AIR$LAW$

LIGHT$SIGNALS$ DISTRESS$ FLIGHT$PLANS$

$
• Grave$and$imminent$danger$
• Immediate$assistance$required$ FLIGHT$PLAN$TYPES$
$ $
• MAYDAY!–!RT!/!Datalink! • I!–!IFR!
• SOS!Signal!–!RT!/!Other!Signaling!Method! • V!–!VFR!
• Red!lights!thrown!at!regular!intervals! • Y!–!IFR!to!VFR!(IVY)!
• Parachute!flare!showing!a!red!light! • Z!–!VFR!to!IFR!(VIZ)!

URGENCY$
$ $
• Difficulties$compelling$it$to$land$
• Immediate$assistance$not$required$
• Can!also!include!state!of!other!vessels!etc$
$
• PAN!PAN!PAN!–!RT!/!Datalink!
• XXX!Signal!–!RT!/!Other!Signaling!Method!
• Switching!on!and!off!of!the!landing!lights!
• Switching!on!and!off!of!the!nav!lights!
FLIGHT$PLAN$FILE$
• Uncontrolled:$EOBT!U!30!minutes$
• Controlled:!EOBT!U60!minutes$
• Airborne:!10!mins!before!boundary$
FLIGHT$PLAN$REFILE$
$
• Uncontrolled:$EOBT!+!60!minutes$
• Controlled:!EOBT!+!30!minutes$

DIVERSION$
REPETETIVE$FLIGHT$PLANS$
$
$
• Notify! original! destination! aerodrome!
• Same!days!of!consecutive!weeks$
within!30$minutes.$
• At!least!10$occasions!OR$
• Every!day!over!a!period!of!10$days$

FPL$CHANGES$(IN$FLIGHT)$
$
• TAS:$Varies!by!±5%$
! • ETA:!More!than!2!mins$
 AIR$LAW$
!

COMMUNICATIONS$FAILURE$ WEATHER$MINIMA$ LOW$FLYING$

COMMS$FAIL$(VMC)$ VMC$AIRSPACE$MINIMA$ LOW$FLYING$

$ $ $
• Continue! VMC! and! land! at! nearest! suitable! • No! lower! than! 1,000ft! above! highest!!
aerodrome,! reporting! arrival! by! most! obstacle!within!600m!of!aircraft.$
expeditious!route.$ • No!lower!than!500!ft!above!ground!/!water$

COMMS$FAIL$(IMC)$ MINIMUM$FLIGHT$LEVELS$(IFR)$
$ $
• Procedural:$20!mins!maintain$ • Not! below! minimum$ flight$ altitude$
• Radar:$7!mins!maintain$ established$ by$ the$ state! being! overflown.!
• After! maintaining,! hold! at! nav! aid! /! fix! at! Or,!when!this!does!not!exists…$
VMC$MINIMA$(ATZ/CTR)$
destination! until! ETA! /! EAT! then! complete! $
$
approach!as!published.$ • Normal!Area:$
• No! takingUoff! /! landing! or! flying! within!
• Land! as! close!to! EAT!/! ETA!as!possible! and! o 1,000! ft! above! highest! obstacle! within!
ATZ/CTR! permitted! when! conditions! are!
ideally!within!30!mins!of!whichever!is!later.$ 8km!of!aircraft$
below:$
o 1500ft!Ceiling$ $
o 5!km!vis$ • Mountainous$
o 2,000! ft! above! highest! obstacle! within!
8km!of!aircraft$
SVFR$
$
• Allows! reduction! to! no! lower! than! 1500m!
vis.$
• Only!allowed!in!CTR$

!
 ! AIR$LAW$

SEMI$CIRCULAR$FLIGHT$LEVELS$ RUNWAY$STATES$ SIGNAL$SQUARE$

$ $
• Based!on!Magnetic!Track$ • Usually!3m!x!3m!with!a!white!border.$
RUNWAY$STATES$
$
• Damp$–$Change!of!colour$
• Wet$–!Soaked!but!no!standing!water$
• Water$Patches$–!Patches!of!standing!water!$
• Flooded$–!Extensive!standing!water$

