyo. sikvdilis Sesaxvedrad uSiS-
rad mimavali maria antuanetas aristokratul medidurobas mxolod
erTi mdabiuri elementi arRvevda: ukan mas, msxverplisTvis gamobmuli
TokiT xelSi, jalaTi mihyveboda. kidev erTi, ukanaskneli mzera gam-
Wvirvale cisken, san–sunim Cveuli naxtomiT xelSi aitaca msxverpli
da, roca yvelaferi damTavrda, gaisma yiJinaSi gadasuli SeZaxili –
gaumarjos respublikas!

misi nivTebi Raribebs dauriges

municipalitetidan mosulma mesaflavem am sisxliani aqciis organi-
zatorebs angariSi warudgina: 6 livri luis qvrivis CasasveneblisTvis

77
 da 15 livri da 35 su mesaflaveebisTvis. Semdgom ukve msaxurma Sea-
grova dedoflis ramdenime kaba da lazareTSi gagzavna miusafar mox-
ucebulTaTvis, romlebmac arc icodnen, rom es kabebi odesRac maTive
qveynis pirvel qalbatons ekuTvnoda.
5. ra emocia dageufla? axseni da imsjele am faqtis Sesaxeb.

werili dedas - maria antuaneta,

versali, 14 ivnisi, 1773 w.

Cemo Zvirfaso deda!

madlobeli var Tqveni sikeTisa da keTilSobilebisTvis. guSinwin
gadmomces Tqveni werili, guSin ki axali werili miviRe. es didi six-
arulia, Tqven zedized ori dRe Zalian gamaxareT. samSabaTs Cven vi-
yaviT parizSi – es iyo dRe, romelic me arasodes damaviwydeba.
parizSi Cven dagvxvda is, risi warmodgenac ki ar SemeZlo; rac
yvelaze emociuri da mniSvnelovania CemTvis, es iyo Raribi xalxi da
maTi damokidebuleba Cem mimarT; miuxedavad gadasaxadebisa, romelic
maT ase awevT kiserze, isini SeZaxilebiTa da ovaciebiT gvegebebod-
nen. rodesac Cven tiulris sasaxlisken gavemarTeT, mTel gzaze xalxis
uzarmazari brbo idga, romelic adgilidan ar iZvroda – arc win da
arc ukan. dofinma da me jars vubrZaneT, rom xeli ar exloT xalxisT-
vis, ramac araCveulebrivi Sedegi gamoiRo. es saukeTeso gamosavali
aRmoCnda im uzarmazari brbosTvis, romelic Tan dagvyveboda mTeli
dRis manZilze. rodesac seirnobidan davbrundiT, terasa gavaReT da
TiTqmis mTeli saaTi videqiT iq. me ver aRvwer, Zvirfaso deda, im
SeZaxilebs, im damokidebulebasa da ovaciebs, romelsac xalxi gamoxat-
avda Cven mimarT. ra bednierebaa Cvennairi statusisa da rangis adamian-
isaTvis aseTi siyvarulis miReba mTeli erisgan, ase iafad. me arasodes
damaviwydeba es emocia.
meore garemoeba, romelmac am dRes SesZina kidev ufro aRmatebiTi
ganwyoba, iyo dofinis saqcieli. man didi siTbo da siyvaruli gamoxata
Tavisi eris mimarT.

6. ram imoqmeda maria antuanetaze yvelaze metad parizSi Sesvlisas?

7. rogor fiqrob, ubralo da Raribi mosaxleobis emociebis miseuli
aRqma realisturi iyo Tu man mxolod is dainaxa, risi danaxvac
undoda? axseni Seni pasuxi.
8. axseni, rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes xalxis SeZaxilebi da ovaciebi
dedoflis mimarT, romlis sasikvdilo ganaCenic amave xalxma Ta-
vad gamoitana 20 wlis Semdeg?

wyaro
edmund burke _ maria antuanetas sikvdili
(movlenebis Tanamedrove istorikosi)
edmund burke (1729-97) daibada dublinSi, irlandiaSi, iyo britane-
Tis TemTa palatis wevri. safrangeTis revoluciis Semdgom burke gax-

78
da revoluciis aqtiuri kritikosi da Tanamedrove konservatoruli
politikuri ideologiis fuZemdebeli.

mas Semdeg, rac safrangeTis dedofali vnaxe versalSi, 16 Tu 17 weliwadi

gavida. sasaxlis brwyinvaleba dedoflis brwyinvalebis fonze iCrdilebo-
da. ver gaigebdiT, romeli romels sjobda, magram ufro axlos rom gavicani,
mivxvdi, rom dedoflis didebas, mis silamazes, mis Rimilsa da gracias, mis
dekoratiulobasa da araCveulebriv moyvanilobas aravin da araferi See-
dreboda. oh, es revolucia! rogor unda davrCe gulgrili am faqtis mimarT!
galanturi mamakacebis sazogadoeba, romelic mas gverdSi hyavda, mzad iyo,
misTvis yvelaferi gaeRo. vfiqrob, aTi aTasi maxvilic ar iqneboda sakmarisi
mis dasacavad, misi Rirsebis xelyofisagan dasacavad!
...magram didebis epoqa dasrulda. eseni arian sofistebi, ekonomistebi,
romlebic mis warmatebebs iTvlidnen da angariSobdnen. evropis didebis
mze samudamod Caesvena. arasodes, arasodes samefo warmomavlobisa da sqe-
sis keTilSobiluri erTguleba, romelic Rirseuli morCilebiT gamoir-
Ceoda da ase moswonda yvelas, aRar moitans aRmatebiT Tavisuflebas!
gaqra eris dacvis Segneba, gaqra da waiSala pativi da Rirseba, romlis
wyalobiTac ase advili iyo mtris damarcxeba. axla geSinodeT, geSinodeT
mtrebis!
edmund burke - 1793 w.
9. rogori damokidebuleba aqvs istorikoss dedoflis mimarT?
10. ratom aqvs aseTi damokidebuleba?
11. ratom fiqrobs burke, rom evropis `didebis mze samudamod Caes-
vena~?
12. sTxoveT moswavleebs, kidev erTxel Seafason revoluciuri sa-
frangeTis mniSvnelovani movlena – mefe-dedoflis sikvdiliT
dasja.
13. mieciT miswavleebs davaleba – gaavlon paraleli inglisis rev-
oluciasTan.

iakobinelTa diqtatura
teroris mTavar iaraRad iqca revoluciuri sasamarTlo, romelic
swrafad da formalobebis gareSe wyvetda saqmeebs da xSirad adamianebs
giliotinaze sikvdils mxolod da mxolod eWvebis safuZvelze usjida.
montaniarebis partiis waqezebebiT maisis bolosa da ivnisis dasawyisSi
xalxis brbo orjer SeiWra konventSi; isini moiTxovdnen konventidan
Jirondistebis garicxvas, rogorc gamyidvelebisa, da revoluciuri
sasamarTlosTvis maT gadacemas. konventi am moTxovnas daemorCila
da Tavisi rigebidan garicxa yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino Jirondistebi.
maTi erTi nawili parizidan gaiqca, sxvebi ki daiWires da revoluciur
sasamarTlos gadasces. terori kidev ufro gaZlierda mas Semdeg, rac
Jirondistebis Tayvanismcemelma, axalgazrda qaliSvilma Sarlot kor-
dem xanjliT mokla marati, romelic yvelaze meti sisastikiT gamoir-
Ceoda, xolo normandiasa da zogierT sxva msxvil qalaqSi (bordoSi,
lionSi, marselSi, tulonSi) ajanyebebma ifeTqa, romlebSic monawileo-

79
 bas gaqceuli Jirondistebic iRebdnen. es gaxda sababi Jirondistebis
federalizmSi, e. i. safrangeTis ramdenime mokavSire respublikad da-
nawevrebisken miswrafebaSi dadanaSaulebisa, rac gnsakuTrebiT saSiSi
iqneboda ucxouri eqspansiis pirobebSi. amitom iakobinelebi myarad
idgnen mtkiced centralizebuli `erTiani da ganuyofeli respublik-
is~ mxareze.
Jirondistebis dacemis Semdeg, romelTagan bevri sikvdiliT iqna
dasjili, zogierTma ki sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula, mdgo-
mareobis baton-patronad iqcnen iakobineli teroristebi, robespi-
eris meTaurobiT. safrangeTs marTavda sazogadoebrivi xsnis komiteti,
romlis gankargulebaSic iyo saxelmwifo policia (sazogadoebrivi us-
afrTxoebis komiteti) da konventis komisrebi provinciebSi, romlebic
yvelgan iakobinelTa revoluciur komitetebs ayalibebdnen. damarcx-
ebamde cota xniT adre Jirondistebma SeimuSaves axali konstituciis
proeqti; iakobinelebma is gadaakeTes 1793 wlis konstituciad, rome-
lic miRebul iqna saerTo-saxalxo kenWisyraze xmebis didi umravle-
sobiT, magram gabatonebulma partiam gadawyvita jer ar aemoqmedebina
igi, sanam Tavidan ar iqneboda mocilebuli respublikis yvela mteri.
1793 wlis 10 dekembris dekretiT safrangeTis droebiTi mTavroba ga-
mocxadebul iqna `revoluciur mTavrobad zavis dadebamde~.
iakobinelebi umTavresad eyrdnobodnen wvril xelosnebsa da
dedaqalaqis muSebs, romelTa sasargeblod konventma gamosca kanoni
produqtebze fasebis maqsimumis Sesaxeb, emuqreboda ra saxelmwifo
danaSaulSi bralis dadebiT yvelas, vinc produqtebs ufro Zvirad
gayidda an saerTod ar gaitanda maT bazarze. konventma energiuli
qmedebebiT, Zalian swrafad CaaxSo ajanyebebi provinciebSi. tulonis
alyisas, romelic ingliselebisken gadavida, gansakuTrebiT gamoiCi-
na Tavi artileriis axalgazrda leitenantma napoleon bonapartma.
ajanyebebsa da SeTqmulebebs, xSirad provocirebuls, saSineli sisas-
tikiT axSobdnen. revoluciuri sasamarTlo Seusveneblad moqmedebda,
yovelTviurad sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamohqonda ra aseulobiT `saeWvo~
an konventisaTvis winaaRmdegobaSi mxilebuli adamianebisTvis. mravali
Jirondistis garda, giliotinis najaxiT daiRupnen maria antuaneta,
`moqalaqe egalite~, malzerbi, odesRac ministri, SemdegSi ludoviko
XVI-is damcveli konventis winaSe, qimikosi lavuazie, poeti andre Senie
da bevri sxva cnobili da gamoCenili adamiani. teroris epoqaSi gab-
atonebul partiaSi gamoiyo qristianobisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilTa
jgufi. am jgufma SeZlo 1793 w. konventSi gaetana kanoni qristianu-
li kalendris respublikuri kalendriT Secvlis Sesaxeb, romliTac
welTaRricxva warmoebda respublikis gamocxadebis dRidan; Tveebis
aRsaniSnavad moigones axali saxelwodebebi; amasTan erTad, am jgufs
hqonda miswrafeba, mTel safrangeTSi, kaTolicizmis nacvlad, Semo-
eRoT gonebis kulti. am azrs mxars uWerda parizis saTemo sabWo da
provinciebSi avrcelebdnen konventis komisrebi.

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 aqtivoba: ganxeTqileba konventSi

memarcxeneebi meryevebi memarjveneebi

iakobinelebi `Waobi~ Jirondelebi
mefis dasjis momxreni, ma-
mefis sikvdiliT ikavebdnen xan erTi, xan gram ara radikalurad;
dasjis aqtiuri meore mxaris pozicias; `Cven unda SevaCeroT si-
mxardamWerni ZiriTadad imis mxares tyvis Tavisufleba da mx-
idgnen, vinc im momentSi olod ase SevZlebT omis mo-
warmoadgenda umravleso- gebas. sxvagvarad aRaraferi
bas. darCeba dasacavi!~

`…saTnoebisa da Rirsebis gareSe terorizmi fataluria; teror-

izmi Rirsebis gareSe uZluria. terori sxva araferia, Tu ara samar-
Tlianoba, sisxarte, simkacre, simtkice…~(robespieri)
• vin gaimarjva mefis sikvdiliT dasjis Semdeg ? ratom fiqrob ase?
pasuxi
daasabuTe.
• romeli jgufi iqneboda gaZevebuli xelisuflebidan? ratom?

aqtivoba

maqsimilian dantoni marati

robespieri
`yvela revolucia Wams `Cven unda gavbedoT, `RmerTi yovelTvis
Tavis Svilebs.~ da kidev gavbedoT, da mowyalea Raribebis
mudam gavbedoT.~ mimarT.~
robespieri iyo niWieri dantoni cnobili iyo marati, Seuxedaobis
advokati, gasaocari Tavisi Seuxedavi gareg- garda, ganTqmuli iyo
energiis patroni, ga- nobiT. is orjer iyo saSineli bilwsityvaobiT.
naTlebuli da nakiTxi, daCexili xaris mier. itanjeboda kanis iSviaTi
magram, amave dros, daavadebiT, da damS-
mkacri xasiaTis mqone – videbas xSirad mxolod
sastiki da ulmobeli. abazanaSi axerxebda.

kiTxvebi:

81
 • romelma gamonaTqvamma miiqcia Seni yuradReba? ratom?
axseni pasuxi.
• romeli maTganis gamonaTqvami mogwons? ratom?

wyaro-politikuri karikatura

anonimi mxatvari - `es Semzaravia, magram aucilebeli!~

franguli Jurnalidan `d’Autre Monde~, 1794 w.
wyaro
sikvdiliT dasja

82
 ra bedi ewia TiToeul liders?

dantoni ar eTanxmeboda marats da robespiers, rom

Jirondelebi unda dasjiliyvnen, rogorc revolu-
ciis moRalateni. amdenad, igi CamoaSores mTavro-
bas. mas egona, rom robespieri mis winaaRmdeg ar
wavidoda, magram Secda. meore dResve igi gagzavnil
iqna giliotinaze. misi ukanaskneli sityvebi iyo:
`samarcxvino robespier! eSafoti gelis Senc! Seni
saxli ganadgurebuli iqneba! Sen me gamomyvebi!~

Jan-pol marati erT-erTi iyo sam umniSvnelo-

vanes   adamians Soris  maSindel safrangeTSi, dan-
tonsa  da  robespierTan  erTad. is mkerdSi xanjlis
CacemiT mokla Sarlot kordem sakuTar abazanaSi.

robespieri TanamedroveTaTvis cnobili iyo, ro-

gorc „mousyidavi“; 1793 wels faqtobrivad marTavda
`sazogadoebrivi gadarCenis komitets~ da revolu-
ciis mtrebis winaaRmdeg terori gamoacxada.

1794 wlis 27 ivliss Camoagdes, xolo momdevno dRes

TanamebrZolebTan erTad giliotinaze Tavi mokve-
Tes. misi saflavis qvas aseTi warwera aqvs: `mgzav-
ro, nu inaneb Cems sikvdils, radgan me rom cocxali
vyofiliyavi, Sen iqnebodi mkvdari~.

ras fiqrob am faqtebis Sesaxeb?

vin aRmoCnda sikvdilmisjili? zusti statistika imis Taobaze, ram-
deni adamiani daisaja im wlebSi sikvdiliT, ar arsebobs. aris versia,
rom marto giliotinaze Tavi mokveTes 12.000-ze met adamians, magram
Zalian bevri adamiani sxva formiT iqna dasjili: mokluli, CamoxrCo-
bili da a.S. terori mZvinvarebda yvelgan da yvelaferSi. giliotinaze
sikvdiliT dasjili 12.000 adamianidan 1031 iyo Tavadi an aznauri, 2923
– saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli, 674 – sasuliero wodebis warmomad-
geneli; 7878 – glexi da muSa; 140 (da kidev gacilebiT meti) ucnobia,
romel fenas ekuTvnoda.

wyaro a
giliotina, samarTlianobis es axali instrumenti, amuSavda. sajaro
dasja adamianebs Soris ganxilvis Temad iqca. qalebi waxalisebulni
iyvnen, rom am `sanaxaobisTvis~ damjdar mdgomareobaSi ecqiraT da pro-
cesis dros eqsovaT. revoluciurma tribunalma marto 1794 wlis ivlis-
Si parizSi 2400 adamianis sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamosca. mTel safrangeT-
Si 30.000 adamiani iqna sikvdiliT dasjili... terori iyo `sarCuli~, rom
ewarmoebinaT brZola mtrebis winaaRmdeg – revoluciis mtrebisa. ra-

83
 tom? imitom, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT kontrrevolucia... sikvdiliT
dasjili xalxis umravlesoba ar iyo aristokrati, isini ubralo adami-
anebi iyvnen. robespieri iyo teroris organizatori, sulisCamdgmeli da
am didi manqanis mamoZravebeli Zala. is iyo saxalxo komitetis lideri...

giliotina
giliotina (frang. Guillotine) _ sikvdiliT dasjis iaraRi. SemoiRes
safrangeTis revoluciis dros e.w. revoluciis mtrebis dasasjelad.
swored giliotiniT dasajes safrangeTis mefe lui
XVI. savaraudod, mxolod am periodSi 35 aTasi ada-
miani daisaja sikvdiliT giliotinis meSveobiT. gil-
iotinis masiuri gamoyeneba ukavSirdeba maqsimilian
robespieris saxels da mis mier damyarebul did ter-
ors. Zalauflebis dakargvis Semdeg Tavad robespi-
eric giliotiniT dasajes. msgavsi meqanizmiT moqmed
manqanas manamdec iyenebdnen Sotlandiasa da irland-
iaSi; XVIII saukunis bolos ki frangi eqimis, Jozef
giliotinis winadadebiT misi gamoyeneba safrangeT-
Sic daiwyes. is warmoadgens kadoniT damagrebul
or vertikalur svets, romelTa Soris samkuTxedis
formis moZravi basri najaxis piria Casmuli. najaxi
mTeli ZaliT ecema da Tavs kveTs msjavrdebuls.
giliotina safrangeTis revoluciisa da misi
sisastikis erT-erTi simboloa. safrangeTis rev-
oluciis Semdeg is xmarebidan ar amouRiaT. misi
meSveobiT sikvdilmisjilebis dasja ramdenime
qveyanaSi erTxans kidev xdeboda. giliotina

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 aqtivoba: argumentirebuli esse
giliotinasTan dakavSirebiT azri dResac orad iyofa. nawili Tv-
lis, rom giliotina `borotebis manqanaa~, romlis amuSavebaSi jalaTi
ufro azartulic ki xdeba da masTan erTad – saxelmwifoc. nawili
fiqrobs, rom giliotina im periodSi sikvdiliT dasjis ufro humanuri
meTodi iyo. debatebi dResac mimdinareobs. rogorc istorikosi aleqs
de tokvili (me-19 saukune) ambobda, `revoluciebi arasodes aRafrTo-
vanebs.~ da dRes, iseve, rogorc arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba safran-
geTis revoluciis mniSvnelobaze, aseve grZeldeba kamaTi – CaiTvalos
Tu ara giliotina mniSvnelovan reformad safrangeTSi da, zogadad,
evropaSi.
• werilobiT daafiqsire Seni mosazreba. dawere Sesavali, sadac
gaakeTeb mokle istoriul mimoxilvas, magram istoriam ar gagi-
tacos, yovelTvis gaxsovdes, ra Temas wer da ratom wer. moiyvane
ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego argumenti (minimum). daskvnaSi mkveT-
rad ar gamoxato pozicia. ecade, rom daicva balansi da ar iyo
radikaluri; sasurvelia, kritikuli xedva daskvnaSic gamoavli-
no. paralelebi TemaSi araCveulebrivia, magram am paralelebiT
mxolod Seni mTavari saTqmeli unda gamoTqva – anu mSralad ar
moixmo isini – axseni, ratom ginda konkretuli analogia gamoiye-
no? risi maniSnebelia es?

wyaro b
robespieris sityva
saWiroa rac SeiZleba swrafad ganvaaxloT es damyayebuli admin-
istracia. Tu administraciaSi susti pirovneba aRmoCndeba, es ar ga-
moiwvevs iseT did ubedurebas, rogorc masSi SeTqmulebisa da metad
saeWvo adamianebis arseboba. drois dakargva Zalian saxifaToa.
SesaZloa tuloni aRebulia. xma amis Sesaxeb ukve gavrcelda. Tumca
unda aRvniSno, rom es informacia ar aris savsebiT zusti da SesaZloa
mis sisworeSi eWvi SevitanoT; magram davuSvaT, rom es marTalia. tu-
lonis dacema respublikisTvis didi ubedureba iqneboda, magram gana
amis gamo sasowarkveTilebas unda miveceT? Cven tulonis gareSec gavi-
marjvebT da amas mowmobs Cveni warmateba sxva raionebSi. marseli ukve
patriotTa xelSia, bordo patiebas iTxovs, respublikis jarebis Sete-
vis Sedegad daecema lioni, CrdiloeTis, rainisa da mozelis armiebi
brwyinvale mdgomareobaSia. diunkeris damcvelebma fici dades, rom
sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde daicaven qalaqs. xalxs erTi survili
amoZravebs – daicvas samSoblo! dae gvwamdes, rom mtris warmatebebi
efemerulia da Tavisufleba gaimarjvebs!
rac Seexeba sursaTs, Cven gamovcemT Wkvianur, magram sastik kanonebs,
romelic xalxs arsebobis saSualebas miscems. am kanonebiT sabolood
ganadgurdebian gadamyidvelebi, gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba xalxis moTx-
ovnilebebi, Tavidan acilebuli – SeTqmulebebi da moRalateTa mcd-
elobebi – aajanyon xalxi arsebuli SimSilobis gamoyenebiT. Tu mdi-
dar fermerebs surT, rom xalxis wurbelebi iyvnen, Cven maT Tavad
xalxs gadavcemT. Tu Cven Zalian bevri winaaRmdegoba Segvxvdeba moRa-

85
 lateebis, SeTqmulebisa da gadamyidvelebis ganadgurebis saqmeSi, maSin
xalxs movuwodebT, Tavad gauswordes maT. maS, gaverTiandeT da erT
muStad SevikraT! ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom mteri cdilobs Cven So-
ris undobloba daTesos. arakeTilmosurneebi, garewrebi uerTdebian
safunTuSeebTan rigSi mdgom adamianebs da TavianTi saubrebiT aRelve-
ben maT. isini xalxSi SiSsa da panikas Tesaven, arwmuneben, rom sursaTis
deficiti daiwyeba. maT surT xalxis erTmaneTTan dapirispireba, surT
xalxis konventTan, iakobinelebsa da patriotebTan dapirispireba, am
ukanasknelTaTvis ki yovelgvari ubedurebis dabraleba, risi WeSmari-
ti mizezi Tavad arian.

kiTxvebi: (12 q)

1. (2) mocemul dokumentze dayrdnobiT daaxasiaTeT sityvis war-

moTqmis dros arsebuli konkretuli samxedro viTareba.
2. (2) mocemul dokumentze dardnobiT daaxasiaTeT respubliku-
ri xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze arsebuli
konkretuli politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba.
3. (2) mocemuli dokumentidan gamomdinare, ra konkretuli RonisZie-
bebis gatarebas moiTxovs robespieri?
4. (4) `Tu mdidar fermerebs surT, rom xalxis wurbelebi iyvnen,
Cven maT Tavad xalxs gadavcemT. Tu Cven Zalian bevri winaaRmde-
goba Segvxvdeba moRalateebis, SeTqmulebisa da gadamyidvelebis
ganadgurebis saqmeSi, maSin xalxs movuwodebT, Tavad gauswordes
maT~.
robespieris am citatis mixedviT dawereT or-ori argumenti Ti-
Toeuli poziciis gasamyareblad.
5. (2) Tqveni azriT, rodis, romel wels unda warmoeTqva aRniSnuli
sityva robespiers da ratom? pasuxi ucileblad daasabuTeT.

86
 debatebi
Tezisi: `didi teroris~ dros iakobinelTa liderebi WeSmariti
revolucionerebi iyvnen Tu ZalauflebisTvis mebrZoli
tiranebi?

mtkicebiTi gundis argumenti

Cven gvjera, rom iakobinelTa liderebi `didi teroris~ dros
iyvnen ___________________________________
radgan...

faqti (magaliTi) Cemi argumentis gasamyareblad

87
 magaliTi 1:

magaliTi 2:

magaliTi 3:

opoziciuri gundis magaliTebi kontrargumentis gasamyareblad

88
magaliTi 1:

magaliTi 2:

magaliTi 3:

msajebis verdiqti
debatebSi Zlieri argumentacia warmoadgina ____________________

rac mdgomareobda ___________________________________________

Sesabamisad moigo____________________________________________

89
 9 Termidoris gadatrialeba
revoluciurma sasamarTlom miiRo Tavad konventis wevrebis
gasamarTlebis ufleba konventis nebarTvis gareSec; magram rode-
sac robespierma moiTxova axali sasikvdilo ganaCenebi ise, rom ar
dausaxelebia imaTi saxelebi, vis winaaRmdegac emzadeboda braldebiT
gamosasvlelad, amiT SeSinebulma Tavad teroristebis umravlesobam
daamxo robespieri da misi uaxloesi TanaSemweebi. es movlena cnobilia
9 Termidoris saxelwodebiT (1794 w. 27 ivlisi). meore dResve robe-
spieri sikvdiliT dasajes, da masTan erTad misi mTavari momxreebic
(sen-Jiusti, kutoni da sxvebi).
konventma SeimuSava axali konstitucia, romelic cnobilia III wlis
konstituciis saxelwodebiT. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis aRsruleba
axla ukve ara erT, aramed or palatas evaleboda – xuTasTa sabWosa
da uxucesTa sabWos, amasTan, SemoRebul iqna mniSvnelovani saarCevno
cenzi. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gadaeca direqtorias – xuT di-
reqtors, romlebic niSnavdnen ministrebsa da provinciebSi mTavrobis
agentebs. konventi SiSobda, rom axal sakanonmdeblo sabWoebSi arCev-
nebis Sedegad umravlesobas respublikis mowinaaRmdegeebi miiRebdnen,
amitom gadawyvita, rom `xuTasTa~ da `uxucesTa~ ori mesamedi pirvel
jerze aucileblad konventis wevrebiT yofiliyo warmodgenili.

aqtivoba
daxaze da warmoadgine sqema, romelSic yvela is mniSvnelovani cvl-
ileba iqneba datanili, rac ganaxorcieles Termidorelebma saxelmwi-
fos mmarTvelobaSi.
ra Seicvala? rogor Seafaseb am cvlilebebs?

moda revoluciamdel da revoluciis Semdgom safrangeTSi

aqtivoba
qvemoT mocemulia ara erTi
ilustracia, romlebzec gamo-
saxulia franguli modis samyaro
revoluciamde da revoluciis
Semdeg; amasTan, saubaria simbo-
loebze. sTxoveT moswavleebis
gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazrebebi
modis Sesaxeb, imsjelon, ram-
denad progresuli iyo is, rac
Seiqmna; imsjelon agreTve revo-
luciur simbolikaze; paraleli
gaavlon sxva revoluciebTan (Se-
giZliaT aq CarToT marselioza
– rogorc safrangeTis himni da
isaubroT mis mniSvnelobaze).

