Advanced Structure

CHAPTER 11
THE PARALLEL STRUCTURES
A. PRE TEST
Direction: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will
see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D).Choose the one word or phrase
that the best complete the sentence.

1. The camp has excellent facilities for B. to swim

riding, hiking and swimming C. swim
A. hiking D. swam
B. to hike
C. hike 6. The lecture was both informative
D. hiked …… enjoyable
A. or
2. Julia had gone to the country to rest, B. nor
to think, and …… a few fish. C. but
A. to catch D. and
B. to catch
C. to catch 7. Either the history exam …… the
D. to catch physics exam is on Tuesday.
A. nor
3. A news story should tell what B. or
happened, when it happened, and C. and also
…….. D. but
A. involved
B. who was involved 9. The missing papers are neither on his
C. it was involved desk …..in the file.
D. who involved A. while
B. and
4. My friends never judged me by what C. nor
I said or …….. D. both
A. I did
B. what did I do 10. He visited not only his cousin ……
C. my action his grandmother.
D. what I did A. and
B. while
5. My uncle likes eating in expensive C. or
restaurants and visiting museum. D. but also
A. swimming

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Advanced Structure
B. PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Parallelism is the use of similar structure in related words, phrases, or clauses. It creates
a sense of rhythm and balance within a sentence. As readers, we often correct faulty
parallelism, a lack of parallel structure, intuitively because an unbalanced sentence
sounds awkward and poorly constructed.

Examples of Non-Parallel Structure:

No Non-Parallel Structure
1 Kelly had to iron, do the washing, and shopping before her parents arrived.
2 Driving a car requires coordination, patience, and to have good
3 Ali prefers jeans to wearing a suit.

All of these sentences contain faulty parallelism. Although they are factually correct,
the construction is clunky and confusing. In the first example, three different verb forms
are used. In the second and third examples, the writer begins each sentence by using a
noun (coordination, jeans), but ends with a phrase (to have good eyesight, wearing a
suit). Now read the same three sentences that have correct parallelism.

No Non-Parallel Structure Correct Parallelism

1 Jane had to iron, do the washing,
and shopping before her parents
arrived.
2 Driving a car requires coordination,
patience, and to have good
3 Ali prefers wearing jeans to wear a
suit.
Jane had to do the ironing, washing,
and shopping before her parents
arrived.
Driving a car requires coordination,
patience, and good eyesight.
Ali prefers wearing jeans to wearing a
suit.

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Advanced Structure
Non-Parallel Structure can be happened in a few constructions such as:
 Non - Parallel Structure with Coordinating Conjunctions.
 Non - Parallel Structure with Correlative Conjunctions. (Paired Conjunctions)
 Non - Parallel Structure with to - infinitive.
 Non - Parallel Structure with Gerund.
 Non - Parallel Structure with Clauses.
 Non - Parallel Structure with Series
 Non - Parallel Structure with Elements Being Compared.
 Non - Parallel Structure with Linking Verb or a Verb of being
 Non-Parallel Structure in ‘ Listing after a Colon ‘

1. Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Coordinating Conjunction ‘.

The usages of the coordinate conjunctions is to join together equal expressions. In other
words, what is on one side of these words must be parallel to what is on the other side.
These conjunctions can join nouns, or verbs, or adjectives, or phrases, or clauses; they
just must join together the same structures. This use of conjunctions is called parallel
structure. The conjunction used in this pattern are and, but and or.
Examples:
 Thinking and running often accompany one another as I exercise.
‘ Thinking & running ‘ are the ‘ parallel element’.
‘ And ‘ is coordinating conjunction
 I do not enjoy thinking or running.
‘ Thinking & running ‘ are the ‘ parallel element’.

a. Coordinating Conjunction is used to connect ‘ Noun and Noun ‘

Examples:

 I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager.

Noun Phrase Noun Phrase

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Advanced Structure
 She is not a teacher but a lawyer.
Noun Phrase Noun Phrase

 You can choose from activities such as hiking and kayaking.

