THE HUMAN

ORGANISM
SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo


ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
"The study of structure and function of the body"
ANATOMY
Ana meanS "apart" Tomy meanS "to
cut"
The Scientific diScipline that
inveStigateS the STRUCTURE of the
body
SyStemic Anatomy- by SYSTEM.
Regional Anatomy- by AREAS.
Surface Anatomy- external featureS
Anatomical Imaging- involveS the
uSe of X-Ray, MRI, UltraSOund, etc.
Structural and
Function
Organizational
of the Body
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL
simplest level of the
structural ladder
includes atoms and
molecules
Ex: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA) & Glucose
2. CELLULAR LEVEL
basic structural and
functional units of an
organism that are composed
of chemical.
CYTOLOGY- study of
the microscopic
appearance of cell
Ex: Muscle Cell, Nerve
Cell, Epithelial Cell
Created by: Johmel De
Ocampo
PHYSIOLOGY
The Scientific diScipline
that dealS with the
proceSSeS Or FUNCTIONS
of living thingS
The Major Goals of
Physiology
1.To underStand and
predict the body'S
reSponSeS to Stimuli
2. To underStand how the body
part workS
3. TISSUE LEVEL
group of cell that perform the
same function
HISTOLOGY- study of tissues
4 TYPES OF TISSUE
1. Epithelial Tissue- covers
body surface; lines hollow
organs and cavities and forms
glands.
2. Connective Tissue-
connects, supports and
protects body organs while
distributing blood vessels to
other tissue
3. Muscle Tissue- contracts
to make body part move
and generates heat
4. Nervous Tissue- carries
information through
 Created by: Johmel De
Ocampo
nerve impulses
 ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
AN LEVEL 6. ORGANISM LEVEL
ed of two or more tissues that perform the sam function
any living thing considered
ach, Heart, Brain, Skin, Bones, Lungs PERISTALSIS- movement of
estinal organs as a whole whether
composed of one cell such
as bacterium, or of trillion of
cells, such as human.

on Anatomy and
ood mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small inestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver
Physiology of
Body Systems

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
heart pumps blood through
vessels
blood carries oxygen and
S SYSTEM nutrients to cells and carbon
s action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities
dioxide and wastes
anges in body's internal and external environments, interpret leps regulate acid-base
and respond.
balance, temperature and
water content of body fluid

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
transferred oxygen and
carbon dioxide
TIVE SYSTEM helps regulate acid-base
s physical and chemical breakdown of food absorb nutrients balance of body fluids
tes solid wastes air flowing out of lungs
through vocal vocal cords
produces sound.
 ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
gonads produce gametes
(sperm or oocyte) that unite
to form a new organism
gonads also releases
hormone that regulate
reproduction and other body
processes transport and store
gametes
URINARY SYSTEM
produce, store and
eliminate wastes
eliminate wastes and
regulates volume and
chemical composition of
blood maintain body's
mineral balance
helps regulate production of
red blood cells
ERYTHROPOETIN
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
returns proteins and fluid to
blood
carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract to blood
contains sites of maturation
and poliferation of B cells
and T cells that protect
against disease-causing
microbes
SKELETAL SYSTEM
supports and protects body
provides surface area for
muscle attachment
aids body movements
houses cells that
produce blood cells (flat
bones) store minerals
and lipids (fats) (long
bones)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
participates in
body movements
maintain posture
produce heat
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
protects body
regulate body temperature
eliminates some wastes
helps make vitamin D
detects sensation such as
touch, pain, warmth, and cold
store fat and provides
insulation
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
regulates body system by
releasing hormones
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
 ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Basic Life
Processes
1.METABOLISM
ability to use energy
Two Phases of Metabolism
1.CATABOLISM (catabol=
throwing down; -ism= a
condition) - breakdown of
complex; produce energy
ANABOLISM (anabol=
raising up) - building up
smaller to complex; uses
energy
2. MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION
refers to the specific
interrelationships among the
parts of an organism and how
those parts interact to
perform
3. REPRODUCTION
formation of new cell
for tissue growth, repair
or requirement
production of new individual
4. RESPONSIVENESS
ability of an organism
to sense changes in the
environment
5. GROWTH
increase in body size; increase
in the number of cells
6. DEVELOPMENT/
DIFFERENTIATION changes of an
organism through time
DEVELOPMENT- growth but
also involves differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION- changes in
cell structure and function
from generalized
Homeostasis
Homeo- sameness
Stasis= stand still
"The existence
and
maintenance of the balance"
VARIABLE- factor being
regulated
SET VALUE POINT- normal
range
Component of Homeostatic
Control System
RECEPTOR- detects changes
and signal the control center
CONTROL CENTER- analyzes
the information it receives and
determine the appropriate
response
EFFECTOR- receives output
and produce the response
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Feedback System