BRAKING$SNOWTAM$
$
• 1!–!Poor!(0.25)$
• 2!–!Poor!/!Medium$
• 3!–!Medium!(0.30)$
• 4!–!Medium!/!Good$
• 5!–!Good!(0.40)$
! • 9!U!Unreliable$
Aerodrome$Reference$Code$

Element$1$ Element$2$
AERODROME$BEACONS$
Reference!Field!Length! OBSTACLE$LIGHTING$
!
1! <!800m! A!!!F! AERODROME$IDENTIFICATION$BEACONS$
! $ OBSTACLE$LIGHTING$(LOW$INTENSITY)$
2! 800≤x<1200! $
Categorised!by!wing! • Land$–!Green!Morse!
3! 1200≤x<1800! span!and!outer!MLG! • Water$–!Yellow!Morse! • Emergency$Vehicles!–!Flashing!blue!
span.! • Other$Vehicles$–!Flashing!yellow!
4! 1800≤x! • Fixed$Objects$–!Fixed!red!
AERODROME$BEACON$
! $
• Land$–!White!or!white!/!green! OBSTACLE$LIGHTING$(HIGH$INTENSITY)$
• Water$–!White!or!white!/!yellow! !
• Flashing$White$
! • When! 150m! AGL$ and! recognition! essential!
by$day$
 ! AIR$LAW$

SIGNAGE$ TAXIWAYS$ HOLDING$POINTS$

AERODROME$SIGNS$ TAXIWAY$WIDTHS$ HOLDING$SHORT$

$ $ $
• Mandatory!Instruction! • C$–!15m$ • Used! when! there! are! no! marked! holding!
(EG/!Hold!Position)! • D$–!18m$ positions.!
! !
! TAXIWAY$LIGHTING$ • RWY$<$900$m:$30$m!from!runway!edge!
• Information!Sign! $ • RWY$≥$900$m:$50!m!from!runway!edge!
(EG/!Taxiway!Direction)! • Normally!just!blue$edge$lighting$ !
! !
!
• Aerodromes! with! LVPs! have! green$ STOP$BARS$
• Location!Sign! centerline$ lighting! and! usually! blue! edge!
(EG/!Taxiway!Location)! $
light!as!well.! • Required! at! every! runway! holding! position!
! ! where! the! runway! is! intended! to! be! used!
• Alternate$ green$ and$ yellow$ lighting! used! below$350$m$RVR!
from! start! of! taxiway! on! runway! to! !
VEHICLES$ perimeter!of!the!critical!/!sensitive!area.!! • Not! required! if! procedures! limit,! when!
! below$550$m$RVR:!
VEHICLE$COLOURS$ o One!aircraft!on!manoeuvring!area!
$ o Vehicles!to!essential!minimum!!
• Emergency$ Vehicles! –! Single! conspicuous!
colour!preferably!red!/!yellowish!green!
! RUNWAY$GUARD$LIGHTS$
• Service$Vehicles$U!Yellow! $
• Required! at! RWY! when! ops! intended!
between! 550m$ and$ 1200m$ with$ heavy$
!
traffic$density.$
$
• Required!if!ops!intended!below$550m$with$
no$stop$bars$installed.$
!
 ! AIR$LAW$

RUNWAYS$ RUNWAY$END$LIGHTS$ RUNWAY$EDGE$LIGHTING$

$ $
• Unidirectional$red$ • Variable!white$ although!can!also!be$ yellow$
RUNWAY$WIDTHS$ towards$runway$end.!
$ !
• 18!m! RUNWAY$CENTRELINE$LIGHTS$ • Required! for! any$ precision$ approach$
• 23!m! $ runways$and$those!to!be!used!at$night.!
• 30!m! • Threshold! –! 900m!
• 45!m! from!end:!White!
• 60!m! !
• 900m! –! 300m! from!
end:!Red!+!White!
THRESHOLD$STRIPES$ !
$
• 300m!to!end:!Red!
• Runway!Width!=!4!x!#!of!stripes! !
• Required! on!
runways! intended!
THRESHOLD$LIGHTING$ to! be! used! in! RVRs$
$ !!
of$400$m$
• Threshold!Marking!U!Unidirectional$green$
• Threshold!Identification!–!Flashing$White$

