Uni

t-1st
[
INTRODUCTI
ONTOMI
CROBI
OLOGY]
 Mi
crobi
ology
:
 Thest
udyofmi
croor
gani
smsi
scal
l
edmi
crobi
ology
.

 Mi
crobi
ologyder
ivedf
rom t
het
hreegr
eekwor
ds

 Mi
cro-
smal
l

 Bi
os-
Lif
e

 Logos-
study
/sci
ence

 Def
ini
ti
on:
 “Microbi
ologyi
sthest
udyofl
i
vingt
hingssosmal
lthatt
heycannotbeseenwi
tht
he
nakedeye”.

 Micr
oor
ganismsar
emi
croscopicor
gani
smst
hatexi
stassi
ngl
ecel
l
sorcel
lcl
ust
ersand
canbeseenonl
ybymi
croscope.

 Mi
croor
gani
sm i
ncl
udepr
otoz
oa,
bact
eri
a,f
ungi
,al
gaeandv
iruses.

 THEHI
STORYOFMI
CROBI
OLOGY:

 Anci
enthumansbelievedthatdivi
newr at
handsuper
naturalf
orcesareresponsi
blef
or
di
seasesanddeath.Later
,dif
ferentconcept
sarepor
tray
edbyanci ent
ssuchas
i
nfl
uenceofenvi
ronment ,
bodilyconsti
tut
ionandf
aul
tydiet.

 Di
ffer
entvi
ewswer
egi
venbydi
ff
erentschol
arsbutnev
erabl
etounder
standr
easonf
or
di
seases

 TheRomanphi losopherLucret
iusandthephy si
cianGi
rol
amoFr
acastorasuggestedthat
di
seasewascausedbyi nvi
sibl
elivi
ngcreatur
es.Theearl
i
estmi
croscopioobserv
ation
appearstohavebeenmadebet ween1625and1630onbeesbyt heI t
ali
anFrancesco
Stel
lut
i,usi
ng,
mi croscopesuppli
edbyGal i
l
eo.
 Ant
oni
evanLeeuwenhoek(1632-
1723)
:-
 Fat
herofmi
crobi
ology
.

 Leeuwenhoekwasbor
nonOct
ober24,
1632,
inDel
ft
.

 Hol l
and.Af tercomplet
ingschool i
nDel f
t,hewor kedasadr aper'
sapprent i
ce.I
n1654, he
returnedt oDelftandwor kedasdraperforr estofhisli
fe.Hewasappoi nt edtoseveral
positionswi thi
nthegov ernment,
whi chaffordedhimt ospendt imeandmoneyi nlens
gri
ndi ng.InLeeuwenhoek' sprof
ession,l
enseswer eimportanttoolstoinspectthei
rcloth
product s.In1671,Leeuwenhoekconst ructedhisfirstsi
mpl emicroscope.

 Cont
ri
but
ions:
-
 Heusednear
lysi
xhundr
edl
ensesr
angi
ngf
rom 50-500t
imesmagni
fi
cat
ionsdur
inghi
s
l
if
eti
me.

 Heexami
nedski
n,hai
randhi
sownbl
oodwi
thhi
smi
croscope.

 Hi
sfi
ndi
ngsr
epor
tedt
otheBr
it
ishRoy
alsoci
etyi
n1673

 Thesoci
etygi
venl
i
ttl
enot
ice,
thi
nki
ngt
hatmagni
fi
cat
ionnotpossi
blewi
thsi
ngl
elens.

 I
n1676,hesenti
nfor
mat
iont
oRoy
alsoci
etyaboutdi
scov
eryoft
inyone-
cel
l
edani
mal
s
i
nrai
nwater
.

 I
n1680,
thesoci
etyunani
mousl
yel
ect
edLeeuwenhoekasmember
.

 Leeuwenhoekdisappr
ovedspont
aneousgener
ati
oni
n1683,
whenhedi
scov
ered
bacter
iacel
ls.

 Hewasamemberoft heRoyalsoci
etyf
oraboutf
ort
y-t
hreey
ear
s,hewr
otenear
ly200
l
ett
erst
hatdescr
ibedhi
sprogr
ess.

 Aft
erhisdeat
honAugust30,1723,
thestudyofmicrobi
ologydi
dnotpr
ogr
essrapi
dly
becausemicr
oscopeswer
erareandint
eresti
nmicroorgani
smswasnothi
gh.
 Loui
sPast
eur(
1822-
1895)Fat
herofmoder
nmi
crobi
ology
:-
 LouisPasteurborninFr ance.Pasteurreceiveddegreeofbachel oroflett
ersfrom the
coll
egeRoy aldeBesancon.Fort henextt hreeyears,hetutoredyoungerst udentsand
preparedforteachertrai
ningcoll
egei nParis.Forhisstudi
es, heinvesti
gatedchemi cal
andopt i
calpropert
iesoft ar
tari
cacid.Later,hewasappoi ntedasanassi st
antprofessor
ofchemi st
ry.Meantime, hestart
edt oinvesti
gatetheprocessoff ermentation,hi
s
i
nterestsli
detomi croorganismsandexpl oringrol
eofmi crobesi nfermentati
on.

