Republic of the Philippines 1

Department of Education
JUSTICE CECILIA MUÑOZ PALMA HIGH SCHOOL
Molave Street, Payatas B, Quezon City

LEARNER’S MATERIALS
MAPEH 10
SECOND QUARTER
MUSIC:  AXE is a popular
musical genre from
AFRO-LATIN AND POPULAR MUSIC Salvador, Bahia, and
Brazil. It fuses the
Afro-Caribbean styles
of the marcha,
LESSON 1: reggae, and calypso.
MUSIC OF AFRICA  JIT is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean
Music has always been an important part in the daily life dance music played on drums with guitar
of the African, whether for work, religion, ceremonies, or accompaniment, influenced by mbira-based
even communication. Singing, dancing, hand clapping guitar styles.
and the beating of drums are essential to many African
ceremonies, including those for birth, death, initiation,  JIVE is a popular form of South
marriage, and funerals. Music and dance are also African music featuring a lively
important to religious expression and political events. and uninhibited variation of the
However, because of its wide influences on global music jitterbug, a form of swing dance.
that has permeated contemporary American, Latin
American, and European styles, there has been a growing  JUJU is a popular
interest in its own cultural heritage and musical sources. music style from
Of particular subjects of researches are its rhythmic Nigeria that relies on
structures and spiritual characteristics that have led to the the traditional Yoruba
birth of jazz forms.African music has been a collective rhythms, where the
result from the cultural and musical diversity of the more instruments in Juju are
than 50 countries of the continent. The organization of this more Western in origin. A drum kit, keyboard,
continent is a colonial legacy from European rule of the pedal steel guitar, and accordion are used along
different nations up to the end of the 19th century,whose with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum or
vastness has enabled it to incorporate its music with squeeze drum).
language, environment, political developments,
immigration, and cultural diversity.  KWASSA KWASSA is a
dance style begun in Zaire
TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA in the late 1980 Bongo
African traditional music is largely functional in nature, Man. In this dance style, the
used primarily in ceremonial rites, such as birth, death, hips move back and forth
marriage, succession, worship, and spirit invocations. while the arms move
Others are work related or social in nature, while many following the hips.
traditional societies view their music as entertainment. It
has a basically interlocking structural format, due mainly  MARABI is a South African three-chord township
to its overlapping and dense textural characteristics as music of the 1930s-1960s which evolved into
well as its rhythmic complexity. Its many sources of
African Jazz. Possessing a keyboard style
stylistic influence have produced varied characteristics
combining American jazz,
and genres.
ragtime and blues with
African roots, it is
Some Types of African Music
characterized by simple
 AFROBEAT is a term used to describe the fusion chords in varying vamping
of West African with black American music. patterns and repetitive
harmony over an extended
 APALA (Akpala) is a period of time to allow the
musical genre from Nigeria dancers more time on the dance floor.
in the Yoruba tribal style to
wake up the worshippers
after fasting during the LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCED BY
Muslim holy feast of AFRICAN MUSIC
Ramadan. Percussion instrumentation includes
the rattle (sekere), thumb piano (agidigbo), bell  REGGAE is a Jamaican
(agogo), and two or three talking drums. sound dominated by
bass guitar and drums.
Itrefers to a particular
music style that was
strongly influenced by
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traditional mento and calypso music, as well as and the caixa-de-guerra which is a war-like snare.
American jazz, and rhythm and blues. The most Providing the clanging sound is the gongue, a metal
recognizable musical elements of reggae are its cowbell.
offbeat rhythm and staccato chords.
The shakers are represented by the agbe, a gourd shaker
 SALSA is a music is covered by beads, and the miniero or ganza, a metal
Cuban, Puerto Rican, and cylindrical shaker filled with metal shot or small dried
Colombian dance music. It seeds called “LagrimafreNossaSenhora.”
comprises variousmusical
genres including the Cuban
son montuno, guaracha,
chachacha, mambo and
bolero.

 SAMBA is the basic

underlying rhythm that
typifies most Brazilian
music. It is a lively and
rhythmical dance and
music with three steps
to every bar, making
 BLUES. The blues is a musical form of the late
the Samba feel like a
19th century that has had deep roots in African-
timed dance. There is a set of dances dancing
American communities. These communities are
scene in Brazil. Thus, no one dance can be
located in the so-called of the United States. The
claimed with certainty as the Samba style.
slaves and their descendants used to sing as they
worked in the cotton and vegetable fields.
 SOCA is a modern
Trinidadian and Tobago
The notes of the blues create an expressive and
pop music combining.
soulful sound. The feelings that are evoked are
normally associated with slight degrees of
misfortune, lost love, frustration, or loneliness.
 WERE. This is Muslim From ecstatic joy to deep sadness, the blues can
music performed often as a wake-up call for early communicate various emotions more effectively
breakfast and prayers during Ramadan than other musical forms.
celebrations. Relying on pre-arranged music, it
fuses the African and European m usic styles with Noted performers of the
particular usage of the natural harmonic series. Rhythm and Blues genre
are Ray Charles, James
 ZOUK is fast, carnival-like Brown, Cab Calloway,
hythmic music, from the Aretha Franklin, and
Creole slang word for of John Lee Hooker; as well
Guadaloupe and Martinique as B.B. King, Bo Diddley,
and popularized in the Erykah Badu, Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood,
1980s. It has a pulsating Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Jimmie
beat supplied by thegwoka Vaughan, and Jeff Baxter. Examples of blues
and tambour bele drums, a tibwarhythmic pattern music are the following: Early Mornin; A House is
played on the rim of the snare drum and its hi-hat, Not a Home and Billie’s Blues.
rhythm guitar, a horn section, and keyboard
synthesizers.  SOUL. Soul music was a popular music genre of
the 1950’s and 1960’s. It
originated in the United
VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC States. It combines
 MARACATU first surfaced in the African state of elements of African-
Pernambuco, combining the strong rhythms of American gospel music,
African percussion instruments with Portuguese rhythm and blues, and
melodies. The maracatu groups were called often jazz. The catchy
“nacoes” (nations) rhythms are accompanied by handclaps and
who paraded with a extemporaneous body moves which are among
drumming ensemble its important features. Other characteristics
numbering up to 100, include “call and response” between the soloist
accompanied by a and the chorus, and an especially tense and
singer, chorus, and a powerful vocal sound.
coterie of dancers. Some important innovators whose recordings in
the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul
music included Clyde
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN MARACATU McPhatter, Hank Ballard,
The Maracatu uses mostly percussion instruments such and Etta James. Ray
as the alfaia, tarol and caixa-deguerra, gongue, agbe, and Charles and Little Richard
miniero. (who inspire d Otis Redding)
and James Brown were
The alfaia is a large wooden drum that is rope-tuned, equally influential. Brown
complemented by the tarol which is a shallow snare drum was known as the

“Godfather of Soul,” while Sam Cooke and
Jackie Wils on are also often acknowledged as
“soul forefathers.” Examples of soul music are the
following: Ain’t No Mountain High Enough, Ben,
All I Could Do is Cry, Soul to Soul, and Becha by
Golly, Wow.
 SPIRITUAL. The term spiritual, normally
associated with a deeply religious person, refers
here to a Negro spiritual, a song form by African
migrants to America who became enslaved by its
white communities. This musical form became
their outlet to vent their loneliness and anger, and
is a result of the interaction of music and religion
from Africa with that of America. The texts are
mainly religious, sometimes taken from psalms of
Biblical passages, while the music utilizes deep
bass voices. The vocal inflections, Negro
accents, and dramatic dynamic changes add to
the musical interest and effectiveness of the
performance. Examples of spiritual music are the
following: We are Climbing Jacob, Rock My
Soul, When the Saints Go Marching In, and
Peace Be Still.
 CALL AND RESPONSE. The call and response
method is a succession of two distinct musical
phrases usually rendered by different musicians,
where the second phrase acts as a direct
commentary on or response to the first. Much like
the question and answer sequence in human
communication, it also forms a strong
resemblance to the verse-chorus form in many
vocal compositions. Examples of call and
response songs are the following: Mannish Boy,
one of the signature songs by Muddy Waters;
and School Day - Ring, Ring Goes the Bell by
Chuck Berry
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA
African music includes all the major instrumental genres
of western music, including strings, winds, and
percussion, along with a tremendous variety of specific
African musical instruments for solo or ensemble playing.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
A. IDIOPHONES
These are percussion instruments that are either struck
with a mallet or against one another.
1. Balafon - The balafon
is a West African
xylophone. It is a pitched
percussion instrument
with bars made from
logs or bamboo. The
xylophone is originally an Asian instrument that follows
the structure of a piano. It came from Madagascar to
Africa, then to the Americas and Europe.
2. Rattles - Rattles are made of
seashells, tin, basketry, animal
hoofs, horn, wood, metal bells,
cocoons, palm kernels, or tortoise
shells. These rattling vessels may
range from single to several objects
that are either joined or suspended in such a way as they
hit each other.
3. Agogo - The agogo is a
single bell or multiple bells
that had its origins in
3
traditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias
(percussion) ensembles. The agogo may be called “the
oldest samba instrument based on West African Yoruba
single or double bells.” It has the highest pitch of any of
the bacteria instruments.
4. AtingtingKon - These are slit gongs
used to communicate between villages.
They were carved out of wood to
resemble ancestors and had a “slit
opening” at the bottom. In certain cases,
their sound could carry for miles through
the forest and even across water to
neighboring islands. A series of gong “languages” were
composed of beats and pauses, making it possible to
send highly specific messages.
5. Slit drum - The slit drum is a
hollow percussion instrument.
Although known as a drum, it is not a
true drum but is an idiophone. It is
usually carved or constructed from
bamboo or wood into a box with one
or more slits in the top. Most slit
drums have one slit, though two and
three slits (cut into the shape of an
“H”) occur. If the resultant tongues
are different in width or thicknesses,
the drum will produce two different pitches.
6. Djembe - The West Africandjembe (pronounced zhem-
bay) is one of the best-known African drums is. It is
shaped like a large goblet and played with bare hands.
The body is carved from a hollowed trunk and is covered
in goat skin.
Log drums come in different shapes and sizes as well:
tubular drums, bowl-shaped drums, and friction drums.
Some have one head, others have two heads. The bigger
the drum, the lower the tone or pitch. The more tension in
the drum head, the higher the tone produced. These
drums are played using hands or sticks or both; and
sometimes have rattling metal and jingles attached to the
outside or seeds and beads placed
inside the drum. They are
sometimes held under the armpit or
with a sling.
7. Shekere - The shekere is a type
of gourd and
shell
megaphonefromWest Africa, consisting
of a dried gourd with beads woven into
a net covering the gourd. Theagbe is another gourd drum
with cowrie shells usually strung with white cotton thread.
The axatse is a small gourd, held by the neck and placed
between hand and leg.
8. Rasp - A rasp, or scraper, is a hand
percussion instrument whose sound is
produced by scraping the notches on a
piece of wood (sometimes elaborately
carved) with a stick, creating a series of
rattling effects.
B. MEMBRANOPHONES
Membranophones are instruments which have vibrating
animal membranes used in drums. Their shapes may be
conical, cylindrical, barrel, hour-glass, globular, or kettle,
and are played with sticks, hands, or a combination of
both. African drums are usually carved from a single
wooden log, and may also be made from ceramics,
gourds, tin cans, and oil drums. Examples of these are