AIMING$POINT$+$TOUCHDOWN$ZONE$
RWY$Length$ 1200$m$–$1500$m$ 1500$m$–$2400$m$ 2400$m$+$
$
• TDZ!markings!placed!at!150$m$intervals$ Aiming$Point$Distance$From$
• Aiming!point!required!when!RWY$>$800m$ 300!m! 400!m!
Threshold$
• Aiming$point$min$distance$150$m$
!
$ #$TDZ$Markings$ 3! 4! 6!
!
 ! AIR$LAW$

APPROACH$LIGHTING$ DISPLACED$THRESHOLD$ VASIS$&$PAPIS$

CAT$I$ILS$INSTALLATION$ DISPLACED$THRESHOLD$ EYE$HEIGHT$

$ $ $
• 5$Fixed$White$Crossbars$! • Indicated! by! a! white$ line$ drawn$ across$ a$ • AVASIS,! PAPI! /! TUVASIS! to! be! provided!
! runway! when! eye! height! over! the! threshold! is!
• Starts! from! a! distance! of! 900m! from! the! ! between!12m$–$16m$
threshold.! • Red$ runway$ edge$ lighting! is! used! in! the!
! direction!of!approach.!
• The! single,! two! and! three$ light$ sources$ ! TgVASI$
have$a$length$of$300m$each!(total!900!m)! $
• Wing! bar! consisting! of! 4$ light$ units!
installed!either!side!of!the!centerline.!
CAT$II$/$III$ILS$INSTALLATION$ • 6$lights$bisect$longitudinally.$
$ $
• Additionally! has! a! white$ centerline$ • ATgVASI$ installed! on!one! side! only! but! still!
barrette!and!two$red$side$barrettes.$ with!4!light!units.$
! $
• These! start! from! a! distance! of! 300m! from! !
the!threshold.! !

!!

VASIS$
$
• Contains!4$light$units$
!
 ! AIR$LAW$

AISPACE$CLASSIFICATIONS$ ROUTINE$AIR$REPORTS$

!! CONTENTS$
! IFR$–$IFR$ IFR$–$VFR$ VFR$–$IFR$ VFR$–$VFR$ 2$–$WAY$ CLEARANCE$ SPEED$ $
1.!Position!Report!
A$ ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! I!+!V! I!+!V! !
!
B$ ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! I!+!V! I!+!V! ! 2.!Operational!Information!(ETA!+!Endurance)!
!
C$ ✓! ✓! ✓! Info! I!+!V! I!+!V! V! 3.!Meteorological!Information!
D$ ✓! Info! Info! Info! I!+!V! I!+!V! I!+!V!

E$ ✓! If!Able! If!Able! If!Able! I! I! I!+!V! ATC$DELAYS$&$SLOTS$

F$ If!Able! ! ! ! I! ! I!+!V!
EXPECTED$APPROACH$TIMES$
G$ ! ! ! ! I! ! I!+!V! $
• Issued:!10m!mins!!delay!/!30!mins!holding!
!
• Expeditious$Notification:!30!mins!or!more!
ATC$WEATHER$REPORTS$ INDENTIFYING$AIRCRAFT$ • Revised:!Further!5!min!delay!or!more!

WIND$COMPONENT$CHANGES$ IDENTIFICATION$TURNS$
CTOT$
$ $
$
• Mean$Headwind$–!10!KTS! • Heading!changes!of!300$or$more!
• U!5!MIN!/!+!10!MIN!
• Mean$Crosswind$–$5!KTS!
• Mean$Tailwind$–!2!KTS!
MODE$C$TOLERANCE$
$
RVR$ • Non!RVSM:!±!300!ft!
$ • RVSM:!±!200!ft!
• Reported!when!falls!below!1500$m!
DEPARTURE$IDENTIFICATION$
$
!
• Identified!1$nm$after$departure!with!PSR!
 ! AIR$LAW$

WAKE$TURBULENCE$ RADAR$SEPARTION$MINIMA$ ILS$PROCEDURES$

INTERCEPTS$
WAKE$TURBULENCE$CATEGORIES$ RADAR$SEPARATION$
$
$ $
• Intercept!heading!≤$300$within$1$nm$
• Heavy:$≥$136,000!kgs$ • Normally!–!5$nm$
o ≤!450!for!nonUparallel!intercept$
• Medium:$7,000!–!136,000!kgs$ • Suitable!Equipment!–!3$nm$
$
• Light:!≤!7,000!kgs$ • Special!Conditions!–!2.5$nm$
• Level!2$nm$before!glideslope!capture!