Noun Noun

b. Coordinating Conjunction is used to connect ‘ Verb and Verb ‘

Examples:
 He eats and sleeps only when he takes a vacation.
Verb Verb

 She invites us to her home but never talks with us.

Verb Verb

 You can stay home or go to the movies with us.

Verb Verb

c. Coordinating Conjunction is used to connect ‘ Adjective and Adjective ‘

Examples:
 My boss is sincere and nice.
Adj Adj

 The exam that he gave was short but difficult.

Adj Adj

 Class can be interesting or boring.

Adj Adj
d. Coordinating Conjunction is used to connect ‘ Phrase and Phrase ‘
Examples:
 There are students in the classroom and in front of the building.
Phrase Phrase

 The papers are on my desk or in the drawer.

Phrase Phrase

 The checks will be ready not at noon but at 1.00.

Phrase Phrase

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Advanced Structure
e. Coordinating Conjunction is used to connect ‘ Clause and Clause ‘
Examples:
 They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
Clause Clause

 I am here because I have to be and because I want to be.

Clause Clause

 Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers to stay
Clause Clause
late.

The use of coordinate conjunction can be happened with non-parallel structure in

any sentence that will be revised in order to create parallel structure. The
following examples are non-parallel structure with the correct parallelism.

No Non-Parallel Structure Correct Parallelism

1 Every morning, we make our bed, eat, Every morning, we make our bed, eat,
breakfast but feed the dog. breakfast and feed the dog.
2 They argued not only about the article, and They argued not only about the article, but
they argued also about the review. they argued also about the review.
3 My sister walks nor rides her bike to work. My sister walks or rides her bike to work.
4 He discussed the problem with the He discussed the problem with the nurse and
nurse and doctor. the doctor
5 The professor The professor
was knowledgeable but bored. was knowledgeable but boring
6 She hikes, jogs, and rides her bicycle She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycle
whenever she can. whenever she can.
7 There are meetings in the morning, in the There are meetings in the morning, in the
afternoon but in evening afternoon and in the evening.
8 You can do the work because you want to You can do the work because you want to do
do it but because you have do it it or because you have to do it
9 Every morning, we make our Every morning, we make our
bed, eat breakfast or feed the dog. bed, eat breakfast and feed the dog.

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10 I do not enjoy thinking but running. I do not enjoy thinking or running.
11 She likes to look and not to listen. She likes to look but not to listen.
12 My friends never judged me by my My friends never judged me by my
words nor my actions. words or my actions.
13 We wondered who he has while what We wondered who he has and what he
he was doing here. was doing here.

2. Non- Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjunction

(Paired Conjunctions) ‘.

Errors in parallel structure can slip when we write word, phrase and sentences. It can
be happened with Correlative Conjunction (Paired Conjunctions) These are the major
correlative conjunctions such as:

a. Either ….. or / Neither ……. nor

‘ Either …. Or ‘ is used to connect the same kind of word or phrase in the sentence
which to show two or more possibilities or choices.
‘ Neither ….. nor ‘ is used in the same sentence to show something is not true
or doesn’t happen out of two or more people, actions, things, ideas, or qualities.
Neither makes a negative statement about two people or things.

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Advanced Structure
Examples:

b. Both ……. and

Both … and refers to two things or people together. It is always considered
plural in a sentence.
Examples:

c. Not only …… but also

‘ Not only …… but also ‘ is used to express unexpected or surprising
information, with the second item being more surprising than the first.
Examples:

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Advanced Structure
The following examples of Non-Parallel Structure with correlative
conjunction:
No Non-Parallel Structure Parallel Structure
1 He wants either to go by train or  He wants either to go by train or to
by plane go by plane.
 He wants to go either by train or
by plane.
 He wants to go by either train or
plane.
2 I know both where you went or I know both where you went and what
what you did. you did.
3 The tickets are neither in the The tickets are neither in the pocket
pocket nor purse. nor in my purse.
4 The author not only wants fame  The author not only wants fame
also money. but also wants money.
 The author wants not only fame
but also money.
5 My uncle is not only a doctor but My uncle is not only a doctor but
a pharmacist. also a pharmacist.
6 All of these clothes are either too All of these clothes are either too
small and worn out. small or worn out.
7 Either Monica will bring drinks, not Either Monica will bring drinks, or she
only she will bring brownies. will bring brownies.