found in the different localities – entenga (Ganda),
dundun (Yoruba), atumpan (Akan), and ngoma
(Shona), while some are constructed with wooden
staves and hoops.
1. Body percussion - Africans frequently use their bodies
as musical instruments. Aside from their voices, where
many of them are superb singers, the body also serves
as a drum as people clap their hands, slap their thighs,
pound their upper arms or chests, or
shuffle their feet.
This body percussion creates
exciting rhythms which also stir them
to action. Moreover, the wearing of
rattles or bells on their wrists, ankles, arms, and waists
enhances their emotional response.
2. Talking drum - The talking drum
is used to send messages to
announce births, deaths, marriages,
sporting events, dances, initiation, or
war. Sometimes it may also contain
gossip or jokes. It is believed that the
drums can carry direct messages to
the spirits after the death of a loved
one. However, learning to play
messages on drums is extremely
difficult, resulting in its waning popularity. An example of
the talking drum is the luna.
C. LAMELLAPHONE
One of the most popular African
percussion instruments is the
lamellaphone, which is a set of plucked
tongues or keys mounted on a sound
board. It is known by different names
according to the regions such as mbira,
karimba, kisaanj, and likembe.
Mbira (hand piano or thumb piano) -
The thumb piano or finger xylophone is
of African origin and is used throughout
the continent. It consists of a wooden
board with attached staggered metal
tines (a series of wooden, metal, or
rattan tongues), plus an additional
resonator to increase its volume. It is
played by holding the instrument in the
hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs, producing
a soft plucked sound.
D. CHORDOPHONES
Chordophones are instruments which produce sounds
from the vibration of strings.These include bows, harps,
lutes, zithers, and lyres of various sizes.
1. Musical bow - The musical bow is the ancestor of all
string instruments. It is the oldest and one of the most
widely-used string instruments of Africa. It consists of a
single string attached to each end of a curved stick,
similar to a bow and arrow. The string is either plucked or
struck with another stick, producing a percussive yet
delicate sound. The earth bow, the mouth bow, and the
resonator-bow are the principal types of musical bows.
The earth bow, ground bow,
or pit harp consist of a hole in
the ground, a piece of flexible
wood and a piece of chord.
The musician plucks the taut
string to accompany his
singing. When the half gourd
4
is not buried, the performer holds the instrument very
tightly under his knee flat side down, so that the chord
puts enough tension on the wood to bend it into the shape
of a hunting bow.
A more advanced form of ground bow is made from a log,
half a gourd, a flat piece of wood, and cord. The wooden
strip is driven firmly into one end of the log and the half
gourd is fastened to the log about 2 feet away from the
wooden strip. The cord, fastened from the wooden strip to
the gourd, is stretched so tightly into the shape of a bow.
The player holds the instrument on the ground by placing
one leg across the log between the resonating gourd and
the wooden strip.
2. Lute (konting, khalam, and the
nkoni ) - The lute, originating from
the Arabic states, is shaped like the
modern guitar and played in similar
fashion. It has a resonating body, a
neck, and one or more strings which
stretch across the length of its body
and neck. The player tunes the strings by tightening or
loosening the pegs at the top of the lute’s neck. West
African plucked lutes include the konting, khalam, and the
nkoni.
3. Kora - The kora is Africa's most
sophisticated harp,while also having
features similar to a lute. Its body ismade
from a gourd or calabash. A support for
the bridge is set across the opening and
covered with a skin that is held in place
with studs. The leather rings around the
neck are used to tighten the 21 strings
that give the instrument a range of over
three octaves. The kora is held upright and played with
the fingers Nkoni Raft zither
.
4. Zither - The zither is a
stringed instrument with
varying sizes and shapes
whose strings are stretched
along its body. Among the
types of African zither are the raft or Inanga zither from
Burundi, the tubular or Valiha zither from Malagasy, and
the harp or Mvet zither from Cameroon.
5. Zeze - The zeze is an African fiddle played with a bow,
a small wooden stick, or plucked with the fingers. It has
one or two strings,
made of steel or
bicycle brake wire. It
is from Sub-Saharan
Africa. It is also known
by thenames tzetze
and dzendze, izeze and endingidi; andon Madagascar is
called lokanga (or lokango)voatavo.
E. AEROPHONES
Aerophones are instruments which are produced initially
by trapped vibrating aircolumns or which enclose a body
of vibrating air. Flutes in various sizes andshapes, horns,
panpipes, whistle types, gourd and shell megaphones,
oboe, clarinet,animal horn and wooden trumpets fall
under this category. Fulani Flutes
Atenteben (Ghana)
1. Flutes - Flutes
are widely used
throughout
Africa and either
vertical or side-
blown. They are usually

fashioned from a single tube closed at one end
and blown like a bottle.
 Panpipes consist of cane pipes of different
lengths tied in a row or in a bundle held
together by wax or cord, and generally closed
at the bottom. They are blown across the top,
each providing a different note.
2. Horns - Horns and trumpets, found almost
everywhere in Africa, are commonly made from
elephant tusks and animal horns. With their
varied attractive shapes, these instruments are
end-blown or side-blown and range in size from
the small signal whistle of the southern cattle
herders to the large ivory horns of the tribal chiefs
of the interior. One trumpet variety, the wooden
trumpet, may be simple or artistically carved,
sometimes resembling a crocodile’s head.
Kudu horn - This is one type of horn made from
thehorn of the kudu antelope. It releases a mellow
andwarm sound that adds a unique Africanaccent
to the music. This instrument,
whichcomes in a set of six
horns, reflects the crossof
musical traditions in Africa.
Today, thekudu horn can also
be seen in footballmatches,
where fans blow it to cheer
fortheir favorite teams.
3. Reed pipes - There are single-reed pipes
made from hollow guineacorn orsorghum stems,
where the reed is a flap
partially cut from the stem
near oneend. It is the
vibration of this reed that
causes the air within the
hollowinstrument to vibrate, thus creating the
sound.
There are also cone-shaped double-reedinstruments
similar to the oboe or shawm.The most well-known is the
rhaita orghaita, an oboe-like double reedinstrument from
northwest Africa. It is oneof the primary instruments used
bytraditional music ensembles from Morocco. The rhaita
was even featuredin the Lord of the Rings soundtrack,
specifically in the Mordor theme.
4. Whistles - Whistles found throughout the
continent may bemade of wood or other
materials. Short pieces of horn serveas
whistles, often with a short tube inserted into
themouthpiece. Clay can be molded into
whistles of many shapesand forms and then
baked. Pottery whistles are
sometimesshaped in the form of a head,
similar to the Aztec whistles ofCentral America and
Mexico.
5. Trumpets - African trumpets are made
of wood, metal, animal horns,elephant
tusks, and gourds with skins from snakes,
zebras, leopards,crocodiles and animal
hide as ornaments to theinstrument.
They are mostly ceremonial in nature, often used
toannounce the arrival or departure of important guests.In
religion and witchcraft, some tribes believe in themagical
powers of trumpets to frighten away evilspirits, cure
diseases, and protect warriors and huntersfrom harm.
5
LESSON 2:
MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA
The music of Latin America is the product of three major
influences Spanish-Portuguese, and African. Sometimes
called Latin music, it includes thecountries that have had
a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the
following areas:
a. Andean region (a mountain system of western
South America along the Pacific coast from
Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) Chile, Ecuador,
Peru, and Venezuela
b. Central America and Panama
c. Carribean and Puerto Rico
d. Brazil
INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC
1. Indigenous Latin-American Music
Before the arrival of the Spanish,
Portuguese, and other European
colonizers,the natives were found to
be using local drum and percussion
instruments such asthe guiro,
maracas, and turtle shells, and wind
instruments such as zampona
(panpipes) and quena (notched-end flutes) remain
popular andare traditionally made out of the same aquatic
canes,although PVC pipe is sometimes used due to its
resistanceto heat, cold, and humidity. Generally, quenas
only areplayed during the dry season.Materials came
from hollowtree trunks, animal skins, fruit shells, dry
seeds, cane andclay, hardwood trees, jaguar claws,
animal and humanbones, and specially-treated inflated
eyes of tigers.
The indigenous music of Latin America was largely
functional in nature, being used for religious worship and
ceremonies. The use of instruments as well as singing
and dancing served to implore the gods for good harvest,
victory in battles, guard against sickness and natural
disasters, and of course provide recreation.
2. Native American/Indian Music
The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal native
Americans share manysimilar yet distinctive music
elements pertaining to melody, harmony, rhythm,form,
and dynamics. Short musical motives from descending
melodic lines werea common feature, where tempo,
rhythm, and tone colors vary with the specificoccasion or
ritual. Many dance forms were repetitious, while songs
had a widerange of volume levels.
Some of the Native American music includes courtship
songs, dancing songs,and popular American or Canadian
tunes likeAmazing Grace, Dixie, Jambalaya,andSugar
Time. Many songs celebrate themes like harvest, planting
season orother important times of year.
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MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA

3. Afro-Latin American Music
The African influence on Latin American music is most AZTEC AND MAYA
pronounced in its rich andvaried rhythmic patterns In Central America, the ancient
produced by the drums and various percussion civilizations of the Aztec and
instruments. Maya peoples used various
instruments mainly for religious
4. Euro-Latin American Music functions and usually by professional musicians. As some
The different regions of Latin America adopted various instruments were considered holy and it was further
characteristics from their European colonizers. Melodies believed that music was supposed to glorify the gods,
of the Renaissance period were used in Southern Chile mistakes in playing these instruments were considered
and the Colombian Pacific coasts, while step-wise offensive and insulting to them. Some of their instruments
melodies were preferred in the heavily Hispanic and include the following:
Moorish-influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia.
Tlapitzalli
5. Mixed American Music Thetlapitzalli is a flute variety from the Aztec culture made
The diversity of races and cultures from the Native of clay with decorations of abstract designs or images of
Americans, Afro-LatinAmericans, and Euro-Latin their deities.
Americans account for the rich combinations of
musicalelements including the melodic patterns, Teponaztli
harmonic combinations, rhythmiccomplexities, wide Theteponaztli is a Mexican slit
range of colors and dynamics, and various structural drum hollowedout and carved
formats. from a piece of hardwood. It is
then decorated with designs in
6. Popular Latin American Music relief or carved to represent
Latin America has produced a number of musical genres human figures or animals to be used for both religious and
and forms that had beeninfluenced by European folk recreational purposes.
music, African traditional music, and native sources.Much
of its popular music has in turn found its way to the many Conch
venues andlocales of America, Europe, and eventually The conch is a wind instrument
the rest of the world. made from a seashell usually of a
large sea snail. It is prepared by
SOCIAL DANCE FORMS: cutting a hole in its spine near the
apex, then blown into as if it were a trumpet.
a. Samba
The samba is a dance form of African Rasp
origins around 1838 which evolved into The rasp is a hand percussion
an African- Brazilian invention in the instrument whose sound is
working class and slum districts of Rio produced by scraping a group of
de Janeiro. Its lively rhythm,2/4 notched sticks with another stick,
consisting of ameter but containing creating a series of rattling effects.
three stepsthat create a feeling of a 3/4
meter instead,was meant to be Huehueti
executed for singing, dancing,and Thehuehuetiis a Mexican upright
parading in the carnival.Samba has a numberof tubular drum used by theAztecs and
variations, so that there is no clear-cut definitionof a other ancient civilizations. It is made
singlesamba form. Its most adventurous kindis known as of wood opened at the bottom and
thebatucada, referring at once to alarge percussion standing on three legs cut from
ensemble of up to a hundred players, a jamsession, or an thebase, with its stretched skin
intensely polyrhythmic style of drumming. beaten by the hand or a woodenmallet.