90
91
92
revoluciis dros

93
 sankiulotebi da revoluciis axali simbolo _ qudi
sankiulotebi (frang. Sans-cu-
lotte - mokle Sarvlis gareSe) _  revo-
luciis  dros SemoRebuli terminia.
pirvelad gamoiyenes  1790  wels.  aris-
tokratebi  sankiulotebs dacinviT
uwodebdnen TavianT politikur mow-
inaaRmdegeebs −  qalaqis RaribTa war-
momadgenlebs, romlebsac uxeSi qso-
vilisagan Sekerili grZeli Sarvlebi
ecvaT (gansxvavebiT burJuaziisagan,
romlebic mokle Sarvlebsa da abre-
Sumis windebs atarebdnen). SemdgomSi
„sankiuloti“  patriotis, revolucio-
neris aRmniSvnel terminad iqca.
revoluciamdel safrangeTSi am si-
tyvas damcinavi, ironiuli mniSvnelo-
ba hqonda, revoluciis Semdeg ki uma-
Rlesi Rirebulebis aRmniSvneli gaxda
da ubralo xalxis mefeze gamarjvebis sankiuloti grZeli SarvliT
simbolod iqca.

frigiuli qudi _ Tavisuflebis Zveli simbolo

94
 simbolizmi:
sami feri; Tavisuflebis xe; frigiuli qudi; franguli cekva _ ragmar-
oli; Cacmis axali stili

antikuri qandakeba

95
 teroris dasasruli
9 Termidoris gadatrialebiT iakobinelTa diqtatura dasrulda.
1794-95 wlebSi mTavroba Zalian dasustda. misi reputacia dakninda. amis
mizezi iakobinelTa diqtaturac iyo, magram am periodSi safrangeTma
permanentuli damarcxebebi iwvnia (Tumca sagareo marcxi iakobinel-
Ta drosac ar iyo iSviaTi). respublika inflaciam moicva. samxreTSi
roialistebma (monarqistebma) gamoacxades `TeTri terori~ (daundo-
beli brZola, mkvleloba imave meTodebiT, magram amjerad yvela iako-
binelis winaaRmdeg), parizSi ki gaaqtiurdnen devnili patriotebi.
mosaxleoba masobrivad gamodioda moTxovniT `puri da 1793 wlis
konstitucia!~ gamosvlebs amZafrebdnen sankiulotebi (eqstremisti
revolucionerebi). mTavrobas erTaderTi saSualeba darCa – armiis ga-
moyeneba.
mTavrobam Seqmna axali (rigiT mesame) konstitucia 1795 wels. plebi-
sciti Catarda swored im dRes, rodesac reaqcionerebis gamosvla
vandemierSi CaxSobil iqna general napoleon bonapartis mier (1795w. 5
oqtomberi). mogvianebiT am movlenas man `imperiis sios daberva~ uwoda.

direqtoriis sisuste da napoleonis mosvla xelisuflebaSi

1795 wlis konstitucia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebad akanonebda 5
kacisagan Semdgar direqtorias da parlaments, ori – zeda (uxucesTa
sabWo) da qveda (TemTa) palatiT. konstitucia Seexo uflebebsa da mov-

96
aleobebs, politikur movaleobebs, axal saarCevno cenzs, sakuTrebis
xelSeuxeblobas. miuxedavad amisa, direqtoriam ver SeZlo efeqturi
reformebis gatareba. direqtoriis meryeobam ganapiroba xalxis axali
ganwyoba – `Cven Zlieri xeli gvWirdeba!~ – gaismoda safrangeTis quCebSi.
1797 wels direqtoriam daiwyo roialisti parlamentarebis devna
da gagzavna isini safrangeTis koloniaSi – safrangeTis gvineaSi (am
faqts daerqva `mSrali giliotina). aman gamanadgurebeli dartyma miay-
ena `zomierebs~ (Termidorelebs). miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis
sagareo mdgomareoba TiTqos gaumjobesebis etapze iyo, Seryeul rep-
utacias veraferi eSvela. bolo ar uCanda ajanyebebsa da gadatri-
alebis mcdelobebs. es procesi Seuqcevadi gaxda 1799 wlamde, vidre
direqtoriis ramdenime wevrma ar gadawyvita napoleonis dafinanseba
gadatrialebisTvis 18 briumers (9-10 noemberi).
safrangeTSi axali etapi iwyeba. am etaps istorikosebis nawili rev-
oluciis erT-erT etapad miiCnevs, nawili ki napoleonis diqtaturas
mijnavs revoluciisagan.

aqtivoba: reitingi
moswavleebs sTxoveT, yuradRebiT waikiTxon bolo ori qveTavi
da warmoadginon sqema, romelSic gamoCndeba ara mxolod movlenebis
ganviTarebis dinamika, aramed daxarisxebuli iqneba es movlenebi pri-
oritetulobis mixedviT. rac ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWeben movle-
nas, miT ufro maRla (TavSi) daiweron igi.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani

naklebad mniSvnelovani

97
 gamarTeT msjeloba am movlenebis garSemo. savaraudod, moswav-
leTa pasuxebi gansxvavebuli iqneba (SegiZliaT es aqtivoba jgufeb-
Si SeasrulebinoT da Semdgom jgufebs TavianTi namuSevrebi Seadare-
binoT).
SeajameT aqtivoba. amasTan, sTxoveT moswavleebs gamoyon proble-
mebi da moaxdinon movlenaTa am niSniT klasifikacia.

politikuri problemebi socialuri problemebi

dasviT sakvanZo kiTxva: rogor fiqrobT, romeli problemebi aR-

moCnda fataluri direqtoriisTvis – politikuri, socialuri Tu
orive erTad? ratom?

aqtivoba: SedarebiTi analizi

moswavleebs sTxoveT saxelmZRvanelodan an internetidan moiZion
es sami dokumenti – sami konstitucia (Tu resursi TqvenTvis xelmisaw-
vdomia, SegiZliaT samive konstituciidan amonaridebi Tqvenve gadauq-
seroqsoT da misceT Sansi moswavleebs, rom teqstSive daamuSaon do-
kumentebi).
sTxoveT, jer saTiTaod daamuSaon samive dokumenti. mieciT mimar-
Tuleba am kiTxvebis saSualebiT:
• ra mTavri faseulobaa gatarebuli konstituciaSi? daimowme mux-
li (muxlebi) da axseni;
• ra xarvezi Cans? ratom aris xarvezi? problema? daimowme Sesabam-
isi muxli (muxlebi) da axseni;
• mmarTvelobis rogori formaa am konstituciiT dakanonebuli?
(sasurvelia es kiTxva ar dasvaT, iqneb moswavleebi Tavad mividnen
am mTavar gansxvavebamde);
• daasabuTeT da daimowmeT Sesabamisi muxlebi. mas Semdeg, rac am
dokumentebs saTiTaod ganixilaven, daiwyeT msjeloba – ra ms-
gavsebebi da gansxvavebebia am konstituciebSi.

bolos ki SefasebisTvis hkiTxeT: romeli konstitucia eCvenebaT

progresulad? ratom? romeli – naklebad progresulad? romeli
SeiZleba CaiTvalos `misabaZad~? amasTan, xazi gausviT im faqts, rom
samive konstituciis amosavali wertili iyo `adamianisa da moqalaqis
uflebaTa deklaracia~.

98
 Semajamebeli aqtivoba 1

(SegiZliaT es aqtivoba ganaxorcieloT rogorc am Temis dasrulebi-

sas, ise napoleonisa da venis kongresis Temis gavlis Semdgom).

safrangeTis revolucia _ istoriografia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution
moswavleebs sTxoveT gamoikvlion istorikosTa sxvadasxvagvari
damokidebulebebi, interpretaciebi safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb.
xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom yvela moswavle am davalebis Sesrule-
bas, savaraudod, ver SeZlebs. amitom SegiZliaT moswavleebs misceT
diferencirebuli davalebebi (SesaZloa gamohyoT `istorikosebis~
jgufi, danarCen jgufebs ki sul sxva davalebebi misceT). es davaleba
gaTvaleT mxolod ramdenime moswavleze, romelTac, amave dros, kar-
gad ician inglisuri ena. sTxoveT maT gamoikvlion damokidebulebebi
da mokled Caweron cxrilSi, Semdeg ki klass warudginon da gamarTon
diskusia – CarTon mTeli klasi – romel istorikoss eTanxmebian, ro-
mels – ara da ratom. argumentaciisas ixelmZRvanelon im faqtebiT,
rac ician da istorikosTa Tezisebi konkretuli faqtebiT gaamyaron.
qvemoT mocemulia amonaridebi ramdenime istorikosis naSromidan,
maTi Tezisebi da interpretaciebi safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb.
es aris imis magaliTi, Tu rogor unda awarmoos moswavlem is-
torikosis naSromis kvleva (SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT sxvadasxva Temis
swavlebis dros).

99
 moswavleebs sTxoveT, rom Tavad amoirCion erTi an ramdenime is-
torikosi da warmoadginon maTi xedva, Tan gaamyaron sakuTari argu-
mentebiT.

istoriografia damokidebulebebi
safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb
edmund burke (Ed- warmoSobiT irlandieli oratori, politikosi, fi-
mund Burke) losofosi; moRvaweobda inglisSi, iyo TemTa pala-
tisa da vigebis partiis wevri. burke iyo amerikis
`safrangeTis revo- revoluciis didi mxardamWeri, magram amave dros sa-
luciis refleqsia~ frangeTis revoluciis didi mowinaaRmdege.
(1790)
1789 wels burke werda: `inglisi gakvirvebuli Sexvda
safrangeTis brZolas TavisuflebisTvis; ar icoda,
gaekicxa Tu misalmeboda am faqts. Tumca vfiqrobdi,
rom raRac progresuli unda mogveZebna am movle-
naSi, me mainc vxedavdi raRac paradoqsuls da mis-
teriuls. suliT TiTqos unda aRvfrTovanebuliyavi,
magram parizis velurobam es aRfrTovaneba Sokuri
maneriT gaaqro~. burkes aseTi damokidebuleba pari-
zeli qalebis gamosvlis faqtma ganapiroba. `mon-
strebi ibadebian da anarqia iwyeba~ – werda igi am
faqtis Sesaxeb.
`drois am Zalian mcire periodSi maT Ziri gamouTx-
ares monarqias, eklesias, feodalebs, kanonebs, Se-
mosavals, armias, flots, komercias, xelovnebas,
warmoebas... iyo sasiSroeba damdgariyo araraciona-
luri, uprincipo, konfiskaciis, sisxliani tiranuli
demokratia...religias safrTxe aratolerantulobis
ki ara, aTeizmis gamo daemuqra...~
aleqsis de tokvili `Zveli reJimi da safrangeTis revolucia~ frangi
istorikosis tokvilis erT-erTi pirveli naSromia
`Zveli reJimi da safrangeTis revoluciis Temaze. wignSi ganxilu-
safrangeTis revo- lia franguli sazogadoeba revoluciamde, e.w. Zve-
lucia~ (1856) li reJimi da gamokvleulia revoluciis mizezebi.
wignSi tokvili aviTarebs mTavar Teorias, romlis
mixedviTac revolucia iyo uwyveti procesi, ro-
melSic frangebi cdilobdnen Tavi daeRwiaT Zveli
avtokratuli reJimisgan, sinamdvileSi ki daibrunes
Zlieri centralizebuli xelisufleba.
luis blanki gamoxatavda simpaTias iakobinelTa mimarT.
(1811–1882)
nesta vebsteri kritikulad ganixilavda safrangeTis revolucias,
gansakuTrebiT monarqiis damxobis Semdgom. wigns
`demokratiis Sesax- daarqva: `safrangeTis revoluciis momxibvleloba~.
eb~ (1919)

100
marqsistuli/klasi- me-20 saukunis safrangeTis revoluciis marqsistu-
kuri interpretacia li, e.w. klasikuri Teoria. es Teoria revolucias
ganixilavs, rogorc `biurgerebis~, burJuaziis rev-
olucias da xazs usvams klasTa brZolaSi burJua-
ziis gamarjvebas. istorikosebma jorj lefevrma da
albert sobulma ganaviTares es Teoria. lefevrma
safrangeTis revoluciis socialuri Teoria ganavi-
Tara. misi mTavari Tezisia, rom revolucia moaxdina
qveda fenebma, glexobam. am Tezisis dasadastureb-
lad man gamoaqveyna naSromi `1789 wlis didi SiSia-
noba~, sadac is saubrobs im panikisa da Zaladobis
Sesaxeb, ramac moicva safrangeTis provinciebi 1789
wlis zafxulSi.
revizionizmi da 1954 wels alfred kobanma londonis universitet-
Tanamedrove isto- Si, safrangeTis istoriis profesoris ampluaSi Tav-
riografia is pirvel leqciaze pirvelad `Seutia~ safrangeTis
revoluciis `socialur interpretacias~.  
leqcia mogvianebiT daibeWda saTauriT: `safrange-
Tis revoluciis miTi~. misi mTavari Tezisi iyo, rom
tipuri/klasikuri feodalizmi safrangeTSi didi xa-
nia aRar arsebobda; rom reveolucias ar mouxdenia
franguli sazogadoebis transformacia da rom es
iyo principulad politikuri da ara socialuri rev-
olucia, rogorc amas lefevri da sxvebi amtkicebd-
nen.

Semajamebeli aqtivoba 2

davaleba
amboben, rom istoria ar icvleba. es simarTles ar Seefereba. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom ar icvlebian adamianebi, saxelebi, wlebi da movlenebi,
icvleba interpretacia da midgomebi. Tqveni mizani dRes mniSvnelo-
vania: SemTxveviTi wesiT jgufebis Seqmnis Semdeg yvela jgufma unda
gamoikvlios safrangeTis revolucia. mizani aris is, rom kidev erTxel
moaqcioT sistemaSi, rac iswavleT da gaiazreT, razec imsjeleT da
SeafaseT – mizezebi, procesi, Sedegebi. Tqveni meore davalebaa Sea-
fasoT, iyo Tu ara safrangeTis revolucia warmatebuli.

Sesavali
es davaleba exeba safrangeTis revolucias da aris Semajamebeli.
davalebis mizania gamoikvlioT, SeafasoT, SeqmnaT safrangeTis revo-
luciis mimarT Tqveneuli midgomis interpretacia da aagoT argumenti
(argumentebi) Tqvenive poziciis gasamyareblad.
1789 wlisTvis safrangeTSi socialuri mdgomareoba dramatulad
Seicvala: feodaluri sistema kraxis winaSe aRmoCnda (xelisuflebis
uzarmazari valebis gamo); ganmanaTleblebis ideebma, amerikis revo-
luciam ganapiroba is, rom adamianebma, romelTac cvlilebebi surdaT,
disputi daiwyes. tradiciuli mmarTveloba – Zveli reJimi – veRar Se-
narCundeboda. merkantilizmma safrangeTSi axali saSualo fena – bur-
Jua warmoSva. es axali socialuri fena iwyebs cvlilebebs, romelmac
mTeli msoflio moicva.

101
 procesi
pirveli davaleba
jgufebSi kidev erTxel, erToblivad gamoikvlieT qvemoT CamoT-
vlili faqtebi, movlenebi, wodebebi, dokumentebi, pirovnebebi da a.S.
TiToeul maTgans gverdze miuwereT erTi an ori winadadeba (es savse-
biT sakmarisia). gaxsovdeT, rom mniSvnelovania, Tqveneul Sefaseba-
Si aisaxebodes maTi kavSiri safrangeTis revoluciasTan. Tqven mier
Sevsebuli furceli iqneba Tqvenive proeqtis pirveli nawili.

generaluri Statebi
mesame wodeba
erovnuli kreba
burTis saTamaSo moedani
bastiliis aReba
adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia
6000 parizeli qali
qalTa uflebebis deklaracia
lui XVI
iakobinelebi
Jirondelebi
erovnuli konventi
robespieri
`didi terori~
giliotina
direqtoria
napoleoni
konstituciebi
sankiuloti
(SegiZliaT nusxa gazardoT an moswavleebs sTxovoT, Tu amisi sur-
vili aqvT, CamonaTvali gaagrZelon).

meore davaleba - argumentis Seqmnis strategia

Sens jgufSi (an mewyvilesTan) imsjele safrangeTis revoluciis
Sesaxeb – iyo Tu ara is warmatebuli? rodesac SeqmniT arguments, ris
safuZvelzec Tqven ase fiqrobT, airCieT qvemoT mocemuli samidan ori
proeqti. davalebebi SegiZliaT gainawiloT an yvelam erTad, jgufu-
rad SeasruloT – es mxolod Tqvenzea damokidebuli.

rCeva: gaxsovdeT, am SekiTxvaze calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs. es

sakiTxi dRemde istorikosebis davis sagania. yvelaze mniSvnelovania
is, rom gaamyaroT Tqveni pasuxi faqtebiT, informaciiT, magaliTebiT
da Tqven mier Catarebuli kvleviT.

proeqtebi (davalebebi)
#1.politikuri karikatura _ gamoiyene prezentacia kompiuterSi,
Seqmeni 1 karikatura, romelic gaamyarebs Sens arguments. karikaturas

102
SesaZloa hqondes an ar hqondes warwera, magram aucileblad daurTe
mas Sinaarsis gamomxatveli mokle teqsti (gamoiyene 1-2 slaidi).
#2. slaidSou _ Seqmeni slaidSou, romelic gaaZlierebs Sens argu-
ments. gamoiyene mxolod 5 slaidi. sasurvelia, rom 3 maTganze mainc
iyos gamosaxuli vizualuri faqtebi. gaxsovdes, rom Seni argumenti
unda iyos mtkice da damarwmunebeli.
#3. grafiki _ Seqmeni nebismieri tipis grafikuli Tu sqematuri ga-
mosaxuleba (magaliTad, sqematuri rukis magvari), romlis daniSnuleba
unda iyos Seni argumentis gaZliereba. CarTe am grafikSi (sqemaSi) yve-
la mniSvnelovani movlena, magram gaxsovdes, mxolod Seni nebaa, rogor
ganixilav am movlenebs; mTavaria Seni argumenti iyos damajerebeli.

SeqmeniT Sefasebis sqemis Tqveneuli varianti am cxrilis mixedviT:

kategoria 4 3 2 1

moTxovnebi

Sinaarsi

originaluroba

muSaoba jgufeb-
Si (wyvilebSi)

daskvna

iyo Tu ara safrangeTis revolucia warmatebuli?

miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis revoluciidan didi dro gav-
ida, es Tema kvlav sakamaTo sakiTxia. istoria kamaTis sferoa. isto-
riis swavla niSnavs iswavlo da SeZlo istoriis aRqma. saxelebi da
TariRebi arasodes Seicvleba, magram Cveni interpretaciebi SesaZloa
mravalgvari iyos. swored es aris istoria – ara faqtebis maxsovrobaSi
`gawvrTna~, ara mexsierebis gavarjiSeba, aramed epoqis gaazreba, argu-
mentirebuli msjeloba, erTi movlenis sxvadasxva perspeqtiviT ganx-
ilva, siRrmiseuli kvleva da interpretacia.

103
104
 kavSiri qarTul sinamdvilesTan _
ganmanaTlebloba saqarTveloSi

aleqsandre amilaxvari

biografia
aleqsandre amilaxvari iyo qarTveli politikuri moRvawe, mwerali,
volterianeli. daibada 1750 wels; gardaicvala 1802 wels, astraxanSi.
mamasTan erTad monawileobda qarTlis Tavadebis mier erekle II-
is winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi (paata batoniSvilis SeTqmule-
ba, 1765w.), risTvisac sastikad daisaja (moaWres cxviri da gadauWres
fexis ZarRvi). 1771 wels patimrobidan gaipara da ruseTs gadaixvewa,
daukavSirda aleqsandre baqaris Zes da taxtisaTvis brZolaSi Semweoba
aRuTqva. 1783 wels ruseTis mTavrobam erekle II-is TxovniT amilaxvari
Seipyro da viborgis cixeSi Casva. 1801wels amnistiiT ganTavisuflda
da saqarTveloSi gamoemgzavra, magram gzad, astraxanSi gardaicvala.
ruseTSi yofnisas dawera politikur pamfleti `georgianuli is-
toria Wabuk Tavad amilaxvarze~ (gamoica rusul enaze, peterburgSi,
1779 wels); masSi aleqsandre amilaxvari mogviTxrobs sakuTar Tavga-
dasavals. wignSi gadmocemulia saqarTvelos istoria vaxtang VI-is me-
fobamde, agreTve erekles winaaRmdeg mowyobili SeTqmulebis ambebi.
avtori axasiaTebs XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTlis politikur mdgo-
mareobasa da saxelmwifo wyobilebas, uaryofiTad axasiaTebs erekle
II-is mTel moRvaweobas.
qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis istoriisaTvis kidev ufro saint-
eresoa al. amilaxvris politikuri traqtati `brZeni aRmosavleTisa~,
romelic eZRvneba solomon I-s. naSromSi gadmocemulia avtoris Sexed-
ulebebi saxelmwifo mowyobisa da marTva-gamgeobis Sesaxeb.
misi Txzulebebi da politikuri Sexedulebebi ZiriTadad montes-
kies TxzulebiT – `kanonTa sulis Sesaxeb~– aris STagonebuli.

105
 aleqsandre amilaxvari – demokratiis gaazreba qarTulad
aleqsandre amilaxvris traqtati (1780)

`brZeni aRmosavleTisa, gina ganzraxva misi saxelmwifosaTvis mmarT-

velobisa~
mefe
mefe Tavis didebas da warmatebas misive pirovnuli maxasiaTe-
blebidan, organizebis unaridan, pasuxismgeblobis didi grZnobidan da
sxva Tvisebebidan gamomdinare iZens da igi sulac ar unda iyos gaide-
alebuli.
mefe unda iyos Semwynarebeli, Tavis ers pativs scemdes da uyureb-
des ara rogorc uSualo da erTpirovnuli mbrZanebeli, aramed rogorc
ufrosi Zma.
mefe Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyos xalxis mSvidoba, Tavi-
sufleba da bedniereba da, Tu saWiroa, amisaTvis sicocxlec ki ar unda
daiSuros. magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac mefe ase ar iqceva? saxelmwi-
foebi, romlebic agebulni arian Cagvraze, Zaladobaze, muqaraze, ganic-
dian degradacias da dacemas; da yvela is eri sacodavia, romelsac ase-
Ti mmarTveli hyavs. maSin erTdroulad aRiZvrebian Sida da gare mtrebi
da gaanadgureben aseT saxelmwifosa da aseT mefes.

mefe da kanoni
saxelmwifo hgavs adamianis sxeuls, romlis organoebi Tu harmoni-
ulad ar Tanaarseboben, maSin ganwirulni arian daRupvisaTvis.
kanonia kanoni da ara mefe – kanoni.
saxelmwifosa da mefisaTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes kanonebi, ma-
gram es ukanasknelni unda modiodnen xalxisa da im geografiuli da kli-
maturi pirobebidan, romelic ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi gvxvdeba. kanoni
ar unda iyos ucxo im adamianisaTvis, romelzec igi vrceldeba.
Tu mefe tiranuli xasiaTisaa, xalxs aqvs imis ufleba, rom moaSoros
igi, rogorc xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli, miT ufro, iqidan gamomdin-
are, rom mefe Tanasworia im adamianebisa, romlebmac mianiWes mas mefo-
bis neba.
mefe aris ara RvTaebrivi, aramed socialuri warmomavlobis, magram
rodesac raRac uaryofiT movlenas aqvs adgili, unda Sekavdes, aRmoifx-
vras is konkretuli cudi, Tumca mTliani Stos ganadgureba miuRebelia.
rodesac adamiani didebulebs pativs miagebs maTi winaprebis gamo, es
ar niSnavs, rom warCinebulebs aqvT ufleba darCnen da iyvnen aseTebi ma-
Sinac, Tu isini ar misdeven TavianTi winaprebis gzas, romlebic, pirvel
rigSi, saxelmwifosa da samSoblosaTvis iyvnen Tavdadebulni.

mmarTvelobis sistema
Zalian centralizebuli xelisufleba saSiSi da arcTu ise kargia.
mefem Tavisi Zalauflebis nawili Rirseul, patiosan da Zlier adami-
anebs unda gadasces gamgeobisaTvis. Tu adamiani saxelmwifo moxeliT
ukmayofilo iqneba, ese igi, ukmayofilo Seiqmneba mefiTac. amitom mefes
marTebs kargad dafiqrdes, vis mianiWebs ama Tu im Zalauflebas.

