BEE-2YA-1

PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Sotillo, Ma. Princess A.
TEVES, ROMALYN
INTRODUCTION
Philippine Literature the word literature is derived from the Latin term

. ,
litera which means letter Philippine literature is the body of works both

, ,
oral and written that Filipinos wether native naturalized or foreign born

have created about the experience of people living in or relating the

Philippine society .

;
Literature can generally be divided into two types prose and poetry

Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation

,
in sentences and paragraphs while poetry refers to those expressions

, ,
in verse with measure and rhyme line and stanza and has a more

melodious tone .
INTRODUCTION
Different Types of Poetry

.
Narrative Poetry This form describes important events in life either

real or imaginary .
. ,
Lyric Poetry Originally this refers to a kind of poetry that is meant to

, ,
be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre but now this applies to any

.
type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet They

,
are usually short simple and easy to understand .
. ,
Dramatic Poetry Known as dramatic verse or verse drama is a written

work that both tells a story and connects the reader to an audience

through emotions or behavior .

NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Among the great novels in Philippine

, (
literature Noli Me Tángere Touch Me Not is )
the most controversial and widely known - –
’
it s included in the current education

curriculum of Filipino high school students .

’
Written by the country s national hero Dr , .
,
José Rizal this novel sparked the social

awakening of Filipinos during the Spanish

.
colonial era As Rizal cannot fathom the

unfairness of the Spanish priests and the

ruling government at the time his purpose ,

of writing the book was to expose the ills of

Philippine society at the time In this .

, ’
revolutionary book you ll learn about the

story of Crisostomo Ibarra how he dealt ,

,
with Spanish authorities and how he

,
prepared for his revenge as told in Rizal s ’
2 ,
nd book El Filibusterismo .
NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Rizal wrote El Filibusterismo in

dedication to the three

martyred priests Mariano

,
Gomez Jose Burgos and ,
,
Jacinto Zamora expressing

conviction that their treatment

and deaths at the hands of the

Spanish authorities was unjust .

LYRIC POETRY IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Another famous masterpiece in

,
Philippine literature Francisco

’
Balagtas Florante at Laura is

‘
written in the form of awit where ’
there are four lines per stanza and

12 .
syllables per line Set in the

fictional kingdom of Albania it ,

tackles the story between Duke

Florante and Princess Laura who s , ’

also being pursued by Florante s ’
.
enemy Count Adolfo As a literary

,
classic this book has become a

favorite play not only among Filipino

,
high school students but has been

showcased in grand theaters such

as Gantimpala Theater and the

Cultural Center of the Philippines .

NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Mga Ibong Mandaragit Birds of (
)
Prey was written by Filipino writer

and social activist Amado V , .

.
Hernandez Being a novel that

-
tackles social political issues ,
particularly Philippine revolution and

,
neocolonialism it has a connection

’
to Rizal s earlier novels – Noli Me

Tángere and El Filibusterismo There .

was a passage in the novel where

protagonist Mando Plaridel was

tested by Tata Matyas on what he

’
knows about Rizal s controversial

.
books As he narrated the living

conditions of Filipinos then readers ,

will note how Hernandez had high

hopes for significant changes that

would uplift the Philippine society .

NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Being one of the most admired writers in

,
Philippine literature Nick Joaquin was

recognized as National Artist of the

Philippines for Literature in 1976. In his

historical novel entitled The Woman Who

,
Had Two Navels Joaquin examines the

effects and influence of the past towards

-
the post war events in the Philippines Lead .
female character Connie Escobar thinks she

,
has two navels and thus requests her

doctor to remove one – which symbolically

means that she wants to shun away from a

.
traumatic past She later finds out that her

, ,
husband Macho Escobar was the lover of

.
her mother Hoping to escape after being

, ,
betrayed she flees only to discover more

truths
NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Like Hernandez and Joaquin F Sionil , .
’
Jose s works have been deeply influenced

.
by Rizal This was reflected in his books

,
and short stories particularly the five -
part novel series Rosales Saga which ,
narrated class struggles and colonialism

.
experienced by Filipinos Po on A Novel is-
the first book in the Rosales Saga which ,
,
tells stories about Rosales Pangasinan in

