ETHNOLINGUISTICS

Compiled by 7th Group

1. Al Mar’atul Muti’ah (0304172129)

2. Ayu Amelia (0304172136)
3. Lahni Fikriya (0304173157)
4. Melinia Safitri (0304172071)
5. Meriah Hati Lubis (0304172125)
6. Siti Nurhaliza Nst (0304172103)

Lecturer :
Khairina Ramadhani Lubis, M. Hum

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT-5

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS TRAINING
ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN
2020/2021
 PREFACE

We are very grateful to Allah Swt. Because of His blessings so we could have
finished this paper, it is about “Ethnolinguistics”. We certainly hope what We have made in
this papercan educate and helpfully to other people. So The goal of this paper is to all of
students know and learn about various Engslih Language Skills especially in Using
Ethnolinguistics to Improve Students’ English Skill that increase their knowledge.

This Paper was arranged surely is not only our own struggle. Materials and physical
encouragement from various parties was helpful for organizing this Paper. Therefore, we do
say thank you to our parents especially, our friends, collegues and those involved in arranging
this paper.

This Proposal has organized absolutely far from perfect, therefore critism or
suggestion is so necessary to make it be better near in the future.

Medan, 26 Januari 2021

7th Group

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………… i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………...…. ii

CHAPTER I. ............................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................

1.1 Background of Study …………………………………………………………... 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ………….……………………………………………….. 3
1.3 Purpose of Paper ……………………………………………………………..… 3

CHAPTER II............................................................................................................ 4

DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................

2.1 Definition of Etnholinguistics……………………………………………...….... 4

2.2 Language and celture Relationship…………………………………………….. 6
2.3 Language as an introduvtion to culture………………………………………... 8

CHAPTER III.......................................................................................................... 11

CLOSING.................................................................................................................

3.1. Conclusions ………………………………………………………….………... 11

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….…… 12

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND

Ethnolinguistics is formed from a combination of the words ethnology and linguistics,

which was born because of the combination of approaches commonly used by ethnologists
(now: cultural anthropology) with linguistic approaches. Another name for mentioning the
term ethnolinguistics is anthropo linguistics or anthropological linguistics. Ethnolinguistics is
a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of language based on the perspective and
culture of society. As stated by Humboldt, differences in cognitive perceptions and
differences in world views of a society can be seen from the language. It is said that each
language contains a characteristics worldview. In an ethnolinguistic view, there is a
relationship between language and the world view of its speakers. Meanwhile, according to
the Big Indonesian Dictionary, ethnolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that investigates the
relationship between language and rural communities or communities that do not have
writing.

Ethnolinguistics examines language not only from its general structure, but more on
its function and usage in the context of socio-cultural situations. Meanwhile, according to the
Big Indonesian Dictionary, ethnolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that investigates the
relationship between language and rural communities or communities that do not have
writing. In the opinion of Wilhelm von Humboldt, that differences in cognitive perceptions
and different world views of a society can be seen from the language. In an ethnolinguistic
view, there is a relationship between language and the world view of its speakers.

Thus it can be concluded that ethnolinguistics in general examines the relationship

between language and culture of a society or ethnicity. This means that ethnology /
anthropology contributes to linguistics and linguistics also contributes to ethnology /
anthropology, as explained in Putra as follows.

From Linguistics to Ethnology. A linguistic study is very meaningful for ethnology,

because to be able to know more deeply about the culture of a society, a researcher must
understand the knowledge of that society. Furthermore, the knowledge of a society is stored
in the language used. Therefore, to be able to understand the behavior of a community group

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one must first learn the language; because language is closely related to a view of life, ways
of looking at reality, thought structures, and changes in society.

From Ethnology to Linguistics. Ethnological studies also contribute to linguistics,

namely that in order to understand the language used by a society, a researcher must also be
armed with anthropology or ethnology. Because culture is closely related to the history of
language, language maps, and language meanings.

Based on this explanation, it can be seen that linguistics and ethnology are actually
interrelated and not separate from one another, so that in Indonesia, which has an abundance
of cultural wealth with various languages, it should make the study of ethnolinguistics
important. This is intended to find out how the uniqueness of the language in each culture and
how the view of life of the cultural adherents in Indonesia.

This kind of research creates a mutually beneficial relationship between ethnology

and linguistic disciplines. Both of these disciplines mutually contribute benefits to each other.
Putra (1997: 4-9) states that linguistic contributions to ethnology are many. This is because
language is considered to be one of the cultural products capable of dissecting a society's
culture. As for linguistic contributions to ethnology, such as providing a depiction of a
society's view of life, giving an overview of society in seeing a reality, giving a depiction of a
structure of thought, describing the changes that occur in society. As for the contribution of
ethnology to linguistics such as Culture and Language History, Culture and Language Maps,
and Culture and Language Meanings.