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Advanced Structure
3. Non-Parallel Structure with ‘ To Infinitive ‘
‘To infinitive ‘ is a verb phrase which formed by ‘ to plus infinitive ( base form verb)
such as : to run, to go, to speak, to come, to listen, to tell, to use, etc. ‘ To infinitive ‘
may appear in non-parallel construction. To ensure parallelism, make sure you are not
mixing ‘ infinitive and ‘ to infinitive ‘. The sentences or clauses with the mixed verb
forms will sound unnatural and unbalanced. Writers should use parallel structure
whether the items in the list or series are grammatical subjects, predicates, or objects.
Examples:
No Non-Parallel Structure Parallel Structure
1 She likes to read, to play board games, She likes to read, to play board games, and
and singing. to sing.
2 Josephine loves to paint, draws , Josephine loves to paint, to draw, and
and to sculpt. to sculpt.
3 Mowing the lawn, trimming the shrubs, Mowing the lawn, trimming the shrubs,
and edged the sidewalk took her two and edging the sidewalk took her two
hours to complete. hours to complete.
4 Students were asked to do their Students were asked to do their
assignments quickly, accurately, and assignments quickly, accurately, and
thoroughly , and to be summited soon thoroughly , and to summit soon before
before that line. that line.
5 She asked me how to use, maintain She asked me how to use and to
the new washing machine. maintain the new washing machine.

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Advanced Structure
4. Non-Parallel Structure with ‘ Gerund ‘.
‘Gerund ‘ is a verb which formed by ‘ bare-infinitive plus ‘ -ing’ ( Verb+ing) such as
: telling, speaking, writing, coming, studying, going , etc. ‘ Gerund ‘ may appear in
non-parallel construction. To ensure parallelism, make sure you are not mixing
‘infinitive, to infinitive and gerund ‘. The sentences or clauses with the mixed verb
forms will sound unnatural and unbalanced, for example:
 I hate talking and discussed with her.

Look at and study the following examples of using non- parallel structure and
parallel structure with gerund:
No Non-Parallel Structure Parallel Structure
1 Thinking and to run usually Thinking and running usually accompany
accompany one another as I exercise. one another as I exercise.
2 I hate talking and discussed with her. Shelly hates talking and discussing with
Brown
3 My brother enjoys weight lifting, to My brother enjoys weight lifting,
cycle and hiking. cycling and hiking.

4 Josephine loves painting, drawing, Josephine loves painting, drawing, and

and sculpted. sculpting.
5 My hobbies are watching film, are My hobbies are watching film, playing
playing music and singing a song music and singing a song
6 My father’s hobbies are fishing fish, my father’s hobbies are fishing fish, reading
reading newspaper or to sing a song newspaper and singing a song
7 The old tall man is interested in reading The old tall man is interested in reading
politic book, speaking in front of public, politic book, speaking in front of public,
also to be travelled the world. and travelling the world.
8 We stood in a long We stood in a long
line waiting, talking and discussed how line waiting, talking and discussing how to
to fix this this country. fix this this country.

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Advanced Structure
9 She planned to collect data by She planned to collect data by either using
either using an online survey or phone an online survey or conducting phone
interviews. interviews.
10 Valerina reached her dream not only of Greg reached his dream not only of having
having a family but also of to become a a family but also of becoming a successful
successful entrepreneur. entrepreneur.
11 She’s excited about swimming in the She’s excited about swimming in the
Adriatic, skiing in the Alps, and the Adriatic, skiing in the Alps, and driving
drive across the African desert. across the African desert.

5. Non- Parallel Structure with Clause

A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to
another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa)
will break the parallelism. Be consistent when introducing each clause.
Example:
Non-Parallel Structure Parallel Structure
I did not want to go to the dance I did not want to go to the dance
because I was worried that none of because I was worried that none of my
my friends would be there, of the friends would be there, that it would be
expense, and that I would miss my too expensive, and that I would miss
dog. my dog.
Note: This sentence does not use
‘that’ in all three parts so it is not
considered parallel.

