National Conference on Electronics, Communication and Signal Processing, NCECS-2011,19th September 2011

Siliguri Institute of Technology, Siliguri, Darjeeling, West Bengal: 734009

A New Modified Sequence Generator for Direct

Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
S.Kalita, P.P Sahu
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Napaam
Tezpur, Assam–784028
Email: shashi1@tezu.ernet.in , pps@tezu.ernet.in

Abstract--- In this paper we have designed and simulate a new Maximal length sequence (m-sequence) is generated by
sequence generator which shows the properties similar to that of using linear feedback shift register and exclusive OR gate
both Gold sequence and Kasami sequence and will be designed circuits. A simple block diagram of m-sequence generator
for the compatible of multichannel DSSS system. To get the circuit having 3 D flip-flops as an example is shown in fig1:
desired result we have analyzed first the different sequence
generator such as m-sequence, Gold sequence and Kasami
sequence respectively. The proposed sequence generator
simulated circuit will be little bit complex than the Gold sequence
m-sequence
but less than the Kasami sequence and the performance will also
be better than both the sequence generator. D1 D2 D3
CLK

Keywords--- PN sequence, Gold sequence, Kasami sequence D1

Fig1: m-sequence generator
DSSS, antijamming, multipath protection, multiple access.
So from the property of m-sequence as given in [7], we get the
I. INTRODUCTION length of m-sequence as N=7.The primitive polynomial used
here is of degree m=3and the polynomial is g(x)

R ECENTLY PN sequence finds application in

Multichannel Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum and
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Signaling [1] in which
the multiplexed signals of different channels are coded with
PN sequences [2]. A pseudo-noise (PN) sequence is a periodic
binary sequence with a noise-like waveform. It is generated by
using linear feedback shift register. The main advantages of
=x3+x2+1.After simulation we get the corresponding set of 3
m-sequences of period 7.Autocorrelation function for m-
sequence is Thumb-Tack autocorrelation.
Gold sequence is generated by using the preferred pair of
m-sequences. Both the preferred pair m-sequences have the
same property as that of the m-sequence. The block diagram of
Gold sequence generator circuit having degree 3 is shown in
g1

using PN sequences are antijamming, multipath protection, fig2.

multiple access, message privacy, identification etc. The most
widely used PN sequence is the maximum-length shift register g1(x) =x3+x2+1

sequence or m-sequence. The other PN sequences analyzed

here are Gold sequence and Kasami sequence. Both of these CLK
D1 D2 D3
sequences have almost the similar properties. Here in this
paper we have designed a modified sequence generator which g2(x) =x3+x+1
has similar properties as that of Gold sequence and Kasami
sequence. In the paper a brief background of various Gold
sequences are described in section II, the proposed new sequence
designed sequence generator is described in section III,
simulation and results are shown in section IV and finally the
conclusion is shown in section V. D4 D5 D6

II. BACKGROUND
Fig2: Gold sequence generator circuit block

Pseudo-noise sequences are mainly sequences of 1’s and Here the length of gold sequencex3+x is 2N= 3
+1 2 -1 = 7 and the
(x) =

0’s i.e a sequence of periodic binary forms where the numbers
looks like statistically independent and is uniformly
distributed. The fundamentals of different PN sequences and
their properties are already described in [3-8]. The most com -
monly used sequences are m- sequence, Gold sequence and
Kasami sequence.
primitive polynomial used here is also of degree m= 3 and
since here two preferred pair is used the two polynomials are
g1(x)= x3+x2+1 and g2(x)= x3+x+1 .After simulation we get
9 set of Gold sequences. Here also the autocorrelation
functions for both m-sequences are Thumb Tack
autocorrelation and the cross correlation functions are -1,-5
and -3.
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 National Conference on Electronics, Communication and Signal Processing, NCECS-2011,19th September 2011
Siliguri Institute of Technology, Siliguri, Darjeeling, West Bengal: 734009
Kasami sequences are a set of sequences that have good
cross correlation properties. There are two classes of sequences
small and large sets. The large set contains all the sets
sequences in the small sets [3-5]. It also have a period N=2m-1.

III. PROPOSED NEW MODIFIED SEQUENCE

GENERATOR

The new modified gold sequence is also generated by Fig4(a): Simulation results for corresponding
using the preferred pair of sequences. Here also we have taken 3 sets of m-sequence
the polynomial of degree 3 as an example. Instead of just using
Ex-OR gate first we add the two sequence which will give
another sequence and after that use Ex-OR gate with this
sequence, the output of which is also a periodic sequence. The
block diagram of the circuit is shown in fig3. We have done
this modification to get more no of sequence easily. The circuit
design complexity will also be reduced compared to other
sequence generator with this modification.
3 2
g1(x) = x +x +1

