Ul

tr
ast
ruct
ureofbact
eri
a

Si
ze:

 Uni
tofmeasur
ementi
nbact
eri
ologyi
sthemi
cron(
micr
omet
er)
.

 Thesmall
estbacter
ium (
My copl
asma)isabout0.
3mi cromet
eri
ndi
amet
er,
appr
oxi
matelythesizeofthelar
gestv
iruses(
poxvi
ruses).

 Nanobact
eri
aorul
tr
amicr
obact
eri
aisthesmal
lestbacter
ium t
hei
rsi
zer
angef
rom
ar
ound0.2micr
ometert
olesst
han0.05micr
omet eri
ndiameter.

 Escher
ichi
acol
i-1.
1to1.
5mi
cromet
erwi
deand2.
0to6.
0mi
cromet
erl
ong.

 Mostspher
icalbact
eri
ahav
ediamet
ersof0.
5to2micromet
erandr
odcel
l
sar
e
gener
all
y0.
2t o2mi cr
omet
erand1to10micr
omet
erlong.

Cel
lwal
l
:

 Thebact
eri
alcel
lwal
li
sfor
medbyt
hepept
idogl
ycan(
prot
einsugar
).

 Thesugarconsi
stt
oNAGandNAM uni
t.

 NAG-Acet
ylgl
ucosami
ne.

 NAM -Acet
ylmur
ami
caci
d.

 TheseNAGandNAM uni
tar
eat
tachedwi
thar
ethi
rdandf
ive(uni
t)f
orami
noaci
d.
Cel
lwal
lofgr
am posi
ti
vebact
eri
a:

Itcontai
nsmulti
l
ayerofpepti
doglycanandhavetei
choi
caci
d,at
tachedwi
thpl
asmamembr
ane
sot hati
teasi
l
yabsorvethecolor(brown-st
ain)
.

Cel
lwal
lofgr
am negat
ivebact
eri
a:

 I
tcont
ainat
ripl
elayerofcel
lwall
,theout
ermostl
ayerisli
pidl
ayer
,thesecondi
ssi
ngl
e
l
ayeri
spept
idogl
ycantheinnermostispl
asmamembr ane.

 Becausei
tcont
ainasi
ngl
elay
erofpept
idogl
ycansot
hatcan'
tabsor
vet
hecol
or.

 Becausei
tcont
ainal
i
pidl
ayersot
hatt
hesebact
eri
aar
elesssensi
ti
vet
oant
ibi
oti
c.
Pl
asmi
d:
 Pl
asmi
dar
esmal
lci
rcul
arext
rachr
omosomal
,doubl
e-st
andedDNAmol
ecul
es.

 Theyarecapableofself
-r
epli
cati
onandcontai
ngenest
hatconf
ersomepr
oper
ti
essuch
asanti
biot
icresi
stance,
vir
ulencefact
ors.

Gener
alTy
pesofPl
asmi
ds:

Conj
ugat
edpl
asmi
d:Thesear
ecar
ri
esi
nthegenest
hatar
eunabl
etopr
omot
etr
ansf
erf
rom
donort
oreci
pient
.

Nonconj
ugat
edpl
asmi
d:Thesepl
asmi
dcar
ri
esi
nthegenest
hatar
eunabl
etopr
omot
e
t
ransf
erf
rom donort
oreci
pient
.

Speci
fi
cty
pesofpl
asmi
ds:
ther
ear
efi
vemai
nty
pesofpl
asmi
ds.

Fer
ti
li
tyF-
plasmi
ds:
fer
ti
li
typl
asmi
ds,
alsoknownasF-
plasmi
ds,
cont
aint
ransf
ergenest
hat
al
l
owgenest
obet
ransf
err
edf
rom onebact
eri
atoanot
hert
hroughconj
ugat
ion.
Resi
stancepl
asmi
ds:
resi
stanceorpl
asmi
dscont
aingenest
hathel
pabact
eri
alcel
ldef
end
agai
nstenv
ironment
alf
act
orssuchaspoi
sonsorant
ibi
oti
cs.

Vi
rul
encepl
asmi
ds:
whenav
irul
encepl
asmi
disi
nsi
deabact
eri
um,
itt
urnst
hatbact
eri
um
i
ntoapat
hogen,
whi
chi
sanagentofdi
seases.

Exampl
e:t
hebact
eri
um escher
ichi
acol
i(E.Col
i
),sal
monel
l
aent
eri
ca.

Degr
adat
ivepl
asmi
ds:
Thesepl
asmi
dscont
aingenesf
orspeci
alenzy
mest
hatbr
eakdown
speci
fi
ccompounds(
hel
pthehostbact
eri
um)
.

Col
epl
asmi
ds:Colpl
asmi
dscont
aingenest
hatmakebact
eri
oci
ns(
alsoknownascol
i
cins)
,
whi
char
epr
otei
nst
hatki
l
lot
herbact
eri
aandt
husdef
endt
hehostbact
eri
um.