b. Son Whistles
Theson is a fusion of the popular music or canciones Whistles are instruments made of
songs) of Spain andthe African rumba rhythms of Bantu natural elements such as bone
origin. Originating in Cuba, it is usuallyplayed with thetres from animals. The eagle-bone
(guitar), contrabass, bongos, maracas, and claves whistle is the most common
(twowooden sticks that are hit together). Although the son whose function is to help symbolize the piece.
is seldom heard today, its most important legacy is its
influence on present-day Latin American music,
particularly as the forerunner of thesalsa.
INCAN INSTRUMENTS
Among the Incas of South America, two instrumental
c. Salsa varieties were most common:
The salsa is a social dance with
marked influences from Cuba and
a. Ocarina
PuertoRico that started in New York Theocarina was an ancient vessel
in the mid 1970 from the swing dance flute made of clay orceramic with four
and hustle as well asthe complex to 12 finger holes and a
Afro-Cuban and Afro-Carribe and mouthpiecethat projected from the
dance forms. body.
 7

b. Panpipes(Zamponas) 2. Tango
Thezamponas were ancient The word tango may have
instruments tuned to differentscalar been of African origin
varieties, played by blowing across meaning “African dance”
the tubetop. Typical models were orfrom the Spanish word
either in pairs or as several bamboo taner meaning “to play”(an
tubes of different lengths tied together to produce instrument). It is a
graduated pitches of sound. foremostArgentinian and Uruguayan urban popular song
and dance that is related and remains a 20th
ANDEAN INSTRUMENTS centurynationalistic Argentinian piece of music that is
The Andean highlands made use of several varieties of most expressive.
flutes and string instruments that include the following:
3. Cha Cha
a. Pitus The cha cha is a ballroom dance the
Thepitus are side-blown cane flutes that originated in Cubain 1953, derived
are played allyear round. from the mambo and its
characteristicrhythm of 2 crochets –
b. WoodenTarkas 3 quavers – quaver rest, with
Thetarkas are vertical duct flutes with a asyncopation on the fourth beat.
mouthpiece similarto that of a recorder,
used during the rainy season. 4. Rumba
The rumba popular recreational
c. Quenas dance of Afro-Cuban origin,
Thequenas are vertical cane performed in acomplex duple
flutes with an end-notched meter pattern and tresillo, which is
made from fragile bamboo.They a dotted quaver – dotted quaver–
are used during the dry season. dotted semiquaver rhythm. It is
normally used as a ballroom
d. Charango dance where a solo dancer or couple would be in an
Thecharango is a ten-stringed embrace though slightly apart, with the rockingof the hips
Andean guitar from Bolivia. It is the to a fast-fast-slow sequence and often containing cross
size of a ukuleleand a smaller rhythms.
version of the mandolin, imitating
the early guitar and lute brought by 5. Bossa nova
the Spaniards. It produces bright sounds and is often Bossa nova originated in 1958-59 as a movement
used in serenades in Southern Peru. effecting a radical change inthe classic Cuban samba.
The word bossa comes from the Brazilian capital of Riode
Mariachi Janeiro, which means either “trend” or “something
The Mariachi is an extremely charming,” integratingmelody, harmony, and rhythm into
popular band in Mexico a swaying feel, where the vocal style is often nasal. The
whose original ensemble nylon-stringed classical guitar is the most important
consistedof violins, guitars, instrument of thisstyle. Bossa nova contains themes
harp, and an centering on love, women, longing, nature,and
enormousguitarron(acoustic youthfulness.
bass guitar). Trumpets were Bossa nova emerged in the 1950’s when a slower, gentler
later added, replacing the harp. Mariachi music is version of the sambabecame popular with the upper and
extremely passionate and romantic with their blended middle class sectors of society. It was music for easy and
harmonies and characterized by catchy rhythms. Its relaxed listening, conducive to romantic dates and quiet
musicians are distinctly adorned with wide-brimmed hats moments atthe lounges.
and silver buttons. A foremost figure of bossa nova is
Antonio Carlos Jobim, who became
VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS famous with his song Desafinado
(1957). He collaborated withVincius
de Moraes in the play Orfeu
1. Cumbia daConceicao (1956), musical
Originating in Panama and Colombia, the cumbia became recording of Cancaodo Amor Demais (1958), and the
a popular Africancourtship dance with European and song Garotade Ipanema or Girl from Ipanema (1962)
African instrumentation and characteristics.It contained thatturned bossa nova’s popularity into a
varying rhythmic meters among worldwidephenomenon.
the major locations – 2/4 meter
inColombia; 2/4; 4/4 and 6/8 In the Philippine pop music scene,
meters in Panama, and 2/4 Sitti Navarro is asinger who has
meter in Mexico. Instruments become known as the
used are the drums of African “Philippines’Queen of Bossa
origin, such as the tabora (bass Nova.” Some of her bossa nova
drum), claves,which are hard, thick sticks that sets the songsinclude Para sa Akin, Hey Look
beat, guitar, accordion, clarinet, modernflute, and caja, a at the Sun, Lost inSpace, and Kung
type of snare drum. Di Rin Lang Ikaw.

6. Reggae
Reggae is an urban popular music and
dance style that originated in Jamaica
inthe mid 1960’s. It contained English
text coupled with Creole expressions
thatwere not so familiar to the non-
Jamaican. The best-known proponent
of reggae music is Bob Marley, a Jamaican singer-
songwriter,musician, and guitarist. Heachieved
international fame andacclaim for songs such as:
OneLove, Three Little Birds; NoWoman, No Cry;
Redemption Song; and Stir It Up.
7. Foxtrot
The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance
that originatedafter 1910 in the USA. It
was executed as a one step,two step and
syncopated rhythmic pattern. The
tempovaried from 30 to 40 bars per
minute and had a simpleduple meter with
regular 4-bar phrases. There was nofixed
step pattern, instead borrowing from other danceforms
and having a simple forward/backward sequence.The
foxtrot gave rise to other dances such as the blackbottom,
Charleston, and shimmy.
8. Paso Doble
The pasodoble (meaning “double
step”) is a theatricalSpanish dance
used by the Spaniards in bullfights,
wherethe music was played as the
matador enters (paseo)and during
passes just before the kill (faena).
The dance is arrogant and dignified
with duple meter, march-like
character where the dancer takes
strong steps forward with the heels
accompanied by artistic hand movements, foot stomping,
sharp and quick movements, with the head and chest held
high.
LESSON 3:
JAZZ MUSIC
The arrival of the jazz genre did not come overnight. It
was an offshoot of the music of African slaves who
migrated to America. As music is considered a
therapeutic outlet for human feelings, the Africans used
music to recall their nostalgic past in thei rhome country
as well as to voice out their sentiments on their desperate
condition at that time. Since then, these melancholy
beginnings have evolved into various more upbeatjazz
forms which the world has adopted and incorporated into
other contemporary styles.
RAGTIME
Ragtime is an American popular musical style mainly for
piano, originating in the Afro-American communities in St.
Louis and New Orleans. Its style was said to be a
modificationof the “marching mode” made popular by
John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generatedby an
internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a
rhythmically straightforward bass line. Its music is written
unlike jazz which is mainly improvised, and contains
regularmeters and clear phrases, with an alternation of
low bass or bass octaves and chords.
8
Foremost exponents of ragtime were
Jelly Roll Morton who was an American
ragtimeand early jazz pianist and
composed Frog I More Rag. Scott Joplin,
who also composedthe popular Maple
Leaf Rag, Solace, and The
Entertainer.Joplin is also known as
the“King of Ragtime.” Ragtime also
influenced a number of classical
composers, amongthem Erik Satie,
Claude Debussy, and Igor Stravinsky,
who injected ragtime rhythmicelements
in their compositions.
BIG BAND
The term ‘Big Band” refers to a large ensemble form
originating in the United States inthe mid 1920’s closely
associated with the Swing Era with jazz elements. Relying
heavilyon percussion (drums), wind, rhythm section
(guitar, piano, double bass, vibes), and brass instruments
(saxophones), with a lyrical string section (violins and
other stringinstruments) to accompany a lyrical melody.
Among the great big bands
were the Glenn Miller
Orchestra (A String of
Pearls, Moonlight
Serenade, In The Mood,
American Patrol, and
Smoke Gets in Your Eyes);
the CountBasie Orchestra (April in Paris); and the Benny
Goodman Orchestra (Sing, Sing, Sing);while some solo
signers such as Cab Calloway (Minnie the Moocher) Doris
Day (Stardust,I’m in the Mood for Love); Roy Eldridge,
and others also collaborated with big bands.
BEBOP
Bebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz which is
characterized by a fast tempo,instrumental virtuosity, and
improvisation that emerged during
World War II. The speedof the
harmony, melody, and rhythm
resulted in a heavyperformance
where the instrumental sound
became more tenseand free.
Its main exponents were trumpeter
Dizzy Gillespie, alto saxplayer
Charlie Parker, drummers Max
Roach and Roy Haynes,pianists Bud Powell and
Thelonius Monk; guitarist CharlieChristian; tenor sax
players Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins,who was also
a composer; and trombonist JJ Johnson.
JAZZ ROCK
Jazz rock is the music of 1960’s and
1970’s bands that inserted jazz
elements into rockmusic. A synonym
for “jazz fusion,” jazz rock is a mix of
funk and R&B (“rhythm andblues”)
rhythms, where the music used
amplificationand electronic effects, complex time
signatures, andextended instrumental compositions with
lengthyimprovisations in the jazz style.Popular
singer/songwriters Joni Mitchell, TimBuckley, and Van
Morrison were among those whoadopted the jazz rock
style.