AIRCRAFT$ON$APPROACH$ OTHER$ATC$ PREgESTABLISHED$SEPARATION$

$
VACATING$LEVELS$ • 3!nm!/1,000!ft!
$
• Passed! level! in! required! direction! by! more$ DEPENDENT$PARALLEL$APPROACHES$
than$300$ft! (MODE$2)$
$
• 3!nm!(Same!ILS)!
RADAR$/$TOWER$LIASON$ • 2!nm!(Opposite!Approaches)!
$
• First!Notification!–!8$nm!from!touchdown$ INDEPENDENT$PARALLEL$APPROACHES$
• Second!Notification!–!4$nm! (MODE$1)$
DEPARTING$AIRCRAFT$ • Min!distance!for!clearance!–!2nm! $
$ • 3$nm$(Same$ILS)!
• Applies! to! light! behind! M/H! OR! a! medium! MAP$RECOMMENDED$ • Includes!NOZ!&!NTZ!(At!least!610!m)!
behind!H.! $
! • Aircraft! not! visible! on! radar! for! significant! MAP$TRACKS$
• Standard:!2$Mins! interval!during!the!last!2$nm! $
o!Includes!taking!off!after!an!arrival! • Must!diverge$by$ at$least$300!when!parallel!
! approaches!are!used.!
• 3$Mins!when:! SRA$
o!! Departing!from!intermediate!point! $ SPEED$CONTROL$
o Parallel!runway!less!than!760m! • Distance!&!level!transmitted!every$0.5$nm$ $
! • Within$4$nm!–!No!more!than!5s!intervals$ • Must!terminate!4nm$from$touchdown!
• Terminates$2$nm!from!touchdown$ • Max!request:!±$20$KTS$
 ! AIR$LAW$
NAV$AID$SEPARATION$
NAV$AID$SEPARATION$
$ $
• Ensured! when! the! aircraft! are! 15nm! from!
the!NAVAID!and!on!radials$that$differ!by:$
o VOR!U!150$
o NDB!U!300$
o DR!U!450$
$ until:!
• RNAV$ requires$ 150! separation! with! no!
distance!requirement$
PROCEDURAL$TIME$SEPARATION$
SAME$LEVEL$&$SAME$/$CROSSING$TRACK$
$
• 15$Mins!–!Default!
• 10$Mins!–!Regular!Fixes!
• 5$Min!–!Lead!aircraft!+!20!Kts!
• 3$Min!–!Lead!aircraft!+!40!Kts!
CLIMBING$&$DESCENDING$
$ • Once! the!turn! has! commended,!can!take! off!
• 15$Mins!–!Default!
• 10$Mins!–!Regular!Fixes!
• 5$ Min! –! If! second! aircraft! begins! level!
change! with! 10min! of! the! other! aircraft!
reporting!over!an!exact!reporting!point.!
!
PROCEDURAL$DME$SEPARATION$
SAME$LEVEL$&$SAME$/$CROSSING$TRACK$
• 20$nm!–!Default!
• 10$nm!–!Lead!aircraft!+!20!kts!
CLIMBING$&$DESCENDING$
$ 450$ different! from! reciprocal! of! approach!
• Min$10$nm!
DEPARTURE$SEPARATION$
FROM$OTHER$DEPARTURES$
$ FROM$OTHER$ARRIVALS$
• 5$Min!–!Same!Track!
• 2$Min!–!Same!Track!(Lead!+!40!Kts)!
• 1$Min!–!Diverging!tracks!(≥450)!
!!
FROM$OTHER$ARRIVALS$
(STRAIGHT$IN$APPROACH)$
$
• Can!take!off!in!any$direction!until:!
!
o Arriving! aircraft! is! within! 5! mins! of!
being!overhead!the!instrument!runway!
!
• Can! take! off! in! a! direction! that! is! at$ least$
!
o Arriving! aircraft! is! within! 3! mins! of!
being! overhead! the! instrument! runway!
OR!it!passes!a!designated!fix!
(INSTRUMENT$APPROACH)$
$
• Can!take!off!in!any$direction!until:!
!
o Arriving! aircraft! has! started! in!
procedure! /! base! turn! leading! to! final!
approach!
!
in!a! direction!that!is!at$ least$ 450$ different!
from!reciprocal!of!approach!until:!
!
o Arriving! aircraft! is! within! 3! mins! of!
being!overhead!the!instrument!runway!
 ! AIR$LAW$

