FORCE ANALYSIS IN MACHINERY

BASIC CONCEPTS :

Force : Action of one body on another. Force

is a vector quantity which has :
- Magnitude
- Direction
- Line of Action (LA)
- Point of application. ( For rigid body mechanics,
e.g., force analysis )
Mechanics of deformable bodies ⇒
Point of application is important, since we are
interested in deformations and stresses. 𝐹Ԧ𝑖𝑗 ⇒ Force applied by body i on body j.

𝐹Ԧ𝑗𝑖 ⇒ Force applied by body j on body i.

Rigid (i.e., undeformable) body mechanics ⇒
Point of application is not important. Hence, Newton’s Third Law ∶
one can “ slide ” a force along its LA.
𝐹𝑖𝑗 = - 𝐹𝑗𝑖 and LA’s are the same.

ME 301 / Part 6 / R. Soylu 1

Representations of forces in 2D :
F= (𝐹 𝑥 ) 2 + (𝐹 𝑦 ) 2 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦
⇔
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑇𝐴𝑁2( , ) 𝐹 𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐹 𝐹

• Note that if

𝐹=𝐹∠𝜃
then

−𝐹 = −𝐹 ∠ 𝜃 = 𝐹 ∠ (𝜃 + 𝜋)

𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹 𝑥 𝑖Ԧ + 𝐹 𝑦 𝑗Ԧ
= F e i
= 𝐹∠𝜃

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Moment of a force about a point : Couple : Two, equal, opposite and
non-collinear forces.

or,

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 Types of force analyses :
Types of forces in machine systems :
1) Static : Machine is at rest
Force ⇒ Generalized force, i.e., force or moment.
2) Dynamic : Machine is not at rest
1) Reaction ( or, constraint, or joint ,or joint
a) Forward
reaction ) forces : Forces that constrain the
relative freedom at the [ Given : Physical forces ( including
joints. driving forces ).
Find : Motion of the machine (and
2) Physical forces : Externally applied forces, such reaction forces if required).
as driving forces(provided by the • Requires solution of the equation
actuators), weight, spring force, of motion ( in general, a non-
load force. linear differential eqn. ).
• Will not be covered. ]
3) Friction forces
b) Inverse
4) Inertial forces : Fictitious forces due to [ Given : Motion of the machine and all
D’Alembert’s principle. physical forces other than driving
forces.
Find : Driving forces (and reaction
forces if required). ]
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