LESSON 4:
POPULAR MUSIC
Popular music literally means “music of the populace,”
similar to traditional folk music of the past. As it developed
in the 20th century, pop music (as it has come to be
called) generally consisted of music for entertainment of
large numbers of people, whether on radio or in live
performances. From the standard songs and ballads of
the legendary Cole Porter, George Gershwin, and Frank
Sinatra to the rock and roll craze of Elvis Presley and the
Beatles and the present day idols in the alternative music
and disco modes, popular music is now shared by the
entire world.
BALLADS
The ballad originated as an expressive folksong in
narrative verse with text dealing typically about love. The
word is derived both from the medieval French “chanson
balladee” and “ballade” which refers to a dancing song.
Used by poets and composers since the 18th century, it
became a slow popular love song in the 19th century.
Today, the term ballad now refers to a love song in a
slightly pop or rock style, with the following
characteristics:
1. Blues Ballads
This is a fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American
styles from the 19th century that deals with the anti-
heroes resisting authority. The form emphasizes the
character of the performer more than the narrative
content, and is accompanied
by the banjo or guitar.
2. Pop Standard and Jazz Ballads
This is a blues style built from a single verse of 16 bars
ending on the dominant or half-cadence, followed by a
refrain/chorus part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA form. The B
section acts as the bridge, and the
piece normally
ends with a brief coda.
Some enduring pop standard and jazz ballads include
The Man I Love (George Gershwin, above left), Always
(Irving Berlin, above center), and In a Sentimental Mood
(Duke Ellington.
Pop and Rock Ballads
A pop and rock ballad is an emotional love song with
suggestions of folk music, as in the Beatles’ composition
“The Ballad of John and Yoko” and Billy Joel’s “The Ballad
of Billy.” This style is sometimes applied to strophic story-
songs, such as Don McLean’s “American Pie.”
STANDARDS
In music, the term “standard” is used to
denote the most popular and enduring
songs from a particular genre or style, such
as those by Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and
Rodgers and Hart. Its style is mostly in a
slow or moderate tempo with a relaxed
mood. It also features highly sing able melodies within the
range and technical capacity of the everyday listener.
Among the foremost proponents of this style
9
Another well-loved standards singer was
American balladeer Nat King Cole.
Although an accomplished pianist, he
owes most of his popular musical fame to
his soothing baritone voice, which he used
to perform in big band, vocal jazz, swing.
traditional pop, and jump blues genres. He was the first
black American to host his own television show and
maintained worldwide popularity over 40 years past his
death. He is widely considered “one of the most important
musical personalities in United States history.” His hit
songs include Unforgettable, Mona Lisa, and Too Young.
Matt Monroe was an English singer who
became one of the most popular
entertainers in the international music
scene during the 1960s. Throughout his
30-year career, he filled cabarets,
nightclubs, music halls, and stadia in
Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and
Hong Kong to Africa, the Middle East,
Europe, and the Americas. Among his hit
singles included Portrait of My Love, Softly as I Leave
You, the James bond theme From Russia with Love, Born
Free, which became his signature song, and Walk Away.
ROCK AND ROLL
Rock and roll was a hugely popular song form in the
United States during the late 1940’s to the 1950’s. It
combined Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump
blues, jazz, and gospel music with the Western swing and
country music. The lead instruments were the piano and
saxophone, but these were eventually replaced by
modern instruments.
In its classic form, rock and roll
employed one or two electric guitars
(lead, rhythm), a string bass or bass
guitar, and a set of drums that
provided the rhythmic pattern. This
form came during the age of
technological change when electric
guitars were supplemented by
amplifiers and microphones to raise
the volume. It derived its name from
the mot of a sonhip on the ocean, “rock and roll.”
The greatest exponent of the rock and roll style was the
legendary Elvis Presley. His hit songs such as
Heartbreak Hotel and Blue Suede Shoes were
complemented by his good looks and elaborate
movements that included hugging the microphone as he
sang.
The Beatles
Presley’s style was the precursor
of the British band known as The
Beatles, whose compositions
further boosted rock and roll as
the favorite genre of the times.
Examples of The Beatles’ songs
in this genre are I Saw Her Standing There, Get Back,
While My Guitar Gently Weeps, Rock and Roll Music, and
Ticket to Ride.
The Beatles’ John Lenon and Paul
McCartney
as Composers/Songwriters John
Lennon (1940-1980) was an
English musician, singer, performer,
songwriter and co-songwriter. He
was born and raised in Liverpool, England. He rose to
worldwide fame as a founder member of the rock band

The Beatles, which was considered as “the most
commercially successful band in the history of popular
music.”
in 1987; and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice as
a member of The Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in
1994.
Sir James Paul McCartney (1942- ) is an English singer,
songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, co-writer, and
composer. Paul gained worldwide
popularity and fame as a member of The
Beatles, which included John Lennon,
George Harrison, and Ringo Starr.
Beatles was one of the most influential
groups in the history of pop music.
DISCO
The 1970s saw the rise of another
form of pop music known as “disco.”
Disco music pertained to rock music
that was more danceable, thus
leading to the establishment of
venues for public dancing also called
discos. The term originated from the
French word “discotheque” which
means a library for phonograph records.
The disco style had a soaring
and reverberating sound
rhythmically
controlled
by a steady
beat (usually meter) for ease of
dancing, and accompanied by
strings, horns, electric guitars, and
electric pianos or synthesizers.
Famous figures of the disco genre
include ABBA, Donna Summer
(“The Queen of Disco”), The Bee
Gees; Earth, Wind, and Fire; KC and
the Sunshine Band; The Village
People; and Gloria Gaynor, bringing us such hits as
Dancing Queen, Stayin’ Alive, Boogie Wonderland, and
Hot Stuff.
POP MUSIC
Parallel with the disco era, other pop
music superstars continued to
emerge. Among them were Neil
Sedaka (Laughter in the Rain),
Diana Ross and the Supremes
(Stop in the Name of Love), Olivia
Newton John (Hopelessly Devoted
to You), Stevie Wonder (You Are the Sunshine of My
Life), Elton John (Skyline Pigeon), The Carpenters (We’ve
Only Just Begun), and Barry Manilow (Mandy). Pop
superstars in more recent years include solor artists
Celine Dion (My Heart Will Go On), Madonna (Material
Girl), Whitney Houston (I Will Always Love You), Mariah
Carey (Hero), Justin Timberlake (Justified), Britney
Spears (Oops, I Did It Again), Beyonce (Irreplaceable),
Lady Gaga (Bad Romance), and Bruno Mars (Just The
Way You Are); as well as vocal groups such as Boyz II
Men (Four Seasons of Loneliness), The Backstreet Boys
(I Want It That Way), N’Sync (This I Promise You),
Destiny’s Child (Survivor), among many others.
10
Michael Jackson, “The King of Pop”
Perhaps the most popular solo
performer of all time is Michael Joseph
Jackson who was born on August 29,
1958 and died on June 25, 2009. He
was an American recording artist,
entertainer, singer-songwriter, record
producer, musical arranger, dancer,
choreographer, actor, businessman,
and philanthropist. The seventh child of the Jackson family,
he made his debut as an entertainer in 1968 as a member of
The Jackson 5. He then began a solo career in 1971 while still
a member of the group and was referred to as the "King of Pop"
in subsequent years.
Today’s Pop Music Idols
As the 21st
century
continues
to unfold,
more and more pop groups emerge
spanning an entire range of musical
styles and genres. There are music groups like Black
Eyed Peas, K Pop (Korean), My Chemical Romance, Fall
Out Boys, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Souja Boy,
Train, Maroon 5, and One
Direction. While solo performers
include Adele, Taylor Swift, Ed
Sheeran, Rihanna, Chris Brown,
Ariana Grande, Justin Beiber, Miley
Cyrus, Katy Perry, Nikki Minaj,
Selena Gomez, and others.
HIP HOP AND RAP
Hip hop music is a stylized, highly
rhythmic type of music that usually
(but not always) includes portions of
rhytmically chanted words called
“rap.” In rapping, the artist speaks
along with an instrumental or
synthesized beat. Hip hop arose in
the 1970s within the Afro-American
and Latino youth in the Bronx area of New York City. But
by the 1980s, it had spread to many other countries. It has
since evolved into a subculture that encompasses music
(rapping, DJing, scratching, and beatboxing); a nearly
acrobatic style of dancing, called break dancing; a distinct
manner of dress; and graffiti-style artwork. Among the
early hip hop artists were LL Cool J and Run-D.M.C.
While more recent popular names in this genre have been
Beastie Boys, Eminem, and Kanye West.
ALTERNATIVE MUSIC
Alternative music was an underground independent form
of music that arose in the 1980’s. It became widely
popular in the 1990’s as a way to defy “mainstream” rock
music. Thus, it was known for its unconventional practices
such as distorted guitar sounds, oppressive lyrics, and
defiant attitudes. It was also characterized by high energy
levels that bred new styles such as new wave, punk rock,
post-punk, indie rock, gothic rock, jangle pop, noise pop,
C86, Madchester, Industrial Rock, and Shoegazing.
Examples of alternative music are You Belong with Me,
Shake It Off.
 11

ORIGINAL PILIPINO MUSIC (OPM)

The 1980s to 1990s are also regarded as the golden era
of Philippine ballads. Among the
classics that emerged were those
Ryan Cayabyab (Kay
Ganda ng Ating Musika, Kahit Ika’y
George Canseco
(Kapantay ay Langit, Kastilyong

(Sana’y Wala Nang Wakas, Bituing

(Beautiful Girl, Please Be Careful With My Heart,

Most of these compositions made use of Western-type

melody and harmony, while expressing uniquely Filipino
emotions in movingly poetic lyrics. These came to be
known as OPM, and were popularized by solo artists like
Pilita Corales, Nora Aunor, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi,
Hajji Alejandro, Leah Navarro, Sharon Cuneta, Martin
Nievera, Gary Valenciano, ZsaZsa Padilla, Regine
Velasquez, and Ogie Alcasid.
At the start, OPM was centered in Manila, where Tagalog
and English are the dominant languages. However, other
ethno-linguistic groups such as the Visayan, Bikol,
Kapampangan, and Ilocano also began to sing and record
their songs in their native dialects.

Between the 1980s and 1990s, OPM was

led by artists such as Martin Nievera,
Gary Valenciano, Lea Salonga, Regine
Velasquez, Sharon Cuneta, Vina Morales,
Raymond Lauchengco, Francis
Magalona, Pops Fernandez, José Mari
Chan, Dingdong Avanzado, Janno Gibbs,
Ogie Alcasid, Joey
Albert, Manilyn Reynes, among many
others. In the 1990s, the famous solo
artists and bands included The
Eraserheads, Smokey Mountain,
Donna Cruz, Jessa Zaragoza, Ariel
Rivera, Southborder, Afterimage,
Andrew E., Jaya, Rivermaya, Parokya
ni Edgar, among many others. Underground bands
emerged and along with them were their perceptions of
idealism and self-expression.
More recently, OPM stars have included Yeng
Constantino, Sarah Geronimo, Aisa Seguerra, and
international singers Arnel Pineda (of the international
rock group, Journey), Charice Pempengco, and others.