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1.2. Problem Formulation

To direct the discussion on this paper, the presenters give some questions to be
answered. As follows:

1. What is Ethnolinguistics?
2. What the Language and celture Relationship?
3. How to Language as an introduvtion to culture?

1.3. Purpose of the Paper

This paper is intended to know about.

1. To know about Definition of Ethnolinguistics

2. To know about the Language and celture Relationship.
3. To know about Language as an introduvtion to culture.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1. Definition of Ethnolinguistics

Ethnolinguistics is a branch of linguistics, ethnography and ethnology. Ethnography

and ethnology are branches of humanities that study culture. Ethnography is a description,
description, painting, explanation of country, ethnicity, race (Endraswara, 2015: 22).
Ethnography is the study of the life and culture of a community or ethnicity, for example,
customs, habits, law, art, religion, language (Endraswara, 2015: 38).

Ethnolinguistics is a term used as a special study of linguistics related to the discipline

of anthropology (Robins, 1981). Ahimsa-Putra (1997) states that ethnolinguistics is a very
interesting field of study because it is in this land that a very important thing can be found,
namely the process of the formation of culture and its relationship with language, and the
culture that is formed is constantly changing, both consciously and not by supporters of that
culture, as reflected in the language they use in their daily life.1

Ethnolinguistics is the study of language systems from a cultural perspective.

Ethnolinguistics is also called Anthropological Linguistics or Anthropological Linguistics,
which is the study of language and culture as the main sub-field of Anthropology (Duranti,
1997).2

Ethnography is the writing that becomes the capital of ethnology researchers.

Ethnography can be developed into ethnology, meaning that from a glimpse of Sundanese
ethnicity compared to Javanese. So, ethnography, which has anthropological roots, is
basically a researcher's activity to understand how people interact and work together through
observable phenomena of everyday life (Endraswara, 2015: 39). Ethnology is always related
to the cultural environment. The environment also determines how people learn Javanese
culture. The way of thinking and behaving is usually influenced by the environment. The
cultural environment is always the support for one's mindset (Endraswara, 2015: 16).

1 Cipto Wardoyo, Asep Sulaeman, "Etnolinguistik Pada Penamaan Nama-Nama Bangunan di Keraton Yogyakarta", Jurnal al-Tsaqafa Volume 14, No. 01, 2017, halaman 58

2 Anni Holila Pulungan, Karya Ilmiah, "Kajian Etnolinguistik Terhadap Peribahasa Dalam Bahasa Indonesia : Sebuah Tinjauan Pragmatic Force (Daya Prakmatik)", (Medan, Universitas

Negeri Medan), hal 3

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 Ethnolinguistics according to Foley (in Abdullah and Pitana, 2016: 17) is a branch of
linguistics which is concerned with the position of language in a broader social and cultural
context to promote and maintain cultural practices and social structures. Operationally,
ethnolinguistics can be defined as a branch of linguistics that can be used to study the
language structure and / or vocabulary of certain ethnic communities based on the perspective
and culture of the speaking community in order to uncover or reveal the culture of certain
communities (Baehaqie, 2013: 15).

Based on the description of the notion of ethnolinguistics, which in essence is a tool

for analyzing linguistic data used to photograph, uncover, and uncover the cultural
phenomena of a certain ethnic community, the linguistic phenomenon is related to cultural
elements, which includes seven elements of course apart from elements. which is in the form
of language. The seven cultural elements are complete and sequential, namely 1) a religious
system, 2) a social system, 3) a knowledge system, 4) a language system, 5) an art system, 6)
a livelihood system, 7) a technology system. So, whenever there is a study, study,
investigation, examination, or research on linguistic phenomena related to at least one of the
six existing cultural elements; This study is classified as an ethnolinguistic study. The
characteristics of ethnolinguistic studies are not only visible in the object of study or study,
but also in the method of study. The object of study is the vocabulary or language structure of
certain ethnic communities (descent, custom, ethnicity, and religion). The method of study is
briefly said namely linguistic facts stepping into cultural phenomena (Baehaqie, 2013: 15-
16).

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2.2. Language and celture Relationship

Language is the important point to know or to get the meaning contained in every
culture. Without language the culture can’t have the meaning be interpreted. And even all
human knowledge are determined by language. Not only it, according to Ferdinand De
Saussure as a philosopher of language of Swiss, birth on November 26, 1857 – February 22,
1913 if the nothing could be known about this world at outside the language, and also from
the language we can identify and know or see the signs of a society’s culture.

In ethnolinguistics focus on language and cultural relations in a society like the role of
language in learning, how a person is communicates with other people in certain social and
cultural activities, and how the language of the people was in accordance with the
development of their culture. The possibility of language extinction could have occurred
because society had worn off for a long time culture. And we can looking or know at one side
in the use of “names” and leadership titles only can influence people’s culture or otherwise.