106
 armia
saxelmwifosaTvis iseve aucilebelia samxedro Zalebi, rogorc ada-
mianisTvis – xelebi. armia kargad unda iyos organizebuli da akmayo-
filebdes im geopolitikur da Sidapolitikur realobas, romelic ama
Tu im saxelmwifoSi gvxvdeba. SeiaraRebuli armiis gadametebuli zoma
ar aris sasurveli saxelmwifosaTvis, radgan misi Senaxva Zalian Zviri
da rTulia.

eklesia
eklesias Tavisi roli da movaleoba aqvs da igi sulac ar unda is-
wrafvodes Zalauflebisaken, rogorc amas akeTebs, aramed unda zruna-
vdes saxelmwifosa da eris sulierebisaTvis. dasagmobia is garemoeba,
roca eklesiis wevrebi yvelaferze iTxoven fulsa da gasamrjelos, rac
qristianul moralTan sulac ar modis TanxmobaSi. eklesia aucileblad
unda iyos tolerantuli, Semwynarebeli da sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis
uzrunvelmyofeli. religia Tavisufali unda iyos da unda daigmos
Zaladoba religiuri niSniT.

ganaTleba
sazogadoeba unda iswrafvodes ganaTlebisaken da xelisuflebac
swored ganaTlebuli adamianebis raodenobis zrdaze unda iyos orien-
tirebuli, radgan swored es iqneba garanti sazogadoebrivi erTiano-
bisa. xalxis marTva ufro advildeba maSin, rodesac is ganaTlebulia,
vidre maSin, rodesac igi ucodinaria.

vaWroba
vaWarTa fena da zogadad vaWroba saxelmwifos Zlierebis garantia.
ugunurebaa vaWarTa kritika.

aqtivoba
diskusiis dawyebamde xazi gausviT aleqsandre amilaxvris moRvawe-
obis periods. es mniSvnelovania epoqis Sesafaseblad, imisaTvis, rom
moswavleebma gaiazron, vin aris mefe am periodSi qarTl-kaxeTSi, vin
– imereTis samefoSi; ra politikuri viTarebaa am dros saqarTveloSi.
aseve yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, rodis aris dawerili wyaro. mniS-
vnelovania, rom moswavleebma gaiazron epoqa saqarTvelosa da evropaSi.
• gamoyaviT problemebi, romelTa Sesaxebac saubrobs avtori.
rogor fiqrobT, ra aris am problemebis gamomwvevi mizezebi?
daukvirdiT saTaurs. rogor gesmiT igi? vin SeiZleba moiazrebodes
`brZeni aRmosavleTisa~-Si?
sTxoveT moswavleebs imsjelon TiToeul punqtze cal-calke da
Seafason aleqsandre amilaxvris damokidebuleba qvemoT CamoTvlili
TiToeuli sakiTxis mimarT:
• mefe;
• feodalebi;

107
 • vaWrebi;
• kanoni;
• mmarTvelobis sistema;
• armia;
• ganaTleba;
• eklesia.

sTxoveT moswavleebs gamoTqvan Tavisi azri: romeli sakiTxia maTT-

vis misaRebi da romels ar eTanxmebian? daasabuTon pasuxebi.
daavaleT moswavleebs waikiTxon aleqsandre amilaxvris biografia;
gamoTqvan mosazrebebi.
dausviT kiTxva: rogor fiqrobT, rom ar wasuliyo ruseTSi, SeZleb-
da aleqsandre amilaxvari daewera aseTi naSromi? ratom?

sakamaTo Tezisi
rogor fiqrobT, aleqsandre amilaxvris `brZeni aRmosavleTisa~ me-
fis mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobili feodalis damokidebulebis war-
mosaCenad Seiqmna Tu ganmanaTlebelTa ideebis gavleniT?
aleqsandre amilaxvari – opozicioneri Tu ganmanaTlebeli? Tu
orive erTad?

ioane batoniSvili

biografia
ioane batoniSvili (bagrationi) (1768w. Tbilisi –1830w. peterbur-
gi) –  qarTveli   saxelmwifo moRvawe, ganmanaTlebel-enciklopedisti,
mwerali, mecnieri, leqsikografi, mebrZoli da sardali, qarTl-kaxeTis
ukanaskneli mefis, giorgi XII-is Svili. ioanem krwanisis brZolisas, sa-
kuTari sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebis safasurad, TanamebrZolebTan

108
erTad, Tavisi papa, erekle meore, garSemoseuli mtris alyidan gmiruli
SebrZolebiT gamoiyvana da datyvevebas gadaarCina.
giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg ioane batoniSvili  ruseTSi  ga-
dasaxlda da iq ganagrZo mwignobrul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba. misi
mTavari nawarmoebia enciklopediuri xasiaTis Txzuleba „kalmasoba“
(1813-1828). „kalmasoba“ anu, rogorc TviT avtori uwodebs, „xumarswav-
la“, originaluri Janris nawarmoebia. mecnieruli msjelobani mkiTxvel-
isaTvis mosawyeni da Znelad asaTvisebeli rom ar yofiliyo, avtorma Tx-
robis TavSesaqcevi manera airCia. nawarmoebSi warmoCenilia saqarTvelos
imdroindeli viTareba, dauzogavad aris mxilebuli sazogadoebis maRali
fenebis zneobrivi daknineba, saxelmwifo moxeleebis angareba da umecre-
ba, samRvdeloebis farisevloba. qveynis damRupvel garemoebad miCneulia
sayovelTao umecreba, rac niadags uqmnis yovelgvar borotebas. 
ioane batoniSvils ekuTvnis agreTve sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis
enciklopedia (1814), yrmaTa saswavleblad gankuTvnili „sxvaTa da sxvaTa
swavlaTa Sekrebilebani“ (1829), rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni,  sulxan-saba
orbelianis „sityvis konidan“ gamokrebili qarTuli enis mcire ganmartebi-
Ti leqsikoni, narevi tipis (ganmartebiTi, enciklopediuri, ucxo sityvaTa)
„qarTuli leqsikoni“, romlis mxolod nawilia Cvenamde moRweuli; leqsad
dawerili „mibaZva ioane sinelis kibisa“ (1807); originaluri Txzulebani:
`patara edemiT ganZeva~, `aRsareba~, `samkurnalo wigni~ da sxv. ioane ba-
toniSvilma Targmna abati kondiliakis `loRika~ (1806).

ioane batoniSvilma Tavis mamas, giorgi meTormetes, 1799 wels warud-

gina saqarTvelos politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis mizniT Seqmnili proeqti – `sjuldeba~ (http://www.georoy-
al.ge/?m=1000&id=126)

ioane batoniSvilis `sjuldeba~ (`winadadebaÁ~) aris  qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos saxelmwifo wyobilebis reformebis proeqti, romelic ioane ba-
toniSvilma  warudgina mefe giorgi XII-s 1799 wlis 10 maiss.
proeqtis avtori cdilobda `ganwirulebasa Sina~ myofi sruliad
saqarTvelosTvis eCvenebina mZime mdgomareobidan gamosavali.
• avtori ixilavs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da samxedro uwyebis
reformebis sakiTxs.
• avtoris mizania saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis gaZliereba da
feodalTa TviTnebobis alagmva.
• sjuldebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos unda hyavdes discipliniani
regularuli armia, mis Sesaqmnelad ki saWiroa saxelmwifo Semo-
savlis gadideba sxvadasxva gadasaxadis SemoRebiT. yovel aT koml
ymas erTi ucolSvilo ymawvili kaci unda mieca saxelnwifosaTvis
`Tavisis puriT xuTs weliwads~. ase unda Seqmniliyo jari `vidre
ori aTas kacamde~. armiidan daTxovnis Semdeg jariskacebs eZleo-
daT qorwinebis nebarTva, calke unda Seqmniliyo cxenosani jari. 
`mdevari~  ar unda moSliliyo. unda gaumjobesebuliyo armiis Sei-
araReba, Seqmniliyo artileria.
• sjuldebaSi SenarCunebulia saxeloebis memkvidreobiTobis prin-

109
 cipi, amasTan, saWirodaa miCneuli samoxeleo aparatis garkveuli
reforma, axali saxeloebis SemoReba.
• sjuldeba iTvaliswinebs mamulebis, qvriv-oxerTa da elCebis
ufrosebis, ganaTlebis moxelis Tanamdebobebs.
• avtori mefes urCevs xeli Seuwyos qarTvelTa Soris vaWrobis gan-
viTarebas.
• aucilebladaa miCneuli qveyanaSi xelosnobis ganviTareba.
• gaTvaliswinebulia  TbilisSi,  gorsa  da  TelavSi  saswavleblebis
gaxsna, werilebis sacavis anu davTarxanis da  „biblioTekis“  sax-
lis aSeneba.
• sjuldebis mixedviT, unda ganviTarebuliyo sajaro sasjelTa
sistema. samSoblos moRalate — `mamulis muxanaTi~ mkacrad unda
dasjiliyo, miuxedavad misi wodebisa.
• avtori kacis mkvlelTa mimarT  vaxtangis  sjuliT gaTvaliswinebul
`sisxls~ msubuqad miiCnevs da sasjelad awesebs marjvena xelis moW-
ras. vinc mesamed mohklavda kacs, sikvdiliT unda dasjiliyo.

aqtivoba
imsjeleT `sjuldebis~ Sesaxeb. ganixileT sakiTxebi da gamoTqviT
Tqveni damokidebulebebi;
rogor fiqrobT, aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba im faqts, rom dokumenti
Seqmnilia 1799 wels? (moswavleebs sTxoveT imsjelon epoqaze, agreTve
mefe giorgi XII-sa da im garemoebebze, romelic Seqmnilia am dros qa-
rTl-kaxeTsa da zogadad saqarTveloSi).
rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar msjelobs ioane batoniSvili ruseTis
sakiTxis Sesaxeb?
rogor SeafasebdiT dokuments? mis mniSvnelobas 1799 wels? dRes?
axseniT Tqveni pasuxebi.

aqtivoba
SeadareT erTmaneTs aleqsandre amilaxvrisa da ioane batoniSvilis
naSromebi.

msgavsebisaTvis:
gamoyaviT is saerTo postulatebi, razec amaxvileben avtorebi
yuradRebas. axseniT, ra aris maTSi saerTo.
ra aris saerTo saSinao viTarebaSi? sagareo viTarebaSi?

gansxvavebisaTvis:
ra statusi gaaCnia TiToeul avtors?
sad moRvaweobdnen isini dokumentis daweris dros?
sad daasrules sicocxle?
aris Tu ara gansxvaveba Tavad postulatebSi? kerZod, ra?

110
 rogor fiqrobT, ikveTeba Tu ara ganmanaTlebelTa ideebis gavlena
avtorebze? daakonkreteT Tqveni pasuxi. pasuxis gacemisas aucileb-
lad ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroebiT.
XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTulad iTargmna
rogorc rusuli, aseve dasavleT evropis literaturis mravali Zegli,
maT Soris: `gansjani aristotelisani~ (Teimuraz batoniSvilis Targ-
mani), Jan-Jak rusos `hazrni sxua da sxuaTa saganTaTvis~, plutarqes
`yrmaTaTvis anu cxovreba udidebulesTa guamTa~. daviT da ioane
bagrationebi Targmnian monteskies, ansilionisa da sxva araerT naS-
roms filosofiisa da esTetikis sferodan. rogor fiqrobT, raze unda
miuTiTebdes es faqti? imsjeleT amis Sesaxeb.

problemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba mravalmxrivi midgomiT

Tema II- totalitarizmi _ stalini
1. saSinao politika
2. stalinis brZola xelisuflebisTvis da xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba
3. sabWoTa ekonomika stalinis dros
• koleqtivizacia
• industrializacia
4. represiebi _ wiTeli holokosti
5. socialuri sakiTxebi sabWoTa kavSirSi
 religia
 qalTa roli
 eTnikuri problemebi _ deportacia
 kultura, sporti
6. stalinizmi saqarTveloSi
• propaganda
• stalinis kulti
• ganaTleba da kultura
7. istorikosebi stalinisa da totalitarizmis Sesaxeb
8. Temis Semajamebeli aqtivobebi

totalitarizmi _ stalini
saSinao politika
maswavlebeli Temas iwyebs kiTxvebis dasmiT, romlis mizania aaxsnev-
inos Tavad moswavleebs definiciis ganmarteba – ras niSnavs saxelmwi-
fos totaluri kontroli.
• rogor afasebT faqts, rodesac saxelmwifo akontrolebs ara
mxolod politikas, ekonomikas, socialur sferos, aramed xe-
lovnebis TiToeul dargs – mxatvrobas, mwerlobas, kinematogra-
fias, poezias da yovel sferos?
• ras niSnavs, roca istoriis swavleba ideologizebulia – anu yur-

111
 adReba eqceva mxolod amorCeul faqtebs da ar aris Sefasebebi?
• rogor fiqrobT, centralizebul da decentralizebul saxelm-
wifo modelebs Soris romelia demokratiuli modeli da ratom?
mas Semdeg, rac daiwyeba disputi am kiTxvebis garSemo, moswavleebi
Tavad SeZleben pasuxi gascen kiTxvas, ra aris totalitarizmi da zoga-
dad Seafason igi. es winapirobaa gakveTilis dasawyebad.
rogor movida stalini xelisuflebaSi:
leninis anderZi:http://stalin.edusite.ru/p3aa1.html

aqtivoba
moswavleebs gaacaniT stalinis biografia da moawyveT mcire disku-
sia am sakiTxis garSemo.

aqtivoba : leninis anderZi

23 dekemberi, 1922 weli
me girCevT, rom Cvens partiul SemadgenlobaSi cvlilebebi Sevi-
tanoT. ramdenime iseTi sakiTxis gaziareba minda TqvenTan, romelic
Zalian mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia.
pirvel rigSi, centraluri komitetis wevrTa raodenoba unda
gavzardoT 100-mde. ase partias naklebi safrTxe daemuqreba...
SemdgomSi, Cemi azriT, mxari unda davuWiroT gosplans da, amasTan er-
Tad, amxanag trockis...
me vfiqrob, rom stalinisa da trockis urTierToba aseve mniS-
vnelovani gansaxilveli sakiTxia. maT Soris urTierToba momavali
ganxeTqilebis did saSiSroebas warmoadgens.
swored amitom SemogTavazeT partiis wevrebis 50-dan 100-mde gazrda.

25 dekemberi, 1922 weli

amxanagma stalinma, gaxda ra generaluri mdivani, moipova didi gav-
lena da me ar var darwmunebuli, gamoiyenebs Tu ara igi am gavlenas
sifrTxiliT. meore mxriv, amxanagi trocki... gamoirCeva ara mxolod
inteleqtiT da SesaZleblobebiT. piradad igi aris yvelaze unariani
adamiani dRes centralur komitetSi, TumcaRa axasiaTebs didi warmod-
gena sakuTar Tavze da yovelTvis darwmunebulia sakuTar TavSi; amave
dros xSirad gaitacebs xolme administraciuli gverdiTi saqmeebi.
es ori Tviseba ori gamokveTili liderisa SesaZloa gaxdes partiis
rRvevis mizezi da Tu Cvenma partiam ar miiRo zomebi, maSin ganxeTqile-
ba udavoa.
me ar davaxasiaTeb partiis danarCen wevrebs pirovnuli maxasiaTe-
blebiT, Tumca zinovievisa da kamenevis oqtombris epizodi ar yofila
SemTxveviTi, magram mxolod amis gamo maT ver davadanaSauleb, ro-
gorc ver davadanaSauleb trockis imis gamo, rom ar aris bolSeviki.
  oriode sityva minda vTqva buxarinze: igi gamorCeulia; igi ara mx-
olod partiis Teoretikosia, aramed, amasTanave, kanonierad iTvleba
partiisTvis pativsacem adamianad, magram xSirad misi Teoriebi marq-
sistuls ar emxroba, radgan aris masSi raRac sqolastikosisa (mas ara-
sodes uswavlia da vfiqrob, verc verasodes erkveoda dialeqtikaSi). 

112
 25 dekembris damateba
4 ianvari, 1923 weli
stalini aris Zalian uxeSi, da es nakli, romelic gasaZlisia Cvens
garemoSi, komunistebSi, gausaZlisi xdeba generalur samdivnoSi. am-
denad, megobrebo, me gTavazobT kargad awon-dawonoT da ifiqroT im
gzaze, Tu rogor gadavanacvloT stalini generaluri mdivnis pos-
tidan da rogor davniSnoT mis adgilze sxva adamiani, romelic iqneba
misgan gansxvavebuli, ufro momTmeni, loialuri, ufro keTilganwyo-
bili, zrdilobiani da ufro yuradRebiani megobrebis mimarT, nakle-
bad kaprizuli da a.S. es garemoeba SeiZleba umniSvnelod mogeCvenoT,
magram me vfiqrob, ganxeTqilebis Tavidan asacileblad da trockisa
da stalinis urTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT Cem mier zemoT naTqvamis
gaTvaliswinebiT, es ar aris umniSvnelo sakiTxi, an ar aris iseTi um-
niSvnelo, rom SesaZloa gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZinos.

lenini, rCeeuli nawarmoebebi 4 tomad, t. 4, gamomcemloba `moskovi~,

1988, gv.440-443.
cnobisaTvis: leninis aseTi damokidebulebis umTavresi mizezi
(garda SeuTanxmeblobisa nepis irgvliv) saqarTvelos sakiTxi iyo;
anu sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelo sabWTa kavSirSi damoukidebeli
sabWoTa respublikis statusiT unda Sesuliyo Tu amierkavkasiis re-
spublikebTan erTad, amierkavkasiis federaciis statusiT. stalini
kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo damoukidebeli statusiT saqarTvelos
sabWoTa respublikebis kavSirSi gawevrianebisa. igive sakiTxi gaxda
SemdgomSi stalinsa da filipe maxaraZes Soris dapirispirebis mizezi.
moswavleebTan gamarTeT diskusia dokumentTan dakavSirebiT. daax-
asiaTebineT maT TiToeuli piri, romelic anderZSi hyavs moxseniebuli
lenins. gaamaxvilebineT yuradReba stalinze da trockize – rogor
axasiaTebs igi maT? rogor fiqrobT, ratom? ra unda yofiliyo amis
mizezi? moswavleebma unda Seafason dokumenti da ifiqron, ratom gax-
da saidumlo es anderZi (masSi yvelaze ufro kritikulad stalini iyo
daxasiaTebuli, TumcaRa aseve kritikulad iyvnen daxasiaTebuli sxva
komunistebic. Sesabamisad, ara mxolod stalins _ arc erT maTgans ar
awyobda misi gamoaSkaraveba. amitomac dokumenti cnobili gaxda mx-
olod stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg).

leninis dasaflaveba
faqti:
leninis dasaflavebis TariRi stalinma arasworad uTxra trockis,
ris gamoc trocki samkurnalod soxumSi wavida. realurad dasafla-
veba Sedga maSin, roca trocki axali gamgzavrebuli iyo. dasaflavebis
dros stalini gamovida gamosaTxovari sityviT. sityvaSi man daaxloe-
biT 100-jer axsena leninis saxeli, rasac yoveli xsenebis dros xalxis
ovaciebi da SeZaxilebi axlda.

113
 aqtivoba
sadiskusio kiTxvebi:
SeafaseT stalinis nabijebi 1924 wlamde (biografia/leninis ander-
Zi/leninis dakrZalva).
• ra iyo stalinis mizani? ratom fiqrobT ase? romeli faqtebiT
gaamyarebT Tqvens mosazrebebs?

stalinis ra Tvisebebi gamoCnda am movlenebis dros? romeli Tvise-

ba sad, romel SemTxvevaSi gamoCnda?

stalini amave dros iyo gazeT `pravdis~ redaqtori. es iyo popu-

laruli gazeTi, romelic didi tiraJiT vrceldeboda mTel sabWoTa
kavSirSi.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT gazeTis redaqtori da unda gaaS-
uqoT leninis dasaflavebis faqti.

aqtivoba: sagazeTo statia

moswavleebs sTxoveT:
• daweron dakrZalvis zusti ricxvi;
• statiaSi CaurTon ramdenime (2-3) mniSvnelovani foto da miaw-
eron, ra an vin aris am fotoze gamosaxuli;
• warmoadginon statia or svetSi, rogorc es gazeTebSia;
• daweron statia 11 zomis SriftiT;
• gaiTvaliswinon, rom es aris mTavari propagandistuli gazeTi,
romlis redaqtori Tavad stalinia.

1924 weli

Правдa

114
 stalinis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis da xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba

partiis politbiuri leninis sikvdilis Semdeg

memarcxeneebi centristebi memarjveneebi

trocki kamenevi zino- stalini buxarini rikovi

vievi
wiTeli moskovis lenin- partiis gener- pravdis re- profka-
armiis komu- gradis aluri mdivani daqtori vSirebis
mTavar- nisturi komu- xelmZR-
sarda-li partiis nisturi vaneli
xelmZRvan- partiis
eli xelmZR-
vaneli
ideologia: Tavidan stali- socializmis gamar-
ni ar avlenda jveba
msoflio revolucia
mkveTr damok-
erT saxelmwifoSi
idebulebas, Tu
romel pozicias
anti-nepi
ganekuTvneboda
pro-nepi
–anti-neps Tu
pro-neps.
Tumca ewi-
naaRmdegeboda
trockis da
miaCnda, rom
msoflio revo-
lucia utopi-
uri iyo, rom
mTavari iyo
socializmis
gamarjveba
calke aRebul
qveyanaSi.

stalinis brZola xelisuflebisTvis:

1-eli etapi
jer kidev 1923 wels, partiis me-12 yrilobaze yvela saubrobda
leninisa da trockis Sesaxeb. stalini CrdilSi iyo, magram leninis
avadmyofobam situacia Secvala. Camoyalibda sameuli – (troika/tri-
umvirati) – stalinis, buxarinisa da rikovis SemadgenlobiT. swored
maTi aqtiurobis Sedegi iyo is, rom 1923 wels stalini xelaxla iqna
arCeuli partiis generalur mdivnad. pirvelad igi leninma airCia 1922
wels. es garkveulwilad madloba iyo im damsaxurebisTvis, rac sta-
lins miuZRoda revoluciis winaSe: igi iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani pro-
pagandistuli gazeTis – `pravdis~ redaqtori. amasTan, mas evaleboda
revoluciis dros bankebis reketi fulis Sovnis mizniT. amiT man didi

115
 fuli moupova revolucias. faqtobrivad, 1923 wlis bolos stalinma
da misma momxreebma TandaTan CamoiSores trocki da misi Tanamoaz-
reebi. swored amitom trockim Seqmna memarcxene opozicia, Tumca isev
stalinis mondomebiT trocki CamoSorebul iqna mniSvnelovan movlenas
– leninis dakrZalvas (rodesac stalinma mas araswori dRe miuTiTa).

me-2 etapi
marTalia, leninis anderZSi stalini yvelaze metad iyo gakritike-
buli, magram kamenevma da zinovievma stalinis mxare daiWires (radgan
isinic gakritikebulni iyvnen) da anderZi ar gaxmaurda.
1924 wels trockim dawera wigni – `oqtombris gakveTilebi~, ro-
melSic naTlad Canda, ramdenad axlos iyo trockisa da leninis ideebi
erTmaneTTan. wignSi kamenevi da zinovievi gakritikebulni iyvnen, ro-
gorc leninis oponentebi mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi, stalini ki saerTod
ar iyo naxsenebi. 1925 wels stalinma da triumviratma trocki CamoaSo-
ra omis komisris Tanamdebobas.
1925 wels nepis irgvliv gamarTulma debatebma mniSvnelovani cvl-
ilebebi gamoiwvia. zinovievma da kamenevma, akritikebdnen ra buxarins,
trockis mxare daiWires, stalinma kamenevis momxreebis gadayeneba dai-
wyo Tanamdebobebidan.
1925 wlis partiis yrilobaze stalinma ganacxada, rom umravlesoba
mas da buxarins uWers mxars. amas mohyva zinovievis Seviwroeba da 1926
wels igi gadayenebul iqna Tanamdebobidan.
1926 wels trocki, zinovievi da kamenevi gaerTiandnen opoziciaSi.
maT mxars uWerda leninis qvrivi nadeJda krupskaia, Tumca stalinis
mcdelobiT maTi Sekrebebis raodenoba minimumamde iyo dayvanili. sab-
olood ki zinovievi gaZevebul iqna partiidan.
rodesac trockis momxrem leninis anderZi `niu-iork TaimsSi~ ga-
moaqveyna, stalinma trockic gaaZeva partiis rigebidan.
1927 wlisTvis
stalinma moaxerxa iseTi
gavlenis mopoveba par-
tiaSi, rom trocki da
zinovievi partiaSi aRar
iyvnen, kamenevi ki cen-
traluri komitetidan
iqna gaTavisuflebuli.
aseve gaTavisuflebuli
aRmoCnda maTi araerTi
momxre. 1927 wlisTvis
trockis gaerTianebuli
opozicia damarcxda.
1928 wels troc-
ki gagzavnili iqna al-
ma-ataSi, CineTis sazR- fotoze naCvenebia trocki (centrSi) da misi momx-
varTan axlos. reebi gadasaxlebis win, 1928 wels.