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Advanced Structure
The following examples are parallel structure. The three sentences consistent when
introducing each clause.
 They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
Clause CC Clause

 I am here because I have to be and because I want to be.

Clause CC Clause

 Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers to stay
Clause CC Clause
late.

The following examples are non-parallel structure and parallel structure.

No Non-Parallel Structure Parallel Structure

1 The coach told the players that they should
get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat
too much, and to do some warm-up
exercises before the game.
2 The salesman expected that he would
present his product at the meeting, that
there would be time for him to show his
slide presentation, and that questions
would be asked by prospective buyers.
(passive)
3 Dad told me that I should study a lot ,
that I should not eat fast food , and to
maintain a strict routine before the
exam.
4 The company doesn’t care about who
you are, how do you got here, or why
have you come.
The coach told the players that they should get
a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too
much, and that they should do some warm-up
exercises before the game.
The coach told the players that they should get
a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some
warm-up exercises before the game.
The salesman expected that he would present
his product at the meeting, that there would be
time for him to show his slide presentation,
and that prospective buyers would ask him
questions.
Dad told me that I should study a lot , that I
should not eat fast food , and that I should
maintain a strict routine before the exam
The company doesn’t care about who you
are, how you got here, or why you have
come.

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Advanced Structure
5 My mother always told me that I My mother always told me that I should
should make my bed, to do my make my bed, do my homework, and
homework, and have fun. have fun.

6 The coach told the players that they The coach told the players that they should
should get a lot of sleep, that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too
not eat too much, and to do some much, and that they should do some
warm-up exercises before the game. warm-up exercises before the game.

As the examples below show, a series whose components are not in parallel format sounds
awkward and may cause misunderstanding.
Examples:
No Non-Parallel Structure Parallel Structure
1 The tribes emphasized collective survival,
The tribes emphasized collective survival,
mutual aid, and being responsible for one
mutual aid, and responsibility for one
another.
another.

2 The frustrated customer wanted to
exchange the article, to obtain a refund, or
she wanted to speak to the manager.
The frustrated customer wanted to exchange the
article, to obtain a refund, or to speak to the
manager.
The frustrated customer wanted to exchange the
article, obtain a refund, or speak to the manager.