1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
reverse a chage in variable

2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
strengthen or reinforce a change

Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback
 Language of Anatomy
ION RECLINING POSITION
PRONE- face
l reference point standard position called ANATOMICAL down SUPINE- face up
POSITION

facing the obServer;

face forward
ANATOMICAL POSITION lower limbS are
parallel and feet are
fla
t
 Language of Anatomy
Directional CRANIAL- skull

Terms FACIAL- face

CEPHALIC- head
FRONTAL- forehead
TEMPORAL- temple
SUPERIOR/CRANIAL- upper
ORBITAL/OCULAR- eye
part
OTIC- ear
INFERIOR/CAUDAL-lower
BUCCAL- cheek
part
NASAL- nose
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL-
ORAL- mouth
front POSTERIOR/DORSAL-
MENTAL- chin
back
CLAVICLE- neck
MEDIAL- inner side
STERNAL- breastbone
LATERAL- outer side
AXILLARY- armpit
INTERMEDIATE- in between
SUPERFICIAL- more external
DEEP- more internal
THORACIC- chest
INSPILATERAL- same side
MAMMARY-
CONTRALATERAL-
breast BRACHIAL_
opposite side
arm
PROXIMAL- near to the
trunk ANTECUBITAL- front of
DISTAL- far to the trunk elbow ANTERBRACHIAL-
forearm ABDOMINAL-
abdomen UMBILICAL- navel
DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger COXAL- hip
PUBIC- pubis INGUINAL- groin
FEMORAL- thigh PELVIC- pelvis
PATELLAR- front of POLLEX- thumb
knee CRURAL- leg or MANUAL- hand
shin TARSAL- ankle PLAMAR/VOLAR- palm
DIGITAL- toe CARPAL- wrist
PEDAL- foot
DORSUM- top of
foot HALLUX-
great toe
 Language of Anatomy
f skull SCAPULAR- shoulder blade VERTEBRAL- spinal column1. SAGITTAL
DORSAL- back PLANE
RAL- between hips vertical plane that separates
TAL- right and left side
TEAL- buttock
A. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN
of anus & external organs
hand POPLITEAL- hollow behind knee PLANE- eqaul left and
right side
LCANEAL- heel B. PARASAGITTAL
PLANE- unequal side

2. FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE

vertical plane that separates
anterior (front) and posterior
(back) portions
cut runs from right to left side
or vice versa

3. TRANSVERSE PLANE
horizontal plane that
separates superior (upper)
and inferior (lower)
Body Planes & Section also known as
portions
CROSS-
SECTIONAL/HORIZONTAL
PLANE

4. OBLIQUE PLANE
diagonal cut; angle other than
ES the right angle (90 degree)
rface that pass through the body parts pertains to cut

SECTION
image/view of the body or one of its organ
pertains to the view
 Language of Anatomy
Body Cavities
CAVITIES
The body contains many cavities. Some of these cavities, such as the
nasal cavity, open to the outside of the body, and some do not. The
trunk contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the
body: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity
The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from
the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm. It is divided into right
and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum. The
mediastinum is a partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea,
the esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each
side of the mediastinum.
The abdominal cavity is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and
contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the
pancreas, and the kidneys.
The pelvic cavity is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis
and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the
internal reproductive organs.
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated
and sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity.
 Language of Anatomy
Serous Membrane
Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these
cavities.
To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ,
imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon.
The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist represents the
visceral serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall
represents the parietal serous membrane.
The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous
membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous
fluid produced by the membranes. As an organ rubs against another
organ or against the body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous
membranes reduce friction

The thoracic cavity pleura and contains pleural fluid

containS three SerouS
membrane- lined cavitieS: a
pericardial cavity and two
pleural cavitieS.

PLEURAL CAVITY
A pleural cavity
surrounds each lung,
which is covered by
visceral pleura. Parietal
pleura lines the inner
surface of the thoracic
wall, the lateral surfaces
of the mediastinum, and
the superior surface of
the diaphragm. The
pleural cavity is located
between the visceral
pleura and the parietal
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
The pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart.
The visceral
pericardium covers
the heart, which is
contained within a
connective tissue sac
lined with the parietal
pericardium. The
pericardial cavity,
which contains
pericardial fluid, is
located between the
visceral pericardium
and the parietal
pericardium.