116
 me-3 etapi
1927 wlidan, faqtobrivad maSinve, rogorc ki gaerTianebuli opozi-
cia (trockis liderobiT) daiSala, brZolis axali etapi daiwyo. Semod-
goma mousavliani iyo, daiwyo produqtis deficiti da produqciaze
fasebis zrdam stalins kursi Seacvlevina – koncentracia agrokultu-
rasa da industriaze moaxdina. aman ganapiroba stalinisa da buxarinis
dapirispireba nepis garSemo, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sedegad mohyva parti-
is rigebidan buxarinis Tanamoazreebis TandaTanobiT garicxva.
buxarinma amjerad kamenevsa da zinovievTan erTad daiwyo stalinis
xamamaRali gakritikeba. is amtkicebda, rom nacvlad marqsistul-len-
inuri kursisa, stalins surda policiuri saxelmwifos Seqmna. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom trocki alma-ataSi iyo, buxarini masTan cdilobda
aliansis Sekvras stalinis winaaRmdeg, rasac Sedegad mohyva 1929 wels
stalinis mier trockis alma-atidan stambulSi gadasaxleba.
1929 welsve buxarini yrilobaze gamodis sityviT – `leninis ander-
Zi~. igi naTlad avlens leninis damokidebulebas stalinis mimarT. am-
ave wels buxarini gaTavisuflebul iqna gazeT `pravdis~ redaqtoris
Tanamdebobidan da maleve gaaTavisufles politbiuros wevrobisganac.
stalini gaxda erTaderTi lideri, romelic akontrolebda komunis-
tur partias opoziciis gareSe.

aqtivoba
• sqemis saxiT warmoadgine xelisuflebisTvis brZolis TiToeuli
etapi.
• gaaanalize, Seni azriT, romeli etapi iyo gadamwyveti xelisuflebi-
saTvis brZolaSi? pasuxi daasabuTe.
• Seavse cxrili :

opoziciis sisuste stalinis strategia

• cxrilis Sevsebis Semdeg imsjele, rogor fiqrob, ra iyo stalinis

yvelaze didi warmatebis mizezi (mizezebi)? opoziciis yvelaze didi
Secdoma?
• ramdenad legaluri iyo is meTodebi, romelsac stalini mimarTav-
da?

zogierTi faqti analizisTvis

1930 weli - buxarini gaaTavisufles centraluri komitetis Semad-
genlobidan. mizezi iyo is, rom buxarini ewinaaRmdegeboda industri-
alizaciasa da koleqtivizacias. amave wels buxarinis sxva Tanamoaz-
reebic gaaZeves partidan.
1932 weli - rutini gaqra. problema warmoiSva imis gamo, rom ru-
tinma dawera dokumenti, romelsac xels awerdnen sxvebic. dokumenti

117
 Seicavda mowodebas, dasrulebuliyo koleqtivizaciis Zaladoba, momx-
dariyo opoziciis reabilitacia (trockis) da CamoeSorebinaT stalini.
dokumentis xelis momwereni gaasamarTles. rutini, zinovievi, kamenevi
da partiis kidev 17 wevri gaaZeves centraluri komitetidan. momdevno
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi uamravi adamiani – `rutinis mimdevari~– iqna
gaZevebuli partiidan.
me-17 partiuli yrilobis dawyebis win, 1934 wels, partiis ramdenime
wevrma TxovniT mimarTa kirovs (leningradis politbiuros liders),
rom gadaeyenebina stalini. kirovma uari ganacxada, Tumca yrilobam
gaauqma generaluri mdivnis posti (stalins es Tanamdeboba ekava). gamo-
dioda, rom kirovi da sxvebi ufro maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi iyvnen,
vidre stalini. arCevnebis dros 1225-ma delegatma dauWira mxari
kirovs, maSin, rodesac stalins mxari mxolod 300-ma delegatma dauWi-
ra. amave wels kirovi gaurkvevel viTarebaSi mokles. amis Semdeg daiwo
terori, romelic istoriaSi `didi wmendis~ saxeliT Sevida. `didi wmen-
dis~ pirveli magaliTebi demonstraciuli sasamarTlo procesebi iyo,
romelTa sxdomebi radios pirdapiri eTeriT gadaicemoda, masalebi ki
gazeT `pravdaSi~ ibeWdeboda.

aqtivoba
moiZieT romelime demonstraciuli sasamarTlo procesis oqmi,
gaarCieT da imsjeleT im bralis Sesaxeb, romelic sasamarTlom gamoi-
tana.
Tqveni azriT, ra iyo demonstraciuli sasamarTloebis mizani?
rogor fiqrobT, ratom aRmoCnden represirebulTa Soris yvela
fenis adamianebi: partiis warmomadgenlebi, samxedro pirebi, muSebi,
kolmeurneebi, maswavleblebi, iuristebi, inteligencia?

sabWoTa ekonomika stalinis dros

aqtivoba
moswavleebTan erTad imsjeleT sabWoTa ekonomikaze. koleqtiv-
izaciasa da industrializaciaze, xuTwlian gegmebze msjelobis Semdeg
moswavleebs sTxoveT cal-calke ganixilon qvemoT mocemuli TiToeu-
li faqti (magaliTi) da Seavson Sesabamisi cxrili – ra iyo dadebiTi da
ra – uaryofiTi sabWoTa kavSirisTvis.
davalebis dasrulebis Semdeg TiToeuli punqti ganixileT moswav-
leebTan.
a. ra kavSiri aqvs CamonaTvalis TiToeul faqts koleqtivizaciasTan
(magaliTad: motivacia TandaTanobiT klebulobda; yvela erT koleqtiv-
Si iyo; glexs unda ewarmoebina da Caebarebina norma; saxlSi mcireodeni
mihqonda. rogor fiqrobT, eqneboda mas survili, rom meti ewarmoebina?
ratom? Tumca mogvianebiT, 1932 wlidan, gaCnda e.w. staxanovuri moZrao-
ba, rac, Tavis mxriv, motivaciis gazrdis maCvenebeli iyo.
b. TiToeuli es punqti moswavleebma msjelobiT ganavrcon.
1929 wels stalini erTpirovnuli lideri gaxda. am periodidanve
(1928) iwyeba da koleqtivizacia da industrializacia.

118
 koleqtivizacia
faqtebi:
• gakulakeba;
• SimSiloba ukrainaSi (1932w), daaxloebiT 6 mln. msxverpli;
• 1939 wlisTvis miwebis TiTqmis 98% koleqtivizebuli iyo;
• qalaqis mosaxleobis momarageba sursaTiT;
• koleqtivi/meurneoba;
• naklebi motivacia;
• propaganda;
• kontroli;
• uari kerZo sakuTrebas;
• migracia;
• urbanizacia;
• Tanasworoba – yvelas Tanabrad;
• meqanizacia (traqtorebis Seyvana soflad);
• socializmis mSenebloba (nepis sapirispirod – xuTwliani gegma);
• orientacia raodenobaze;
• xorblis warmoebis gafarToeba, eqsporti;
• eqsportis xarjze sasurveli teqnikis SeZena;
• sarwyavi sistemebis ageba (magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 1946 w. aigo
ioris wyalsacavi).

koleqtivizacia: stalinisa da sabWoTa perspeqtiviT:

anu ra hqonda ssrk-sTvis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi koleqtivizacias?

dadebiTi uaryofiTi

industrializacia
faqtebi:
• rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxnis mSenebloba;
• eleqtrifikacia – avWalhesi, zahesi, dneprhesi – eleqtroener-
gia 5.05 mln. kv-dan gaizarda 17 mln.kv-mde (1932 wlisTvis);
• maudis fabrikebis mSenebloba;
• qvanaxSiris maRaroebis mSenebloba – 35.4 mln. tonidan misi mop-
oveba gaizarda 68.0 mln. tonamde (1932 wlisTvis);

119
 • navTobis mopoveba 11.7 mln. tonidan gaizarda 19.0 mln. tonamde
(1932 wlisTvis);
• baikal-amuris magistralis mSeneblobis dawyeba;
• gulagebis ageba (1929 w);
• rkinigzebis mSenebloba;
• fabrikebis mSenebloba (saqarTvelos bevr qalaqSi aigo bambis
fabrika; ganTqmuli iyo goris bambeulis kombinati);
• urbanizacia;
• proletariati;
• socializmis mSenebloba;
• xuTwliani gegmebi;
• davewioT da gavuswroT dasavleTs;
• xuTwleulebSi avaSenoT aTwleulebi;
• staxanovi (maRaroeli muSa, romelmac normas gadaaWarba da gegma
108 %-iT Searula, ris gamoc medali da gazrdili xelfasi daim-
saxura);
• qveynis Sida pasportizacia (muSis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas
erTi fabrika-qarxnidan meoreSi permanentuli saxe hqonda; dai-
wyo pasportSi misi samuSao adgilis Cawera, romelsac igi ver
Seicvlida);
• mtkvris jebirebis ageba;
• mTavaria raodenoba;
• erTnairi xelfasi yvelas.

industrializacia: stalinisa da sabWoTa perspeqtiviT:

anu ra hqonda ssrk-sTvis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi industrial-

izacias?
dadebiTi uaryofiTi

aqtivoba: sadiskusio kiTxvebi

rogor fiqrobT, gamoxatavda Tu ara industrializacia erovnul
interesebs? dadebiTi iyo Tu ara es movlena TiToeuli sabWoTa res-
publikisTvis? ratom?

120
ruka : saqarTvelo _ eqsporti, 1956-1963

121
 sadiskusio kiTxvebi:

ra informacias gvawvdis wyaro?

rogor fiqrobT, sandoa Tu ara wyaro?
pasuxi aucileblad daasabuTeT.
ruka warmoadgens 1956-1963 wlebis sabWoTa saqarTvelos eqsports.
rogor fiqrobT, exeba Tu ara igi uSualod am periods, Tu Sesa-
Zloa moviazroT stalinis epoqac? pasuxi axseniT.
Tqveni azriT, aris Tu ara faseuli sabWoTa periodis istoriis Ses-
aswavlad es wyaro? ratom?

ekonomikuri politika _ koleqtivizacia

122
 aqtivoba
rogor aris asaxuli koleqtivizacia sabWTa plakatebze?
ganixileT TiToeuli plakati cal-calke (moswavleebma yuradReba
miaqcion yvela detals: fers, warweras, mTavar fons, plakatze gamo-
saxul pirovnebebs, maT Cacmulobasa da mimikas, TiToeul nivTs, uka-
na fons; maT unda SeZlon wyaros detaluri gaSifvra imisaTvis, rom
gaaanalizon da gamoitanon daskvnebi. magaliTad:

wyaro #1- `bolSevikuri mosavali~

mTavar fonze gamosaxulia glexis qali, romelsac xelSi uWiravs
xorblis TavTavis konebi. igi iRimis, mas bednieri saxe aqvs, Cans, kmayo-
filia mosavliT. misi Cacmuloba kidev erTxel gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi
kolmeurnea, winsafriT muSaobs. misi konfiguracia ki miuTiTebs, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom amdens Sromobs, fizikurad sakmaod Zlieria.
ukana fonze Cans didi bolSevikuri mosavlis aRebis procesi. Tval-
Si sacemia mosavlis didi raodenoba. amasTan, ukan moCans teqnikac. ma-
Sasadame, glexebi iyeneben teqnikas da albaT amitomac aris aseTi kargi
mosavali.
sainteresod aris gamokveTili ori mamakaci, ZiriTadad ki qalebi
muSaoben. ori mamakaci erTmaneTs esaubreba. erTs TeTri perangi acvia
da etyoba, rom glexia. mas xelSi furceli uWiravs, savaraudod, das-
turi imisa, ramdeni mosavali aiRes. igi usmens Tavis zemdgoms _ samx-
edro formaSi gamowyobil mamakacs, romelic asrulebs dadgenilebas
da, savaraudod, iwers monacemebs.
anu idea am wyarosi aris is, rom bolSevikuri mosavali warmatebu-
lia, rom xorblis mosavali Zalian kargia, rom glexebi iyeneben
traqtorebs da kombainebs, maSasadame, sofeli meqanizebulia, saqme
kargad aris organizebuli _ komunisturi partiis zemdgomi Cinovniki
zustad akontrolebs mosavlis aRebis process; anu aseTia cxovreba
sabWoTa kavSirSi, rom puri bevria da soflad yvelaferi kargad aris _
anu koleqtivizaciam gaamarTla.
aseTive principiT amuSaveT moswavleebi danarCen wyaroebze. sasur-
velia, amuSaoT jgufebSi da Semdgom, prezentaciisTvis sxva jgufeb-
mac miiRon analizSi monawileoba. analizisTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT
Semdegi saxis kiTxvebi: romeli plakatia yvelaze efeqturi? ratom?
romelia SedarebiT bundovani? ratom? romeli plakati moaxdenda
Tqvenze, rogorc sabWoelze, efeqtur STabeWdilebas da iqoniebda sa-
Tanado gavlenas? rogor?

ekonomikuri politika _ industrializacia

diskusia gamarTeT imave principiT. moswavleebma TiToeuli wyaro
ganixilon analogiurad: ramdenad informaciulia (ra detalebia), ra
aris mTavari saTqmeli – anu amoicnon am plakatis mizani. bolos, sa-
survelia kvlav moxdes Sedareba efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT – anu ro-
meli plakatia ufro metad efeqturi, romeli – naklebad da ratom.

123
 aqtivoba: kvleva
sabWoTa ekonomikaze araerTi statistikuri monacemi arsebobs. sTx-
oveT moswavleebs moiZion xuTwliani gegmebis statistikuri masala.
ese - imsjeleT da SeafaseT sabWTa ekonomika stalinis dros. gamoi-
yeneT magaliTebi, faqtebi, plakatebi, statistikuri masala.

represiebi _ wiTeli holokosti

I magaliTi

124
 foto marcxniv: moskovi, 1922 weli. stalinis marjvniv dganan petro-
vski da sergo orjonikiZe. foto gadaRebulia stalinis komunisturi
partiis generalur mdivnad arCevisas.
foto marjvniv: igive foto, 1938 wels gadakeTebuli, stalinis 60
wlisTavis iubileze. petrovski gaZevebul iqna komunisturi parti-
is centraluri komitetidan gacilebiT adre, 1928 wels, `xalxis
mtrebTan~ kavSiris braldebiT.
daukvirdiT sergo orjonikiZis adgilmdebareobis cvlilebas fo-
toze da axseniT mizezebi.

II magaliTi

`oTxTa foto~ (4 ): marcxnidan marjvniv - anipovi, stalini, kirovi da

Sverniki. foto gadaRebulia leningradSi, 1926 wels, zinovievis an-
tistalinuri opoziciis damarcxebis aRsaniSnavad.
(sTxoveT moswavleebs gamoikvlion TiToeuli am adamianis statusi).
`samTa foto~ (3): fotodan qreba anipovi. anipovi bolSevikebs
SeuerTda 1912 wels da iyo petrogradis Cekas xelmZRvaneli 1918 wels.
mogvianebiT igi gaxda molotovis mdivani. igi jer daapatimres, Semdeg
ki gadaasaxles gulagSi; daxvrites 1941 wels.

125
 `orTa foto~ (2) : Semdeg fotodan nikolai Sverniki gaqra – 1949
wels, rodesac iwereboda stalinis biografia.
`erTi~ (1): bolos fotodan gaqra sergei kirovi da stalini marto
darCa (am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia brodskis naxati, romelic efuZne-
boda fotos). stalini martoa.
imsjeleT fotoze, romelsac pirobiTad hqvia 4-3-2-1. axseniT am
cvlilebebis mizezebi. moifiqreT Tqveneuli saTauri.

III magaliTi

aqtivoba: dausrulebeli istoria

fotoze stalinis gverdiT transportis ministri dgas. Tavis droze
es adamianebi `megobrebi~ da Zveli bolSevikebi iyvnen. maT erTad moi-
poves gamarjveba, magram...
sTxoveT moswavleebs daasrulon istoria. miiReT nebismieri ver-
sia; Tumca auxseniT maT, rom mTavaria gaiazron epoqa da warmoadginon
erTi realisturi epizodi (sakuTari versia).

126
 IV magaliTi

aqtivoba
moswavleebs sTxoveT imsjelon: ra iyo fotoebis Secvlis mizezi?
ratom xdeboda es aseTi intensiurobiT? ratom qrebodnen fotoebidan
partiuli muSakebi da Tanac maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi?

represiebi - didi wmenda - wiTeli terori - wiTeli holokosti

gulagi
gulagis adgilmdebareoba ekonomikur mimarTulebebs esadagebo-
da. banakebis umetesobas evaleboda konkretuli ekonomikuri amo-
canebis Sesruleba industrializaciis CarCoebSi – xe-tyis damzadeba,
maRaroebSi muSaoba da samrewvelo proeqtebis mSenebloba.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg gulagSi gaamweses milionze meti sabWo-
Ta jariskaci, romlebic cocxali gadaurCnen nacistebis samxedro
tyveTa banakebs.

127
 http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/section/stalin-60/3096.html

`1929 wlidan 1953 wlamde, anu stalinis gardacvalebamde, gulagi

gamoiara, savaraudod, 14 milionamde adamianma. 1,6 milionamde adamiani
iq daiRupa. banakebSi myofT uxeirod kvebavdnen, mxolod minimalur
samedicino daxmarebas uwevdnen, ar uzrunvelyofdnen xSiri uamind-
obisaTvis Sesaferisi tanisamosiT, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda Tana-
medrove samuSao iaraRebi da danadgarebi.
1953 wels, stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, komunisturi saxelm-
wifo gulagis sistemis demontaJs Seudga. 1954 wels daiwyes poli-
tikuri patimrebis gaTavisufleba da sistema oficialurad gauqmda
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros dekretiT, romelic 1960 wlis 25 ianvriT
TariRdeba~ (radio `Tavisufleba~- http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/section/
stalin-60/3096.html ).
• SeekiTxeT moswavleebs: maTi azriT, ratom aris, rom dRes hit-
leris sakoncentracio banakebis Sesaxeb yvelam icis an yvelas
gaugia, magram Zalian cotam Tu icis an smenia gulagebis Sesaxeb?
ra unda iyos amis mizezi? raze miuTiTebs es faqti?

aqtivoba
diagramebi, cxrilebi Tu sxva grafikuli gamosaxulebebic istori-
uli wyaroebia. moswavleebma aseTi tipis wyaroc iseTive dakvirvebiTa
da siRrmiseulad unda ganixilon, rogorc sxva danarCeni (magaliTad,
werilobiTi Tu vizualuri wyaroebi). sTxoveT maT detalurad amoiRon
informacia diagramidan, romelic gamoxatavs gadasaxlebulTa raode-
nobas (aqve miuTiTeT, ra didi xarvezi SeiZleba gaaCndes wyaros da
ratom; xSirad statistika imdenad arazustia, rom Wirs swori daskvnis
gakeTeba. aseve mniSvnelovania moswavleebma imsjelon da Seafason,
ramdenad utyuari iyo statistika sabWoTa kavSirSi. ratom xdeba, mag-
aliTad, rom xSirad sabWoTa statistikis kvlevisas sxvadasxva cifrebs
vawydebiT? ra problemebis winaSe dganan am SemTxvevaSi istorikosebi?)

128
 http://www.saveyourheritage.com/soviet_crimes.htm

stalinis periodSi represirebulebs xalxis mtrebs uwodebdnen.

saxelmwifos mier dasja iTvaliswinebda dauyovnebliv sikvdils, udan-
aSaulo adamianebis gagzavnas gulagebSi, Zaladobriv gadasaxlebas da
samoqalaqo uflebebis CamorTmevas. garkveul periodSi `samSoblos
moRalatis~ ojaxis yvela wevri isjeboda, bavSvebis CaTvliT, rogorc
`samSoblos moRalatis ojaxis wevrebi~. represiebs axorcilebda Ceka,
misi memkvidre uwyebebi da sxva saxelmwifo organoebi. represiebi Sei-
Zleba daiyos rogorc periodebad, aseve Tematurad: wiTeli terori,
koleqtivizacia, didi wmenda, eqimTa saqme, megrelTa saqme... represiebi
xorcieldeboda rogorc sabWoTa respublikebSi, aseve im teritorieb-
zec, romlebic II msoflio omis dros wiTelma armiam `gaaTavisufla~,
baltiispireTis qveynebisa da aRmosavleT evropis CaTvliT.

statistikis Sesaxeb:
zogierTi istorikosi miiCnevs, rom gadasaxlebulTa raodenoba gu-
lagebSi Seadgenda 30.000-idan (1928 w.) 2 milionamde (1932 w.). 1938 wl-
isTvis dasaxelebuli iyo 8 milioni – sabWoTa muSa-mosamsaxureebis 8%.
Tumca perestroikisa da sajaroobis/ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg zogierT-
ma istorikosma gamoaqveyna axali statistika, romlis mixedviTac 1939
wels gadasaxlebulTa totaluri raodenoba 3 milions Seadgenda. az-
rTa sxvadasxvaoba am sakiTxis irgvliv dRemde grZeldeba. Sesabamisad,
zusti raodenoba ucnobia.

I mogoneba
barbare andriasova-kiRuraZe, Salva kiRuraZis meuRle - Salva kiRu-
raZe 1937 wels daapatimres da `mavneblobis~ braldebiT daxvrites.
barbare kiRuraZe ki, rogorc `xalxis mtris ojaxis wevri~, Sroma-gas-
worebis koloniaSi gadaasaxles. man xuTi weli gaatara yazaxeTSi, tem-
nikovskis banakSi. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg muSaobda arqite-
qtorad. 1999 wels gamoica misi wigni `Этому преступлению нет срока
давности~.
`deda daapatimres am saxlSi da orTaWalis cixeSi miiyvanes. ro-
gorc miyveboda, roca sakanSi Seiyvanes, iq uamravi Tavisi nacnobi da

129
 megobari daxvda. sami Tve iyvnen es qalebi saqarTvelos cixeSi. mere
Rame, Tovdao, rogorc ambobda, Ria sabargo manqanebze dasves da rki-
nigzis sadgurisken waiyvanes. rogorc Cans, gaJona informaciam, rom
eseni gadasaxlebaSi mihyavdaT, aqa-iq xalxi iyoo Segrovili, romlebic
xelis auwevlad da usityvod gvaniSnebdnen, rom maT yvelaferi icod-
neno. Semdeg Casves, `tavarniaks~ rom eZaxian, iseT manqanaSi, romliTac
adre albaT saqoneli gadahyavdaT. didxans midiodnen, araadamianur
pirobebSi mgzavrobdnen, magram Tan werilebs werdnen, romlebsac sad-
gurebze yridnen im imediT, rom vinme mixvdeboda da werils safosto
yuTSi Caagdebda. Tumca Cems ojaxs arc erTi werili ar miuRia. deda
erTaderTi iyo im qalebSi, visac umaRlesi ganaTleba hqonda da mas
aZlevdnen saSualebas banakidan gasuliyo, sadac aSenebda saRoreebs,
saqonlis sadgomebs.~ – igonebs barbare andriasova-kiRuraZis qaliSvi-
li – nino kiRuraZe.

II mogoneba
raisa abramia-miqaZe - meuRlesTan, arCil miqaZesTan erTad 1937
wels daapatimres. misi meuRle sabWoTa partiuli moRvawe iyo, rome-
lic gadaasaxles da Semdeg daxvrites. raisa abramia-miqaZe moqanda-
ke gaxldaT. is, rogorc samSoblos moRalatis coli, represirebuli
qalebis specialur banakSi – samSoblos moRalateTa colebis akmo-
linskis banakSi (алжир) gadaasaxeles. raisa abramia-miqaZe 8 wlis Semdeg
dabrunda.
`maxsovs viRac kacebi Cems saxlSi, mama mefereboda, TeTri labada
ecva. roca deda gadasaxlebaSi mihyavdaT.........deda yveboda, rom fi-
cris sawolebi iyo, sadac qalebi TevzebiviT iyvnen Cawyobilni. saSine-
li pirobebi, bRavili, tirili. dedam sakuTari perangis naWeri moxia,
romelzedac fanqriT dawera, rom gvasaxleben, mivyavarT aqa da aqo,
Tbilisis misamarTic daawera da sTxovda, vinc ipovida, gadaegzavna.
mere es naWeri asanTis kolofSi Cado da erT-erT sadgurze datova.
Cven miviReT dedas naweri. maxsovs, rogor gavSaleT ruka da biZaCemi da
ojaxis wevrebi eZebdnen im adgils. maxsovs, rogor wamiyvanes dedasTan
cimbirSi, sul sami saaTiT Semohyavda badrags, magram me es ucxo qali
mawuxebda, ver vxvdebodi, ra undoda am qals Cemgan. maxsovs, roca ukve
movdiodiT, deda aRar gvaCvenes, moSorebiT SemosazRvrul teritori-
aze iyvnen, magram me gavyavi xeli da maxsovs, rogor daesivnen qalebi
Cems xels, meferebodnen da tirodnen.~ – igonebs raisa abramia-miqaZis
qaliSvili, jina miqaZe-kalatoziSvili.

http://www.liberali.ge/ge/liberali/articles/114227/?fb_action_ids=1020081
0644087062%2C10200810641446996&fb_action_types=og.likes&fb_source=oth-
er_multiline&action_object_map=%7B%2210200810644087062%22%3A572225
689463869%2C%2210200810641446996%22%3A488641267864479%7D&action_
type_map=%7B%2210200810644087062%22%3A%22og.likes%22%2C%22102008
10641446996%22%3A%22og.likes%22%7D&action_ref_map=%5B%5D

130
 aqtivoba: mrgvali magida-diskusia
organizeba – aqtivobisTvis winaswar moawyeT saklaso oTaxi –
magidebi wriulad ganalageT. mrgvali magida diskusiis erT-erTi
gavrcelebuli formaa, romlis drosac moswavleebi erTvebian msje-
lobaSi, magram Tema da ramdenime kiTxva Tqven Tavad gaqvT winaswar
mofiqrebuli, rom SeZloT moswavleebis advilad gamowveva da CarTva
diskusiaSi. sasurvelia moswavleebs hqondeT bloknotebi (rveulebi/
furclebi) da kalmebi imisaTvis, rom CainiSnon erTmaneTis azrebi re-
agirebisTvis.
uamravi gadasaxlebuli adamiani (samwuxarod, maTi raodenobis Ses-
axeb jerjerobiT ar arsebobs arc zusti da arc miaxloebiTi statis-
tika) saqarTvelodan (da ara mxolod saqarTvelodan ) gadasaxlebidan
dabrunebis Semdegac stalinis Sesaxeb kritikulad ar saubrobda. isini
xSirad ambobdnen: `es stalins ar gaukeTebia~ an `man ar icoda amis Ses-
axeb~. rogor fiqrobT, ra iyo aseTi damokidebulebis mizezi/mizeze-
bi? (aq Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebma imsjelon detalurad.
sanam maT am kiTxvas dausvamT, gaakeTebineT Semdegi aqtivoba – situ-
aciuri analizi; es kiTxva dasviT bolos, mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi
daweren eses, da sTxoveT imsjelon sakiTxis garSemo.

aqtivoba: situaciuri analizi

I situacia
1934 welia da Sen xar zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxnis muSa; Sen
kiTxulob gazeT `pravdas~, sadac weren meore xuTwlian gegmaze, ro-
melic saocari warmatebiT ganxorcielda; Seni kolegebi amayoben, rom
arian sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeebi – proletarebi; samuSaos Semdeg
Sen brundebi Sens komunalur binaSi, romelSic sam sxva ojaxTan er-
Tad cxovrob; gyavs ori Svili, romlebic dadian skolaSi da arian ax-
algazrduli pioneruli organizaciis wevrebi; cota xnis win waikiTxe
staxanovis Sesaxeb da imedovneb, rom momavalSi Senc geqneba medlis
mopovebis SesaZlebloba; gsmenia represiebis Sesaxeb, Tumca piradad
aravis icnob, vinc gadaasaxles.

II situacia
1936 welia da Sen muSaob leningradis partiis mTavar sammarTvelo-
Si; xar gulagSi gadasaxlebuli kulakis qaliSvili, magram imedovneb,
rom Sens warsuls aravin gamoiZiebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dakargav
samsaxurs; ici, rom Sens sammarTveloSi uamravi adamiani daapatimres
1934 wels (Senc amitom agiyvanes, rom axali kadrebi sWirdebodaT);
isic ici, rom Zalian saSiSia simarTlis Tqma, rom stalinis reJimi sas-
tikia; gsmenia kidec represiebis Sesaxeb da ici, rom Zalian saSiS pe-
riodSi giwevs cxovreba. ici agreTve, rom arsebobs kanoni, romlis
mixedviTac yvela represirebuli/dapatimrebuli braldebulia qveynis
winaSe Cadenili danaSaulis gamo, da es kanoni vrceldeba ojaxis yvela
wevrze – maTac apatimreben.