.
the Philippines While this book is the last

written and published in the series it s , ’

actually the book that sets the five part -
.
story Discover the story of Eustaqio

“Istak ” Samson who abandoned his family

to join the rebel forces and escape the

cruelty of Spanish authorities The other .

four books in the saga are Tree My : ,
, ,
Brother My Executioner The Pretenders ,
and Mass .
NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
(
Banaag at Sikat From Early Dawn to Full Light )
‘
has been dubbed the bible of the Filipino

working class .’ Being among the earliest novels

. , ’
written by Lope K Santos it s considered by

Filipino critic Teodoro Agoncillo as one of the

most important books in Philippine literature in

1949. ’
That s because according to Agoncillo it ,
paved the way for the development of a

system on how Tagalog novels were written .

The novel narrates the story between Delfin

.
and Felipe who have contrasting views Delfin is

,
a socialist whereas Felipe despite being the son

,
of a rich landowner leans towards anarchism .
Throughout the narrative themes of love , ,
,
livelihood and societal status are embedded .
NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
This novel written by Miguel Syjuco landed

him a spot on the 2008 Man Asian Literary

,
Prize being awarded the Grand Prize .
Layered with fiction and non fiction-
,
themes the story begins with main

,
character Crispin Salvador a noted writer

whose lifeless body was discovered by

authorities floating off the Hudson River in

.
New York Since there was no evidence of

,
foul play it led them to think that the

author must have taken his own life His .

,
student and friend who has the same

’
name as the book s author Miguel Syjuco ,
hopes to unravel the story behind this

mystery .
NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
The Marcos era in the ’70 s is a dark chapter in

.
Philippine history No one dares to speak against

the government for fear of execution – in some

, .
cases bodies are not even retrieved Hence it ,
,
has been a tumultuous period especially for the

Filipino parents to protect their kids from the

oppressive regime and at the same time stand ,

.
together as one family Lualhati Bautista has

- -
captured true to life scenarios in the ’70 , s

mentioning changes that arose after the Plaza

Miranda bombing and the suspension of the

Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Philippines The .

novels tells the story of lead protagonist

,
Amanda Bartolome and her family where she

had to deal with facing the law and her

responsibilities towards her five sons .

NOVELS IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Spelt in the texting language the ,
title of this book phonetically

reads “
Aba nakakabasa na pala

ako ?!” which can be translated as

“Wow I can read now ?!” Written by

an anonymous Filipino

contemporary author whose pen

,
name is Bob Ong the book rose to

fame for depicting the supposed

unforgettable moments of his life

,
as a student starting from the

first time of entering school up to

his college days .

FOLKTALES IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
The Monkey and the Turtle is a perfect

example of folktale short story written by

.
Philippine national hero Jose Rizal The story

focuses on the monkey and turtle who

.
started as friends They both saw a floating

.
banana plant on the water They thought of

.
splitting it so they could plan it The monkey

chose the upper part of the plant for he

.
thought it was better Meanwhile the turtle,
got the bottom part with the roots so he

.
grew an abundant plant Since the turtle

’
couldn t climb the tree to get the fruits he ,
asked the monkey to get it for him Instead . ,
the monkey betrayed the turtle and ate

.
every fruit The turtle planned a revenge to

’
him which ended to the monkey s death The .
friends of the monkey also planned a revenge

but they did not win over the turtle .

FOLKTALES IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

The Girl Who Turned into a Fish

and Other Classic Philippine

Water Tales as narrated by Maria

.
Elena Paterno This Filipino folktale

talks about a beautiful girl who

grew up being vain and spoiled .

She was admiring her beauty by

the river when the chief of crabs

adored her beauty and spoke to

.
her She was shocked and shoved

. ,
away the crab In return the chief

scratched her face and cursed

her to become a fish with many

scales .
FOLKTALES IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Why the Piña has a Hundred

Eyes as narrated by Neni Sta .