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Advanced Structure
6. Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Series ‘.
A series is a group of three or more elements in a row. The last element in the series is
connected to the others with one of these coordinating conjunctions: and, or, but (not), or yet
(not). ‘ Commas ‘ should be placed between each element in the series and before the
coordinating conjunction.
Examples of Series of Events (verbs)
No Non-Parallel Structure
1 You can stay home or went to the
movies with us.
2 He eats and to sleep only when he
takes a vacation.
3 Yesterday Martha watched a movie,
cleaned her apartment and was making
lunch.
4 The teacher said that he was a poor
student because he waited until the last
minute to study for the exam,
completed his lab problems in a
careless manner, and his motivation
was low.
5 Eric joined the office , worked hard ,
and is getting a pay raise.
6 The exam that he gave
was short but difficulty.
7 Class can be interest or boring.
8 My boss is sincere and nicely.
9 The papers are on my desk or in the
drawer.
10 The checks will be ready not at
noon but at 1.00
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Parallel Structure
You can stay home or go to the movies
with us.
He eats and sleeps only when he takes
a vacation.
Yesterday Martha watched a movie,
cleaned her apartment and made lunch.
The teacher said that he was a poor student
because he waited until the last minute to
study for the exam, completed his lab
problems in a careless manner, and his
motivation was low.
Eric joined the office (past), worked hard
(past), and got a pay raise (past).
The exam that he gave
was short but difficult.
Class can be interesting or boring.
My boss is sincere and nice.
The papers are on my desk or in the
drawer.
The checks will be ready not at
noon but at 1.00
Selamat H. Napitupulu
Advanced Structure
Examples of Series of Phrases:
No Non-Parallel Structure
1 She is not a teacher but lawyer.
2 There are students in the
classroom and in front of building.
3 I need to talk to the manager or an
assistant manager.
4 Mr. Evan is a lawyer , a politic and he
teaches
5 Students were asked to do their
assignments quickly, accurately and in a
detailed manner.
6 She wanted three things: money, power,
and secure.
7 Murray collects valuable, old, Canada
coins.
8 This book contains poems which are
romantic, soothing, and can be enjoyed.
9 You will find the light bulbs in the closet
or the kitchen counter.
10 After finishing study one can do many
things like: staring a job , starting a
business , or the army.
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Parallel Structure
She is not a teacher but a lawyer.
There are students in the
classroom and in front of the
building.
I need to talk to the manager or the
assistant manager.
Mr. Evan is a lawyer , a politician and he
teaches
Students were asked to do their assignments
quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
She wanted three things: money, power,
and security.
Murray collects valuable, old, and
Canadian coins.
This book contains poems which are
romantic, soothing, and enjoyable.
You will find the light bulbs in the closet or
under the kitchen counter.
After finishing study one can do many
things like: starting a job , staring a business
, or joining the army.
Selamat H. Napitupulu
Advanced Structure
7. Non-Parallel Structure with ‘ Elements Being Compared ’.
When we compare things, we often use words such as more, less, better, and worse, We
connect the items being compared with words like as and than. Note the comparison methods
in the examples below:
 Driving to New York can actually take less time than flying there
 Miriam’s ability to come up with projects far exceeded her resolve to work on them.
 How you live your live is just as important as how much money you make.

The elements being compared are parallel to one another:

 driving is parallel to flying

 Miriam's ability to is parallel to her resolve to
 How you live is parallel to how much money you make
Comparing items without using parallel structure may cause confusion about what is being
compared to what. Repair faulty parallelism in comparisons by making one element of the
comparison parallel to the other.

8. Non-Parallel Structure with ‘ Linking Verb or a Verb of

Being’.
Joining elements with linking verbs or verbs of being suggests a completing of the first
item by the second one. Often, in fact, an equality between the two is being set up, as
the examples below illustrate.

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Repair faulty parallelism with linking verbs or verbs of being by making one element
of the equation parallel to the other.

9. Non-Parallel Structure in ‘ Listing after a Colon ‘

Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form
Example:

Non-Parallel Structure Parallel Structure

The dictionary can be used for these The dictionary can be used for these purposes:
purposes: to find word meanings, to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct
pronunciations, correct spellings, and spellings, and irregular verbs.
looking up irregular verbs.

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Advanced Structure
C. EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: Parallel Structure with Coordinate Conjunctions
Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should be parallel.
Underline the word or words that indicate that the sentence should have parallel parts. Underline
the parts that should be parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. ___ The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously.
2. ___You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar.
3. ___The living room was decorated with expensive painting and elegance lamps.
4. ___He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation was not going to
improve, and that he needed to get a job.
5. ___All day long during the trip to the mountain, they were skiing, sledding, or played in the
snow.
6. ___The car needs new tires out but not a new engine.
7. ___He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished.
8. ___To get to the office, you should go through this door, turn to the left, and continuation down
the hall.
9. ___For desert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tars, chocolate cake, or butter cookies.
10. ___The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest.

EXERCISE 2: Parallel Structure with Paired Conjunctions

Direction: Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should be
parallel. Underline the word or words that indicate that the sentence should have parallel parts.
Underline the parts that should be parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect
(I).
1. ___ He either lied or telling an unbelievable story.
2. ___The music at the concert was neither well played nor well liked.
3. ___He regularly studies both in the morning or in the evening.
4. ___The play that we saw last night was not only rather delightful but also quite meaning.
5. ___He married her neither for her ability to cook nor her ability to clean house.
6. ___The discussion was both exciting and interest.
7. ___He withdrew all the money not only from the checking account but also from the savings
account.
8. ___Neither the teacher or the students are ready to leave the classroom.
9. ___You can meet with me either in the next few minutes or at 4:00.
10. ___John is an adventures person who enjoys not only skydiving but also goes parasailing.