Fig4(b): Simulation results for corresponding 9

D2 D3 sets of Gold-sequence
D1
CLK
CK D D
3 ADD
g2(x) = x +x+1
2 3
D1 New
modified
sequence
D4 D5 D6
.
D 5 D
4 D 6
Fig3: New modified sequence Generator
D Fig4(c): Simulation results for corresponding 12 sets of
D5 3 proposed modified sequence
After simulation we get the length of sequence as N= 2 -1
D
=7.As written in earlier the primitive polynomial used here is
From the simulation results of proposed new modified
also of degree m= 3 5and the polynomial used are g1(x) =
sequence, we have found that its autocorrelation function and
x3+x2+1 and g2(x) = x3+x+1, which are same as that of Gold
cross-correlation function which is also same as that of Gold
sequence. After simulation here we will get corresponding 12
sequence. Only the main difference is in the generation of
sets of sequence instead of only 9 sequences in Gold sequence.
sequences which is more with this proposed modified Gold
All of them are of period 7 which are given by:
sequence generator. Here we get 12 sets of sequences from the
polynomial of degree 3. The sequence values are given in the
0111001 1011100 0101110
previous section. As we increase the polynomial we get more
1101001 1101001 0111010
sets of sequences. From the 12 sets of sequences we may easily
0101010 1010100 0101001
design a 3 channel CDMA system [2] and also can be used in
0000100 0001000 0010010
underwater communication. The eye pattern have been
developed by applying different sequences such as m-
This result can be seen from the simulation of the circuit,
sequences, gold sequence, kasami sequence and proposed new
which is given in the next section.
modified sequence respectively in simple DSSS mode as
shown in fig 5.The table 1 shows the SNRvalue at the
IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
sampling point i.e the noise margin, Distortion due to ISI and
the percentage of total distortion of these sequences obtain
We have simulated all the sequence generator i.e m-sequence,
from the eye pattern of the figure. It is seen that the proposed
Gold sequence and the proposed modified Gold sequence
modified gold sequence in DSSS has better SNR value at the
using Microsim EDAsoftware release version 8. Fig 1, fig2
sampling point comparison to other sequences. Also the total
and fig3 respectively show the simple block diagram of
percentage of distortion is less than the other sequences. So the
sequence generator. For the simulation of the circuit we have
proposed sequence performs better in the DSSS model.
taken the print step as 20ns and the final time as 300us and the
simulation is done whose results are shown in fig4.

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 National Conference on Electronics, Communication and Signal Processing, NCECS-2011,19th September 2011
Siliguri Institute of Technology, Siliguri, Darjeeling, West Bengal: 734009
percentage of total distortion will be less here compared to the
other sequence and the amount of distortion due to ISI is also
less here. So we can say that the proposed new sequence
(a) DISTORTION generator will perform better in the DSSS model.
NOISE MARGIN DUE TO ISI

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS RELATED TO EYE DIAGRAM
Name of Noise Margin Distortion due to ISI Total Distortion Pe
EYE WIDTH sequences

(a) m-sequence 0.09 0.21 1.11 18.

Gold sequence 0.89 0.22 1.11 19.

DISTORTION Kasami 0.90 0.20 1.10 18.

NOISE
MARGIN
DUE TO ISI Sequence
EYE
HEIGHT
Proposed new 0.91 0.15 1.06 14.
sequence

EYE WIDTH
REFERRENCES

(b)
[1] J.G. Proakis, Digital Communication, 4th edition McGraw -Hill,
2001.
[2] P.P. Sahu and M.Singh, “Multichannel Direct Sequence Spread
DISTORTION
Spectrum Signaling using code phase shift keying” Computers and
NOISE DUE TO ISI
Electrical Engineering, vol. 35, no 1,pp 218-226, November 2009.
EYE MARGIN [3] D.V. Sarwate and M. B., Pursley, “Cross correlation properties
HEIGHT of pseudorandom and related sequences” proc. of the IEEE, vol.68,
No. 5, pp. 583-619, May 1980.
[4] A.G Burr., “Codes for spread spectrum multiple access systems”
Proc. IEEE first international symposium on spread spectrum
techniques and applications (ISSSTA’90), King’s college, London
EYE WIDTH UK., pp. 109- 115, 1990.
[5] A. Mitra, “On pseudorandom and orthogonal binary spreading
sequences”, International jounal of Information and
(c) communication engineering, vol.4, no 2, pp. 137-144, 2007.
[6] Sang-Hyu Kim and Jong-Seon No, “New Families of Binary
Sequences with Low Correlation”, IEEE transactions of
information theory, vol. 49, no 11, 2011.
[7] H.A. Kari Karkkainen, “Mean-square Cross co-correlation as a
NOISE DISTORTION performance measure for spreading code families”, IEEE second
EYE
MARGIN DUE TO ISI international symposium on spread spectrum techniques and
HEIGHT applications (ISSSTA’92) Yokohama, Japan, November 29-dec 2,
1992.
[8] M.B. Pursley, “Performance evaluation for phase-coded spread
spectrum multiple access communication-Part-1: system analysis” ,
IEEE transaction, commun. , vol.25, No.8, pp 795-799, 1977.
EYE WIDTH

(d)

Fig5. Eye pattern for DSSS model using various

sequence (a) m-sequence (b) Gold sequence (c) Kasami
sequence (d) Proposed new modified sequence

V. CONCLUSION

From the simulation and results of various sequences we have

found that the new modified sequence has some advantages
over the gold sequence. For multichannel system this sequence
generator will be helpful since here we get large set of
sequences. Also it is seen that when we applied this sequence
to the simple DSSS model and see the eye pattern, the

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