-
Romana Cruz depicts the

,
folktale about Pinang an

.
adorable yet lazy girl The time

came when her mother asked

her to cook which she ignored at

.
first When she finally agreed to

,
do it she could not find the ladle .
Her frustrated mother hoped

that Pinang could grow hundred

eyes for being lazy and so that

.
she could find everything Later

,
on Pinang disappeared and then

a yellow fruit with hundred eyes

grew in their backyard .

FOLKTALES IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
The Mother Mountain talks about a

widow who lived with her two

daughters that want nothing but to

.
play The mother asked her daughters

to prepare their dinner as soon as she

.
finishes work By the time the mother

,
came home the daughters were not

there so she cooked the dinner herself .

As soon as the daughters came home ,
they saw their mother preparing

dinner and yet decided to play again .

The mother got frustrated and left the

.
house It was late night and the

.
daughters followed her Little do they

know that their mother turned into a

.
shape of mountain called Mt Iraya .
FOLKTALES IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

The Necklace and the Comb tells the

story of Inday who adored her

.
necklace and comb She was given

these as family heirloom during her

.
sixteenth birthday She would keep

with her the necklace and comb even

while working so to avoid spoiling

,
them she put those on the cloud Her .
necklace and comb went up later on

. ,
with the sky Time came the comb

became the quarter moon and then

the necklace turned into the stars .

FOLKTALES IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
The Carabao and the Shell from Mabel

’
Cook Cole s Philippine Folk Tales talks

about the race that happened

between the carabao and the shell The .

carabao thought of the shell to be very

.
slow When the race began the ,
carabao went for a long distance he ,
shouted “ shell”, and then another shell

.
answered He went on and on and ,
every time he shouts to find shell ,
another shell would answer Carabao .
was determined to win the race so he

kept on running until he got exhausted

and died .
EPIKO LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

- (
BIAG NI LAM ANG Life of Lam -
) -
ang is a pre Hispanic epic

poem of the Ilocano people of

.
the Philippines The story was

handed down orally for

generations before it was

written down around 1640

assumedly by a blind Ilokano

bard named Pedro Bucaneg .

EPIKO LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

This is the story of King Indarapatra

and his brother Sulayman .

,
A very long time ago the large island

of Mindanao was completely covered

,
with water and the sea extended

over all the lowlands so that nothing

.
could be seen but mountains There

were many people living in the

,
country and all the highlands were

dotted with villages and settlements .

For many years the people prospered ,
living in peace and contentment .
EPIKO LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
.
Ang Darangan ay epiko ng Maranaw Isa ito

sa matatawag na matandang epiko ng

.
Pilipinas

Kahit na sinunog ng mga Kastila ang mga

kasulutang Pilipino na kanilang natagpuan sa

,
kanilang pagdating ang Darangan ay hindi

, ’
naparamay manapa y ito ay natirang

katunayan ng pagkakaroon natin ng sariling

.
panitikang hindi hiram Ang Daragan ay

nakalimbag sa matalinong kaisipan ng mga

makatang Maranaw .
The Darangan of the Maranao is recognized

by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral

and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

EPIKO LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Ang Ibalon ay matandang pangalan ng

.
Bikol

Ibalon is an old name for the Bicol

region of the Philippines .

Noong 1895, si Prayle Jose Castaño ay

may kinaibigang lagalag na mang aawit -

.
na si Cadungdung Sa kanya narinig ng

.
pare ang epikong Ibalon Itinala at

isinalin ng pare sa Kastila ang

isinalaysay sa kanya ni Cadungdung .

Ang epiko ay nababahagi sa trilohiya .
Inilalarawan dito ang kabayanihan nina

,
Baltog Handiong at Bantong
FABLES LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Pamosong pabula ito ng ating

Pambansang Bayani na si Dr Jose .

RIzal na muling isinalaysay ni

Virgilio Almario
EPIC POEM LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Ibong Adarna tells the story of

three princes of the mythical

.
kingdom of Berbania Their father ,
,
King Fernando has fallen into

some deep melancholic state

( ,
probably depression but )
somehow divines that only the

song of the enchanted Ibong

Adarna will cure his royal blues.