 Cont
ri
but
ions:
-
 Hi
sscienti
fi
ccontr
ibut
ioni
ncl
udesanunder
standi
ngofhowmi
croor
gani
smscar
ryon
bi
ochemicalpr
ocessoffer
mentat
ion.

 Heestabl
ishedrel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenmicroor
ganismsanddisease,
andconceptof
dest
royi
ngmi cr
oorgani
smstostopt
hetr
ansmissionofcommunicabl
edi
sease.

 Fermentati
onisaf or
m ofcell
ularrespir
ati
oncarriedbyy eastcel
ls,
togetener
gyfor
cell
swhenoxy genisnotpresent.Heshowedy eastcel
lspr oduceal
coholandcar
bon
dioxi
defrom sugarduri
ngfermentation.Past
eurfoundt hatfermentat
ionwoul
dtake
placeonlywhenlivi
ngyeastcellpr
esent .

 Past
eurtackl
epr
obl
emsoftheFrenchbeveragei
ndustr
yfrom avoi
dingwi
neturnsour
byheat
ingthewi
negent
lyat420Cwouldkil
lthebact
eri
athatproducedl
act
icacid.

 Hei ntroducedt heideaofpast eur i

zation,processofheat i
ngt okillmi croorgani
smsi n
fl
uidssuchasmi l
kandf rui
tjui
ces.Conv entional met hodsofpast eurizationmeant hat
theheat ingofmi l
ktoat emper aturebet ween63and650Cf oraper i
odofabout30
minut es,andt hencool i
ngittor oom temper ature.Recent l
y ,
theyr evisedoft hatprocess,
milkcanal sobe" fl
ashpast eur
ized"byr ai
singt emper atur
et oabout710Cf orami nimum
of15seconds.Ul tr
a-hi
gh-pasteur i
zati
oni sthepr ocessusesev enhi ghert emper at
ureof
about90- 1300C, f
orperiodsofasecondormor e.Next ,Fl
ashpast eurizati
onuseshi gher
temper aturethanconv ent i
onalpast euri
zation, butthet emper aturemai ntai
nedfora
shortert i
me.Thepr oductisthenr apidlycool edt obel ow100C, atemper atureatwhichit
cant henbest ored.Theuseoff lashpast eurizationist oeli
mi natehar mf ul
microor ganismswhi l
emai ntai
ningt hepr oductt oitsnat uralstate.

 Hedispr
ovethei
deaofspontaneousgenerat
iont
hatli
vingt
hingsdonotari
se
spont
aneousl
ybutr
athercomef r
om otherl
iv
ingt
hings.Whenheperf
orminghis
 exper
iment
,inv
ent
edst
eri
l
etechni
ques,
boi
l
ingorheat
ingofi
nst
rument
s.

 Hepostul
atedthegermtheor
yofdi
seaset
hati
nfect
iousdi
seasesar
eduet
othe
act
ivi
ti
esofmicroor
gani
sms.

 Hecult
ur edt
hebacteri
athatcausecholer
aandi nj
ecti
ngchol
erainhealt
hychickens.
Thechickensfai
ledt
ogetthedisease,butrecei
vedimmunit
yagainstcholer
a.He
di
scoveredthatweakenedmicrobesmakeagoodv acci
newithoutcausi
ngdiseases.

 Later,Pasteurbeganworkonavacci
neforant
hrax,
heweakenorattenuat
ingthe
bacteriathatcauseant
hraxbyi
ncubat
inghi
ghtemperat
urecondi
ti
onandpr oduceda
vaccine.

 Hedevel
opedsuccessf
ult
reatmentf
orr
abi
es,adiseasecont
ractedfr
om bi
tesofan
i
nfect
ed,
rabi
danimal.Heproducedr
abi
esvacci
nefrom t
hespinalfl
uidofi
nfect
ed
r
abbit
s.

 ThePast
eurI
nst
it
utewasest
abl
i
shedi
n1888t
otr
eatcasesofr
abi
es.

 Theter
mv acci
nat
ionwasdev
elopedbyLoui
sPast
eur
,takenf
rom Lat
inwor
dforcow
(v
acca).

 Hecoi
nedt
het
erm Mi
crobi
ology
,thest
udyofl
i
vingor
gani
smsofmi
croscopi
csi
ze.

 Heestabl
i
shopt
imum condi
ti
onl
i
ket
emper
atur
e,pHandoxy
genr
equi
rementf
orgr
owt
h
ofbact
eri
a.

 I
nr egar
dt omaj
orcont
ri
but
iont
othef
iel
dofMi
crobi
ology
,her
egar
dedasf
atherof
Microbi
ology

 WhenPast
eurdi
edi
n1895,
hewaswel
lrecogni
zedf
orhi
sachi
evement
sinsci
ence.