131
 davaleba:
moswavleebma daweron ese am situaciebze dayrdnobiT da gamoiyenon
qvemoT dasmuli kiTxvebi:
• warmodgenili ori adamianidan, Seni azriT, romeli gamoxatavda
sajarod ufro advilad Tavis pirad azrs stalinis Sesaxeb? pa-
suxi daasabuTe logikurad (gamoiyene epoqis codna, magaliTebi/
faqtebi, imsjele argumentebiT da gamoitane daskvna).
• Seni azriT, romeli maTgania gulagSi gadasaxlebis `kandida-
ti~? ratom? (sTxoveT moswavleebs, Tavi aaridon zogad pasuxebs;
moiTxoveT maTgan vrceli da konstruqciuli pasuxebi, romelSic
gamoCndeba moswavlis rogorc siRrmiseuli codna, aseve gaazre-
bis, logikuri msjelobis unari).
• rogor fiqrobT, Tu romelime individi pirveli an meore situ-
aciidan moindomebda Seecvala Tavisi samsaxuri Tu cxovrebis
pirobebi, ra unda gaekeTebina mas amisaTvis? (moswavleebs amjera-
dac kargad dasabuTebuli pasuxi mosTxoveT).
• axseni istorikosebis mier damkvidrebuli termini – `didi siC-
ume~ (aqve miuTiTeT moswavleebs, rom `axsna~ ar niSnavs erTi-ori
winadadebiT Semofargvlas; rom axsnis dros man aseve unda moi-
tanos konkretuli magaliTebi, imsjelos zogadadac, gamoitanos
daskvnebi da Seajamos ese. mxolod ramdenime winadadebiT amis
gakeTeba SeuZlebelia).
• mieciT moswavleebs davaleba, moikvlion saqarTveloSi repre-
sirebuli ramdenime adamianis istoria – ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
gamoCenili adamiani iyo is, maTi didi babua Tu nebismieri sxva
pirovneba; mTavaria moiZion – ra statusi hqonda am adamians (anu
romel socialur fenas ganekuTvneboda, sad muSaobda) da rodis
daapatimres an gadaasaxles.
kvlevis Catarebis Semdeg moswavleebs sTxoveT gamoitanon daskvna.

socialuri sakiTxebi sabWoTa kavSirSi

 religia

v. i. lenini, depeSa ZerJinskisadmi, 1 maisi, 1919 weli

`Cven nebismieri gziT unda amoviRoT saeklesio qoneba, raTa
SevavsoT saxelmwifo fondi ramdenime aseuli milioni maneTiT (gavix-
senoT zogierTi monastrisa da lavris auracxeli simdidre). rac met
reaqciul sasuliero pirs da burJuaziis warmomadgenels davxvretT,
miT ukeTesi. swored axlaa saWiro maTTvis Wkuis swavleba, raTa moma-
valSi, ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi araviTari winaaRmdegobis
gawevaze aRar ifiqron.~

132
 wyaro #1
`1920-1940 wlebSi mimdinareobda sasuliero pirebis masobrivi dapa-
timrebebi da sasamarTlo devna. 1925 wels daarsda masobrivi sazo-
gadoebrivi organizacia – `mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiri~. 1937 wels
mTavrobam partias aseTi mizani dausaxa: 1 maisisTvis RmerTis saxeli
mTeli qveynis teritoriaze daviwyebul unda iqnas. am periodSi sabWo-
Ta kavSirSi (maT Soris saqarTveloSic) ingreoda eklesiebi, meCeTebi,
sinagogebi.~

wyaro #2
`1944 wels germanel tyveebs TbilisSi daangrevines 1897 wels age-
buli wm. petresa da pavles saxelobis luTeranuli eklesia (kirxe).~
`1937-1944 wlebSi mZime dartyma miayenes ebraul religias. daapa-
timres da gausamarTleblad cixeSi daxvrites 9 xaxami. cota xnis Sem-
deg daiWires da sikvdili miusajes rabin daviT baazovs (mogvianebiT
ganaCeni 10 wlis gadasaxlebiT Seucvales).~
kiTxvebi:
1. sabWoTa periodSi angrevdnen an auqmebdnen yvela religiis taZars
–marTlmadideblur Tu kaTolikur eklesiebs, sinagogebs, meCeTebs.
Tqveni azriT, ra unda yofiliyo am politikis mizezi?

wyaro #3
`moqalaqeTaTvis sindisis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT
eklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan da skola – eklesiisgan. cxaddeba
religiuri kultmsaxurebisa da antireligiuri propagandis Tavisu-
fleba.~
sabWoTa kavSiris konstitucia, statia 124, 5; dekemberi, 1936 weli

133
 wyaro #4
`sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeebs garantirebuli aqvT sindisis Tavisu-
fleba, anu nebismieri aRmsareblobis an rwmenis arqonis Tavisufleba,
religiuri kultmsaxurebisa da antireligiuri propagandis ufleba.
mtrobis da siZulvilis daTesva religiuri niSniT akrZalulia.
sabWoTa kavSirSi eklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan, xolo skola
– eklesiisgan.~
sabWoTa kavSiris konstitucia, Tavi 7, statia 52, 7; oqtomberi, 1977
weli

wyaro #5 - ucnobi proletari mwerali

iq, sadac winaT dafrialebdnen
ber-monazvnebi anaforebiT,
dRes galavani mofenilia
kombainebiT da traqtorebiT.
sadac sufevda matyuaroba,
ber-monazvnebis cxovreba zanti,
dRes fexs ikidebs da viTardeba
meRoreobis mZlavri giganti~.
1931 weli
alaverdis saepiskoposo taZari - meRoreobis ferma

wyaro #6

134
gazeTi `komunisti~, 15 marti, 1924 weli

135
 gazeTi `komunisti~, 26 aprili, 1924 weli

aqtivoba
moswavleebs mieciT gasaanalizeblad mxolod erTi nebismieri wya-
ro. Semdeg ganixileT es analizi detalurad. magaliTisTvios aviRoT

wyaro #6.
• `mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiri~ – uRmerTo – aseTi warweraa am wy-
aroze. Tqveni azriT, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es?
• rogor arian am wyaroze gamosaxuli adamianebi /ras gamoxataven?
• daukvirdiT, ra simboloebia gamoxatuli am adamianebis tansac-
melze? ratom?
• ratom aqvs Tvalebi Sekruli mjdomare adamians (tansacmlis
mixedviT, glexs)? ras unda niSnavdes es?
• Tvalis asaxvevze warweraa –`brZolis simbolo~. ras unda niSna-
vdes es warwera?
• plakatis zeda, marjvena kuTxeSi warweraa: `bolSevikebis Jurna-
li~. ras unda aRniSnavdes, Tqveni azriT, es faqti?
• ra mizani aqvs konkretulad am wyaros Seqmnas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
• aris Tu ara es propaganda? axseniT pasuxi.

136
 am TemaSi mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebi: plakatebi, werilo-
biTi wyaroebi, periodika, fotomasala.
erT-erTi efeqturi aqtivoba moswavleebisavis iqneba eses dawera
Temaze: religia sabWoTa kavSirSi.
rCevebi maswavlebels:

Sesavali _ sTxoveT moswavleebs, rom SesavalSi maT yuradReba gaamaxvilon

zogadad totalitarizmze; raSi gamoixateboda totalitarizmi kerZod
sabWoTa kavSirSi; ratom iyo religia am politikis erT-erTi umTavresi
Semadgeneli komponenti.
ZiriTadi nawili – sTxoveT moswavleebs, rom eses ZiriTad nawilSi ganix-
ilon yvela wyaro (aq ar aris aucilebeli, rom moswavlem balansi daicvas
anu yvela wyaros Tanabari yuradReba dauTmos – sakmarisia ubralod yvela
gaaanalizos da Tavisi azrebis dasasabuTeblad gamoiyenos citatebi wy-
arodan.
daskvna – moswavleebs sTxoveT, rom daskvnaSi xazi gausvan religiis mimarT
aseTi damokidebulebis mizezs. rogor xsnian amas da ratom fiqroben ase?

daskvna ar unda iyos ganyenebuli. auxseniT maT, rom daskvnaSi ar SeiZleba

axali faqtis gamoyeneba. ubralod, unda Sejamdes mTeli saTqmeli da pa-
suxi gaeces kiTxvas.

garda esesi, maswavlebels SeuZlia Caataros jgufuri samuSao da

moswavleebs misces davaleba – gaaanalizon sxvadasxva wyaro; bolos
ki yvela wyaro erTad unda Seikras anu jgufuri davaleba gaerTian-
des. cxadia, maswavlebels SeuZlia am wyaroebs yvela aqtivoba moargos,
magram eses wera ufro efeqturia, radgan am procesSi moswavle ara
mxolod detalurad gaarCevs wyaroebs, aramed gaiazrebs da gaaanali-
zebs politikas da SemogvTavazebs sakuTar damokidebulebas (sasurve-
li iqneba eses werisTvis gamoiyenoT ori, dawyvilebuli gakveTili. es
SesaZlebelia maswavlebelTa TanamSromlobiT).
informaciisTvis:
kargi iqneba maswavlebelma yuradReba gaamaxvilos im faqtze, rom
meore msolio omis dros stalinma droebiT Secvala religiuri poli-
tika – nebadarTuli gaxda eklesiebSi galoba, zarebis rekva; sasulie-
ro pirebi xatebiT dadiodnen qalaqis quCebSi. es exeboda ara mxolod
qristianobas, aramed yvela religias. ber-monazvnebi Tavisufal msvl-
elobebs awyobdnen yvela did qalaqsa Tu sofelSi. moswavleebs sTx-
oveT imsjelon, maTi azriT, ratom gaxda es SesaZlebeli drois mx-
olod esoden mcire monakveTSi, 1942-44 wlebSi, da ratom `daubrunda~
omis Semdeg sabWoeTi religiis mimarT omamdel damokidebulebas?
moswavlis namuSevris Sefasebis sqema:

0-1 namuSevari ar aris Sesrulebuli an araadekvaturia (moswavles daw-

erili aqvs mxolod ramdenime winadadeba an saerTod ar pasuxobs
Temas).

137
 2-3 moswavles dawerili aqvs ese, Tumca: a. is TiTqmis ar pasuxobs Temas;

b. moswavlis weriTi unar-Cvevebi Zalian dabalia, ara aqvs gaanalize-

buli wyaroebi da saxezea mxolod zogadi msjeleoba.
4-5 moswavlis namuSevari saxezea, magram ZiriTadad mxolod ramdenime
wyaroa ganxiluli, isic zogadad. ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli Temis
struqtura; ar aris Sesavali (an gaumarTavia, an ar pasuxobs Temas)
an daskvna; daskvna ar gamomdinareobs Temidan.
6-8 moswavlis namuSevarSi wyaroebi ganxilulia kritikulad, Tumca yve-
la wyaro ar aris gamoyenebuli, an wyaroebi ar aris garCeuli siR-
rmiseulad da mxolod zogadad aris aRniSnuli; Sesavali da daskvna
Seesabameba da pasuxobs Temas.
9-10 moswavlis Tema struqturulad gamarTulia; msjeloba argumentire-
bulia; gamoyenebulia yvela wyaro; wyaroebi ganxilulia siRrmi-
seulad; Sesavalic da daskvnac kargia da saintereso; maTSi kargad
aris warmodgenili sabWoTa politikis miznebi; daskvna logikurad
asrulebs eses.

 qalTa roli

aqtivoba
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sabWoTa
gazeTis – `komunistis~– redaqtori. Tqven gevalebaT:
daweroT sagazeTo statia, romelSic ganixilavT, Tu risTvis Sei-
Zleba mieces sabWoTa qals jildo sabWoTa kavSirSi da ratom (statia
unda Seadgendes 100-150 sityvas).
statia unda iyos informaciuli (anu ecadeT ganixiloT sxvadasxva
SemTxveva – ratom da risTvis SeiZleba dajildovdes sabWoTa qali) da
propagandistuli (anu ecadeT gamoyoT masSi sloganebi (lozungebi) da
gamoiwvioT motivacia).

138
 aqtivoba: saqarTvelos erovnuli biblioTeka
1-eli etapi
Zalian kargi iqneba, rom klasi winaswari organizebis safuZvelze
waiyvanoT erovnul biblioTekaSi, sadac inaxeba gazeTi `komunistis~
TiTqmis yvela gamocema.
moswavleebs sTxoveT moiZion damatebiTi informacia qalTa mdgo-
mareobaze ssrk-Si da, kerZod, saqarTvelSi.
(erovnul biblioTekaSi moZiebuli wyaroebisTvis SesaZlebelia
fotoebis gadaReba. Tu klasSi moswavleTa raodenoba (siWarbe) dam-
abrkolebeli garemoebaa, SegiZliaT moswavleebi dayoT jgufebad da
waiyvanoT is moswavleebi, romlebsac jgufi daasaxelebs. mTavaria, ar
dairRves demokratiulobis principi. Tu aRmoCnda, rom jgufSic ram-
denimea msurveli da saerTo raodenoba kvlav didia, moawyveT sponta-
nuri, faruli kenWisyra mxolod im moswavleebisTvis, romelTac aqvT
biblioTekaSi wasvlis survili).

me-2 etapi
kvlevis Catarebis Semdeg moswavleebi imave jgufebSi amuSaveT, rom
warmoadginon TavianTi kvleva.

me-3 etapi
wyaroebis analizi

`am dros saqarTveloSi gamodioda papirosi `saqarTvelo~ (`Грузия~),

romlis kolofi sxvadasxva dros gaaformes sergo qobulaZem da lado
gudiaSvilma. Tumca, Tu msaxiob akaki vasaZis mogonebebis mixedviT
vimsjelebT (`stalini~, gamomcemloba `artanuji~, 2012 w.), `saqarTve-
los~ moxatva stalinTan SeTanxmebuli ar yofila, rac kinaRam sicocx-
lis fasad daujda lado gudiaSvils, romelmac beladis molodinis
sawinaaRmdegod, `Seuracxyofa~ miayena ara ubralod qals, aramed qa-
rTvel qals!~
http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/stalin-and-georgian-women/24922000.html

139
 • daukvirdiT qobulaZis naxats (qvemoT) #1. rogor fiqrobT, ras Sei-
Zleba gamoewvia stalinis ukmayofileba?

lado gudiaSvilis naxati (2)

akaki vasaZe saqarTvelos kompartiis maSindel xelmZRvanelTan,

stalinis bavSvobis ramdenime megobarTan da sxva qarTvel msaxiobebTan
(akaki xoravasTan, spartak baRaSvilTan) erTad 1946 wlis oqtomber-
Si soWSi dasasveneblad Casul stalins agarakze estumra. stalinis-
gan gansxvavebiT, vasaZe `saqarTvelos~ eweoda. fragmenti msaxiobis
mogonebebidan:
`saubris dros momiaxlovda, me papirosis kolofi amoviRe, rom
momewia. amoviRe kidec erTi Reri da kolofis ukan, jibeSi Cadebas va-
pirebdi, rom SemaCera da miTxra:
– `saqarTvelos~ ewevi, xom? es papiros `saqarTvelos~ yuTia?!
– diax, amxanago stalin. xom ar inebebT?
– ara, magitom ar mikiTxavs, ubralod davinaxe da gamaxsenda. gana
pirvelad vxedav, – SeCerda da wamiT Cafiqrda, – jer es saxelwodeba
papirosze gagigia? mere kidev, aseTi saxelwodebiT uSveb papiross da
yuTze ki fexebgaCaCxuli, gulamoRletili qali miukravT. vis warmoad-

140
gens es qali – Zvels, axals Tu momaval saqarTvelos? amis damxatavs
arc coli hyavs, arc deda, arc qaliSvili; an sindisi mainc ar gaaCnia,
qarTveli qali fexebgaCaCxuli, gulamoRletili meZavis saxiT rom ga-
mouyvania ase saqveynod?~
papiros `saqarTvelos~ kolofi (mxatvari - lado gudiaSvili) http://
www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/stalin-and-georgian-women/24922000.html
http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/chelsea-adler/-qalebi
stalinis dros(inglisur enaze)
http://artinrussia.org/baba-proletarka-and-the-kolkhoznitsa-soviet-depic-
tions-of-women-in-anti-religious-posters/-`baba, proletarka da kolxoznica~
_ sabWoTa damokidebuleba qalTa mimarT da religiuri posterebi

sabWoTa qali-pilotebi meore msoflio omis dros. 1930-ian wlebSi qalebs

wvrTnidnen, rogorc inJinrebsa da teqnikosebs.

1924 wlamde sabWoTa mTavroba cdilobda qalTa uflebebis gaTa-

nasworebas. gadadgmuli iyo nabijebi, rom damsxvreuliyo tradici-
uli ojaxis cneba. lenini am sakiTxSi SedarebiT konservatori iyo,
vidre memarcxene feministi bolSevikebis lideri aleqsandra kolon-
tai. adreuli reformebi iTvaliswinebda kontraceptivebis Tavisufal
gamoyenebas, 1920 wlidan aborti legalizebuli gaxda, qorwinebis pro-
cedura gamartivda – SemoiRes xanmokle samoqalaqo ceremoniebi da
daregistrireba, ganqorwineba ufro gamartivda – erTi mxaris survili
sakmarisi iyo ganqorwinebis misaRebad.
am mxriv marqsistul sabWoTa kavSirsa da nacistur germanias Soris
fundamenturi gansxvaveba arsebobda.
1926 wels miRebuli ojaxis axali kodeqsi qalebs aZlevda `saerTo
kanons~ qorwinebis Sesaxeb – imave uflebebs, rac hqondaT qorwineba-
Si registrirebul wyvilebs. komunistebma minimumamde daiyvanes qor-

141
 winebis asaki: 16 weli qveynis metwilad islamur regionebSi, 18 weli
– evropul nawilSi. ganaTleba erTnairad xelmisawvdomi gaxda mamak-
acebisa da qalebisaTvis.
Tumca, 1935 wlidan stalini cvlis politikas. qalebs tradiciuli
ojaxebisken mouwodeben (rom gaizardos mosaxleobis raodenoba). amave
wels daiwera axali saojaxo kodeqsi, romlis mixedviTac ganqorwineba
rTuli procesi gaxda, aborti aikrZala (garda gansakuTrebuli samed-
icino SemTxvevebisa). didi ojaxis waxalisebis mizniT aseTi ojaxebi
gadasaxadebisagan Tavisufldebodnen. 1944 wlisTvis mxolod regis-
trirebuli qorwinebebi iqna aRiarebuli. qorwinebis gareSe dabadebu-
li bavSvebi ukanonod iTvlebodnen – mamas ar hqonda gvaris micemis
ufleba. ganqorwineba garTulda da gaZvirda. omis dros mravalSvil-
iani dedebi medlebiT jildovdebodnen.
1923-28 wlebSi mosaxleobis raodenoba gaizarda 4 milionidan weli-
wadSi – 1928 wlisTvis mosaxleobis zrdis maCvenebeli 24% iyo.
1934 wlisTvis ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli ruseTSi Seadgenda daax-
loebiT 37 %-s; dafiqsirda daaxloebiT 150 000 abortis SemTxveva,
maSin, roca mxolod 57 000 bavSvi daibada. aqedan gamomdinare, mosax-
leobis raodenoba kvlav Semcirda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom stalinis periodSi reformebi qalebs uzrunvely-
ofda ufaso janmrTelobis momsaxurebiT, samuSao dazRveviT, ufaso
sabavSvo baRebiT, Tanaswori ganaTlebiT, Svebulebis dros xelfasebi
ar iqviTeboda, mimdinareobda saxlebiT uzrunvelyofa; Tumca saxlebis
keTilmowyoba da yvelas dakmayofileba kvlav problemad rCeboda.
qalebi metwilad dasaqmebuli iyvnen miwaze, samkervalo fabrikebSi.
qalebi waxalisebulni iyvnen ekonomikis `mSeneblobis saqmeSi~. 1939 wl-
isTvis inJinrebis mesameds da eqimebis 79% -s qalebi Seadgendnen.

sabWoTa qalebi `enis kampaniis~ farglebSi rusul anbans swavloben.

1928 wels muSa-qalebis raodenoba Seadgenda 2 795 000-s, 1939 wl-

isTvis – 13 milions.
1933 wlisTvis industriul saqmianobaSi dakavebuli iyo qalebis
33%, 1940 wlisTvis ki – 43%.

142
 `8 marti – mSromel qalTa ajanyebis dRe samzareulos monobis winaaRmdeg~,
1932 weli

`daeufle teqnikas – iyavi pirveli socializmis mSenebelTa rigebSi~, 1934 weli

143
 aqtivoba
moswavleebs sTxoveT ganixilon posterebi. kidev erTxel gausviT
xazi im faqts, rom vizualur wyarosac iseTive analizi sWirdeba, ro-
gorc werilobiTs. amdenad, sTxoveT, Tavi aaridon zogad frazebs da
detalurad gaaanalizon wyaroebi. magaliTad. dasviT kiTxva:
ra aris bolo plakatis mTavari gzavnilebi (mesijebi)? ra pri-
oritetebs usvams xazs plakati?
daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi 3-5 gzavnilis gamoyenebiT.
plakati mouwodebs qals muSaobisken. warweraSi naTqvamia: sabavSvo ba-
ga-baRebis, sasadiloebis, samrecxaoebis qselis ganviTareba uzrunvely-
ofs qalebis monawileobas socializmis mSeneblobis saqmeSi (1931 weli).
• ras niSnavs es warwera plakatze? ras gamoxatavs igi?
• rogor aris naCvenebi am warweris Sinaarsi plakatze?
• ratom ar arian mamakacebi gamoxatulni plakatze? ras unda niS-
navdes es?
• ratom Cans qali mTavar fonze aseT tansacmelSi?
• ra uWiravs xelSi? ras unda aRniSnavdes es nivTebi?
• rogori gamometyveleba aqvs qals mTavar fonze? ras unda gamox-
atavdes misi gamometyveleba?
• ra ferebia gamoyenebuli plakatSi? aqvs Tu ara simboluri dat-
virTva am ferebs, Tu maTi gamoyeneba mxolod SemTxveviTia?
• ra mizani aqvs plakats?

144
 kargi iqneba, Tu am kiTxvebs individualurad daurigebT moswav-
leebs da sTxovT daweron pasuxebi; Semdeg ki ganixilavT.
amave principis mixedviT ganixileT gakveTilSi mocemuli danarCe-
ni plakatebic. klasSive ganixileT statistikuri monacemebi, agreTve
sxva informacia am Temebze da moswavleebs sTxoveT daweron ese – qa-
lTa roli sabWoTa kavSirSi.

 eTnikuri problemebi _ deportacia

stalinis dros mimdinareobda sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis asim-
ilacia did slav xalxTan. istorikosTa didi nawili Tvlis, rom es
iyo stalinis nacionalisturi politika. ganaTlebis rusifikacia 1930-
40-ian wlebSi mkveTrad gamoxatul mizans emsaxureboda – momxdariyo
sabWoTa patriotizmisa da didi ruseTis nacionalizmis gaigiveba. ofi-
cialuri saxelmwifo ena mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi rusuli ena iyo. swav-
la-ganaTleba calkeul respublikebSi erovnul enebze mimdinareobda,
magram oficialuri saxelmwifo ena rusuli iyo. rusuli enis Seswavlis
mizniT ixsneboda rusulenovani skolebi; xdeboda slavi xalxis Casax-
lebebi lokalur teritoriebze, gansakuTrebiT, industriul zonebSi.
stalins ekuTvnis gamonaTqvami: `Cemi mSobliuri ena aris rusuli~.

stalini, petre pirveli da hitleri (menave)

devid lou (britaneli karikaturisti, 1940 weli)

`stalini deportaciis politikas iyenebda polonelebis, ru-

minelebis, litvelebis, latvielebis, estonelebis, volgispireli ger-
manelebis, finelebis, yirimeli TaTrebis, yirimeli berZnebis, yalmux-
ebis, balyarelebis, yaraCaelebis, mahmadiani mesxebis (damkvidrebuli
terminologiiT, Turqi mesxebis), koreelebis, CeCnebis, inguSebisa da
sxvaTa winaaRmdeg.
varaudoben, rom gadasaxleba Seexo 6 milionamde adamians, romelT-
aganac 1,5 milionamde daiRupa. deportirebulebis umravlesobas So-
reul regionebSi – Soreul aRmosavleTsa da centralur aziaSi asax-
lebdnen. xSirad deportirebulTa daaxloebiT 40% daavadebebisa da
SimSilis gamo iRupeboda.
1956 wels, `destalinizaciis~ Sesaxeb Tavis cnobil gamosvlaSi,
sabWoTa liderma nikita xruSCovma ganacxada, rom ukrainelebi aseTive
beds mxolod imitom gadaurCnen, rom `metismetad bevrni iyvnen da ar
arsebobda adgili, sadac maTi deportacia moxerxdeboda~.
deportaciis politika, SedarebiT mokrZalebuli masStabiT,
stalinis sikvdilis Semdegac gagrZelda. 1959 wels CeCnebs, romleb-
sac manamde CeCneTSi dabrunebis SesaZlebloba miecaT, mTidan barSi
gadasaxleba aiZules. igive moxda 1970-ian wlebSi tajikeTSi, sadac mo-
saxleobis ramdenime jgufi aiZules mTidan barSi gadasaxlebuliyo~
(radio `Tavisufleba~).

145
 aqtivoba
sTxoveT moswavleebs moiZion damatebiTi informacia: rogor
uswordeboda omis Semdeg stalini jariskacebs, eqimebs, ubralo moqa-
laqeebs. ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo amis mizezi?
moswavleebs sTxoveT moiZion informacia ori mniSvnelovani saqmis:
`eqimTa saqmisa~ da `megrelTa saqmis~ Sesaxeb; gamoikvlion da imsjelon
maT Sesaxeb.
xazgasasmelia, rom orive es saqme stalinis sicocxlis bolo wlebs
ukavSirdeba (1952-53). moswavleebs sTxoveT imsjelon – aris Tu ara
mniSvnelovani es faqtic?
efeqturi iqneba, Tu moswavleebs daavalebT, gaakeTon SedarebiTi
analizi – stalinuri represiebi omamdel da da omis Semdgom sabWoTa
kavSirSi.

represiebi omamde (1941 wlamde) represiebi omis Semdgom (1945-53 ww.)

aseTi cxrili moswavleebs daexmareba, ukeT gaiazron, ra iyo repre-

siebis mizani erT da meore SemTxvevaSi (periodSi).
stalins ekuTvnis gamonaTqvami: `adamiani problemaa. ar aris adami-
ani, ar aris problema~. axseniT gamonaTqvami.

 kultura, sporti

es ori naxati kargad aCvenebs, risi waxaliseba xdeboda da ra ikrZa-

leboda stalinisdroindel sabWoTa kavSirSi. pirvel naxatze sabWoTa
realizmia asaxuli; meore – kazimir maleviCis namuSevaria.