LESSON 5:
PHILIPPINE POPULAR MUSIC
The one word that comes to mind when we think of
contemporary Philippine music is the type commonly
termed as Original Pinoy Music or Original Philippine
Music, or OPM for short. It was originally used to refer
only to Philippine pop songs, particularly ballads, such as PHILIPPINE POP MUSIC
those popular after the collapse of its predecessor, the Pop music in the Philippines
Manila Sound, in the late 1970s up until the present. started as an adaptation or
In the 1960s to 1970s, NoraAunor, Pilita Corrales, Eddie translation, if not complete
Peregrina, Victo Wood, Asin, APO Hiking Society, and imitation, of Western hits. It
others were highly popular OPM singers. In the 1970s to started with Bobby Gonzales’
1980s, themajor commercial Philippine popmusic Hahabol-habol (Hot Pursuit), a
artistswere Claire dela Fuente, Didith Reyes, Rico Puno, local version of the rock and roll
Ryan Cayabyab, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi, Hajji songs of the 1950s, and Rico Puno’s Luneta, a local
Alejandro, Rey Valera, Freddie Aguilar, Imelda Papin, adaptation of The Way We Were.
Eva Eugenio, Nonoy Zuñiga, and many others.
 12

This immediately clicked with the youth and eventually “Pepe” Smith, Wally Gonzales, and the originator of
gained wide acceptance even among the “burgis” Jeproks, Mike Hanopol, who later became a major symbol
(bourgeois or elite) crowd. of Pinoy rock. Other early exponents of Pinoy rock
included the band Maria Cafra; Sampaguita, the female
The start of the “Manila Sound” in rocker; and folk-rock singer Heber Bartolome and his
the mid-1970s gave rise to songs Banyuhay band, whose songs expressed strong
using a colloquial language called messages of nationalism.
Taglish, a combination of Tagalog
and English. These Filipino lyrics Continuing this legacy of Pinoy rock
sung to pop melodies resulted in today are vocal groups and bands
highly singable songs with that include River Maya, The Dawn,
contemporary appeal. Among the True Faith, The Eraserheads,
proponents of the Manila Sound Wolfgang, Bamboo, Parokya ni
were the Hotdog, Cinderella, The Edgar, Hale, Sandwich, SugarFree,
Rainmakers, and the Apo Hiking Sponge Cola,and others.
Society. After waning briefly in the
1990’s, this sound regained PINOY RAP
popularity in recent years with In the Philippines, rap was also
remakes of the 1970’s originals by contemporary rock made popular by such composers
bands. and performers as Francis
Magalona (Mga Kababayan Ko
PHILIPPINE JAZZ and Watawat) and Andrew E
Philippine musicians have also (Humanap Ka ng Pangit). Francis
been inspired by jazz music. Magalona was born on October 4,
Among them are jazz pianist and 1964 and died on March 6, 2009.
recording artist Boy Katindig, who He is also known as Francis M, “Master Rapper,” and
comes from the well-known clan “The Man From Manila.” He was a Filipino rapper,
of musicians that includes jazz songwriter, producer, actor, director, television host, and
piano legend Romy Katindig and photographer. He is often hailed as the “King of Pinoy
saxophonist Eddie Katindig. The Katindig family Rap” and is considered a legend in the Philippine music
pioneered Latin jazz in Manila. community.
Other notable Filipino jazz With the success of his earliest albums, Magalona was
musicians include Lito Molina, the first Filipino rapper to cross over to the mainstream.
Angel Peña, Emil Mijares, and He is also credited for having pioneered the merging of
internationally known jazz rap with Pinoy rock, becoming a significant influence on
pianist Bobby Enriquez. The artists in that genre as well. He was later awarded a
start of the “Manila Sound” in the posthumous Presidential Medal of Merit “for his musical
mid-1970s gave rise to songs using a colloquial language and artistic brilliance, his deep faith in the Filipino, and his
called Taglish, a combination of Tagalog and English. sense of national pride that continue to inspire us.”
These Filipino lyrics sung to pop melodies resulted in Pop Music Collaborations
highly singable songs with contemporary appeal. Philippine pop artists have also collaborated with classical
artists and orchestras in a number of their recordings and
PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE FOLK MUSIC concerts. Some of the concerts of Martin Nievera, Gary
The Philippines also saw Valenciano, Regine Velazquez, Lea Salonga, and Sharon
the rise of alternative folk Cuneta have featured the Philippine Philharmonic
music which was different Orchestra, the ABS-CBN Orchestra, and the Manila
from the traditional and Philharmonic Orchestra in performances at the Cultural
popular form. This new Center of the Philippines (CCP) and the Philippine
form combined ethnic International Convention Center (PICC), both known
instrumentation with venues for classical music, as well as at the Araneta
electronic Coliseum and Folk Arts Theater (FAT). Classical
accompaniment, while musicians have also performed in malls and other
presenting themes or issues of society and the commercial venues to popularize classical music, popular
environment. Some of the Filipino composers who music, and OPM.
championed this style were Joey Ayala, Grace Nono, and
Edru Abraham of Kontragapi (“Kontemporaryong
Gamelan Pilipino”).
Among other Filipino composers whose styles ranged
from folk to semi-ethnic were Freddie Aguilar, best
known for his song Anak; Yoyoy Villame, composer of
Magellan; Florante, composer of Ako’y Isang Pinoy; and
Gary Granada, composer of Ka Bayani.

PHILIPPINE ROCK
The year 1973 saw the birth of
Philippine or “Pinoy” rock music
which successfully merged the
rock beat with Filipino lyrics.
This new sound was introduced
by the legendary Juan de la
Cruz Band (with their song Ang
Himig Natin) which had for its members Joey
 13

ARTS:
TECHNOLOGY BASED ARTS The Philippine Scene
In our country, Filipino artists were likewise influenced
by the technology trend in art. However, this was more
INTRODUCTION in the commercial sphere. From the 1960s to the 1990s,
Technology has literally taken over every aspect of life in their computer-generated works were primarily geared
the 21st century, and the creative and visual arts have towards illustrating for international comic books. In
not been spared. In fact, for the younger generations, art fact, Filipino illustrators earned quite a reputation for
as you know it is defined by technology—from its their talents and were highly in demand in this field. They
creation, to its manipulation, to its reproduction, and eventually became equally sought after as animators for
even to its distribution. some of the major film production companies in the
Technology-based art is essentially computer-generated United States, as well as animated television series
and/or manipulated. produced in different countries.
Through the centuries, visual artists used actual brushes Among these are:
and palettes, and a whole array of paints, inks, and  The Center for Art and Thought –
natural pigments applied to paper, canvas, fabric, stucco http://www.centerforartandthought.org/
walls and ceilings. Today’s computer artists employ the  Deviant Art –
ever-expanding powers of image manipulation programs http://www.deviantart.com/browse/all/digitala
and applications to create their works which can appear rt/
in an entire range of media—whether as a physical  The Ateneo Art Gallery –
output or a virtual experience. http://www.ateneoartgallery.org/
 Yuchengco Museum –
LESSON 1: http://yuchengcomuseum.org/
Computer/Digital Arts
Origin and Early Stages
Computer art or digital art first came on the scene in the
early 1960s. Understandably, this was due to the
technology that was constantly developing and that
became available at that time. Thus, the early
experimenters were not necessarily artists, but
engineers and scientists who had access to and
experience with the hardware needed. It was they who
began to recognize the potential of artistic expression
through the application of scientific and mathematical
principles.
In fact, even in the sample works we present here, you
will note a strong scientific or mathematical look and feel
to the creations of many digital artists. Geometric forms
and repeating patterns appear frequently. More
traditional subjects like human beings, landscapes,
animals, and still life elements are simply incorporated as
part of those forms and patterns—rather than as the
main focus.
Also understandable was the initial reaction of the public
to computer-generated art. There were questions as to
whether it was, in fact, “true art” since it made use of
electronic and mechanical devices, rather than the
artist’s own hand, to produce the images and effects.
Within a few years, however, there was a general
acceptance of digital art as an exciting and thought-
provoking form of modern art. Exhibits of computer art
became highly popular and critically acclaimed, as digital
artists or computer art masters or “superstars” came to
the fore in Europe, Russia, and the United States.

Some digital artists have even used their works to

express their views on political, social, and cultural
issues; as well as to advocate causes that are critical to
modern life, such as the environment and climate
change. Others even explore the
philosophical relationship between science and
technology and the arts.

Digital Art in the Hands of Everyone
Computer
technology has by
now invaded every
aspect of modern
life. It was,
therefore, inevitable
that it would
develop into forms
and devices that could be mass produced, mass
distributed, and therefore widely accessible to everyone.
In other words, anyone with a computer device—from a
desktop PC to a laptop, to a tablet or android phone—
can now capture and edit images and videos; create,
manipulate, and share works of art; and even compose
music. You can be—and probably already are—a digital
artist in your own right.
Summary
Computer/digital arts make use of electronic and
mechanical devices, rather than the artist’s own hand, to
produce the desired images and effects. Thus, these are
definitely technology-based art forms. In recent decades,
personal gadgets such as laptops, tablets, and android
phones have incorporated the artistic capabilities of the
large-scale computers. So it is now possible for anyone
to be a digital artist.
LESSON 2:
MOBILE PHONE ART
Mobile Phone Art
The mobile phone that you
constantly hold has evolved
from a mere communication
tool, into a creative device
that allows you to generate
original works of art for an entire range of purposes.
These could be personal photographs and videos that
you can manipulate with a myriad special effects, both
visual as well as sound and music. They could also be
school projects or reports that require you to combine
images, incorporate text, even include simple animation.
And the wonder of it all is that you can do all these right
on your own mobile devices, particularly the new-
generation models known as android tablets, phones,
and combination of both called “phablets.” The tasks
that traditional photo editors used toperform
manually—cropping, retouching, airbrushing—are now
just a few of the many editing effects done for you with
split-second ease at the click of a mouse, a
keyboard command, or a few taps and drags of your
finger on a touch screen.
You are probably already familiar with the following
image manipulation programs and applications that run
on today’s android devices:
 Pixlr – a powerful, free online image editor
 Pic Collage – allows you to make collages
incorporating photos, stickers, text, and frames
14
 Photo Grid – a downloadable application for
android phones that allows you to make collages
out of images from your photo gallery
 Doodle Booth – an iPad application (with a free
downloadable version) that enables you to
‘doodle’ on your images using available stickers
 Photo Booth – an application for taking photos
and videos using an iPad oriPad mini (a version
for the iPhone, called SimpleBooth, is also
available)
 Magic Mirror Booth – an iPhone application that
allows you to take amusing, distorted images,
simulating camera effects
 Pic Monkey – a free online photo editing tool
that provides filters, frames, text, and effects to
manipulate your images
 Flipagram – a downloadable application that
allows you to ‘bring your photos to life’ in short
videos set to music of your choice
 Picsart – a free photo editor and drawing
application, as well as a social network for you to
share your art with others
 Snapseed – a photo application that enables you
to enhance, transform, and share your photos; a
free downloadable version for android phones is
available
 Instagram – a fast and fun way to share images
with others; snap a photo, choose from among
the available filters, and share via Facebook,
Twitter, Tumblr, and more
Many more such programs and applications are
constantly being developed with even more new,
exciting, and fun features and capabilities. Each of these
has an extensive array of special features you can use to
modify your images. Among these are: frames, borders,
and banners; filters, cropping in different shapes,
automatic collage or color change, stickers, text bubbles;
effects such as warp, skew, tunnel, fish eye, and
negative; adding “spot color” to only certain elements of
an image; creating a photo montage with music. Some
programs even make it possible to have any photo
simulate a work of art in a whole range of media—from
oil to watercolor to pen and ink to charcoal to oil pastels
to a Warhol poster to a Japanese woodblock print.
LESSON 3:
COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGES
Computer Generated Images
If you want to create original images from scratch, you
may make your own illustrations using specialized
programs for image generation and manipulation.
Examples of these would be Adobe Illustrator and Corel
Draw. These are, however, designed to run on desktop
computers and laptops, so you would need to have
access to these larger and more complex devices.
There are scaled-down versions of such programs
specifically developed for use on smaller, handheld units
like your personal tablet or android phone. These enable
you to perform virtually all of the tasks that a program