!!
AIRSPACE$BLOCKS$ OTHER$

CTR$VS$CTA$ ATC$CLOCKS$
$ $
• CTR$(Control$Zone)$!U!SFC!!+$ • Accurate!to!within!30$seconds$of$UTC$
o Min!5!NM!in!approach!direction$
$ OPERATIONALLY$SIGNIFICANT$CLOUDS$
• CTA$(Control$Area)$g$≥!700ft!/!200!m!AGL!+$ $
• Clouds!below!5,000!ft!or!highest!MSA$
UIR$&$FIR$
$ ATIS$
• Separated!approx.!FL195$ $
• Within!FIR!is!a!FIS!+!Alerting!Service$ • Max$30$seconds$where!possible$

ENgROUTE$

CHANGEOVER$POINTS$
$
• Should! be! 60$ NM$ apart$ or$ more! under!
normal!circumstances.!$

AIRWAY$RNP$
$
• Y!–!22.5!NM!Radius!(≥!FL!200)$
• Z!–!15!NM!Radius!(≤!FL190)$

!
 ! AIR$LAW$

DEPARTURE$PROCEDURES$(DOC$8168)$ APPROACH$PROCEDURES$(DOC$8168)$ STRAIGHT$IN$APPROACHES$

$
• Angle! between! final! approach! track! and!
SID$TRACK$GUIDANCE$ MINIMUM$SECTOR$ALTITUDES$ runway!centerline!is!300$or$less$
$ $
• Straight$Departure$–$20!km$ • Within$25$nm!of!the!IAF$
• Turning$Departure$–!10!km$ FIX$TOLERANCE$
“ESTABLISHED”$ $
!!
$ • VOR$
MIN$HEIGHT$BEFORE$TURNING$ • VOR$+$ILS:$Half!scale!deflection$ o ±!4.50!(5.20!with!track!guidance)$
$ • NDB:!±!50$ o Area!Width:!2!NM$
• OmniUdirectional! (turning)! departure! when! o Area!Splay:!7.80$
turn$is$greater$than$150$ $
$ MAP$CLIMB$GRADIENT$
$ • NDB$
• Must!be!at!least!120$m$AGL$and,$ o ±!6.20!(6.90!with!track!guidance)$
• Have!at!least$90$m$obstacle$clearance$ • Normally!2.5%$
o Area!Width:!2.5!NM$
• Can!be!reduced$to$2%$if$approved$
o Area!Splay:!10.30$
$
PROCEDURE$DESIGN$GRADIENT$(PDG)$ MINIMUM$OBSTACLE$CLEARANCE$ • DME$
$ $ o Old:!±0.25!NM!+!1.25%!Slant!Range$
• PDG$=$OIS$+$MOC$ • Reduces! from! 300$ m$ to$ 150$ m! in! the! o New:!±0.2!NM$
$ primary!area!during!intermediate!segment.$ $
• OIS$ –! Obstacle! Identification! Surface! $ • Terminal$Area$Radar$(TAR)$
(Minimum!2.5%)$ • Absolute$minimum!in!final!segment!is:$ o 0.8!NM!within!20!NM!$
$ o 90!m!–!Without!FAF$ $
• MOC$ –$ Minimum! Obstacle! Clearance! (Fixed! o 75!m!–!With!FAF$ • EngRoute$Radar$(RSR)$
at!0.8%)$ $ o 1.7!NM!within!40!NM!$
$
• Standard!PDG!–!3.3%$

