Integration of Trigonometric Functions

As we recall , there were cases where trigonometric functions are present in

the integrand. However the whole function was considered as u and the du is
the differential of such function.
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
say‫׬‬ dx
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 3𝑥
It can be written as‫ 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬−3 3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢
Where the u=cos3x and du=-3sin3xdx sin3xdx=
3
By power rule,
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −2 3𝑥
‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬3 3𝑥 dx = + C
3 −2
1
=6𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 + C
Here, as u can see in the formulas of integration rules of trigonometric
functions, the angle is the u.
It is important that the student can recall the different trigonometric
identities and principles in algebra since many cases are not solvable unless
they are transformed into an expression and become solvable using the
rules.
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
Integration Rules of trigonometric Functions
1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.
4.
9.

5. 10

The expression cannot be integrated unless it is exactly one of

these patterns. Six of these are reverse of differentiation rules.
And the rest are additional rules which are also reverse of
differential of certain trigonometric expressions.
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
Example # 1‫ ׬‬cos 3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
This is directly using ‫ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑠 = 𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬+ 𝐶

Or retaining the variable du=3dx

1 1
Neutralizing factor ‫ ׬‬cos 3𝑥 − 2 3𝑑𝑥= sin(3x-2) + C
3 3

The same result. There are cases when the answers are in different
forms but they are the same. This happens in transcendental functions.
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
3−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
Example # 2 ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 here, the expression is not solvable yet any rules
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥

To any of the trigonometric rules. Transform into solvable expressions.

3−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 1
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 =ln 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 - ln 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥 + C
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 3
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
Example #3 ‫(׬‬2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 5)2 𝑑𝑥
Again , this is not solvable in its original form yet.

Therefore ‫(׬‬2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 5)2 𝑑𝑥=4𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 20𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +25x + C

Integration of Trigonometric Functions
Example #4 ‫ 𝑥(׬‬+ 1) cot(𝑥 2 +2x-1)dx Not all the time that part of du is written
next to dx or d(any variable)

1
‫ 𝑥(׬‬+ 1) cot(𝑥 2 +2x-1)dx =2 ln sin(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1) + C
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Example # 5 ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =−𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + C
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
𝑑𝑥
Example # 6 ‫׬‬
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1
‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑥=3 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥 + 𝐶
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
Example # 7 ‫ 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 again ,this is not solvable by its original form

1 1
‫ 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =2 x + 4 sin2x + C
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
Example # 8 ‫𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑥same as the other examples, we need to change the
form to become solvable by any rules

𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
‫𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + C
 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
𝑑𝑥
Example # 9 ‫𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 ׬‬−1

𝑑𝑥 1
‫𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
𝜋
Example # 10 ‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑑𝑦
It is important to get the indefinite integral first before substituting the
limits. Again the upper limit is always greater than the lower limit.
From the double angle formula sin2x=2sinxcosx
1
Therefore sin2y=2sinycosy and sec y =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝜋 𝜋 1
‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ‫׬‬0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝜋
= 2‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 by trigonometric rule

𝜋
2(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 0
= -2(cos 𝜋-cos 0) = +4