like Illustrator performs but, almost literally, in the palm
of your hand. Many of these come at a fraction of the
cost of the more complex programs or, in some cases,
even for free.
Among such programs are:
 Gimp (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
 Paint.net
 Inkscape
 Xara Extreme
 Artweaver
 Draw Plus
 Pencil
 Picasa
 Paint Star
 Smooth Draw
 Spray
 Karbon
 Adobe Photoshop Express
 Corel PaintShop Pro X5
Alden Richards as Jose Rizal from GMA’s Illustrado didn’t have to
travel to Europe for this scene; the Eiffel Tower in the background
was computer generated.
https://entertainment.inquirer.net/156411/visual-effects-team-
creates-paris-winter-for-this-rizal
LESSON 4:
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Another means of generating an original image is to
capture it first as a digital file. In the case of today’s
electronic technology, that would mean recording the
image using a digital camera or a device with a built-in
camera, like your mobile phone, android device, or
tablet. Prior to the development of digital photography,
cameras were essentially sealed boxes that would allow
a split-second entry of light to strike a section of light
sensitive film inside it. The result was that whatever was
in front of the camera at the precise instant that the light
entered it would be imprinted on that exposed section of
film as a photographic image. The photographer (or a
commercial developing service) would then have to
process the exposed film in a special enclosed space
known as a “dark room”—and only then would the
recorded images be seen.
Point-and-shoot vs. DSLR
The multi-step process described above has since been
overtaken by the magic of digital photography. Today’s
users have the option of a “point-and-shoot” type of
digital camera which automatically makes all the
adjustments in lighting, focus, zoom-in and zoom-out,
even removal of “red eye” with the user being given
some leeway for slight adjustments. It offers image
15
enhancement features like adjusting color and
brightness imbalances, as well as sharpening or blurring
the image. It may even offer unique effects like “fish eye”
or filters that allow pre-setting of the photo to be taken
with a colored tint or a special texture. Plus, it allows the
user to
immediately review the photos taken without waiting for
a complex developing process—and to delete any
unsatisfactory images while storing the good ones for
future needs.
A second option is the digital single lens reflex (DSLR)
camera. This also provides the film-less and instant
review features of a “point-and-shoot” type of digital
camera, but gives the photographer much more artistic
freedom and control to select the camera settings to
create the desired final image with the preferred visual
effects.
Many professional photographers remain loyal to the
traditional (i.e., non-digital) single lens reflex camera
which still uses film. They believe that film photography
has an authenticity and genuineness to its images that is
lost in the artificial and automatic manipulations of
digital photography. There is no denying, however, the
ease and convenience that digital photography offers to
the millions of amateur photographers out there.
Without needing years of training and experience, we
are now able to capture images with professional-quality
results.
Basic Tips for Taking Good Photographs
Whether you are using a point-and-shoot camera or a
DSLR, there are basic guidelines for capturing a good
quality photographic image:
 Choose a good location. An interesting location
can sometimes make the difference between a
good and a great photo.
 Check that the available background is relatively
simple and not too cluttered, so that the focus
will be on your chosen subject.
 Natural light in the outdoors or near a window is
usually the most flattering or effective for any
kind of subject. Ideally, the best light for photos
is within the first hour after sunrise and the last
hour before sunset.
 Avoid taking shots facing the light, as this would
make your subject back-lit and most of the
details would be lost in shadow.
 If you intend to take a posed shot, position your
subject where you want in relation to the
location, background, and source of light.
 If you intend to take a candid shot, position
yourself where you can capture the most
interesting, amusing, touching, or engaging
moment or expression.
 Take a variety of shots—ranging from far shots
showing the surroundings, to medium-distance
shots concentrating on the main subject, to tight
or close-up shots that focus on details of the
subject. You can then choose from among all
these for the best photo or photos.
 16

installed in your device. Medical/scientific purposes –

LESSON 5:
DIGITAL PAINTING
Digital painting is a method of creating an artwork using
a computer. This is, however, different from the image
generating devices and programs discussed above,
which create, modify, store, and share images entirely on
a laptop, tablet, or android phone. Digital painting still
makes use of traditional painting mediums such as acrylic
paint, oils, ink, and watercolor and also applies the
pigment to traditional surfaces, such as canvas, paper,
polyester etc. But it does so by employing computer
software that drives a type of robot device (such as a
plotter) or an office machine (such as a printer) that takes
the place of the artist’s hand.
Digital painting also refers to a technique using a graphics
software program to create an artwork that is totally
virtual. The canvas, brushes, paints, and other tools are
all virtual, existing only within the computer. And the
finished work is also stored in virtual format, to be shared
through cyber space.
Ctrl+Paint is an example of an online resource for
teaching yourself digital painting for free, via simple
videos and mini tutorials.
Another extremely valuable use of today’s video
technology is that of imaging videos in the fields of
medicine and science. You may be familiar with Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI),
Computerized Tomography
(CT scans), and the like which are used to create and
record visual images of a patient’s internal anatomy in
order to diagnose and treat diseases and injuries. There
are also ultrasound tests or sonograms, which translate
sound waves bouncing off physical objects into images
that can be studied—whether a baby developing in the
womb (in 2D, 3D, and 4D options), growths or
malformations inside the body,
structural flaws in buildings, as well as objects in outer space,
underground, and deep in the ocean.

LESSON 6:
VIDEO TECHNOLOGY / IMAGING VIDEOS
Social media purposes - Another
tremendously powerful and
innovative field that digital
technology has revolutionized is
that of creating and presenting
videos. The explosion of social
media in recent decades has
provided a new platform for video materials targeting
the “netizens” of today. Not only are there online
advertisements that continuously bombard the users’
computer screens and mobile phone displays. But there
are also millions of personally produced videos that are
constantly uploaded to online platforms like You Tube—
from
music, dance, and stage performances to tutorials of all
kinds to recipes to documentaries to news clips to
marriage proposals. Again, the digital technology to
capture and edit such videos is contained right in your
tablets and android phones. And just as with the still
images discussed above, the raw video clips can be
enhanced and modified with a myriad of effects
depending on the particular video application you have
 17

b. Shoulder Rolls
PHYSICAL EDUCATION:  Stand in upright position. Roll
ACTIVE REACTION shoulders in circular motion
forward to backward.

c. Side Arm Stretch

 Stand in upright position.
Introduction Extend the right arm to the left.
Fitness is a universal concern. In whatever activities and Use the left arm/hand to gently
undertakings you do, your fitness should always be taken push the right arm towards the
into account if you are to perform them effectively and body to straighten and stretch it.
efficiently. Fitness is not only for athletes, sportsmen, PE Hold the stretch for 16 counts.
teachers and fitness instructors but also a concern for Repeat on left arm.
students, parents and other members of the community.
If we are to become strong and productive members of
d. Tricep Stretch
our community, we must address the very basic
 Extend one hand down the
requirement of such goal, the sustaining base of any
center of your back, fingers
endeavor we undertake, fitness.
pointing downward.
Recreational activities are those activities held during  Use the other hand to grasp the
one’s leisure time. Their purpose is to refresh oneself by elbow and stretch your tricep
doing activities that are considered by an individual as muscle.
enjoyable.  Hold the stretch for 16 counts.
Active recreational activities are activities that require Repeat on the opposite arm.
large body movements such as running, throwing, or
jumping or those that are sports-specific movements. e. Hamstring Stretch
Active recreational activities are highly recommended for  Stand with your feet shoulder-
health promotion. These activities require more amounts width apart,one foot extended
of energy to be expended than usual energy expenditure. half a step forward.
This means that you do activities that make you exert  Keeping the front leg straight,
more effort than what you usually do. bend your rear leg, resting both
To identify the intensity of physical activity, we need to hands on the bent thigh.
use the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) chart. It is a  Stretch the hamstring muscles.
chart that assesses the intensity of exercise based on Hold the stretch for 16 counts.
how the participant feels; a subjective assessment of Repeat on the opposite leg.
effort which ranges from 6 (very, very light) to 20 (very,
very hard) with one (1) point increments in between. f. Quadricep Stretch
 Stand near a wall or a piece of
sturdy exercise equipment for
support.
LESSON 1:  Grasp your ankle and gently pull
STRETCHING EXERCISE your heel up and back until you
feel a stretch in front of your thigh.
The Warming Effect:  Hold for about 16 counts. Switch
 An effective warm-up exercise should: legs and repeat.
 Increase blood flow to the muscles;
 Increase muscle elasticity;
 Gently raise heart rate;
 Increase mental alertness; and,
 Increase core body temperature.

g. Outer Thigh Stretch
Procedure:
 Sit on the floor. Extend your
1. Perform the following warm-up exercises with the help
legs in front of your body.
of your teacher.
2. Observe proper posture and correct execution in doing  Bend right knee, cross right
the different exercises. foot over left knee and place
on the floor.
a. Neck Stretch  Place left elbow on right knee.
 Bend your head forward  Keep abdominal muscles tight and back straight.
and slightly to the right. Keep shoulders back and chin up.
 With your right hand, gently  Place right arm behind your right hip on floor for
pull your head downward to support.
stretch your neck.  Gently twist waist and shoulders to the
 Hold for about 16 counts. right,looking behind the right shoulder.
Repeat on the opposite side.  Feel the stretch in the right outer thigh.
 Inhale (breathe in) through your nose, and exhale
(breathe out) through your mouth, as you
complete this stretch.
 Hold this stretch for 16 counts.Repeat on the
opposite side to stretch your left outer thigh.
 18

h. Inner Thigh Stretch  is low in saturated and trans fats.