“ENgROUTE$OBSTACLE”$
$
• Greater!than!150$m$ APPROACH$SEGMENTS$
!
• Beyond!15$km!radius!of!aerodrome$ $
Arrival!!U$IAF!U!Initial! U!IF!–!Intermediate!–!FAP$–!Final!U!MAP!–!Missed!Approach!
 ! AIR$LAW$

MAP$SEGMENTS$ TURN$CONSTRUCTION$BANK$ANGLE$ DESCENT$GRADIENT$

$ $ $
• Initial$ Lowest'of'the'below'or'that'bank'angle'which' • Optimum$–!5.2%$
o MAP!!!Start!of!climb!(SOC)$ gives'30'/'second'rate'of'turn' • Maximum$–!6.5%!$
o No!turns!specified$ $
$ • Departure!–!150!till!1,000!ft$
• Intermediate$ • Departure!–!200!from!1,000!ft!–!3,000!ft$ ROUTE$WIDTHS$
o SOC!!!50!m!obstacle!clearance$ • Departure!–!250!above!3,000!ft$ $
o Max!150!track!changes$ ! • Airways$–!±!10!NM$
o 30!m!obstacle!clearance$ • Initial!Approach!–!250$ • SID$/$STARS$–!±!5!NM!$
$ • Missed!Approach!U!150$
• Final$ • Visual!Maneuvering!U!250$ !!
o 50! m! obstacle! clearance! !! initiation! of! • Circling!U!200$
new!approach,!hold!/!return!to!enroute$ $
o Turns!can!be!prescribed$ A'pilot'reaction'time'of'0"–"3"seconds'is'used'
o 50!m!obstacle!clearance$

WHEELS$TO$ANTENNA$DISTANCE$
PROCEDURE$TURNS$ $
$ • Helicopters!–!3!m$
• The!450$leg!is!flown!for:$ • Aircraft$–!6!/!7/!8!m!(CAT!dependent)$
o A$&$B:!1!Min$
o C,$D$&$E:!1!Min!15!sec$
GLIDESLOPE$INTERCEPTION$
$
• 3$–$10$nm$
• 1,000$ft$g>$3,000$ft$

DEAD$RECKONING$INTERCEPTION$
$
• 450$Intersection$
• Max!10$NM$

!
 ! AIR$LAW$

HOLDING$PROCEDURES$ OBSTACLE$CLEARANCE$ REGISTRATION$MARKS$

$
• At! least! 1,000$ ft$ obstacle$ clearance!
ENTRY$&$OUTBOUND$LEG$TIMINGS$ provided!by!the!lowest!holding!level.$ MINIMUM$HEIGHTS$
$ $ $
• At$/$Below$FL140$–$1!Minute$ • Clearance! continues! to! 5$ nm$ from$ • Wing:$50!cm$
• Above$FL140$–!1.5!Minutes$ boundary$where!it!is!reduced$to$60$m.$ • Tail:$30!cm$
$
• By!6$nm$the$clearance$is$0$m$
TURN$DIRECTION$ PARTS$
$ $
• To!the!right$unless!otherwise!stated$ • Common$Mark$$
MAX$HOLDING$SPEEDS$(IAS)$ o ITU! !! ICAO! !! Common! Mark!
$
$ Registering!Authority$
• Made!at!250$angle$of$bank$/$30$per$second,!
• At$/$Below$FL140:!230!KTS$ $
whichever!requires!least!angle!of!bank.$
• FL140$–$FL200$(Inclusive):!240!KTS$ • Registration$Mark$
• FL200$–$FL340$(Inclusive):!265!KTS$ o Assigned! by! state! of! registry! /!
• Above$FL340:!M!0.83$ common!mark!registering!authority$
ENTRY$METHOD$
$
• 1!–!Parallel!Entry$ ALTIMETRY$
• 2!–!Teardop!Entry!(300!Offset)$ RESTRICTED$
• 3!–!Direct!Entry$ $
! ALTIMETER$TOLERANCE$ • XXX!(Distress)!
• ±$50$flexibility!at!the!boundaries$ $ • TTT!(Urgent)!
• Based!on!magnetic$heading$ • ±$20$m$–$Test!range!of!0!–!30,000!ft$ • PAN!(Urgent)!
$ • ±$25$m$–!Test!range!of!0!U!50,000!ft$ !
• Combinations! that! may! be! confused! with! 5!
letter!ICAO!signals$
TRANSITION$ALTITUDE$ $
$ • Q!codes$
• Not$less$than$3,000$ft$
!!