PERICARDIAL CAVITY
The abdominopelvic
cavity contains a
serous membrane-
lined cavity called the
peritoneal cavity.
Visceral peritoneum
covers many of the
organs of the
abdominopelvic
cavity. Parietal
peritoneum lines the
wall of the
abdominopelvic cavity
and the inferior
surface of the
diaphragm.
The peritoneal cavity is
located between the
visceral peritoneum and
the parietal peritoneum
and contains peritoneal
fluid.
 Language of Anatomy

The serous membranes can become inflamed—

usually as a result of an infection.
PERICARDITIS (per′i-kar-dı′tis) is inflammation
of the pericardium, PLEURISY (ploor′i-s̄ ) is
inflammation of the pleura, and PERITONITIS
(per′i-t̄ -nı′tis) is inflammation of the
peritoneum.

MESENTERIES (mes′en-ter- ), which consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect
the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the
body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs. The mesenteries
anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to
reach the organs. Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall
and do not have
mesenteries. Parietal peritoneum covers these other organs, which are said to be
retroperitoneal
(re′tr̄ -per′i-t̄ -n̄ ′ ; retro, behind). The retroperitoneal organs include the kidneys, the adrenal
glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder
 Language of Anatomy
Body The central region of the body consists of the
HEAD, NECK, and TRUNK.
Parts & The trunk can be divided into the thorax
(chest), abdomen (region between the thorax
Region and pelvis), and pelvis (the inferior end of
the trunk associated with the hips).
The upper limb is divided into the arm,
forearm, wrist, and hand.
The arm extends from the shoulder to the
elbow, and the forearm extends from the
elbow to the wrist.
The lower limb is divided into the thigh, leg,
ankle, and foot.
The thigh extends from the hip to the knee,
and the leg extends from the knee to the
ankle.
Language of Anatomy
 Language of Anatomy
Body Parts
& Region

The abdomen is often subdivided superficially

into four sections, or quadrants, by two
imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical
—that intersect at the navel.
The quadrants formed are:
right-upper,
left-upper,
right-lower,
left-lower quadrants.
The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into
regions by four imaginary lines—two
horizontal and two vertical. These four lines
create an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the
abdomen, resulting in nine regions:
epigastric (ep-i-gas′trik),
right and left hypochondriac (hı-p̄ -kon′dr̄
̆
-ak), umbilical (̆m-bil′i-k l),
̆
right and left lumbar (lm′bar),
hypogastric (hı-p̄ -gas′trik), and
right and left iliac (il′ ak).
Clinicians use the quadrants or regions as
reference points for locating the underlying
organs. For example, the appendix is in the right-
lower quadrant, and the pain of an acute
appendicitis is usually felt there.
 SUMMARY
ANATOMY
1. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body.
2. Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems. Regional anatomy is
the study of the body by areas.
3. Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures, and
anatomical imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deep structures.

PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

1. The human body can be organized into six levels: chemical, cell, tissue, organ,
organ system, and organism.
2. The eleven organ systems are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic,
respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and
reproductive systems.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
The characteristics of life are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth,
development, and reproduction.

HOMEOSTASIS
1. Homeostasis is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors
of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support
life.
2. Negative-feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
3. Positive-feedback mechanisms make deviations from normal even greater.
Although a few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the body, most
positive-feedback mechanisms are harmful.

BODY POSITION
1. A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the
sides, and the palms facing forward is in the anatomical position.
2. A face-upward position is supine and a face-downward one is prone.

DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual
position.

BODY PARTS AND REGIONS

1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which
are useful for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.
 SUMMARY
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which
are useful for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.

PLANES
1. A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts, a transverse plane divides
the body into superior and inferior parts, and a frontal plane divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts.
2. A longitudinal section divides an organ along its long axis, a transverse section cuts
an organ at a right angle to the long axis, and an oblique section cuts across the long
axis at an angle other than a right angle.

BODY CAVITIES
1. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm. The mediastinum
divides the thoracic cavity into two parts.
2. The abdominal cavity is bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.
3. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic bones.

SEROUS MEMBRANES
1. The trunk cavities are lined by serous membranes. The parietal part of a serous
membrane lines the wall of the cavity, and the visceral part covers the internal
organs.
2. The serous membranes secrete fluid that fills the space between the parietal and
visceral membranes. The serous membranes protect organs from friction.
3. The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, the pleural cavities surround the lungs,
and the peritoneal cavity surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs.
4. Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place
and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs.
5. Retroperitoneal organs are found “behind” the parietal peritoneum. The kidneys, the
adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder are
examples of retroperitoneal organs.

REFERENCE

Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition.

No Copyright Intended.