FRANCISCO BALTAZAR
POEM LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
- ( :
Pag ibig sa Tinubuang lupa English Translation Love for One s '
) .
Homeland is a poem written by hero Andres Bonifacio The said poem

.
was published in the first issue of Kalayaan The poem exhorted Filipinos

.
to join the crusade to achieve real Philippine independence Bonifacio

" . . ."
used the initials A I B ,
that stands for Agapito Bagumbayan Bonifacio s '
"
pseudonym along with the poem Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog ",
,
another piece written by Bonifacio according to historian Jim

Richardson .
POEM LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

"
Mi último adiós "( :"
English My Last Farewell ") is a poem written

.
by Filipino propagandist and writer Dr José Rizal before his

execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896. The piece

was one of the last notes he wrote before his death

 TARA NA SA

2 0
PILIPINAS!
M U S T S E E F A M O U S L A N D M A R K S I N T H E P H I L I P P I N E S
CHOCOLATE HILLS
The Chocolate Hills in Bohol Province number
at least 1260 almost symmetrical hills. Their
name derives from their appearance following
dry spells, where the green grass turns brown.
The hills, of which there are believed to be as
many as 1776, are spread across an area of
roughly 50 square kilometres.
The hills vary in height and size, but their
rounded dome peaks make them appear from
a distance identical.
Legend has it that the hills were made
following a feud between two giants.
The giants threw rocks, boulders and sand at
each other, and what was left on the landscape
became the Chocolate Hills.
BANAUE RICE TERRACES
On the island of Luzon, the Banaue Rice
Terraces are in the Cordilleras area.
The fields have been of great importance to
the Ifuago (wet-rice growers) since around the
1st century when they began to build the
terraces.
The terraces resemble steps which have been
carved into the side of the mountains.
The steps form part of an elaborate irrigation
system, allowing the rice to grow in precisely
the right environment.
The terraces themselves cover approximately
4000 square miles of land and make for a
spectacular landscape to visit.
 MAYON VOLCANO
Mayon Volcano, or Mount Mayon, is in the province
of Albay in Bicol Region of the island of Luzon.

The volcano is famous for its perfect cone top and

almost symmetrical shape and is still active, last
erupting in 2019.
Despite this, people flock to Mayon from all over the
world to get a glimpse of this powerful volcano.
Mayon is one of the most active volcanoes in the
Philippines and is feared by locals for its destructive
powers.
The last major eruption in 1993 left many dead and
homeless in its wake.
The volcano stands at 2462 meters high, and its
crater consists of a gigantic chamber filled with
molten rocks.
 PUERTO PRINCESA’S
SUBTERRANEAN RIVE
Within the Puerto Princesa park lies a hidden
river, which flows underground and much of the
park’s landscape sits on a limestone bed.
The river runs through the limestone and directly
into the sea, making parts of this subterranean
river tidal.
Due to its location, the river and surrounding
parkland are part of a diverse ecosystem which
encompasses both the mountains and the sea,
giving it some of the most important forestry
systems in Asia.
Boat tours take tourists through the
subterranean river where they can see
underground waterfalls and crystal-lined caves.
 TUBBATAHA REEFS
The Tubbataha Reef Marine Park covers an area of
approximately 100,000 hectares of marine habitats.

The reef is in the Sulu Sea and lies 50km southwest of

the mainland, making it an excellent area for
conservation.
Due to its sheer size, the marine park offers many
diverse habitats including reefs, deep-sea trenches,
and islets where nesting birds and turtles head.
Within the reef itself, more than 600 species of
tropical fish, 50% of all coral species in the world,
tiger sharks and endangered species such as green
sea turtles can be found.
Journeying to the reef should only be attempted
between March and June, however, the 10-12 hour
boat journey does make for spectacular diving
opportunities.
TAAL LAKE AND VOLCANO
Taal Lake and Volcano is in the province of
Batangas.