!
 ! AIR$LAW$

PERSONEL$LICENCING$ CLASS$2$MEDICAL$ IR$(A)$REQUIREMENTS$

$ $
$ A. PPL$+$Night$Rating$
ATPL$(A)$REQUIREMENTS$ <!40! 60!Months! !
$ B. CPL$
21"Years"Old" 40!U!50! 24!Months! o At!least!50!Hrs!cross!country!PIC$
" o Of! which! at! least! 10! in! the! appropriate!
Min"1500"Hrs"to"include"at"least:" >!50! 12!Months! aircraft!category$
$ !
1) 500$Hrs$multigpilot$ DEFFERING$MEDICAL$
! $
2) A$–$500$Hrs$PICUS$or$ CPL$(A)$REQUIREMENTS$(INTEGRATED)$ • Non$Commercial!–!Max!6!Months!
B$–$250$PIC$or! $ !
C$–$250$Hrs$(At!least!70!Hrs!PIC,!rest!PICUS)! 18"Years"Old" • Commercial!–!Max!2!consecutive!periods!of!
$ " 3!months!(favourable!report!required)!
3) 200$Hrs$cross$country$ Min"150"Hrs"to"include"at"least:" $
o At!least!100!Hrs!PIC!/!PICUS$ $ • Private!–!24!Months!
$ 1) 80$Hrs$Dual$
4) 75$Hrs$instrument$time$ !
o No!more!than!30!Hrs!ground!time$ 2) 70$Hrs$PIC$ CREDITING$COgPILOT$TIME$
$ $ $
5) 100$Hrs$Night$PIC$/$SIC$ 3) 20$Hrs$cross$country$ • SPA$–!50%!
$ o Including! one! flight! of! at! least! 300! nm! • MPA$–!100%!
with!2!full!stop!landings!away!from!base$
!!! $
CLASS$1$MEDICAL$ 4) 5$Hrs$Night$
$ o 5!solo!full!stop!takeoff!and!landings$
• Valid!for!12$Months! o 3!Hrs!dual!to!include…$
! o 1!Hr!!dual!cross!country!nav$
• Reduced!to!6$months!when:! $
o 60!+! 5) 10$Hrs$Instrument$
o 40!+!engaged!in!single!pilot!CAT! o 5!Hrs!may!be!instrument!ground!time$
$
! Of'the'150'Hrs,'up'to'5'Hrs'can'be'instrument'
 ! AIR$LAW$

SEEK$AME$ADVICE$(EASA)$ PHASES$ GROUND$–$AIR$RESCUE$UNIT$SIGNALS$

$ $ $
• Surgical!operation!/!invasive!procedure$ • INCERFA$–$Uncertainty$ !
• Regular!use!of!any!medication$ o No!comms!for!30!mins$
• Significant$personal!injury$ o No!landing!within!30!mins!of!ETA$
• Significant$illness$ $
• Pregnant! • ALERFA!–!Alert$
• Admitted$to!hospital!/!medical!clinic! o Apprehension!exists$
• First$use!of!corrective!lenses! o No! land!+!no! comms! within! 5!mins!of!
ETA!after!being!cleared!to!land$
o Suspected!hijack$
SEARCH$AND$RESCUE$ $
• DETRESFA$–!Distress$

DROPABLE$PACKAGES$
$ GROUND$–$AIR$SIGNALS$
• Red!–!Medical! $
• Blue!–!Food!&!Water! !
• Yellow!–!Blankets!&!Protective!Equipment!
• Black!U!Miscellaneous!