The relations for the language and cultural is very closely. Both influence each other,
complete each other, and walk side by side. There are some language and cultural relations :

1. Language as a tool or cultural facilities

In this relation, culture can development through a language. Language as the main
character, culture can only be realized if culture is understood, knowing, and upheld by the
societies who own the culture itself. And culture can occur because the language that wants
the formation of culture.

2. Language as a part of culture

The language can say as a part of culture because we can’t get the purpose, conclusion
and how to do something without the language. In every culture always have the function,
purpose, meaning to every followers in each culture.

3. Language is the result from the culture

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 That’s mean if the language used or said by some groups of societies is a reflection or
mirror the entire culture of community. At the implementation of the ritual ceremonies,
respectively use the language. And all the cultural events will produce the language.

4. Language only has meaning in the cultural setting in which it is used

The same language has different meanings according to the culture that is the
container. If we compare the two ethnic groups, we will see the difference in the meaning.

5. Language as a cultural requirement

That’s mean because we can learn the culture through a language, and also because
the material like logical relations, opposition, and correlation that can make the whole
culture.

6. Language can affects the way of thinking and otherwise

Language and think in human life are two things very basic and mutual related. The
two things of the distinctive and clear way of distinguish of humans from animal. From the
language we can communicate to another people, while from the think we can resolve the
some problems in our life. And also otherwise from the text above is the way of thinking can
affects language, that’s mean the damage to a person’s mind will affect his/her language. If
someone’s mind chaotic, then the language will also be confused. At one time someone’s
language might be fine and well preserved, but on other times the language is less awake. It is
depend on the situation and state of mind when he speaks.

7. Language procedures are influenced by cultural norms

The other relations to note is that the act of communication, we are subject to cultural
norms. The manner of speaking of a person is not in accordance with cultural norms live in
the community in which the language lives and is used. If the language procedure someone is
not in accordance with cultural norms, so he/she is often accused of strange people, selfish,
arrogant, indifferent, uncivilized or even uncultured.

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8. cultural change affects language change

Both of them (language and culture) that still needs a lot of attention is about
language change caused by cultural changes. The resulting language change cultural changes
is more prominent in vocabulary aspects than in other linguistic aspects both about form and
the meaning of the vocabulary.

2.3. Language As An Introduction To Culture

Many definitions of language have been given: "language is the bearer of

culture,""language is the vehicle of culture," and the like, but all of them point out its social
significance. Further analysis is required, however, to grasp the total gamut of relations
between language and culture. When we hear the statement that "language is a part of
culture," it is in fact meant that utterances are correctly understood only if they are symbols
of cultural phenomena. This implies that since experience is communicated by means of
language, a person speaking any language participates to some degree in the ways of life
represented by that language. These verbal symbols are not loosely joined, but co-ordinated
by means of a system that expresses their mutual relations. Language is thus the regular
organization of series of symbols, whose meanings have to be learned as any other
phenomenon. The implication of this is that as each culture has its own way of looking at
things and at people and its own way of dealing with them, the enculturation of an individual
to a foreign body of customs will only be possible as he learns to speak and understand the
foreign language and to respond with new selection and emphasis to the world around him-a
selection and emphasis presented to him by this new culture.

The importance of the role of symbolism in language has led linguists and cultural
anthropologists alike to co-operate in problems of mutual concern, the solutions of which are
equally valuable for both sciences, and which point to a close relationship between both. An
example as to how linguistics can profit from the study of cultural phenomena is had when
we consider the contributions that the latter can make in assessing the problem of meaning in
language, the problem of cultural definition. Indeed, insofar as the study of the symbolic
values of language facilitates our comprehension and the aims and sanctions that direct
behavior and ordered convention in any body of custom, it may be said that language reveals
itself as "an index to culture." these cultural definitions.

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 We have already stated that the symbolism of language is integrated, so that the
resulting system may express the way in which its units are related. This implies the existence
of a structure in language which validates the significance of the linguistic elements as they
stand in relation to one another. On the other hand, the concept of structural regularity is
basic in ethnological theory, whereby the term "pattern" has become so popular among
Indonesian cultural anthropologists.The basic contribution of these linguists resulted from
exploring the sharp distinction between "language" and "speech" proposed by DeSaussure.
This was achieved by recognizing that the "sound," physically conceived, and the "phoneme,"
of pure psychological reality, have differential linguistic value. It is therefore in language that
we have to look for differential values-as concerns structure-by studying the systems in
which the linguistic elements stand in mutual relation to one another.