The Taal Volcano is the second most active

volcano in the Philippines, after Mayon, and has
recorded 34 historical eruptions.
Taal Lake is freshwater and was formed from a
volcanic eruption between 500,000 and 100,000
years ago.
The lake is the third-largest lake in the country,
and its waters can range from deep blues to
greens, making it a spectacular sight to see.
As the volcano sits in the middle of the lake, part
of the lake covers the Taal Caldera, filling it with
water.
 TINUY-AN FALLS
hidden treasure of the Philippines, Tinuy-an Falls
cascades over three levels from heights of 55 meters.
The falls are popular with swimmers, who take
advantage of the cool waters on particularly humid
days.
Rafts are available to take tourists closer to the falls.
The name Tinuy-an translates to ‘intentional act’ in
the local dialect and is linked to folklore.
It is said that tribesmen from Agusan captured
people living on the Magdiwata Mountain and
enslaved them.
They were forced to make small boats and then row
their masters along the river.
The slaves used this as an opportunity to guide the
boats to the falls, and push their masters over the
edge.
 LEYTE LANDING
MONUMENT
One of the Philippines many monuments
commemorating moments during WWII, Leyte

Landing Monument represents a fulfilled promise.

In 1942, when Japanese forces occupied the
Philippines, General Douglas MacArthur from the US
Armed Forces infamously said “I shall return”,
meaning he would return to the country and free the
people from Japanese occupation.
In 1944, MacArthur landed back on the Philippines by
boat and fought to regain control of the country, by
pushing the Japanese out.
The site where he returned is marked by statues of
American soldiers, and General MacArthur, standing
in a shallow pool of water.
 FORT SAN PEDRO
Now partly ruined, Fort San Pedro was built in
1565 upon the orders of Miguel Lopez de

Legazpi, who conquered the Philippines during

the 1500s.
The fort served for many years as an army
garrison, prison camp and even acted as the
cities zoo for a time.
What is left of the fort dates to the 18th century
and features a decorated arched gateway and
small ramparts.
Within its walls, a walled garden has been built,
allowing locals and tourists a place to escape
the hustle and bustle in Cebu.
BASILICA DEL SANTO NINO
In Cebu stands the Basilica del Santo Nino, the oldest
basilica in the Philippines.

The building was constructed in the 1700s and was

built with the intention of being able to survive
earthquakes. The façade is simple in its design,
taking influences from Muslim, Romanesque and
Neoclassical architectural styles.
Inside, ceilings are decorated with elaborate
paintings depicting biblical scenes.
It is however the holy relic of Santo Nino that draws
people to this beautiful basilica.
The relic is a gem-festooned statue of the holy infant
Jesus and was a gift for Queen Juana for her baptism
in 1521. It is said that during a fire that destroyed
much of Cebu, and indeed the church itself, the relic
remained undamaged.
 CAGSAWA RUINS
Cagsawa Ruins in Albay, with views over Mayon
Volcano, are the centrepiece of a park with the
same name.

The ruins are of a church built in 1724 by Franciscan

friars and was originally built to replace a church
that had been destroyed by Dutch pirates.
Cagsawa was however sadly buried, along with the
town and surrounding landscape during an
eruption of nearby Mayon Volcano in 1814.
Townsfolk fled to the church for protection, but
sadly around 1200 of those who sought refuge from
the volcano here died.
Today only the church’s belfry remains and has
stood stable despite other natural disasters hitting
the country.
 AGUINALDO SHRINE
One of the most important historical landmarks in
the Philippines is Aguinaldo Shrine.

The shrine is in Kawit and is where the Philippine

Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1898
was signed.
The shrine is actually a house and was built from
wood and thatch in 1845.
Within the shrine is a dedicated museum
containing important artefacts from the first
President including car plates, chess pieces and
epaulettes.
The shrine has many secrets housed within its
walls.
From furniture with hidden compartments to
secret tunnels leading away from the shrine to the
church, there is a lot to explore.
 FORT DRUM
Fort Drum is a heavily fortified island in Manila Bay.
The sea fort, built from reinforced concrete is

shaped like a battleship and was built by the

American Armed Forces during 1909 to bolster
harbour defences.
The fort is now abandoned, however rusting guns
are still in place around the concrete structure.
Following the Spanish-American War, the American
military wanted to have a strong defence system in
place in Manila Bay.
By levelling El Fraile Island, and building a fortress
designed to look like a battleship, the island
appeared intimidating.
The fort was abandoned after WWII but makes for a
stark reminder of the conflict for those visiting.
 CORREGIDOR ISLAND
Located at the entrance to Manila Bay, Corregidor

Island is strategically placed as a military fortress.