DIVERSION$NOTIFICATION$
$
• Advise! original! destination! within$ 30$ MIN!
!!!!
of!the!original!ETA.$

!
 ! AIR$LAW$

AIR$ACCIDENT$INVESTIGATION$ AIS$ AIP$CONTENTS$

$
INCIDENT$ • GEN$
$ AIRACs$ o!Charges$
• An! occurrence,! other! than! an! accident,! $ o!Met$
which! affects! /! could! affect! the! safety! of! • Distributed!U!42!days!in!advance! o!Location!Indicators$
operation.! • Reach!recipients!–!28!days!in!advance! o!SAR$
$
• ENR$
SERIOUS$INCIDENT$ AIP$SUPPLEMENTS$
o!Holding,!Dep!&!Arr!Procedures$
$ $
o!Lower!ATS!Routes$
• An! incident! involving! circumstances! where! • Checklist!issued!at$least$every$month$ o!Danger!Areas$
an!accident!nearly!occurred.!! • “Long$Duration”!>!3!Months$

ACCIDENT$ !!!!!
$ NOTAMS$
• An!occurrence!between!the!time!any!person! $
boards! the! aircraft! with! intention! of! flight! • Checklist!issued!at$least$every$month$
and! until! such! persons! have! disembarked!
where:!
D$/$$R$/$P$AREAS$
!
$
• A!person!is!seriously!/!fatally!injured!due!to:!
• Number!not!reUused!for!at$least$1$year$
o Being!in!aircraft!
o Direct!contact!with!any!part!of!aircraft!
o Direct! exposure! to! jet! blast! (except!
selfUinflicted!/!stowaways)!
!
OR!
!
• Aircraft!sustains!damage!/!structural!failure.!
Does!not!include!isolated!damage!to!engine,!
props,!wing!tips!etc.!
!
! OR!
!
• Aircraft!missing!/!completely!inaccessible!
 ! AIR$LAW$

ICAO$RULES$ AIR$NAVIGATION$COMMISSION$
$
• 19!members!appointed!by!ICAO!council!
FREEDOMS$OF$THE$AIR$(TECHNICAL)$
$
• 1st$Freedom$–$Peaceful$Transit$ ANNEX$LIST$
o Overfly!without!landing$ $
$ • 1$–$Personnel$Licensing$(Me!first)$
• 2nd$Freedom$–$Technical$Stop$ • 2$–$Rules$of$the$Air$(2!aircraft!colliding)$
o Land!for!nonUtraffic!purposes$ • 3$–$Met!(ThreeUzing)$
• 4$–$Aeronautical$Charts$(4!folds)$
FREEDOMS$OF$THE$AIR$(COMMERCIAL)$ • 5$–!Units$of$measurement$(5!fingers)$
$ • 6$–$Operation$of$Aircraft$(6!fingers!–!op)$
• 3rd$Freedom$–$Country$A$(Home)$to$B$ • 7$–$Registration$Marks$(7!digit!plate)$
$ • 8$–$Airworthiness$(Aint!flying)$
• 4th$Freedom$–$Country$B$to$A$(Home)$ • 9$–$Facilitation$(Nein!=!No!entry)$
$ !!!!!!!! • 10$–$Telecommunication$(Phone)$
• 5th$Freedom$–$A$to$B$to$C$ • 11$–$ATS$(1U1!Comms)$
o Pick!up!/!drop!off!in!B$ CONVENTIONS$ • 12$–$Search$&$Rescue!(RAF!home!time)$
$ • 13$–$Accident$Investigation$(Unlucky)$
• Montreal$–$Acts!of!violence$ • 14$–$Aerodromes$(One!for!everyone)$
S0$CALLED$FREEDOMS$ $ • 15$–$AIS$(A!1!5)$
$ • Rome$–!Compensation!due!damage!to!third! • 16$–$Environmental$Protection$
• 6th$Freedom$–$B$–$A$(Home)$g$C$ parties! on! surface! by! foreign! aircraft.! 2! • 17$–$Security$(Keep!car!secure)$
$ years!claims!limit.$ • 18$–$Safe$Transport$of$DG$(Drinking)$
• 7th$Freedom$–$B$–$C$$ $
$ • Tokyo$–!Offences!again!penal!law$
• 8th$Freedom$–$A$–$B1$–$B2$ $
o Tag!on!cabotage$ • Paris$–!Non!scheduled!ECAC!flights$
$ $
• 9th$Freedom$–B1$–$B2$ • Warsaw$–!Pax,!baggage!and!freight!
o Cabotage$
!