 Stand upright, with both feet  7. Do not use tobacco in any form and avoid
facing forward, double second hand smoke.
shoulder-width apart.  8. Maintain your recommended body weight
 Place your hands on your through adequate nutrition and
hips, in order to keep your  exercise.
back straight, slowly exhale,  9. Have at least one close friend or relative in
taking your body weight across to one side. whom you can confide in and to
 Avoid leaning forward, or taking the knee of the  whom you can express your feelings openly.
bent leg over your toes. As you increase the  10. Be aware of your surroundings and take
stretch, the foot of the bent leg should point personal safety measures at all times.
slightly outward.
 Repeat on the opposite side. Werner W.K Hoeger & Sharon A Hoeger (2013). Fitness
and Wellness (10th Edition). Boston: McGraw-Hill
i. Calf Stretch
 Begin this calf stretch with
your hands against the wall
LESSON 2:
and your leg to be stretched
behind you. Aerobics
 Keep your heel down, knee
straight and feet pointing
forwards. Gently lunge
forwards until you feel a stretch in the back of your
calf or knee.
 Hold for 16 counts and repeat with the other leg.

j. Knee Bends/Squat
 Plant your feet flat on the
ground, about shoulder-width
apart.
 Point your feet slightly
outward, not straight ahead. Definition
 Look straight ahead. Bend Aerobic simply means in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic
your knees as if you were refers to those types of exercises that require oxygen to
going to sit back in a chair, burn fat stores for energy. Aerobic exercise uses the
keeping your heels on the floor. same large muscle groups, rhythmically, for a period of 15
 Never let your knees extend beyond your toes. to 20 minutes or longer while maintaining 60-80% of your
 Pull in your abdominal muscles and keep your maximum heart rate.
lower back in a near neutral position (aslightly
arched back might be unavoidable). When you are exercising, you are working up a sweat and
 In a controlled manner slowly lower yourself down breathing hard but still sustains the activity for more than
so that your upper legs are nearly parallel with the just a few minutes. That is Aerobic Exercise. Aerobics is
floor. Extend your arms for balance. also known as “CARDIO” exercise that stimulates the
heart rate and breathing rate to increase in a way that can
Other Warm-Up Exercises: be sustain for the exercise. It does not only improve your
a. Hip Circles fitness but as well as both physical and emotional health.
b. Alternate Cross Kicks Front This exercise prevents diseases like cardiovascular
c. March on the Spot diseases, depression, osteoporosis, etc.
d. March Feet Apart
e. Knee Lifts Aerobics makes your heart stronger and pumps more
f. Alternate Toe Touches Side blood with each beat. Conditioned heart is bigger and
g. Waist Turns pump efficiently enough to allow for greater filling. Here
h. Jog in Place are some examples of aerobic exercises:
i. Jumping Jacks
j. Breathing Exercises Aerobic activities include:
k. Alternate Reach Up  walking
l. Lower Back Stretch  biking
m. Shin Stretch  jogging
 dancing
Healthy Lifestyle Guidelines  cycling
 Perform around 20-30 minutes of moderately
intense physical activity on most Benefits of Aerobic Exercise:
 days of the week. It can an accumulation of  increased resistance to fatigue
minutes for each day.  extra energy and stamina
 Eat a healthy breakfast everyday.  toned muscles and increased lean body mass
 Manage stress effectively.  decreased tension and stress
 Get 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night.  improved quality of sleep
 6. Perform simple flexibility exercises involving all  psychological benefits - exercise
joints of the body.  improves mood, reduces depression and anxiety
 7. Eat a healthy diet that is rich in whole-wheat  social – exercise is fun and can be shared with
grains, fruits, and vegetables and friends and partners.

 control of body fat - aerobic exercise in
conjunction with strength training and a proper
diet will reduce body fat
 decreased risk of diseases - hypertension,
diabetes, osteoporosis (weight-bearing
activities), various cancers, and heart disease.
Getting Started:
1. Pick an activity that first of all is enjoyable and
secondly, realistic.
2. Exercise adherence is also improved if other
people know about and support the new exercise
habit.
3. Be willing to commit the time and energy to
adding this exercise to the routine.
4. Even though intermittent activity is beneficial,
structured exercise performed on a regular basis
offers even greater advantages.
5. Adopt an exercise plan that includes
cardiovascular activity for at least 20 minutes per
session, at least three times per week.
6. End each session with a series of stretches for
the entire body. If possible, incorporate a
muscular fitness routine to maximize overall
fitness level.
Aerobics exercise is essential for the heart, lungs and
blood vessels health. This exercise reduces the risk of
death. In addition, it has many different benefits to one’s
body. It includes preventing heart diseases, maintaining a
healthy weight, increasing lifespan, etc.
Aerobics can be moderate or vigorous activity. Moderate
activities are light physical activity. That improves
physical fitness. Vigorous activities experience all the
benefits of lifestyle physical activity; it also sees a greater
increase in fitness but increase the risk of
injury.
LESSON 3:
Fitness Walking
Walking is generally considered
as a moderate physical activity,
but it is effective in promoting
metabolic fitness and overall
health. To achieve cardiovascular
fitness, walking must be done
intensely enough to elevate the
heart rate to target zone levels.
Take a look at its health and
fitness benefits:
Benefits of Walking
1. helps with weight management
2. accessible to everyone
3. doesn’t require special equipment
4. one of the easiest ways to get more active
5. reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety
6. a low impact exercise
7. lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
(the “bad” cholesterol)
8. raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
(the “good” cholesterol)
9. lowers blood pressure
10. reduces the risk of some cancers
11. helps reduce risk and/or aids with the
management of type 2 diabetes
12. helps maintains strong bones
13. reduces the risk of heart attack
14. less likely to lead to injuries
19
15. reduces stress
16. reduces the risk of heart disease you don’t have
to pay for it
17. builds aerobic fitness
18. helps maintain lean muscle tissue
Frequently Asked Questions:
How does walking compare to running?
Walking can provide you the same benefits as a running
program. General health benefits are acquired from
walking. For cardiovascular benefits, the key is walking
fast enough to get your heart rate up.
What should I look for in walking shoes?
 low heels
 flexible sole
 lightweight and breathable fabric
 great fit
How can I prevent shin pain?
Painful or aching shins are very common for new
walkers. It can also be a problem when increasing speed
or distance. To avoid aching shins:
 increase speed and distance gradually
 wear good, flexible, walking shoes with a low
heel
 perform ankle circles and toe points before and
after your walks
 stretch your calves and shins well after your
walk.
How many calories are burned when walking one
mile?
An average 100 calories per mile. It varies depending on
the individual, speed, terrain, etc.
What should I eat before doing a walking activity?
Eat something high in carbohydrates, whole grain cereal,
whole wheat bread, and banana. Do not eat anything
heavy, fatty, or that might upset your stomach (this will
be different for each individual). Whatever you eat hould
be something you have previously tried so you know
how you react to it. Be sure to drink water during and
after the walk.
Week 5 and on: Check your pulse periodically to see if
you are exercising within your target heart rate. As you
become more fit, try exercising within the upper range of
your target heart rate. Gradually increase your brisk alking
time to 20-30 minutes, 3-4 times a week. Remember that
your goal is to get the benefits you are seeking and to
enjoy your activity.

Tips to Enjoy your Walking Routine
 Pass the talk test. If you can’t talk while walking,
you are exercising too hard. Slow down.
 Walk before you run. Starting a running program
might be painful, and pain is no fun. Become a
walker first. Condition your body with a low-
impact activity and later on you will be better
prepared for higher-impact exercises such as
running.
 Wear bright clothing. Strive to be seen, not part
of an accident scene.
 Warm-up before you walk and cool-down after.
 Change your route. Explore other walking trails or
route in your vicinity.
 Listen while you walk. Listen to your favorite
music while walking to be motivated to finish. You
can use an electronic device to play music.
 Walk with a friend. Invite a friend or a family
member to join your fitness walking.
 Meditation or prayer. Use your walking time to
meditate or pray.
 Join a walking club. Plan attending a big walking
event like “Walk for a Cause” to add some
excitement and variety to your walking.
 Crosstrain. Alternate walking days with biking,
swimming, playing badminton
 or other exercise to maintain a healthy heart.
20
Exercise Safety Guidelines
1. Select exercises that will involve all major muscle
groups: chest, shoulders, back, legs, arms, hip, and
trunk.
2. Select exercises that will strengthen the core. Use
controlled movements and start with the light-to
moderate resistance.
3. Never lift weights alone. Always have someone work
out with you in case you need a spotter or help with
an injury.
4. Warm-up properly before performing a light-to
moderate intensity aerobic activity (5 to 7 minutes)
and some gentle stretches for a few minutes.
5. Maintain proper body balance that involves good
posture, a stable body position and correct posture in
sitting, lying and other exercise positions.
6. Breathe naturally. Inhale during the eccentric phase
(bringing the weight down) and exhale during the
concentric phase (lifting or pushing the weight up).
7. At the end of each strength-training workout, stretch
out for a few minutes to help your muscles return to
their normal resting length and to minimize muscle
soreness and risk of injury.
LESSON 4:
Yoga Exercise
Yoga Exercise
Yoga is a physical activity consisting mainly of postures,
often connected by flowing sequences, sometimes
accompanied by breathing exercises, and frequently
ending with relaxation lying down or meditation.
It became familiar across the world especially in America
and Europe.
The Many Benefits of Yoga Exercise
 It increases respiratory efficiency.
 It improves posture and balance.
 It increases one’s endurance and energy.
 It improves one’s memory, concentration, mood
and selfactualization.
 It decreases anxiety and depression.
 It is relaxing. It has slow dynamic and static
movements.
 It has a low risk of injuring the muscles and the
ligaments.
 It increases one’s flexibility and is good for
muscle toning.
 It is the best way to build core strength.
 It tests mental endurance and physical stamina.
 It is a good form of meditation.
 21

LESSON 5:
Hip Hop Aerobics
Hip hop aerobics get your heart pumping and your body
moving. Do some street style dancing while you kick up
your cardio with popping and locking, breaking, top
rockin’, jerking, freezing, spinning, and sliding.

Benefits of Hip-Hop Aerobics

 calorie and fat burning workout
 improve coordination, flexibility, and agility
 increase aerobic fitness
 improve stamina and endurance
 encourage confidence
 develop social skills and values
 promotes a positive mindset
 improve mental functioning

HEALTH:
HEALTH-RELATED LAWS
This learner’s material will help you recognize and
understand how the government works with various
institutions and sectors to address issues and concerns.
It is important to know these policies because they
embody your rights as a citizen of the country. Be aware.
Be knowledgeable. Practice your rights.
22
LESSON 1:
Consumer Health
Republic Act No. 7394 or the Consumer Act of
the Philippines has
three objectives (Galvez
Tan, et al., 2009):
 Protect the interest of
the consumer
 Promote his/her
general welfare
 Establish standards of
conduct for business
and industry
To achieve the objectives,
the Act aims to protect people against hazards to health
and safety, and deceptive and unfair sales acts and
practices. In this light, the policy mandates for information
dissemination and education to facilitate sound choice
and proper exercise of rights by the consumer.
The Consumer Act also covers the quality and safety of
different products like food, drugs, cosmetics, and
devices. The policy also promotes the protection of
citizens against hazardous substances that may be in
sale. Hence, proper labeling and fair packaging shall be
required for all the products being sold.
Aside from health information and products, health
services also play an important role in appraising and
improving the well-being of a person. Health services,
which are also covered under the Consumer Act, are also
availed by consumers. One form of health service is
complementary and alternative medicine.
periods, up to the present. It has since evolved to have its
own rich and distinct identity.
In connection with the Consumer Act, Republic Act
8423 or the Traditional and Alternative Medicine
Act of 1997 (TAMA) provides for the improvement of
quality and delivery of healthcare services in the country
through the development of traditional and alternative
healthcare and its integration into the national healthcare
system.
The policy also identifies medicinal plants in the country
which are readily available. These medicinal plants shall
be given care by different agencies. In order to coordinate
various activities and programs in the traditional and
alternative healthcare delivery system, the Act provisions
the establishment of the Philippine Institute of Traditional
and Alternative Healthcare (PITAHC) to accelerate the
development of the said healthcare in the country.
LESSON 2:
Reproductive Health
Another pressing health issue that concerns you as an
adolescent is reproductive health. “Reproductive health is
defined as a state of physical, mental, and social well-
being in all matters relating to the reproductive system, at
all stages of life” (Galvez Tan, et al., 2009). With the
sudden physical and emotional changes in your body,
more and more questions are starting to surface.
Reproductive health is crucial for it paves the way for your
social and economic development. Furthermore, it has
also a great influence in the health of the next generation.