146
 aqtivoba
rogor fiqrobT, romel namuSevars moiwonebdnen stalini da sxva
sabWoTa liderebi Tu Cinovnikebi? ratom?
romeli namuSevari iqnebodakritikulad Sefasebuli dRes? ratom?

musika

http://uiuc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=176128&sid=1512855

jazi

http://eurokulture.missouri.edu/?p=8058

klasikuri musika: prokofievi, SostakoviCi, xaCaturiani, raxmaninovi.

cenzura stalinis dros
http://iliketowastemytime.com/2012/06/22/soviet-censorship-of-imag-
es-during-stalins-regime-5-pics

sabWouri sakuTari saxelebis etimologia:

axlenko (axalgazrduli leninuri komkavSiri);
lenstalberi (lenini-stalini-beria);
nineli (lenini Sebrunebulad);
dazmiri (`da zdravstvuet mir~);
marleni (marqsi-lenini);
malesi (marqsi-engelsi);
justani (juRaSvili stalini);
vileni (vladimir ilias Ze lenini);
dentraura (trauris dRe);
melori (marqsi-engelsi-lenini-oqtombris revolucia);
dinso (didi samamulo omi).
moswavleebs sTxoveT moikiTxon bebia-babuebTan, mSoblebTan msgavsi
saxelebi da imsjelon, ras unda niSnavdes TiToeuli maTgani; Seafa-
son, gamarTlebulad miaCniaT Tu ara es faqti; daasabuTon argumen-
tirebulad.

147
 sporti

1939 wlis 18 ivliss, moskovSi, mavzoleumis win, pirvelad aRiniSna

`fizkulturelis dRe~. es didi masStabis RonisZieba iyo, mas 35 000
samkerde niSniT dajildoebuli moqalaqe eswreboda. sul sabWoTa ka-
vSirSi 6 milionma axalgazrdam Caabara normativebi, ramac ramdenime
weliwadSi axali, jansaRi Taobis formirebas Seuwyo xeli. fizkul-
turelis dRes yvela respublikidan eswrebodnen saukeTeso sportsme-
nebi – gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo iyo.
stalinis dros sportis saxeobebis, gansakuTrebiT, fexburTis gan-
viTarebam saerTaSoriso dones miaRwia. amaSi mas mxars ubamda uSiS-
roebis Sefi, lavrenti beria, romelsac SemdgomSi pirveli `sabWoTa
tifozi~ Searqves. saqme iqamdec misula, rom qveynis pirveli pirebi
saxelmwifo TaTbirebs safexburTo matCebis ganxilviT iwyebdnen. gansa-
kuTrebul warmatebas miaRwia moskovis `dinamom~ 1945 wels, did brita-
neTSi turnes dros. am TamaSebma fexburTis samSobloSi didi interesi
gamoiwvia – `dinamom~ `arsenali~ da `kardifi~ gaanadgura, `CelsisTan~
da `reinjersTan~ fred iTamaSa. stalinis piradi miTiTebiT, sportsme-
nebisTvis specialuri dieta SemoiRes. maT janmrTelobas gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba eqceoda. saerTod, jandacvasTan dakavSirebiT, belads
Tavisi azri hqonda – sportis masobrivi ganviTarebis gareSe mxolod
medicina uZluria.
http://www.tbiliselebi.ge/?mas_id=8793&jurn_id=9&rubr_id=13

148
 stalinizmi saqarTveloSi
propaganda
wyaro
`saqarTveloSi giorgi saakaZis kultis Seqmna uSualod stalinis dam-
saxureba iyo. mixeil Wiaurelma, stalinis miTebis mTavarma Semqmnelma,
`giorgi saakaZe~ meore msoflio omis dros gadaiRo. stalinma Tavisi is-
toriuli genealogia gamoigona ruseTSic da saqarTveloSic: imperiuli
ruseTis Seqmna ivane mrisxanes dros daiwyo, petre pirvelma gaagrZela
ivane mrisxanis dawyebuli saqme, stalinma ki daasrula. amgvari paradig-
ma iyo saqarTveloSic: daviT aRmaSeneblis kulti manamde ar arsebula,
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos `oqros xana~ Tamaris saxelTan iyo dakav-
Sirebuli.
stalinis epoqaSi dawera konstantine gamsaxurdiam `daviT aRmaSenebe-
li~, mogvianebiT, SoTa mesxiam _ `Zlevai sakvirveli~; da is Zeglic, rome-
lic dRes diRomSi dgas, stalinurad gafiltruli daviT aRmaSenebelia~.
zaal andronikaSvili _ http://lib.ge/book.php?author=1591&book=10185
`filmis gadaReba maSin daiwyo, roca Sina mtrebTan brZolis etapi
ukve ganvlili iyo. yvela daWerili iyo, visi daWerac SeiZleboda...
da es ukve iwyeboda maSin, roca Zalian aqtiuri iyo omisTvis mzade-
ba... rac Seexeba Sina mtrebs... es im etapze moTavebuli iyo da saWiro
iyo mTeli xalxis darazmva samSoblos dasacavad. yvela respublikaSi
keTdeboda aseTi filmebi, magram `giorgi saakaZe~ mas gansakuTrebiT
uyvarda~.
merab kokoCaSvili

diskusia:
• eTanxmebiT Tu ara am damokidebulebas? ratom?
• rogor fiqrobT, ra mizani hqonda yovelive amas? raSi mdgomare-
obda propaganda? ratom sWirdeboda stalins erovnul gmirebze
apelireba?
• rogor gesmiT istorikosis bolo fraza – `daviT aRmaSenebelis
Zegli stalinurad gafiltruli daviT aRmaSenebelia~? eTanxme-
biT Tu ara am mosazrebas?
sasurvelia, moswavleebma CamoTvalon stalinis amgvari politikis
SesaZlo mizezebi.
Zalian mniSvnelovania, moswavleebma paralelebi gaavlon dRevan-
delobasTan. sTxoveT maT moiZion damatebiTi masala am sakiTxebis
irgvliv (magaliTad, eqvTime TayaiSvilis Sesaxeb; hkiTxeT maT, ratom
ar dasaja stalinma igi sikvdiliT an gadasaxlebiT; ra unda yofiliyo
is SesaZlo mizezi, ramac stalins es nabiji gadaadgmevina?).

149
 zogierTi sakiTxi, giorgi saakaZe daviT aRmaSen- erovnuli saganZuris
romelsac stalini ebeli dabrunebis sakiTxi
gansakuTrebul mniS-
vnelobas aniWebda

moklevadiani filmis gadaReba das- eqvTime TayaiSvilis

Sedegi rulda dabruneba emigraci-
idan saqarTveloSi,
1943 wels; 1945 wlis 11 aprili

reJisori - m.Wiaure- (omi jer ar aris das-

li; rulebuli evropaSi);

http://films.mcvane.
ge/18853-bbbbbb-
bbbbbbb.html

stalini Tavad iRebda

monawileobas filmis
gadaRebis procesSi.

http://www.radiotavi-
supleba.ge/content/arti-
cle/1525870.html

grZelvadiani Sedegi Zegli aRimarTa konstantine

gamsaxur-
TbilisSi 1965 wels, dia – ` daviT
aRmaSenebeli~,
kaspSi – 1971 wels ( e. 1965 weli;
SevardnaZis mmarTve-
loba); SoTa mesxia –

`Zlevai
sakvirveli~,
1974 weli;
dRevandeli umravlesobas uWirs dRes umrav- saqarTvelos xe-
giorgi saakaZis lesobisTvis lovnebis muzeumi
damokidebuleba pirovnebis kritiku- daviT aRmaSen-
li analizi; umrav- ebeli yvelaze (erovnuli muzeumis
lesoba calsaxad saTayvanebeli saganZuri)
ganixilavs am movle- mefea. magram
nas mxolod dadebiT kiTxvaze –ra-
WrilSi. tom?– saxel-
deba mxolod
http://medianews. erTi pasuxi
ge/ge/simartlegior- –didgori;
gisaakadzeze/8084
TiTqmis ig-
norirebulia
is faqti, rom
daviTis dros
Seiqmna pirve-
li akademiebi
saqarTveloSi
– moswavleebma
amis Sesaxeb
araferi ician.

150
 eqvTime TayaiSvili - ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqti biografiidan
• 1944  wlis noemberSi eqvTime TayaiSvili Sexvda  ssrk -s elCs sa-
frangeTSi bogomolovs, romelsac gaacno ganZTan dakavSirebuli
viTareba da Semweoba sTxova, Tanac gadasca vrceli moxseneba gen-
eral de golis saxelze.
• de golma gankarguleba gasca saqarTvelos saunjis dabrunebis
Taobaze, rac 1945 wels ganxorcielda kidec.
• 1945 wlis 11 aprils eqvTime TayaiSvili TbilisSi dabrunda.
• 1945 wlis 15 aprils eqvTime TayaiSvili saqarTvelos ssr ganaT-
lebis ministris brZanebiT dainiSna Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis saqarTvelos istoriis kaTedris profesorad. 
• 1945 wlis 10 maiss mianiWes damsaxurebuli profesoris wodeba. 
• 1946  wlis 28 dekembers airCies   saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis akademikosad. 
• 1946 wels eqvTime TayaiSvili sajarod warsdga Tbilisis universi-
tetis profesor-maswavlebelTa winaSe moxsenebiT: „evropaSi naxu-
li qarTuli Zeglebi da iqve Sekrebili cnobebi qarTuli Zeglebis
Sesaxeb“.
• 1949 wlis 17 seqtembers ssr kavSiris umaRlesma saatestacio komi-
siam daumtkica doqtoris xarisxi da profesoris wodeba.
• 1953 wlis 21 Tebervali – eqvTime TayaiSvili gardaicvala.
• nikoloz ruxaZis agentebi yovel Rones mimarTavdnen, raTa rac
SeiZleba cota xalxi misuliyo mis dakrZalvaze. isini daZrwod-
nen umaRles saswavleblebsa da samecniero–kvleviT institutebSi
da xalxs afrTxilebdnen, rom dakrZalvaze ar misuliyvnen. ro-
gorc eqvTime TayaiSvilis biografi, profesori ioseb megreliZe
igonebs: `...sasaflaomde 48 kaci mivyeviT, sxva procesiaTa dams-
wrenic SemogvierTdnen da bevri gavxdiT...~ (durmiSxan cincaZe _
`eqvTime TayaiSvilis dakrZalva~)
• `baton eqvTime TayaiSvilis dakrZalvis wina dRiT, 23 Teber-
vals, istoriis institutSi movidnen organos TanamSromlebi da
institutis TanamSromlebi kategoriulad gagvafrTxiles, raTa
arc erTi Cvengani ar davswrebodiT baton eqvTime TayaiSvilis
dasaflavebas. dakrZalvis dRes iyo cudi amindi, sicive, qari da
TovlWyapi. dakrZalvaze istoriis institutidan wavediT oTxni:
me, tariel CubinaSvili, oTar jafariZe da niko qanTaria. vaSlo-
vanis quCaze CvenTan movida samoqalaqo tansacmelSi lamazad ga-
mowyobili pirovneba da ase mogvmarTa: ,,Молодые люди, вы отдали
честь покойнему, расходитесь~. (marika lorTqifaniZe, mogonebebi)
http://skolaqorali.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_24.html
• 2013 weli  iuneskos  egidiT eqvTime TayaiSvilis saiubileo wlad
gamocxadda.

151
 stalinis kulti

`stalinis Cibuxi~, 1930 weli

sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda damkvidrebuli stereotipi, rom stali-

ni cxovrobda ise, rogorc Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqe: ar icvlida,
hqonda erTi fraki (bevrma ar icoda, rom mas ubralod bevri identuri
fraki hqonda, ubralod, erTi egonaT), eweoda asketur cxovrebas, hqonda
mxolod fraki, Cibuxi da Ceqmebi.

ai, rogor cxovrobda da isvenebda yvela droisa da xalxis qarTve-

li `asketi~:
1. `semenovskaia~ (Soreuli) – moskovidan 100 km-ze metad moSorebu-
li, 800 kv. m., 8 oTaxi; stalini aq modioda sanadirod da dasasven-
eblad, agreTve sabuTebis momzadebisas (Semonaxulia Secvlili
saxiT);
2. `blinovka~, soWi – ori sarTuli, 250 kv. m., 5 oTaxi; stalinma aq
erTxel daisvena, agaraki ar moewona da k. voroSilovs gadasca
(Semonaxulia Secvlili saxiT);
3. `puzanovka~, soWi – zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 100 m., 100 kv. m., 6
oTaxi (Semonaxulia gadakeTebuli saxiT);
4. `axali macesta~ (`mwvane Wala~), soWi – 2 sarTuli, 200 kv. m., 6
oTaxi (axla aq memorialuri muzeumia);
5. `rivera~, soWis gareubani – 1 sarTuli, 200 kv.m., 5 oTaxi (ar Semo-
naxula);
6. `golovinka~, yirimi – 1 sarTuli, 150 kv.m., 4 oTaxi; stalini aq
orjer iyo (pirvandeli saxiT ar Semonaxula);

152
 7. `iaveinaia~, yirimi – 1 sarTuli, 150 kv. m., 4 oTaxi; stalini aq
arasdros mosula (ar Semonaxula pirvandeli saxiT);
8. `koreizi~, yirimi – 600 kv. m-ze meti; aq yovndeboda stalini, maT
Soris 1944 w. ialtis konferenciis dros;
9. `trapezinovko~, yirimi – 2 sarTuli, 300 kv. m., 7 oTaxi; stalini
aq ramodenimejer isvenebda, maT Soris meuRlesTan, n. aliluiev-
asTan, erTad. Semdeg aq Semoasaxla e. iaroslavski (agarakis Semd-
gomi bedi ucnobia);
10. `riwa~, riwis tbis maxloblad, saqarTvelo (afxazeTi) – 1 sar-
Tuli, 200 kv. m., 4 oTaxi (jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi daZvelda);
11. `axali aToni~, saqarTvelo (afxazeTi) – 2 sarTuli, 200 kv.m., 6
oTaxi; stalinma aq mxolod erTxel Semoixeda, magram uari Tqva
aq cxovrebaze (ar Semonaxula);
12. `xolodnaia reCka~, gagridan 11 km., saqarTvelo (afxazeTi) –
zRvis donidan 130 m., Senoba aSenebulia mTaSi; 2 sarTuli, daax-
loebiT 500 kv. m., 8 oTaxi; teritoriaze aris saxli stalinis
qaliSvilis – svetlanasaTvis (axla aq dasasvenebeli saxlia, sadac
ucxoel turistebs uyvarT yofna);
13. `borjomi~, saqarTvelo – Senoba aSenebulia XIX saukunis bo-
los; 2 sarTuli, 300 kv. m., 9 oTaxi; stalini aq 1951 wels isveneb-
da (Semonaxulia);
14. `wyaltubo~, saqarTvelo – 2 sarTuli, 200 kv. m., 5 oTaxi (Senoba
Semonaxulia dRemde);
15. `miusera~, saqarTvelo (afxazeTi) – 1 sarTuli, 300 kv. m., 6
oTaxi; 1933 wlidan moyolebuli, stalini aq mravaljer isvenebda
(Senoba Semonaxulia);
16.  `soxumi~, saqarTvelo (afxazeTi) – agaraki ganlagebulia saqarT-
velos mecnierebaTa akademiis botanikur baRSi; 2 sarTuli, 600 kv.
m-ze meti, 20 oTaxi (Senoba Semonaxulia);
17. agaraki `kuncevskaia~ (axlos) – 2 sarTuli, daaxl. 1000 kv. m., 10
oTaxi.
http://iberiana2.wordpress.com/russia/stalin/

 pirovnebis kulti
stalins gaaCnda pirovnebis kolosaluri kulti, rogoric ar hqo-
nia arc erT mmarTvels kacobriobis istoriaSi. mis saxels uwodebdnen
quCebsa da qalaqebs, misi biustebi da portretebi iyo yovel dawe-
sebulebaSi, demonstraciebze yovelTvis gamohqondaT misi plakate-
bi, portretebi da transparantebi misi saxeliT, TviTmfrinavebi mis
saxels caSi werdnen, mis saxels uwodebdnen saukeTeso tankebs, mas
uZRvnidnen leqsebs, poemebs, prozaul nawarmoebebs da a.S.

153
 wyaro #1

wyaro #2

154
wyaro #3

wyaro #4

155
 valerian gafrindaSvili – `ocneba beladze~
es ocnebaa TviTeul mxatvris,
es aris fiqri yovel poetis –
asaxon igi, viT Tvali natvris
da STagoneba mTel sabWoeTis!

Salva afxaiZe – `stalin~

azvirTebuli didi vnebani
epoqis sveto, Sensken iltvian,
stalin, – grgvinaven wyalni da qvani,
stalinze mTebic zRaprebs ityvian!

nestor maniZe – `stalinis mze~

aWareli wyalsac ar svams,
rom stalini ar axsenos.

alio maSaSvili – `samSoblo beladisa~

dauSreteli cecxlis dena xar,
Relva, mzis SuqiT ganaTebuli,
gautexeli qveynis neba xar,
xalxis geniad dabadebuli!

ilo mosaSvili – `belads~

sxva – samSobloSi samSoblos natrobs,
miwaze dadis – ara aqvs miwa,
Cven ki, bednier samSoblos patrons,
Seni saxeli migviZRvis ficad:
zecaSi – mfrinavs, brZolaSi – mxedars,
vaJkacs – zRvasaviT gaSlil yanaSi;
da bavSvi, roca Sescqeris dedas,
usmens da TiTqos sizmarSi xedavs,
Senebr mSobliur iavnanaSi.
da roca dila mTebis fiwalze
Rrublis bululebs lurjad SeRebavs,
igrZnobs suldgmuli dedamiwaze
Seni gulis da xelis Sexebas.
dgeba balaxi, acaxcaxdeba,
movardnil siTbos wyaliviT dalevs,
tkbili ocneba cxadad axdeba
da Seni saxe caze daxvdeba
qveynis pirvelad gaxelil Tvalebs!

konstantine WiWinaZe – `stalinisadmi~ (kavkasions adarebs stalins,

romelic `Sehyudebia cas titaniviT~.)
is ki pitalo kldes akaloebs,
amozidulan ZarRvebi kisris,
da zeawyvetil rkinis paloebs
zRvebis gadaRma SxuiliT isvris.

156
 galaktioni: protagonisti, romelsac saxeli ara aqvs, magram
aSkarad stalini igulisxmeba.
undobelia misi genia,
arc Sebraleba, arc Secodeba,
jer dedamiwas ar mosmenia
msoflios bageT ase godeba.
yovel guls namavs Sxamian nestriT,
suls xorcielis exeba dana,
grgvinavs orkestri, grgvinavs orkestri,
mas diriJorobs TviTon satana.
(uTariRoa)

gaSlilo velo… tyviebis, koxis…

raa wameba TqvenTan iobis,
aq saidumlo patara qoxis
saidumloa kacobriobis…
vin? amnairi gamoZaxili
arafers qveynad jer ar hqonia,
amas namdvili ar aqvs saxeli,
misi saxeli legionia.
http://matiane.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/akaki-bakradze-stalin/

aqtivoba
moswavleebs sTxoveT axsnan wyaroebi. imsjelon, ra mizani hqon-
da plakatebisa da leqsebis Seqmnas; sad Cans propaganda? pirovnebis
kulti? sad Cans, rom dakveTiT aris Sesrulebuli? ratom fiqroben
ase? aseve sTxoveT, rom Seafason am plakatebis mniSvneloba sabWoTa
perspeqtiviT; amasTan, daamateT, rom stalinis epiTetebi iyo `voJd~-i
anu didi beladi, wiTeli mefe, `xalxTa mama~, `adamianis bednierebis
mebaRe~.
`saukuneebi Caivlis da momavali Taobebi momakvdavTa Soris yvelaze
bednierebad, yvelaze iRblianebad CagvTvlian, radgan vcxovrobdiT
saukuneTa Soris gamorCeul saukuneSi, radgan gvqonda stalinis, Cve-
ni STagonebuli lideris xilvis privilegia~, – winaswarmetyvelebda
erT-erTi sabWoTa mwerali (radio `Tavisufleba~).
moswavleebma yuradReba gaamaxvilon am damokidebulebebze, TemaSi
mocemul plakatebze. msjelobisas plakatebic gamoiyenon. daukvird-
nen plakats, romelzec stalini rukis fonze dgas. miaqcion yuradRe-
ba rukas da imsjelon, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es ruka da mis fonze
– stalini? aseve miawodeT maT mokle informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom
stalini sul erTsa da imave kitels, uxeSi samxedro maudis qsovilis-
gan damzadebul paltosa da pijaks atarebda. mas mxolod erTi Casa-
cmeli ki ar hqonda – es iyo sxvadasxva, magram erTnairi samosi. sTx-
oveT moswavleebs, axsnan, ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo, maTi azriT, amis
mizezi; ra emocia geqnebodaT Tqven, stalini sul erTnair tansacmelSi
gamowyobili rom genaxaT? ra mizani hqonda am politikas? ras niS-
navs pirovnebis kulti? hkiTxeT maT, misaRebia Tu ara, zogadad, vinmes

157
 kultis arseboba? sad gadis zRvari kultsa da fanatizms Soris? SiSsa
da siyvaruls Soris? sibnelesa da ganaTlebas Soris?

ganaTleba da kultura
skolebSi upiratesoba eniWeboda teqnikur sagnebs: qimias, fizikas,
biologias. iyo laboratoriebi, sadac moswavleebi sistematurad at-
arebdnen cdebs. humanitarul sagnebs naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda.
yvela respublikaSi, erovnuli istoriis garda, calke saganad iswav-
leboda sabWoTa kavSiris istoria, romelic, faqtobrivad, iyo ara ss-
rk-is, aramed ruseTis istoria. saqarTveloSi arsebobda erTi saxelmZ-
Rvanelo – saqarTvelos istoria me-7-10 klasebisaTvis da am sagans
daTmobili hqonda kviraSi mxolod 1 saaTi.
stalini uSualod monawileobda saqarTvelos istoriis saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebis SedgenaSic. niko berZeniSvilic ixsnebs, rom stali-
ni Sexvda mas da simon janaSias da maT daweril saxelmZRvaneloebSi Ses-
worebebi Seitana.
1945 wlis 14 dekembers jer gazeT `komunistSi~, xolo 20 dekembers
`pravdasa~ da `izvestiaSi~ gamoqveynda niko berZeniSvilisa da simon
janaSias erToblivi statia – `TurqeTisadmi Cveni kanonieri preten-
ziebis Sesaxeb~, romelic TurqeTis teritoriaze mdebare saqarTve-
los istoriul nawilebs exeboda. 1945 wlis oqtomberSi beladi Tavis
agarakze xvdeba am or, im droisTvis yvelaze avtoritetul, qarT-
vel istorikoss da pirdapir rCevebs aZlevs maT imis Taobaze, Tu ra
mimarTulebiT unda gagrZeldes saqarTvelos istoriis kvleva. niko
berZeniSvilis mogonebebis Tanaxmad, stalini gansakuTrebiT dainter-
esebuli yofila qarTvelTa eTnogenezisisa da evropisa da wina aziis
uZveles mosaxleobasTan qarTvelTa naTesaobis sakiTxis kvlevebiT:
`WeSmaritebaa – termini `qarTveli~ unda gafarTovdes. es aucile-
belia rogorc istoriuli mecnierebis, ise adrindeli saqarTvelos
politikis TvalsazrisiT... hkiTxavda simons: `SeiZleba – xetsko-gruz-
inskaia gruppa narodov?” amave Sexvedraze stalini gansakuTrebuli
interesiT saubrobs daviT aRmaSenebelze. mis aRtacebas iwvevs daviTis
siZliere da Zalis politika: `Я за абсолютизм!~ – acxadebs beladi. mas
aseve aucileblad miaCnia, rom saqarTvelos istoriaze werisas xazi
gaesvas qarTvelTa kulturul aRmatebulobas maT samxreTel mtrebsa
Tu mezoblebze... niko berZeniSvili askvnis: `stalini ganuxrelad qa-
rTveli patrioti iyo!~
giorgi maisuraZe
http://shokoladi.ge/content/stalinis-akcenti-da-kartuli-enis-apokalipsi?page=3

aqtivoba: kompiuterebis oTaxSi _ proeqti

am aqtivobisTvis mniSvnelovania gakveTilis Catareba kompiutere-
bis oTaxSi, romelSic iqneba sakmarisi raodenobis kompiuterebi (Tu ar
aris sakmarisi, dasviT moswavleebi wyvil-wyvilad) da interneti.
(mniSvnelovania, rom gakveTilis dagegmvisas jer Tqven SeiswavloT
is masala, rasac Semdgom moswavleebs miscemT davalebad. es saSuale-

158
bas mogcemT gakveTilis bolos gaakeToT calkeuli davalebebi _ ga-
kveTilebis kargi analizi).

gakveTilis Seqmna (2 gakveTili)

warmoidgineT, rom am periodis istoriis saxelmZRvanelosTvis unda
SeqmnaT 1 gakveTili.
maswavlebels SeuZlia wyvilebs misces diferencirebuli davalebe-
bi; davalebis Tema SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad:
• stalinuri arqiteqtura;
• bavSvebi ssrk-Si;
• Cacmis stili ssrk-Si;
• maRaziebi ssrk-Si – produqtebis SefuTvis dizaini ssrk-Si;
• komunaluri saxlebi, internatebi, bavSvTa saxlebi;
• skulptura, qandakeba stalinur epoqaSi;
• sporti;
• 1936 wlis stalinuri konstitucia.
Temebi SegiZliaT daamatoT Tqveni (an Tqveni moswavleebis)
gemovnebiT da moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

skolebi/ganaTleba

http://www.komarovi199.edu.ge/test/?menuid=57&menuid1=57&lang=1 (komarovis skola)

159
 http://www.topeducationdegrees.org/school-propaganda/

saxelmZRvaneloebi

`stalini, rogorc Cans, did pativs scemda qarTvel istorikosebs; imitom

rom, imis Semdeg, rac daiwera mokle kursi saqarTvelos istoriis... man
xom miiwvia TavisTan berZeniSvili da janaSia. maxsovs, janaSias qaliSvilis,
rusiko janaSias, sityvebi, rogor moxaza saqarTvelos provinciebi stalin-
ma da Seiyvana saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi is teritoriebi, romelic Tur-
qeTSi iyo da dResac TurqeTSia... amas mohyva CerCilis werili: `stalini
iaraRs aJRarunebs~.
merab kokoCaSvili
(radio `Tavisufleba~)
literatura/poezia/proza

mweralTa gaerTianebebi
1928 wels qarTveli mwerlebi aiZules gaerTianebuliyvnen „sruliad saqarT-
velos sabWoTa mwerlebis federaciaSi“.1932 wlis ck-is dadgenilebiT („lit-
eraturul-mxatvruli organizaciebis gardaqmnis Sesaxeb“) federacia, masSi
Semavali mweralTa yvela gaerTianebiTurT, gauqmda da daarsda `saqarTvelos
sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiri~, romelic mTlianad ideologizebuli organo iyo da
partiulinomenklaturis mier imarTeboda. misi pirveli Tavmjdomare, malaqia
toroSeliZe, mravalTa msgavsad, krebebze gamodioda da xalxis mtrebs gmob-
da, xolo Semdeg TviTonve iqca stalinuri represiebis msxverplad.