However simple this fundamental postulate may appear today, it revealed the main
concepts which resulted in the realization of the relationship between linguistics and cultural
anthropology, and in a symbiosis which we call today ethnolinguistics. The distinction
between "language" and "speech" is basic for understand- ing function and symbolism in
language. The conception of structure, proposed by the linguists of Prague as a psychological
phenomenon, has laid the ground for applying the underlying phenomenon of the
unconscious patterning of linguistic terms to nonlinguistic cultural forms. These
psychological linguistic concepts, which are derived from the overt forms of linguistic
behavior, were taken over by Sapir, who saw their far reaching significance for the study of
culture. He demonstrated that the analysis of any kind of individual or social behavior-
whether linguistic or nonlinguistic-reveals that men react in ac- cordance with deep-rooted
patterns which the individual cannot grasp, because the relations between the elements of
experience are "felt" or "intuited" rather than consciously perceived. It thus follows that an
individual's projec- tion of his own linguistic patterns in speaking or hearing a foreign
language is a parallel phenomenon to any interpretation of foreign nonlinguistic cultural facts
in terms of the patterns his own culture. In both instances, there is "an unconscious control of
very complicated configurations of formal sets."s This concept is not only important in
cultural anthropology insofar as it reveals the unconscious roots of behavior patterning, and
thus yields hints as to the nature of culture itself, but also because it is basic for an
understanding.

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2.3.1. Example

a. Tattoo ( Khalinga Filifina)

b. Sharing a Wife (Himalaya Nepal)

c. Whipping Girls on Easter on day Tradision (Czech Republic)

d. El Calocho Tradition (Spain)

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1. Conclusions

Definition of Ethnolinguistics

Ethnolinguistics is formed from a combination of the words ethnology and

linguistics, which was born because of the combination of approaches commonly used
by ethnologists (now: cultural anthropology) with linguistic approaches.

Ethnolinguistics is a branch of linguistics, ethnography and ethnology.

Ethnography and ethnology are branches of humanities that study culture.

Based on the description of the notion of ethnolinguistics, which in essence is

a tool for analyzing linguistic data used to photograph, uncover, and uncover the
cultural phenomena of a certain ethnic community, the linguistic phenomenon is
related to cultural elements, which includes seven elements of course apart from
elements. which is in the form of language. The seven cultural elements are complete
and sequential, namely 1) a religious system, 2) a social system, 3) a knowledge

10
system, 4) a language system, 5) an art system, 6) a livelihood system, 7) a
technology system. So, whenever there is a study, study, investigation, examination,
or research on linguistic phenomena related to at least one of the six existing cultural
elements; This study is classified as an ethnolinguistic study.

Language and celture Relationship

Language is the important point to know or to get the meaning contained in

every culture. Without language the culture can’t have the meaning be interpreted.
And even all human knowledge are determined by language.

In ethnolinguistics focus on language and cultural relations in a society like

the role of language in learning, how a person is communicates with other people in
certain social and cultural activities, and how the language of the people was in
accordance with the development of their culture.

The relations for the language and cultural is very closely. Both influence each
other, complete each other, and walk side by side. There are some language and
cultural relations :

1. Language as a tool or cultural facilities

2. Language as a part of culture
3. Language is the result from the culture
4. Language only has meaning in the cultural setting in which it is used
5. Language as a cultural requirement
6. Language can affects the way of thinking and otherwise
7. Language procedures are influenced by cultural norms
8. cultural change affects language change

Language As An Introduction To Culture

Many definitions of language have been given: "language is the bearer of

culture,""language is the vehicle of culture," and the like, but all of them point out its
social significance. Further analysis is required, however, to grasp the total gamut of
relations between language and culture. When we hear the statement that "language is
a part of culture," it is in fact meant that utterances are correctly understood only if
they are symbols of cultural phenomena.

11
 The importance of the role of symbolism in language has led linguists and
cultural anthropologists alike to co-operate in problems of mutual concern, the
solutions of which are equally valuable for both sciences, and which point to a close
relationship between both. An example as to how linguistics can profit from the study
of cultural phenomena is had when we consider the contributions that the latter can
make in assessing the problem of meaning in language, the problem of cultural
definition.

REFERENCE

Pulungan, Anni, Kajian Ethnolinguistik Terhadaf Peribahasa dalam Bahasa Indonesia:

Sebuah tinjauan pragmatic Force (Daya Pragmatik). Hal. 3

Wardoyo Cipto & Asep Sulaeman, (2017). Etnolinguistik Pada Penamaan Nama-Nama
Bangunan di Keraton Yogyakarta. Jurnal al-Tsaqafa Volume 14, No. 01 hal 58

1029, “The Status of Linguistics as it Scicncc,” Luirgrcirgc, Vol. 5.

https://osf.io/29ckm/download

http://ismianilathifah.blogspot.com/2016/12/antropolinguistik.html?
m=1#:~:text=Antropolinguistik%20adalah%20ilmu%20yang%20menggabungkan,pengaruh
%20kebiasaan%20etnik%2C%20kepercayaan%2C%20adat

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