The health of newborn children will be dependent on the
health of the parents, particularly the mother.
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Act builds it foundation on four pillars:
1. INFORMED CHOICE. As stated in the Act,
effective and quality reproductive healthcare
services, which are ethically and medically safe,
legal, accessible, and affordable, shall be given
primacy to ensure the health of the mother and
child. Also, the government shall promote and
provide unbiased information and access to these
services. This pillar also covers the provision for
the integration of reproductive health and
sexuality education in schools, and other
educational settings.
2. RESPECTER OF LIFE. The Act recognizes that
abortion is illegal and punishable by law.
However, mothers will be identified to have
aborted an unborn child will be served with post-
abortive treatment and counseling in a humane,
nonjudgmental, and compassionate manner.
3. BIRTH CONTROL. Reproductive healthcare,
information, and supplies shall be made available
most especially to poor beneficiaries. However,
the Act provisions also that the government must
respect the citizen’s individual preferences and
choices of family planning method.
4. RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD. Couples
determine their ideal family size. In addition, the
government shall equip each parent with needed
information in all aspects of family life,
reproductive health, and this pillar.
Reproductive health also concerns problems such as
sexually-transmitted infections. According to Dr.
Natividad (2013), in the Young Adult Fertility and
Sexuality Study of 2013 (YAFS-4), a survey of Filipino
college and high school graduates, 36.2 percent and 43.5
percent respectively admitted to having engaged in
premarital sex. In addition 66.7 percent and 79.6 percent
did not use any protection at first premarital sex. These
scenarios are most often the causes of infections.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS is
caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which
usually does not have symptoms in its early stages.
“Initially, people with HIV were diagnosed as having AIDS
only when they developed blood infections, the cancer
known as Kaposi’s sarcoma, or any of the 21 other
indicator diseases” (Donatelle, 2006). In addition, HIV is
highly infectious through unprotected sexual intercourse,
breastfeeding (of an infected mother to infant), and blood
transfusion/injecting drugs (needles used for infected
patients). Currently, there are several treatment options
for HIV and AIDS,but no known cure yet.
In this light, the government
also puts its efforts to eradicate
these sex-related diseases,
most especially AIDS.
The Republic Act No. 8504
or the Philippine AIDS
Prevention and Control
Act of 1998 was passed by
the Congress on July 28, 1997.
The Act promulgates “policies and prescribing measures
23
for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the
Philippines,
instituting a nationwide HIV/AIDS information and
educational program, establishing a comprehensive
HIV/AIDS monitoring system, strengthening the
Philippine National AIDS Council, and for other
purposes” (PNAC). The Act also provides for education
and information dissemination in various institutions and
agencies, safe practice and procedures (testing,
screening, and counseling) in health organizations and
associations, monitoring of cases with confidentiality, and
programs for anti-discriminatory acts (in the workplace,
hospitals,and other public institutions).
LESSON 3:
Substance Use and Abuse
Gateway drugs may be considered as windows to
unprotected sex. These are drugs “that people use initially
that may eventually lead to the abuse of illegal drugs”
(Galvez Tan, et al., 2009). Alcohol and tobacco are
gateway drugs. When alcohol is consumed, the central
nervous system is affected. Thus, a person is more
vulnerable to doing dangerous acts because of depressed
decision-making skills.
On the other hand, the
government also provides
protection from these gateway
drugs through the
Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act and the Tobacco
Regulation Act. Republic
Act No. 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs
Act of 2002 protects citizens from the harmful effects of
dangerous drugs to their physical and mental well-being.
According to the policy, here are some which are
considered as unlawful acts and are subject to penalties
and fines.
 Importing of dangerous drugs and/or controlled
precursors and essential chemicals (narcotic
drugs and psychotropic substances);
 Selling, trading, administering, dispensing,
delivering, distributing, and transporting
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors
and essential chemicals;
 Maintaining a drug den, drive, or resort;
 Manufacturing of dangerous drugs and/or
controlled precursors and essential chemicals;
 Manufacturing or delivery of equipment,
instrument, apparatus, or other paraphernalia for
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors
and essential chemicals;
 Possessing dangerous drugs, equipment,
instrument, apparatus, or other paraphernalia;
 Possessing dangerous drugs during parties,
social gatherings or meetings;
 Cultivating or culturing plants classified as
dangerous drugs or sources of such unnecessary
prescribing dangerous drugs;
On the other hand, Republic Act No. 9211 or the
Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 protects people
from the sale, use, and advertisements of hazardous
tobacco products.
In order to promote a healthful environment, the Act
absolutely bans smoking in public places, most especially
in centers of youth activities, elevators and stairwells, fire-

hazardous places, within public and private hospitals and
medical clinics, airport and other terminals, and food
preparation areas. In this light, a designated smoking and
non-smoking area should be utilized.
The Act also restricts access to sale of tobacco products
to minors. Tobacco may not be put in a vending machine,
unless it verifies age, and may not be sold within 100
meters of a school. Should tobacco be sold, there should
be proper signage that indicates target consumers.
When it comes to advertising and promotions, the Act
provisions the printing of warnings on cigarette packs in
either Filipino or English. In addition, health warnings
should also be included.
Lastly, the government should provide programs and
projects for those who shall be affected by the passing of
the Act. One example of which are the tobacco growers.
The Act provisions the establishment of a cooperative and
assistance program for the said people.
Illegal Drugs:
LESSON 4:
Social Health
Peer influence also
concerns you as
adolescents. You are in the
developmental stage
wherein you build lasting
relationships with peers.
Here are some issues that
you may encounter:
1. Cybercrime
With the advancement of technology, there are various
platforms where you may express yourself. This diversity
may do both good and harm to you. “Cyber refers to a
computer or a computer network, the electronic medium
in which online communication takes place”. Thus,
cybercrime is simply any crime committed in cyberspace.
To protect the citizens from this concern, the government
mandated Republic Act No. 10175 or the
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. The law
mandates the prohibition of cybersex, child pornography,
unsolicited commercial
communications, and computer-related identity theft.
2. Child Pornography
In relation to cybercrime, child pornography has become
a pressing concern of this generation. Republic Act
No. 9775 or the Anti- Child Pornography Act of
2009 defines the crime of child pornography. As defined,
“Child pornography” refers to any representation, whether
visual, audio, or written combination thereof, by
electronic, mechanical, digital, optical, magnetic or any
other means, of child engaged or involved in real or
24
simulated explicit sexual activities” (Official
Gazette,2009). In addition, it is also important to note how
the Act defines a “child”.
“Child” refers to a person below eighteen (18) years of
age or over, but is unable to fully take care of
himself/herself from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation
or discrimination because of a physical or mental disability
or condition. For the purpose of this Act, a child shall also
refer to:
(1) a person regardless of age who is presented, depicted
or portrayed as a child as defined herein; and
(2) computer-generated, digitally or manually crafted
images or graphics of a person who is represented or who
is made to appear to be a child as defined herein.
Child pornography may also be syndicated if there are
three or more persons confederating with one another. In
this light, it is not only the victim who can file a complaint,
but the parents or guardians, relative within the third
degree, officer or social worker of a licensed child-caring
institution or DSWD, barangay chairman, law
enforcement officer, at least three concerned responsible
citizens in the same place where the pornography occurs,
and a person who is knowledgeable of the law may do so.
Once the victim is identified, he/she is subject to care,
custody and treatment from the Department of Social
Welfare and Development. In addition, an inter-agency
program shall also be established to prevent child
Pornography.
3. Hazing.
Fraternities and sororities, gangs, and social groups are
starting to become more and more identified and
publicized. Because of their “alleged” prestige and prime,
more teens are encouraged to be a part of them.
For some of these groups, hazing may be an option to test
an “applicant’s” willingness and commitment. On the other
hand, hazing is very dangerous, and proven to have killed
many lives. The government protects the youth through
the Republic Act No. 8949 or the Anti-Hazing Law. The
Act penalizes those who will go too far during initiation
rites wherein the “applicant” is subjected to severe
physical and emotional pain and suffering
4. Blood Donation.
Being proactive citizens of the country, you must willingly
help others in ways that will not harm you. One of the
emerging forms of voluntary service is blood donation.
Republic Act No. 7719 or the National Blood
Services Act of 1994 aims to promote and
encouragevoluntary blood donation by the citizenry,
provide for adequate, safe and affordable and equitable
distribution of blood and blood products. In order to attain
these aims, the Act provisions the establishment of a
Blood Services Network which consists of the following:
a. National Council for Blood Services and its
various committees
It serves as the governing body of the network and is
responsible for the approval of various policies on
blood services.
b. Philippine National Blood Services
Under its Blood Centers, it works on the recruitment,
retention, and care of voluntary blood donors,
collection of blood from qualified donors, testing of
units of blood for infectious diseases, and the like.
c. Authorized Blood Collection Units and Facilities
 25

d. Private and Public Hospital Blood Banks and

Blood Stations 2. Road Safety
e. Non-Hospital Health Facilities Road accidents are one of the most frequent causes of
f. National Reference Laboratories for Immunology death among Filipinos. To respond to this alarming
and Immunohematology situation, citizens are protected by law through these
Republic Acts. Republic Act No 8750 or the Seat
Belts Use Act of 1999 aims to secure and safeguard
passengers and drivers of motor vehicles from injuries
and other effects of vehicular accidents.

The policy includes the mandatory wearing of seatbelts by

the driver and front seat passengers of any running motor
vehicle. The Act also prohibits children from sitting in the
front seat of any motor vehicle. In addition, Republic
Act No. 10586 or the Anti-Drunk and Drugged
Driving Law also penalizes those who will be caught
driving under the
Cybercrime Law
influence of alcohol, drugs, and other similar substances.

Anti-Hazing Stop Child Abuse

Blood Save Lives

LESSON 5:
Environmental Health

Pollution and road safety are two of the most usual issues
that concern you as a member of your community. Here
are some policies most appropriate to address
these concerns.

1. Pollution
With the exponential growth in population, more
resources are being demanded and supplied to the
people. However, people do not manage these resources
properly. Thus, pollution arises. That is why the
government mandated the Republic Act No. 9512 or
the National Environmental Awareness and
Education Act of 2008.
This Act promotes environmental awareness through
environmental education. Various educational agencies,
DSWD, DOST, and DENR shall integrate environmental
education in their curricula. It shall encompass the
concepts and principles, laws, international and national
best practices, threats of degradation and its impacts to
human well-being, responsibilities of humans in
conservation, protection and rehabilitation of resources,
and sustainable development through the environment. In
addition, environmental education shall also be part of the
National Service Training Program (NSTP).