Romer Almasol Superio BCAED 3

RESEARCH 2 ASSESSMENT

1. Compare a Qualitative research from quantitative research in terms of:

A. PURPOSE
B.
Qualitative research and Quantitative research may have different or
similarities when it comes to its purposes. According to ( Arrangie,2017)
When collecting and analyzing data, quantitative research deals with numbers
and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. Both
are important for gaining different kinds of knowledge. Quantitative research
is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories and
assumptions.

The two types of research methods are qualitative and quantitative.

Qualitative research is an informal, subjective, and inductive approach to
problem solving. In contrast, quantitative research is formal, objective, and
deductive approach to problem solving. It is noteworthy that health research
usually employs both types of research methods. In this regard, the decision
regarding the appropriate method of approach depends primarily on the
research question. Normally, one derives the research question from a
research problem and the purpose statement. This paper will compare
qualitative and quantitative research methods with the help of two articles.
The paper will also evaluate the appropriateness of all research methods
recommended for specific nursing research questions (Arangie, M. P. (2007).
Also according to (BYJU’S,2017) The difference between Qualitative and
Quantitative Research is to understand the key fields of research and learning
to differentiate between one and the other. In the field of business, science
and technology, economics, etc, they use two standard ways of conducting
research. One is qualitative research and other is quantitative research.
Quantitative research uses statistical and logical observations to get the
conclusion whereas the qualitative search relies on the verbal and written
data. In short, quantitative research is generally expressed in numbers or
represented using graphs, whereas qualitative research is expressed using
the words for the given data sets. Now, in this article, we are going to discuss
the difference between qualitative and quantitative research of different data
sets.

C. SAMPLE
Qualitative research and Quantitative research may have different attacks of sample
when it comes in making a research study, according to School of Education Online
Program. No matter the field of study, all research can be divided into two distinct
methodologies: qualitative and quantitative research. Both methodologies offer
education researchers important insights.

Education research assesses problems in policy, practices, and curriculum design, and
it helps administrators identify solutions. Researchers can conduct small-scale studies
to learn more about topics related to instruction or larger-scale ones to gain insight into
school systems and investigate how to improve student outcomes.

Education research often relies on the quantitative methodology. Quantitative research

in education provides numerical data that can prove or disprove a theory, and
administrators can easily share the number-based results with other schools and
districts. And while the research may speak to a relatively small sample size, educators
and researchers can scale the results from quantifiable data to predict outcomes in
larger student populations and groups.

Also it was mention that qualitative research has a Purposive Sampling while in
Quantitative research Random Sampling can be used. According to (angelo.2017)
A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics
of a population and the objective of the study. Purposive sampling is also known as
judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. In statistics, a simple random sample is a
subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population).

While (jim, 2018) differentiate that In a very general way, there are a few primary
differences between these the two approaches. These differences are probably best
understood in the context of research goals. In other words, a researcher must first
identify her/his research goals and then pick the method that will best meet those goals.
Although this will not be an exhaustive list, I’ll summarize some of the differences
between the two approaches. First, they provide a different type of snapshot of what is
going on. The more quantitative approaches provide a wide angled picture of a
phenomenon, while the more qualitative approaches provide a telephoto picture. This
should not be confused with the quantitative approaches serving up more data points. It
is just that the data points are of different types. A good ethnography will provide
hundreds if not thousands of data points. Second, while quantitative approaches are
usually better at answering very tactical questions, qualitative approaches are often
better at answering more strategic, open-ended questions. I always say that
ethnography is really good at answering questions about things that you couldn’t have
predicted or hypothesized about—it is really good at uncovering new things. Michael
Agar says that the beginning question of all ethnographic research is “What is going
on?” Third, the more quantitative approaches are better for providing information that
can be neatly plotted on the bell curve and succinctly summarized in an executive
summary. Ethnographic findings are often messy and not easily summarized because
the goal of most ethnographic work is to understand the context around a “thing” rather
than just isolate the “thing.” I think this helps to explain the preference you have
observed for quantitative data.
 D. DATA COLLECTION