The island itself is comprised of many abandoned
military buildings.

The oldest building on Corregidor is the lighthouse,

which dates back to 1853.
Below ground is a series of tunnels that were used to
move munitions and soldiers around the fortress.
The tunnels are rumoured to be haunted by
Japanese soldiers who took their own lives before
being defeated by Americans and Filipino soldiers.
The island now serves as a war memorial to all
soldiers who fought and lost their lives there.
.
 FORT SANTIAGO
Now a national landmark of the Philippines and
shrine to the freedom of the country, the 16th

century Fort Santiago is a must-see landmark in

Manila.
The fort is a stone structure designed in an Italian-

Spanish architectural style and reflects key

moments in the countries history.
The fort once served as a prison for the hero of the
Philippines Jose Rizal before he was executed in
1896.
Now, a museum has been built to share his legacy
with visitors.
Look out for Rizal’s footsteps in bronze on the
floor, which marks the route he took from his cell
to the firing squad that would end his life.
 RIZAL MONUMENT
Within the Jose Rizal Memorial Protected Landscape,

sometimes called Rizal Park, are many important

statues commemorating Jose Rizal. The park
stretches over 60 hectares and is gilled with lush

lawns, ponds, wooded areas and ornamental

gardens.
It is however the statues of Filipino heroes that are
the gardens biggest draw.
The park is where Jose Rizal was executed by
Spanish colonial authorities, and so has great
historical importance within the countries culture.
That’s why the Rizal Monument is a must-visit
landmark when in the park.
Within the monument are the remains of Jose Rizal, a
national hero. Sentries in full regalia stand guard.
 SAN JUAN DEL MONTE
BRIDGE

The San Juan Del Monte Bridge played a key role

during the Spanish and American colonisation of
the Philippines.

The bridge spans 40 meters and forms the

boundaries between San Juan and Santa Mesa in
Manila.
San Juan Del Monte was a key battleground in both
the revolution against the Spanish and the Filipino-
American War.
The bridge was where the first shot of the
revolution was fired. An American soldier shot at a
Filipino soldier, leading to the Battle of Manila.
 SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH
San Agustin Church in Manila is a landmark to tick

off your list when visiting the city.

A simple, Italian-style facade greets visitors as they
approach the church inside the walled area of
Intramuros.

The church was completed in 1607 and is the oldest

stone church in the Philippines.
In 1993 the church was given UNESCO World
Heritage status.

The church itself has a tumultuous history.

In 1762 during the Seven Years War, the church was
looted by British forces and was the only public
building left standing after a strong earthquake
destroyed much of the city in 1863.
 BINONDO
Binondo, Manila’s Chinatown, is the oldest
Chinatown in the world and was established in the
late 16th century.

The name Binondo comes from a Tagalog word

meaning ‘mountainous’, due to its hilly landscape.

Within Binondo are many historical places of

worship, all richly decorated in bright colours,
gilded carvings and traditional Chinese
architecture.

The area was designated as a settlement for

Catholic Chinese people during the Spanish
colonial period. Today, Binondo is a centre of
commerce for Manilla which attracts locals and
tourists alike.
 MALACANAN PALACE
The official residence of the Present of the
Philippines, Malacanan Palace is a must-visit
landmark in Manila.
The palace has been owned by the government for
nearly 200 years, during which the buildings have
been remodelled and added to numerous times.
The palace was originally owned by a Spaniard
involved in the Galleon trade, who built the palace
with a bathhouse on the river and lush gardens.
Inside the palace are grand and lavishly decorated
rooms, each telling unique stories and
encapsulating important moments in the
countries history.
References:
Andres, S. (no date). Japanese Period.
Altervista.
https://salirickandres.altervista.org/japanese-
period/

Holmes, S. (2020). 20 Famous Landmarks in

THANK YOU
the Philippines.
https://travel2next.com/landmarks-

FOR
philippines/

Ortega, C. (no date). The Literary Forms in

LISTENING!
Philippine Literature.
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-
3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-
arts-sca/literary-arts/the-literary-forms-in-
philippine-literature/
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