„amx. stalinze xelis aRmarTva, rogorc maT ganzraxvaSi hqoniaT, aris xelis
aRmarTva milionian mSromelTa Tavisuflebaze, xelis aRmarTva manaTobel
mzeze, romelic mxolod Cvens bednier epoqas eRirsa. mxolod ubadruki qve-
warmavali, mxolod adamianisa da kacobriobis mteri gabedavs fiqrs, rom Sei-
Zleba am droSis CamoReba, mxolod wunkali arseba gabedavs ifiqros, rom
SeiZleba am zRva siyvarulis daSroba, am didebuli mzis dabneleba! stalini
milionebis gulSia“.
giorgi leoniZe

160
 konstantine lorTqifaniZe:
`rad minda samSoblo; CemTvis erTia erekle mefe da aRa-mahmad-xan~.
konstantine lorTqifaniZe erT-erT Tavis leqsSi, romlis saTauria `sabar-
go avtomobili~, qeba-didebas  asxams da umReris manqanas, romliTac 20-ian
wlebSi `revoluciisaTvis Ralatis~ braldebiT dasaxvretad gadahyavdaT
udanaSaulo adamianebi; maT xvretnen, winaswar gamzadebul TxrilSi yrid-
nen da marxavdnen cocxal-mkvdar daWrilebs:
`sabargo avtomobili~
`… axlac gmiri xar, tyviiT datenils
ar Segicvlia nabiji gzidan,
revoluciis moRalateni
Sen dasaxvretad gadagizidavs.~
kale  fedosiSvilis, partiuli poetis striqonebi:
`me movklav dedas, davaxrCob mamas,
Tu revolucia mibrZanebs amas…~

http://iberiana.wordpress.com/m-mchedlishvil/m-mchedlishvili-11/
arqiteqtura
1933 wlis 14 oqtombers `pravdaSi~ gamoqveynda cekas dadgenileba `ar-
qiteqturuli ganaTlebis~ Sesaxeb, romelSic cekas politbiuro sabWoTa
kavSiris `arqiteqturis akademiis~ Seqmnasa da `socialisturi qalaqebis~
daproeqtebas moiTxovs. dasaxelebulia ramdenime qalaqi: moskovi, lenin-
gradi, xarkovi, Tbilisi da sverdlovski. 1934 wlis oqtomberSi ki polit-
biuro aqveynebs brZanebulebas sabWoTa kavSiris arqiteqtorTa yrilobis
Catarebis Sesaxeb. brZanebulebaSi naTqvamia, rom yriloba Catardeba 1935
wels. respublikebs ubrZanes arqiteqtorebis gaerTianeba da SemoqmedebiTi
jgufebis gauqmeba. stalinuri `reforma~ daiwyo iq, sadac konstruqtiv-
izmis gavlena naklebad igrZnoboda... daiwyo saqarTveloTi. 1934 wlis 15
Tebervals TbilisSi Seiqmna `saqarTvelos arqiteqtorTa kavSiri~. airCies
arqiteqtorTa sakavSiro yrilobis delegatebi. `arqiteqtorTa kavSiris~
Seqmnis erT-erTi iniciatori, cnobili sabWoTa xuroTmoZRvari andrei bu-
rovi werda: `partia moiTxovs Cvengan, saswrafod mivaRwioT sayovelTao
harmonias. es amocana, pirvel rigSi, arqiteqtorebma unda gadavWraT.~

gakveTilis dagegmvis kriteriumebi:

moswavleebs sTxoveT, moiZion 1-2 vizualuri wyaro da informaci-
uli teqsti (narativi); Tu maT gauWirdaT stalinis epoqis masalis
moZieba, mieciT saSualeba zogadad sabWoTa periodis masala moiZion.
moswavleebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon rogorc qarTuli, ise ucxoureno-
vani (inglisuri/rusuli) saitebi.
wyaroebis Casmis Semdeg moswavleebma naSroms unda daurTon Tav-
ianTi daskvna. mieciT maT miTiTeba, rom daskvna iyos mxolod da mx-
olod calmxrivi da subieqturi (rogorc es ssrk-Si xdeboda).
gakveTilis Seqmnis Semdeg kargi iqneba, Tu moswavleebs waukiTxavT
romelime amonarids sabWoTa skolis istoriis saxelmZRvanelodan, sa-
dac kargad Cans subieqturoba da ssrk-is gandidebis mcdeloba.

161
 pionerebi (sabWoTa skolebis I-IV klasebis moswavleebi iyvnen oqtom-
brelebi; V-VII klaselebi _ pionerebi; skolis bolo, damamTavrebel
etapze ki komkavSirelebi xdebodnen. komkavSirelebi iyvnen studen-
tebic. mxolod amis mere SeiZleboda partiul muSakad dawinaureba.)
moswavleebs sTxoveT Tavad Seajamon gakveTili.

istorikosebi stalinisa da totalitarizmis Sesaxeb

iyo Tu ara stalinuri saxelmwifo totalitaruli?

totalitarizmi  – termini  politikur  mecnierebaSi, romelic ga-

moiyeneba iseTi Tanamedrove politikuri reJimebis aRsawerad, romleb-
Sic  saxelmwifo  aregulirebs sazogadoebrivi  saqmeebis TiTqmis yvela
aspeqts.
mkveTri da calsaxa pasuxi kiTxvaze – iyo Tua ara stalinuri saxel-
mwifo totalitaruli – istorikosebs ar gaaCniaT; radgan Tavad to-
talitarizmis definiciaSi xazgasmulia saxelmwifos roli, xolo
stalinTan mimarTebaSi ismis sakiTxi: rasTan gvaqvs saqme – saxelmwifos
mier totalur kontrolTan Tu lideris mier saxelmwifos totalur
kontrolTan? amdenad, azri am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi orad aris gayofi-
li – pluralistebisa (socialistebis) da totalitaristebis skolebs
Soris. pluralistebi fiqroben, rom stalinuri saxelmwifo moqmedeb-
da, rogorc mediatori, sxvadasxva socialur jgufebTan (xelmZRvan-
elebTan, teqnikur eqspertebTan, samxedroebTan). totalitaristuli
Teoriis momxreebi efuZnebian princips, rom stalinuri saxelmwifo
iyo totalitarul-despoturi.

162
pluralistebis Teoria:
greim grilis (Graeme Grill) Tvalsaz-
risi
greim grili stalinur saxelmwifos
eqvsi komponentiT axasiaTebs:
1. lideris diqtatura, dafuZnebuli
Zaladobaze saidumlo policiisa da
represiebis gziT;
2. yofa-cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis
totaluri politizireba, romelic,
amave dros, asustebda partiisa da
saxelmwifos politikur kontrols,
radgan igi iyo diqtatori, romelic
aRiqmeboda qveynis gansaxierebad;
3. kulturuli da mxatvruli cx-
ovrebis mtkice politikuri kon-
troli;
4. bundovani, aramkveTri politi-
kuri ideologia, romelSic Teoria
praqtikaSi enacvleboda revoluci-
ur ideebs;
5. ukiduresad centralizebuli
ekonomika, romelSic ekonomikis yve-
la mniSvnelovani komponenti saxelm-
wifo sakuTreba iyo;
6. cvalebadi socialuri struqtu-
ra, romelSic muSaTa klasi akon-
trolebda mecnierebas, teqnikas,
administraciasa da inteleqtual
profesuras, romelic male gadaiqca
privilegirebul fenad.
cxrilSi mocemulia istorikosTa am or skolas Soris arsebuli ms-
gavsebebi da gansxvavebebi.
ganixileT cxrilSi mocemuli sakiTxebi. warmoadgineT msgavsebebi
da ZiriTadi gansxvaveba/gansxavebebi istorikosTa skolebs Soris. ga-
moTqviT Tqveni mosazreba –romel Tvalsazriss iziarebT? ratom?
totalitaristebis Teoria:
leonard sCapiros (Leonard Schapiro)
Tvalsazrisi
greim grilis totalitarizmis max-
asiaTeblebi leonard sCapirom ase
daaxasiaTa (totalitarizmi, 1973):
1. gansakuTrebuli, damaxasiaTebe-
li `utopiuri~ da Tavs moxveuli
ideologia, romelic dominantobda
da cdilobda sazogadoebis yvela
sferos restruqturizebas;
2. politikuri sistema, romelsac
saTaveSi edga yvela aspeqtSi Zlieri
lideri, romlis garSemo Camoyalib-
da `lideris kulti~ da sadac par-
tia, saxelmwifo da mTavroba emor-
Cileboda liders (`voJds~);
3. winaswar gaazrebuli cenzura
da propaganda, romelic moicavda
kulturis yvela aspeqts da exeboda
sazogadoebis yvela sferos, gansa-
kuTrebiT, axalgazrdobas;
4. Zalisa da teroris permanentuli
gamoyeneba – lideris yvela gad-
awyvetilebisa da reJimis mimarT
mudmivi morCilebis mizniT.
5. absoluturi saxelmwifo kon-
troli da ekonomikis koordinacia,
romelSic ekonomika politikuri
miznebisTvis iyo gamoyenebuli da
politikur reJims emsaxureboda.
163
 Temis Semajamebeli aqtivobebi
aqtivoba 1
eqskursia okupaciis muzeumSi da goris stalinis muzeumSi
es aqtivoba SegiZliaT im didi Temis daskvniT etapad CavTvaloT,
romelsac `totalitarizmi – stalini~ hqvia. am or muzeumSi moswav-
leebis wayvana Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan maTSi ori sxvadasxva per-
speqtivaa warmodgenili. efeqturi iqneba diskusiis gamarTva swored
am eqskursiebis Semdeg; Tumca manamde unda CaataroT mosamzadebeli
samuSao:

eqskursiis win
sTxoveT moswavleebs daweron TavianTi mosazreba – ras fiqroben,
unda arsebobdes Tu ara saqarTveloSi okupaciis muzeumi? ar aux-
snaT muzeumis istoria, arc informacia miawodoT; ubralod, sTxoveT
daafiqsiron sakuTari mosazreba argumentirebulad.
meore kiTxva – rogor fiqrobT, unda arsebobdes Tu ara stalinis
saxl-muzeumi saqarTveloSi? sTxoveT moswavleebs vrceli werilobi-
Ti pasuxiT gamoxaton TavianTi argumentirebuli pozicia.
kiTxvebze pasuxebi SeinaxeT. diskusia aRar gamarToT.

eqskursia
eqskursiis mimdinareobisas aucilebelia, moswavleebs hqondeT kal-
mebi, bloknotebi, rom maTTvis saintereso faqtebi Tu informacia Cai-
weron; anu Caataron kvleva. es saswavlo eqskursiaa, amdenad, misi mi-
zania kvleva da ara mxolod daTvaliereba. moswavleebs unda hqondeT
amis mzaoba.
eqskursiis procesSi sTxoveT moswavleebs Tavad gamoikvlion maTT-
vis saintereso sakiTxebi. kargi iqneba, Tu moswavleebs dayofT jgufe-
bad Tavad muzeumSi da miscemT konkretul davalebas (darbazebis/
oTaxebis) mixedviT.
dabolos, eqskursia efeqturi iqneba, Tu aiyvanT eqskursiamZRols
(es sasurvelia moxdes bolos), romelic wauZRveba eqskursias muzeum-
Si.

eqskuriis Semdgomi gakveTili

sTxoveT moswavleebs, rom daafiqsiron sakuTari azri, gadmoscen
STabeWdilebebi. xom ar Seicvales pozicia eqskursiis Semdeg? Tu ki –
ratom? Tu ara – ratom? sTxoveT imsjelon am sakiTxze.
moswavleebs sTxoveT `gaacocxlon~ stalini da dausvan mas kiTxve-
bi. aqtivobisTvis daurigeT webovani feradi furclebi da maTi kiTx-
vebi gaakariT klasSi, Semdeg ki waikiTxeT (an waakiTxeT). aqtivoba Sea-
jameT im kiTxvebisa Tu pasuxebis mixedviT, rogor suraTsac miiRebT.

bolo sadiskusio kiTxvebi:

rogor fiqrobT, ratom aris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba stalinis irgvliv?
ratom fiqroben erTni, rom stalini `dadebiTi~ figura iyo? ratom
fiqroben meoreni totalurad sawinaaRmdegos?

164
 unda esvenos Tu ara stalinis deda mTawmindis panTeonSi? (SegiZli-
aT eqskursiis bolos aqac waiyvanoT moswavleebi da daaTvalierebinoT
maT mTawmindis panTeoni).

aqtivoba 2
Semajamebeli eseebis magaliTebi:
• `xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi gaerTianebuli opoziciis sisustem
ganapiroba stalinis gamarjveba 1929 wels~ – imsjele, ramdenad
eTanxmebi an ewinaaRmdegebi am Tvalsazriss;
• gaaanalize, ratom warmoadgina stalinma industrializaciis
`xuT- wliani gegma~ 1928 wels;
• `xuTwliani gegma warumatebeli aRmoCnda warmatebuli indus-
triuli qveynis mSeneblobisTvis 1941 wlamde.~ – axseni, ramdenad
eTanxmebi an ewinaaRmdegebi am Tvalsazriss;
• imsjele, ratom gadawyvita stalinma kulakebis gaJleta-ganad-
gureba 1928-29 wlidan?
• `1941 wlisTvis koleqtivizacias bevri sisuste hqonda.~ – ims-
jele, eTanxmebi Tu ar eTanxmebi am mosazrebas;
• imsjele, ratom moicva `didma terorma~ sazogadoebis TiTqmis
yvela sfero – farTo areali – sabWoTa kavSirSi 1934-39 wlebSi;
• `1941 wlisTvis stalini dominirebda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela aspeqtze.~ – imsjele, ramdenad eTanxmebi an ewinaaRmdegebi
am Tvalsazriss;
• Seafase stalinis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis;
• Seafase stalinis ekonomikuri politika;
• Seafase stalinis socialuri politika;
• Seafase is gzebi da meTodebi, romlebsac stalini iyenebda saxel-
mwifos samarTavad;
• Seafase stalini, rogorc lideri.

istoriuli Tema _ ese

dRes qarTul realobaSi miRebulia moswavlis Sefaseba codnis
raodenobiT da ara xarisxiT. maswavlebeli moswavles xSirad aseT
kiTxvebs usvams: rodis movida stalini xelisuflebaSi? rodis dai-
wyo industrializacia? rodis moxda `didi terori~? es e.w. daxuruli
kiTxvebia. am kiTxvebiT isev iseT suraTs viRebT, rogorc `odesRac,
sabWoTa kavSirSi~ – mTavaria raodenoba da ara xarisxi.
rogor unda SevamowmoT moswavleTa codna? Cvenive Sedegebi? ro-
gor unda gavakeToT analizi – ra aris maTi Zlieri mxare? ra aris
sisuste? daxuruli kiTxvebiT amas verasodes movaxerxebT. daxuruli
kiTxvebiT Cven vamowmebT mxolod moswavleTa mexsierebas da gverdze
gvrCeba moswavlis analitikuri azrovneba, misi survili – imsjelos
mizezebsa da Sedegebze, procesebze da Seafasos isini.
eses wera kargi saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs ganuviTar-
deT analizis unari, SeZlon sinTezi da Sefaseba.

165
 analizia, roca moswavle msjelobs da kritikulad ixilavs saTaur-
Si dasmul SekiTxvas. SeuZlebelia, rom moswavlem gaaanalizos sakiTxi
codnis gareSe.
Sefasebaa, rodesac moswavle ayalibebs dadebiT da uaryofiT argu-
mentebs –ganmtkicebuls faqtebiTa da msjelobiT.
sinTezia, rodesac moswavle akeTebs sakuTar daskvnebs. es yvelaze
maRali unaria eses weris dros da, Sesabamisad, moswavle, romelic sa-
kuTar daskvnebs akeTebs, fasdeba maRali quliT.
advilia imis gaazreba, rom maswavleblisTvis Temebis gasworeba
damatebiTi tvirTi da sakmaod rTuli samuSaoa – magram Cveni rCevaa
yoveli Tavis bolos mivceT moswavleebs Tema dasawerad.
Cvens realobaSi esed, samwuxarod, miCneulia 2-3 abzaci; magram
aseTi moculobis Tema realobas ar gamoxatavs, ver aCvenebs moswav-
lis codnasa da siRrmiseuli analizis unars. amdenad girCevT, rom
moiTxovoT: bolo, Semajamebeli Tema iyos daaxloebiT 5-6 moculobi-
Ti abzaci (xSir SemTxvevaSi gamodis 7-8 gverdi). miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi gasworeba sakmaod Znelia, radgan Temas Tan unda axldes Sefase-
bis kriteriumebi, es mainc araCveulebrivi davalebaa, sadac ukve cxa-
dze cxadad SeiZleba davinaxoT Cveni muSaobis Sedegic da moswavlis
SesaZleblobebic. swored amitom aris efeqturi eses dawera, rogorc
Semajamebeli aqtivobisa. miT umetes, rom am TemaSi sakmaod bevri iseTi
sakiTxia, romelzec SegviZlia moswavleebi kidev erTxel vakamaToT,
oRond werilobiT.
aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebs mivceT arCevani. me-
12 klasi damamTavrebeli klasia – moswavleebi amTavreben skolas da
xdebian saxelmwifos aqtiuri moqalaqeebi. maT es gancda TiToeulma
gakveTilma unda gauRvivos. amdenad, arCeviTi kiTxvebis nusxa kidev
ufro metad gaamZafrebs maT motivacias – daweron is, rac surT.
Temis agebis struqtura moswavleebs yoveldRiurad unda ganuvi-
TardeT. weriTi davalebebi da adekvaturi moTxovnebi Tu kriteri-
umebi miscems maT amis saSualebas. mTavaria, moswavleebi mixvdnen, rom
aucilebelia eseSi sxvadasxva interpretaciis ganxilva – rogorc pozi-
tiuris, aseve negatiuris; rom aucilebelia argumentebis faqtebiT
gamyareba da analizi; rom erTi abzaci niSnavs 1 srulyofil arguments
(da ara erT winadadebas, rogorc es qarTul realobaSia miRebuli);
dabolos, rom sasurvelia gamoiyenon istorikosebis Tvalsazrisebi
sakuTari azris gasamyareblad. daskvna ki dabalansebuli unda iyos.
Cvens realobaSi ki moswavleebs aCveven, rom daskvnaSi iyvnen katego-
riulni, rom mkveTrad daafiqsiron sakuTari pozicia. magram es swori
ar aris: daskvnac unda iyos dabalansebuli da unda gamomdinareobdes
mxolod da mxolod Temidan da ara sakuTari koncefciidan. amdenad,
Tu moswavles uweria Sesavali, Semdeg – 2 argumenti proTezisuri da
ori – antiTezisuri, Semdeg – istorikosTa poziciebi, logikuria, rom
daskvnac iqneba dabalansebuli.

166
 eses Sefasebis kriteriumi

0: davaleba ar aris Sesrulebuli an ar Seesabameba/ar akmayofilebs

moTxovnebs da ar Sefasdeba arc erTi quliT.
1–3: namuSevari ar pasuxobs kiTxvaSi dasmul mTavar moTxovnebs. moswav-
le warmoadgens mwir codnas. namuSevari bundovania da gaugebari.
4–5: aris kiTxvis gagebis mcire mcdeloba. istoriuli detalebi moce-
mulia, Tumca araakuratulad da ar aris naCvenebi kavSiri am mag-
aliTebs Soris. istoriuli konteqsti bundovani da gaugebaria;
kiTxvaze minimaluri aqcentia gakeTebuli.
6–7: pasuxi gamoxatavs moswavlis garkveul codnas, rac eses kiTxvaSia
dasmuli, magram istoriuli codna SezRudulia da ar aris xarisx-
iani. istoriuli konteqsti, SesaZloa, daculi da gasagebia, Tumca
istoriuli procesi namuSevarSi ar aris ganviTarebuli, aklia msj-
eloba. kiTxvaze pasuxi mxolod nawilobriv aris gacemuli.
8–9: eseSi dasmuli kiTxva metwilad gagebulia moswavlis mier. isto-
riuli codna warmodgenilia, magram ar aris siRrmiseulad gaaz-
rebuli. codna naratiulia. warmodgenili argumentebis raode-
noba limitirebulia; nawilobriv axlavs kritikuli komentarebi.
Cans mcdeloba, rom moswavlem warmoadginos movlenebi istori-
ul konteqstSi da uCvenos istoriuli procesis gageba; daculia
struqturuli Tu Tematuri Tanmimdevroba.
10–12: pasuxi xazs usvams, rom kiTxva ZiriTadad gagebulia, Tumca yvela
moTxovna ar aris xazgasmuli. codna akuratulia da kargia. Temas,
SesaZloa, axldes kritikuli komentarebi; movlenebi warmodgenil-
ia konteqstSi, gagebulia istoriuli procesi, warmodgenilia ms-
gavsebebi da gansxvavebebi; ganxilulia movlenis mimarT sxvadasxva
midgoma da interpretacia, Tumca es ar eyrdnoba istoriul codnas
da zogadia; struqtura daculia da namuSevaric kargad gasagebia.
13–15: pasuxSi fokusirebulia kiTxvaSi dasmuli mTavari moTxovna.
specifikuri codna gamoyenebulia, rogorc magaliTi; analizi war-
modgenilia ise, rom moswavlem gaaZlieros argumentacia; movlen-
ebi ganxilulia erT konteqstSi; warmodgenilia istoriuli pro-
cesebis kargi gaazreba, movlenebi mocemulia SedarebiTi analizis
WriliT; warmodgenilia argumentacia.
16–20: kiTxva kargad aris gagebuli da gaazrebuli; srulad da siRrm-
iseuladaa gaazrebuli kiTxvaSia dasmuli moTxovna; detaluri
specifikuri codna gamoyenebulia magaliTebis saxiT da am cod-
niT gamyarebulia argumentebi. istoriuli procesi – msgavsebebi
da gansxvavebebi kargad aris warmodgenili, movlenebi konteqstu-
alurad aris ganxiluli; warmodgenilia istorikosebis kritikuli
Sefasebebi. namuSevari efeqturia.

167
 resursebi
maswavleblis damxmare literatura msoflio istoriis
swavlebisaTvis

Zveli aRmosavleTi
Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, g. meliqiSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1972,
Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia, gr. giorgaZis re-
daqciiT, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1990
doliZe isidore _ Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTali, Tb., 1960
kiknaZe zurab _ xamurabis kanonebi, Tb., 1988
kerami kurt _ RmerTebi, akldamebi da mecnierebi, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1972
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krameri semiuel noa _ istoria iwyeba Sumeridan, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1988
SaraSeniZe jemal _ Sumerebi da maTi kultura, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1983
kiknaZe zurab _ gilgameSis eposi, Tb., 1963
kiknaZe zurab _ Tamuzis sizmari, Tb., 1969
kiknaZe zurab _ Suamdinaruli miTologia, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979
lipini, belovi _ Tixis wignebi, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1970
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xeTebi
giorgaZe grigol _ aTasi RvTaebis qveyana, Tb., 1988
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tatiSvili irine _ xeTuri religia, Tb.,programa `logosi~, 2001, 2003
kerami kurt _ xeTebis saidumloeba, Tb.,1966

Zveli saberZneTi
wereTeli aleqsandre _ Zveli saberZneTi, t. I, Tb., 1956, 1962
wereTeli aleqsandre _ Zveli saberZneTi. t. II. Tb., 1966
gordeziani rismag _ berZnuli civilizacia, t. I- II, Tb., `merani~, 1988, 1997
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homerosi _ iliada, Targmani r. miminoSvilisa, Tb., 1979

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vergiliusi _ eneida, Targmani r. miminoSvilisa, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarT-
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apolonios rodoseli _ argonavtika, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1975
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herodote _ istoria, Tb., Tsu, 2009
plutarqe _ rCeuli biografiebi, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1975
roman miminoSvili _ homerosis samyaro, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1988
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li kolxeTi), Tb., programa `logosi~, 2009
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kuni n. _ Zveli saberZneTis legendebi da miTebi, Tb., ~ganaTleba~, 1965

seria `berZnuli miTebis samyaro~, Tb., programa `logosi~, 1998-2005

1. qaosidan kosmosamde;
2. didi zeciuri RmerTebi;
3. zRva da miwisqveSeTi, mcire RvTaebani;
4. promeTe da adamianTa modgma. miTiuri xalxebi, legendaruli mom-
Rerlebi, misnebi;
5. asparezze gamodian gmirebi;
6. argonavtebi;
7. SvidbWiani Tebe;
8. troas omi;
9. troas omis Semdeg;
10. miTebis sibrZne.