EXERCISE 3: Parallel Structure with Comparison

Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should be parallel.
Underline the word or words that indicate that the sentence should have parallel parts. Underline
the parts that should be parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. ___His research for the thesis was more used than hers.
2. ___Dining in a restaurant is more fun than to eat at home.
3. ___I want a new secretary who is as efficient as the previous one.
4. ___What you do today should be the same as did yesterday.
5. ___This lesson is more difficult than we had before.
6. ___You have less homework than they do.
7. ___What you do has more effect than what you say.
8. ___Music in your country is quite similar to my country.

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Advanced Structure
9. ___The collection of foreign journals in the university library is more extensive than the high
school library.
10. ___How to buy to used car be as difficult as buying a new car.
EXERCISE 4
Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of words that should be parallel. Circle
the word or words that indicate that the sentence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that
should be parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. ___The advertisements appeared in the newspaper and on the radio.
2. ___She is trained as both an accountant and in nursing.
3. ___We can take either my car or yours to the party.
4. ___The coffee is too hot, too bitter, and too strength.
5. ___He not only passed the test but also receiving the highest score in the class.
6. ___Your ideas are neither more important or less important than the ideas of the others.
7. ___The meeting lasted only an hour but still seeming too long.
8. ___The novel was both emotional and description.
9. ___Either the counselor or her secretary can help you with that problem.
10. ___The leaves from the tree fell in the yard, in the pool, the driveway, and on the sidewalk.

D. POST TEST
Direction: From the four underlined words or phrases A, B, C, or D, identify the one that is not
correct, and correct it.
1. Ballpoint pens are less versatile but more population than fountain pens.
A B C D
2. Riddles vary greatly in both grammatical and phonology form.
A B C D
3. Blood pressure is measured by feeling the pulse and apply a force to the arm.
A B C D
4. The Moon has no atmosphere, no air, and no watery.
A B C D
5. The first matches were too hard to ignite, a mess, or too dangerously easy to ignite.
A B C D
6. A 1971 U.S. government policy not put warnings on cigarette packs but also banning
A B C
television advertising of cigarettes.
D
7. Demand, beauty, durability, rare, and perfection of cutting determine the value of a
A B C D
gemstone.
8. The Harvard Yard, which was Harvard’s original campus, is still a major attraction for both
A B C
students and visiting.
D
9. In 1862, the American Confederacy raised the Merrimack, renamed in the Virginia, covered
A B
it iron plates, and an outfit it with ten guns.
C D
10. The liquid crystals in a liquid crystal display (LCD) affect the polarized light so that it is
A B C

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Advanced Structure
either blocked and reflected by the segments of the display.
D
11. He found cleaning supplies in the closet, under the sink, or not on the garage.
A B C D
12. He married her neither for her ability to cook and her ability to clean house.
A B C D
13. We wondered who he was but what he was doing here.
A B C D
14. He withdrew all the money not only from the checking account but from the savings account.
A B C D
15. Neither the teacher nor the students are ready to leave the classroom.
A B C D
16. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed
A B C D
manner.
17. She wanted three things: money, power, thus security.
A B C D
18. John is an adventurous person who enjoys not only skydiving but also goes parasailing.
A B C D
19. The Freeport Board of Education wants students to take more required courses and passing
A B C D
them before they can earn a diploma.
20. By a vote of 6 to 1, the board last night approved requirements beginning the freshman year
A B C
and extend through the senior year.
D
21. You will find the lights bulbs in the closet but under the kitchen counter.
A B C D
22. The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study
A B
for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low.
C D
23. The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too
A B C
much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game.
D
24. They agreed that it is easier preparing students in high school than to have them spend money
A B C
to take remedial college courses.
D

25. The sounds produced by bullfrogs and toads vary greatly because each species have its own
A B C
particular call.
D

20 Pend. B. Inggris UNINDRA PGRI JAKARTA Selamat H. Napitupulu