Zveli romi
wereTeli aleqsandre _ Zveli romi, t. I, Tb,. Tsu, 1957
wereTeli aleqsandre _ Zveli romi, t. II, Tb., Tsu, 1957
Zveli romis istoria, Tb., Tsu, 1992
wereTeli savle _ antikuri filosofia, Tb., Tsu, 1968
yauxCiSvili simon _ antikuri literaturis istoria, Tb., Tsu, 1968
sanikiZe levan _ pontos samefo, Tb., `sablitgami~, 1956
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sanikiZe levan _ romis imperia, Tb., Tsu, 1984
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kaduli”, 1975
qavTaria grani _ Zmebi grakxusebi, Tb., Tsu, 1970
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CimakaZe z. dauSvili r. _ antikuri olimpiuri TamaSebi, Tb., `raeo~, 2008
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ni, Temistoklesi, aristidesi, periklesi, nikiasi, alkibiadesi, lisan-
drosi, agesilaosi, pelopidasi, demosTenesi, aleqsandre makedoneli,

169
 iulius keisari, avgustusi, tiberiusi, kaligula, klavdiusi, neroni,
vespasianusi, markus avreliusi), Tb., programa `logosi~, 2005
miTologiuri enciklopedia ymawvilTaTvis, samtomeuli,~bakmi~, Tb.,
2003-2004

Sua saukuneebis istoria

Sua saukuneebis istoria, saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblis stu-
dentTaTvis, Tb., 2005
Sua saukuneebis istoria, s. skazkinisa da o. vainSteinis redaqciiT, t.
II, Tb., Tsu, 1949
tivaZe g. _ Sua saukuneebis istoria, t. II, Tb., 1970
vainStaini, udalcovi, kosminski _ Sua saukuneebis istoria, t. I-II, Tb., 1957
Sua saukuneebis samarTali, Seadgina da komentarebi daurTo prof. i.
doliZem, t. II, Tb., 1962
qristianuli eklesiis istoria I-XI s. I meoTx., Seadgina gvanca ko-
plataZem, Tb., 2007
TevzaZe g. _ Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria, Tb., 1996
menTeSaSvili iv. _ inglisis istoria, Tb., 2004
gaCeCilaZe r. _ didi britaneTis istoria, Tb., 1984
kiRuraZe givi _ XVII saukunis inglisis burJuaziuli revolucia, Tb., 1979
asaTiani valeri _ bizantiuri civilizacia, Tb., 2006
dili S. _ bizantiis imperiis istoria, Tb., 1998
yauxCiSvili simon _ bizantiis literaturis istoria, Tb., 1973
bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia, t. 1-3, Tb., 1992-1996
prokopi kesarieli _ saidumlo istoria, baCana bregaZis Targmani, Tb., 1991

axali da uaxlesi istoria

kalandaZe merab _ msoflio istoriis periodizacia qarTul isto-
riografiaSi, Tb., 2007
kiRuraZe givi _ inglisis burJuaziuli revolucia (1603-1642), naw. 1, 1979
kiRuraZe givi _ inglisis burJuaziuli revolucia (1642-1689), naw. 2, 1983
kiRuraZe givi _ axali istoria (1870-1900), naw. 1, Tb., 1973
kiRuraZe givi _ axali istoria (1900-1918), naw. 2, Tb., 1975
nanitaSvili nikoloz _ evropisa da amerikis qveynebis uaxlesi istoria
(1918-1945)
Tb., `cisnami~, 1998
nanitaSvili nikoloz _ evropisa da amerikis qveynebis uaxlesi istoria
(1945-1990),
Tb., `aRmaSenebeli~, 1997
kalandaZe merab _ inglisis istoria, kultura, geografia, Tb., 2005
kalandaZe merab _ safrangeTis istoria, kultura, geografia, Tb., 2008
kalandaZe merab _ germaniis istoria, kultura, geografia, Tb., 2010
menTeSaSvili iv. _ elizabeT pirveli tiudori, istoriuli narkvevi,
Tb., `nekeri~, 2010
amerikis istoriis eskizebi, SeerTebuli Statebis sainformacio saagen-
to, Tb., 2004

170
meZmariaSvili elene _ evropis qveynebisa da aSS-is me-20 s. istoria
(1900-45),
wigni 1, (leqciebis kursi), Tb., `klio~, 2008
meZmariaSvili elene _ evropis qveynebisa da aSS-is me-20 s. istoria
(1945-2000),
wigni 1, (leqciebis kursi), Tb., `klio~, 2010
papaskiri Teimuraz _ evropisa da amerikis uaxlesi istoria (1941-45),
nakv.1, Tb., 2009

ra wavakiTxoT moswavleebs:
(adaptirebuli literatura)
Zveli msoflios istoria
miliadisi ianis _ ambebi herodotes istoriidan, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1987
berZnul-romauli miTebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli frTiani gamoTqmebi
(jemal qarCxaZe, maka miqelaZe), Tb., bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba,
2007

seriidan `wignebi yvelaze Wkviani bavSvebisaTvis~, Tb., `litera~, 2005

troas omi
odisevsis mogzauroba
herakles gmirobebi
aleqsandre makedoneli
iulius keisari

seriidan `civilizaciaTa dialogi~, Tb., `litera~, 2005

gilgameSi _ (Suamdinaruli miTologiis mixedviT)
krososi _ lidielTa mefe (herodotes mixedviT)
argonavtebi (berZnuli miTebis mixedviT)

Sua saukuneebis istoria

seriidan `wignebi yvelaze Wkviani bavSvebisaTvis~, Tb., `litera~, 2005
1. Sakuntala
2. robinzon kruzo
3. legenda robin hudisa
4. guliveris mogzauroba
5. sabralo hainrixi
6. boSa qali
7. Tqmuleba kuxulainze
8. okasen da nikoleti
9. venecieli vaWari
maswavleblis damxmare literatura saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebisT-
vis

o. lorTqifaniZe – Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, 2002

s. yauxCiSvili _ ras gviamboben Zveli berZnebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1964

171
 saqarTvelos istoria, 2 tomad, red. m. lorTqifaniZe, 2006-2008
iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani 12 tomad, Tb., Tsu, 1979-1994
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi 8 tomad, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1970-1980
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, Tb., t. I- II, Tb., `mecniere-
ba~, 1998-99
o. janeliZe – saqarTvelos istoria, me-19 saukune, 2005
o. janeliZe – saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria, 2009
saqarTvelos axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, red. v. guruli, 2010
s. kakabaZe _ vaxtang gorgasali, Tb., `codna~, 1959
v. goilaZe _ vaxtang gorgasali da misi istorikosi, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1991
m. lorTqifaniZe _ qarTli V sukunis meore naxevarSi, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1979
b. silagaZe _ araboba saqarTveloSi, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1975
m. lorTqifaniZe _ feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba,
Tb., 1963
g. meliqiSvili _ feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba
da saqarTveloSi feodalur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis zogierTi
sakiTxi, Tb., 1973
S. mesxia _ ZlevaÁ sakvirveli, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1972
S. mesxia _ saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII s. saqa-
rTveloSi, Tb., 1973
r. metreveli _ Sinaklasobrivi brZola feodalur saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1973
r. metreveli, j. samuSia _ giorgi II, Tb., 2004
r. metreveli _ daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tb., 1998
r. metreveli _ mefe Tamari, Tb., `ganaTleba~, 1991
j. stefnaZe _ demetre I, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1990
v. kopaliani _ saqarTvelosa da bizantiis polit. urTierToba 970-1070
ww., Tb., 1969
v. maWaraZe _ aspinZis brZola, `saxelgami~, 1957
iase cincaZe _ aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze, Tb., `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1969
s. kakabaZe _ krwanisis omi, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1991
g. qiqoZe _ erekle meore, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1983
anania jafariZe _ saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. I-IV
Tb., 1996-2002
saqarTvelos mefeebi _ redaqtori r. metreveli, Tb., `nekeri~, 2000
saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqebi _ redaqtori r. metreveli, Tb.,
`nekeri~, 2000
d. merkvilaZe _ asureli mamebi, Tb., 2006
Tbilisi. enciklopedia, Tb., qarTuli enciklopedia, 2002
Tbilisi, saymawvilo enciklopedia, wigni I-II, avtori Teimuraz beriZe,
`dila~, Tb., 2009
m. lorTifaniZe _ ra wignia qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 1978
k. grigolia _ ras gviambobs qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 1978
z. WumburiZe _ qarTuli xelnawerebis kvaldakval, Tb., 1979

172
qarTveli mogzaurebi
1. gulnara akofaSvili _ qarTveli diplomati nikoloz ColoyaSvili
(nikofore irbaxi), 1977 w.
2. leo menabde _ sulxan-saba orbeliani, 1953 w.
3. rafiel danibegaSvili _ Tvrameti weli aziis qveynebSi, l. maruaSvi-
lis gamocema, 1963 w.
4. rafiel danibegaSvili _ mogzauroba indoeTSi, s. iordaniSvilis ga-
mocema, 1950 w.
5. rafiel danibegaSvili _ ocdaSvidi weli aziis qveynebSi, gr. zardal-
iSvilis gamocema, 1971 w.
6. timoTe gabaSvili _ mimosvla, e. metrevelis gamocema, 1956 w.
7. Teimuraz bagrationi _ mogzauroba Cemi evropiisa da sxvaTa adg-
ilTa, 1944 w.
8. giorgi avaliSvili _ mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, e. me-
trevelis gamocema, 1967 w.
8. giorgi gextmani _ narkvevebi geografiis istoriidan, 1955 w.
9. gr. zardaliSvili _ gamoCenili qarTveli mogzaurebi, 1958 w.

saswavlo masalebi da TvalsaCinoeba, rac uSualod sagakveTilo

procesSi gamoiyeneba
Tematuri sademonstracio (kedlis) rukebis seria
msofliosa da saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis
avtori manana SeyilaZe

#1 “egvipte da wina azia” zoma (84X112)

#2 “Zveli sparseTis (aqemenianTa) saxelmwifo” zoma (72X110)
#3 “elinisturi saxelmwifoebi” zoma (72X100)
#4 “romisa da parTiis dapyrobiTi omebi” zoma (72X110)
#5 “arabTa dapyrobiTi omebi” zoma (72X110)
#6 “Turq-selCukebi da jvarosanTa laSqrobebi” zoma (72X110)

atlasebi da konturuli rukebi

1. Zveli msoflios istoriuli atlasi, avt. manana SeyilaZe, Tb., 2011 w.
2. Zveli msoflios istoriis konturuli rukebi, avt. manana SeyilaZe,
Tb., 2011 w.
3. saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasi, avt. manana SeyilaZe, Tb., 2002 w.,
2004 w.
4. saqarTvelos istoriis konturuli rukebi, avt. manana SeyilaZe, Tb.,
2002, 2004 w.
5. saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasi, avt. m. sanaZe, T. beraZe, k. Tofu-
ria, Tb., 2003 w.

#1 “saqarTvelo uZveles droSi” zoma (88X72)

#2 “saqarTvelo Zv.w. VI-III ss.” zoma (84X118)
#3 “saqarTvelo Zv.w. II_ax.w. III ss.” zoma (84X118)
#4 “saqarTvelo IV_VI ss.” zoma (100X72)

173
 #5 “adreqristianuli saqarTvelo” zoma (100X72)
#6 “saqarTvelo VII_VIII ss.” zoma (100X72)
#7 “saqarTvelo IX-X ss.” zoma (84X118)
#8 “saqarTvelo XI-XII ss” (84X118)
#9 “saqarTvelo XIII s. damdegs” zoma (84X118)
#10 “saqarTvelo monRolTa Semosevebis dros” zoma (84X118)
#11 “saqarTvelo XV s. bolos” zoma (102X74)
#12 “saqarTvelo XVIII s. II naxevarSi” zoma (84X118)
#13 “saqarTvelo da samxreTi kavkasia XIX s. I naxevarSi” zoma (84X118)
#14 “saqarTvelo da samxreTi kavkasia XIX s. II naxevarSi” zoma (84X118)
#15 “saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika” zoma (84X110)

atlasebi da konturuli rukebi

1. saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasi, avt. manana SeyilaZe, Tb., 2002 w.,
2004 w.
2. saqarTvelos istoriis konturuli rukebi, avt. manana SeyilaZe, Tb.,
2002, 2004 w.
3. saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasi, avt. m. sanaZe, T. beraZe, k. Tofu-
ria, Tb., 2003 w.
4. Zveli msoflios istoriuli atlasi, avt. manana SeyilaZe, Tb., 2012 w.
5. Zveli msoflios istoriis konturuli rukebi, avt. manana SeyilaZe,
Tb., 2012 w.

tabulebi da plakatebi
1. a) numizmatikuri tabula – „antikuri xanis monetebi”
b) numizmatikuri tabula – „daviT kurapalatidan Tamar mefemde”
g) numizmatikuri tabula – „laSa-giorgidan aleqsandre didamde”
2. plakatebis seria – „qarTvel istorikosTa portretebi’’.

multimedia kompaqt-diskebi
gamomcemeli `ganaTleba da axali teqnologiebi~ (manana SeyilaZe)
saqarTvelos istoriis gakveTilebi – saqarTvelo adreantikur xanaSi
Zveli Tbilisis eTnografiuli suraTebi
saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I, damxmare eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelo
saqarTvelos istoria, naw. II, damxmare eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelo

qarTuli mxatvruli filmebi

mxatvruli filmebis Tavidan bolomde naxva gakveTilze mizanSewonili
araa. maswavlebelma miznobrivad unda SearCios filmidan nawyveti, ro-
melic 15-25 wuTs ar unda aRematebodes. igi unda gamoiyenoT rogorc
erT-erTi resursi, rac gaucocxlebs moswavles sasurvel epizods da
amiT Temis warmatebiT aTvisebaSi daexmareba.
aseTi midgomiT momzadebuli fragmenti sxva resursebTan erTad (ruka,
reproduqcia, mxatvruli literatura) dagvexmareba sasurveli Temis
ufro efeqturad damuSavebaSi.

174
(filmebi dalagebulia qronologiuri principiT)

Sua saukuneebi XIX saukune XX saukune

didostatis marjvena petre bagrationi firosmani
dimitri meore daTa TuTaSxia dariko
wigni ficisa mevludi mTvaris motaceba
giorgi saakaZe magdanas lurja natvris xe
baSi aCuki paliastomis tba verisubnis melodiebi
maci xvitia akakis akvani pirveli mercxali
xevisberi goCa rac ginaxavs, veRar Sexvedra warsulTan
mamluqi naxav Rimilis biWebi
daviT guramiSvili dakarguli samoTxe jariskacis mama
anTimoz iverieli glaxis naambobi keTili adamianebi
maia wyneTeli oTaraanT qvrivi sabudareli Wabuki
arsena xevsuruli balada
fatima fesvebi
qeTo da kote
Ciriki da Cikotela
xareba da gogia

sawavlo filmebi

gamomcemeli „saswavlo satelevizio centri”

antikuri xanis qarTuli oqromWedloba
bolnisis sioni
bagratis taZari
sxalTis monasteri
safaris monasteri
ananuri

dokumenturi filmebi
rezo TabukaSvilis filmebi:
saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesi (eqvTime TayaiSvili), gamomc. „sano
studia”.
kvali naTeli (mixeil TamaraSvili), gamomc. „sano studia”.
alpuri varskvlavi (qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi), gamomc. „sano
studia”.

gza _ (reJ. merab kokoCaSvili), 5 nawilad

galobis raindebi (reJ. nana janeliZe)

175
 saukunis portretebi
gamomcemeli „sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli”
lado gudiaSvili
galaktion tabiZe
veriko anjafariZe
ivane javaxiSvili
erosi manjgalaZe
vaxtang Wabukiani
avlip zurabiSvili
konstantine gamsaxurdia
kirion II
dodo abaSiZe
hamlet gonaSvili
kote marjaniSvili
iliko suxiSvili da nino ramiSvili
niko firosmani
vaso goZiaSvili
zaqaria faliaSvili
nodar dumbaZe
mixeil javaxiSvili
mixeil mesxi
mixeil xergiani

saqarTvelos videoenciklopedia
30 dasaxelebis filmi, dalagebuli qronologiuri principiT

filmebi devs veb-gverdze www.imsa.ge (istoriis maswavlebelTa saqa-

rTvelos asociacia)

176
muzeumi, rogorc saswavlo resursi _ saqarTvelos muzeumebi regionebis
mixedviT:
Tbilisi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. simon janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. Salva amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis muzeumi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. ioseb griSaSvilis sax. Tbilisis istoriis
muzeumi (qarvasla)
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. giorgi Citaias sax. eTnografiuli muzeumi Ria
cis qveS
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. erovnuli galerea
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. Tbilisis arqeologiuri sacavi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. sabWoTa okupaciis muzeumi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. elene axvledianis saxl-muzeumi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. uCa jafariZis saxl-muzeumi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. mose ToiZis saxl-muzeumi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. iakob nikolaZis saxl-muzeumi
giorgi leoniZis sax. qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumi
saqarTvelos Teatris, musikis, kinosa da qoreografiis saxelmwifo
muzeumi
saqarTvelos xalxuri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi
qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa da sakravebis saxelmwifo muzeumi
abreSumis saxelmwifo muzeumi
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis fulis muzeumi
ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-memorialuri muzeumi
ilia WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumi
SoTa rusTavelis sax. akademiuri Teatris muzeumi
kote marjaniSvilis sax. saxelmwifo dramatuli Teatris muzeumi
apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro aka-
demiis muzeumi
apolon quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiis
gobelenis muzeumi
vano sarajiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis istoriis
muzeumi
zaqaria faliaSvilis sax. operisa da baletis saxelmwifo Teatris
muzeumi
mirza-faTali axundovis sax. azerbaijanuli kulturis muzeumi
elene axvledianis sax. bavSvTa suraTebis galerea
TinaTin TumaniSvilis sax. Tojinebis muzeumi
dendrologiuri muzeumi (botanikuri baRi)
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis geofizikur mecnierebaTa isto-
riis muzeumi
Tbilisis I sajaro skolis muzeumi
guram rCeuliSvilis muzeumi (Tbilisis 30-e sajaro skola)
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis arqeologiis muzeumi
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmwifo universitetis muzeumi
niko firosmanaSvilis muzeumi

177
 zaqaria faliaSvilis saxl-muzeumi
vaxtang Wabukianis memorialuri bina- muzeumi
galaktion tabiZis memorialuri muzeumi
tician tabiZis saxl-muzeumi
nikoloz baraTaSvilis saxl-muzeumi
mixeil javaxiSvilis saxl-muzeumi
i. griSaSvilis saxelobis biblioTeka-muzeumi
nodar dumbaZis saxl-muzeumi
merab kostavas saxl-muzeumi
Sio aragvispirelis (dedabriSvilis) saxl-muzeumi

kerZo muzeumebi:
saqarTvelos mineralebis muzeumi _ Tbilisi, leseliZis q. 27/1
fotografiis qarTuli muzeumi _ www.photomuseum.org.ge
uSangi CxeiZis saxl-muzeumi _ Tbilisi, dimitri uznaZis q. 12
akaki vasaZis saxl-muzeumi _ Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gamz. 3
nikoloz (koka) ignatovis saxl-muzeumi _ mixeil zandukelis q. 6
soso wereTlis bina-muzeumi _ Tbilisi, dimitri uznaZis q. 2
animaciuri Tojinebis muzeumi _ Tbilisi, amaRlebis q. 29
konos istoriis muzeumi _ Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gamz. 40 (sa-
bavSvo kino-centri `fifqia~)
zurab leJavas SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis muzeumi _ Tbilisi, barno-
vis q. 73
muxran maWavarianis saxl-muzeumi _ Tbilisi, ir. abaSiZis q. 48
naTela ianqoSvilis bina-muzeumi _ Tbilisi, SoTa rusTavelis gamziri 26

aWara
baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumi
aWaris xariton axvledianis saxelobis muzeumi
aWaris xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi
ilia WavWavaZis muzeumi
Zmebi nobelebis saxelobis baTumis teqnologiuri muzeumi
ioseb stalinis saxl-muzeumi
petra-cixis arqeologiur-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZali
gonio-afsarosis arqeologiur-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZali
maWaxelas istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi
axalSenis muzeumi
mejiniswylis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
Suaxevis eTnografiuli muzeumi
selim ximSiaSvilis saxelobis cixe-muzeumi
kviaxiZeebis istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi
xulos mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
Txilvanis eTnografiuli muzeumi
Serif ximSiaSvilis saxl–muzeumi
qedis istoriuli muzeumi

178
guria
ozurgeTis istoriuli muzeumi
ozurgeTis saxviTi xelovnebis centri
guriis mxaris arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali
niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis Coxatauris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
nodar dumbaZis saxl-muzeumi
niko maris saxl-muzeumi
mose gogiberiZis saxl-muzeumi
lanCxuTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
egnate ninoSvilis saxl-muzeumi

imereTi
niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumi
daviT kakabaZis saxelobis quTaisis saxviTi xelovnebis galerea
quTaisis istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZali
quTaisis sportis muzeumi
quTaisis daviT mxeiZis saxelobis foto-kino matianes muzeumi
quTaisis sabrZolo didebis erovnuli muzeumi
vladimer maiakovskis saxl-muzeumi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. oTar lorTqifaniZis sax. vanis arqeologiuri
muzeum-nakrZali
galaktion da tician tabiZeebis saxl-muzeumi
korneli kekeliZis memorialuri muzeumi
niko nikolaZis saxl-muzeumi
giorgi axvledianis saxelobis wyaltubos mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
giorgi axvledianis saxl-muzeumi
niko lorTqifaniZis saxl-muzeumi
Salva da petre amiranaSvilebis saxl-muzeumi
daviT da sergo kldiaSvilebis saxl-muzeumi
WiaTuris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
giorgi wereTlis saxl-muzeumi
alpinist da-Zma jafariZeebis saxl-muzeumi
saCxeris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo muzeumi
xonis istoriuli muzeumi
polikarpe kakabaZis saxl-muzeumi
irakli abaSiZis saxl-muzeumi
zestafonis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
uSangi CxeiZis saxl – muzeumi
xaragaulis istoriuli muzeumi
soflis istoriis muzeumi

kaxeTi
Telavis istoriuli muzeumi
winandlis aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. siRnaRis istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi
daviT-garejis muzeum-nakrZali

179
 grem-nekresis muzeum-nakrZali
yvarlis ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo muzeumi
niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo muzeumi
yvarlis marjaniSvilebis saxl-muzeumi
axmetis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
dedofliswyaros mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
lagodexis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
sagarejos mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
nato vaCnaZis saxl-muzeumi
giorgi leoniZis saxl-muzeumi
vaso goZiaSvilis memorialuri muzeumi
sandro axmetelis saxl-muzeumi
vano sarajiSvilis muzeumi
sandro SanSiaSvilis saxl-muzeumi
sandro mirianaSvilis memorialuri muzeumi
irodion evdoSvilis saxl-muzeumi
aleqsandre gziriSvilis saxl- muzeumi
ilo mosaSvilis saxl- muzeumi
rafiel erisTavis saxl-muzeumi
ivane beritaSvilis muzeumi
ioseb noneSvilis muzeumi
giorgi maisuraZis saxelobis soflis istoriis muzeumi
jon malxaz SalikaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli mxedruli istoriis
muzeumi
didebis memoriali-muzeumi
xalxTa megobrobis muzeumi

mcxeTa–mTianeTi
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali
stefanwmindis istoriuli muzeumi
daviT da giorgi erisTavebis saxl-muzeumi
ilia WavWavaZis saguramos saxelmwifo muzeumi
vaJa-fSavelas saxl- muzeumi
duSeTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
TianeTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
korSas eTnografiuli muzeumi
mirza gelovanis saxl- muzeumi

raWa–leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi

ambrolauris saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumi
onis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
lado muselianis saxelobis lentexis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
varlam maxarobliZis saxelobis cageris istoriuli muzeumi
fustelTa skola- muzeumi

180
samegrelo da zemo svaneTi
dadianebis sasaxleTa istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeumi
parmen zaqaraias saxelobis noqalaqevis arqiteqturul-arqeologiuri
muzeum-nakrZali
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. svaneTis istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi
foTis kolxuri kulturis muzeumi
givi eliavas saxelobis martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
Jiuli Sartavas sax. senakis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
konstantine gamsaxurdias saxl-muzeumi
xobis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
Cxorowyus mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
walenjixis eTnografiuli muzeumi
terenti granelis saxl-muzeumi
leo qiaCelis saxl-muzeumi
mixeil xergianis saxl-muzeumi
arnold Ciqobavas saxl-muzeumi
Teofane daviTaias saxl-muzeumi
Jiuli Sartavas muzeumi
Zuku loluas sax. qarTuli xalxuri simReris muzeumi
akademikos tarasi kvaracxelis saxl-muzeumi

samcxe-javaxeTi
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis samcxe-javaxeTis
istoriuli muzeumi
varZiis istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZali
borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
axalqalaqis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
ninowmindis sabrZolo didebis muzeumi
vahan terianis saxl-muzeumi
viqtor ovsepianis saxl-muzeumi

qvemo qarTli
kldekaris istoriis, arqeologiisa da arqiteqturis muzeum-nakrZali
saq. erovnuli muzeumi. dmanisis istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeum-na-
krZali
bolnisis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
sulxan-saba orbelianis literaturuli muzeumi
gardabnis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
TeTriwyaros mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
mixeil javaxiSvilis muzeumi
aleqsandre meliq faSaevis saxl-muzeumi
rusTavis istoriuli muzeumi

Sida qarTli
sergi makalaTias saxelobis goris istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi
ufliscixis istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZali
kaspis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi

181
 xaSuris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
i. b. stalinis saxelmwifo muzeumi
qsnis xeobis istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZali
iakob gogebaSvilis saxl-muzeumi
jambakur-orbelianTa sasaxle-muzeumi
qarelis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi
dimitri yifianis saxl-muzeumi
ivane javaxiSvilis saxl- muzeumi
didi liaxvis xeobis muzeum-nakrZali
lesia ukrainkas saxl-muzeumi
giorgi mazniaSvilis muzeumi
omar kelaptriSvilis saxl-muzeumi

eleqtronuli resursebi:
www.mes.gov.ge (saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro)
www.tpdc.ge (maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli centri)
www.naec.ge (gamocdebis erovnuli centri)
www.meca.ge (afxazeTis a/r ganaTlebisa da kulturis saministro)
www.moecs.gov.ge (aWaris a/r ganaTlebis, kulturisa da sportis samin-
istro)
www.moe.gov.ge (saqarTvelos garemos dacvis saministro)
www.georgianmuseums.ge (saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi)
www.heritagesites.ge (saq. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli
saagento)
www.myherita.ge (saq. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saa-
gento)
www.dataherita.ge (saq. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saa-
gento)
www.nplg.gov.ge (saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka _ „sa-
jaro”)
www.folk.ge (saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centri)
www.imsa.ge (istoriis maswavlebelTa saqarTvelos asociacia)
www.mastsavlebeli.ge (maswavleblis internetgazeTi)
www.manuscript.ge (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri)
www.qim.ge (qarTveli istoriuli moRvaweni)
www.istoria.ge
www.mtavari.ge (qarTuli sabrZolo xelovneba)
www.davidrumsey.com (msoflio istoriuli rukebi)
www.saunje.ge
www.orthodoxy.ge
www. sanostudio.ge
www.lib.ge
www.codna.ge

182
 gamoyenebuli literatura
Rosie Turner-Bisset(2005), Creative Teaching History, NY
Rosie Turner-Bisset(2000), Meaningful of History with Young Children in R. Drury, R
Campbell and L. Miller (eds) Looking at Early Years Education and Care, London
G.M. Trevelyan (1913), Clio: A Muse, and Other Essays, London, NY
Julia Murphy ( 2007), 100+ Ideas for Teaching History, NY
Fines J . and Nichol J. (1997) Teaching Primary History, Oxford
Dean J. (1995)Teaching History at Key Stage2, Cambridge
Hand-on-History: World History Activities, Huntington Beach, 2006
Davies I, and Webb C.(1996) Using Documents, Bristol

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