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information, when it comes
to Data collection Qualitative research and Quantitative research has its on styles.
According to (quantitative research method is more suitable for use with a significant
data while the qualitative research method can be applied in a small data size.
The quantitative analysis method can be used to generalize findings of the studies in a
wide area, unlike the qualitative research method. While according to Azlati.com Data
collection in qualitative research is not seldom based on unstructured or semi-
structured, but methodologically flexible techniques, e.g. individual depth interviews or
group discussions that are suited to elicit great detail and a comprehensive view.
Quantitative research uses highly structured, rigid techniques such as online
questionnaires, on-street or telephone interviews. Unlike qualitative research, which
allows unlimited expression from respondents, quantitative research relies responses to
pre-formulated questions.
Qualitative research method refers to the research methods that are used to open up an
individual’s thought, opinions and also to expound on a particular problem (Ablezova,
2014). Some of its typical examples are the use of group discussions, observations, and
interviews. On the other hand, quantitative method emphasizes on the use of
measurable quantities, mathematical and statistical analysis, computation of the
variables, use of surveys and questionnaires. The two research methods, qualitative
and quantitative are invariably used by the researchers in reporting the findings of their
studies. This is because several factors should be considered in the selection of the
right methodology to be used by the researcher in reporting his findings. Some of these
factors are the familiarity of the researcher with a particular research methodology, the
size of the data collected, the desired precision of the result, the data collection method
used, type of the research and the education level of the researcher among many
others. The inherent difference in the application of these two reach methods is mainly
attributed to the different methods in which data is represented in each of the methods.

The current paper, therefore, contains a complete contrast and comparison of the two
research methods.
Differences Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

Qualitative research mainly relies on the use of explanations during the

research (Ablezova, 2014). In this case, the researcher has an obligation to seek for an
understanding of the basic concepts, the respondent’s opinions concerning the issue
and their motives. This is because in this type of research the researcher is given an
opportunity to get into an actual contact with the respondents and hence giving him a
chance to seek for clarifications on the responses that might not be clear. The
qualitative method also gives the respondents an opportunity to ask for clarification on
the questions that they might not understand and hence reduces the possibility of
guessing. The ability of the researcher in qualitative research method to seek for
explanations from the respondents, therefore, reduces the chances of errors or
obtaining false information as the researcher only approves of the responses that he is
convinced to be okay. Through the direct contact that the researcher comes into with
the respondents during the research such as the direct interviews, the research may be
able to understand particular social realities which might provide a general idea to the
issue being studied. On the other hand, quantitative research quantifies the data in the
forms of numerical data which can then be interpreted to quantify the respondents’
attitude, opinion, and thoughts. However, the generalization of these responses might
lead to the transmission of errors in making the conclusion as some of the quantified
results might not have been true as the researcher is absent to seek for the clarification
of the vague responses but instead relies on the provided data.

D, DATA ANALYSIS

Qualitative and Quantitative research both have Data analysis, according to

(Elliot,2020). Another difference between quantitative and qualitative research is how
data is analyzed. While quantitative data can be analyzed statistically and calculated
into averages, means, and other numerical data points, qualitative data analysis
involves a more complex system.
Another difference between quantitative and qualitative research is how data is
analyzed. While quantitative data can be analyzed statistically and calculated into
averages, means, and other numerical data points, qualitative data analysis involves a
more complex system.
To glean insights from qualitative data, researchers conduct a manual analysis of
datasets and often code responses into categories. For example, to analyze focus
group data, researchers could review transcripts or recordings and group similar
sentiments together into categories. Due to this manual process, qualitative data
analysis is a longer and more labor-intensive process than quantitative data analysis,
which is another factor to keep in mind when deciding what type of data to collect.
While some methods such as focus groups typically collect qualitative data, other
methods such as surveys often collect quantitative and qualitative data within one
survey instrument, as outlined below.

On the other hand gradcoach explained that Both research approaches use analyses
that allow you to explain, describe and compare the things that you are interested in.
While qualitative research does this through an analysis of words, texts and
explanations, quantitative research does this through reducing your data into numerical
form or into graphs. There are dozens of potential analyses which each uses. For
example, qualitative analysis might look at the narration (the lamenting story of love lost
through irreconcilable water toleration differences), or the content directly (the words of
blame, heat and irritation used in an interview). Quantitative analysis may involve simple
calculations for averages, or it might involve more sophisticated analysis that assesses
the relationships between two or more variables (for example, personality type and
likelihood to commit a hot water-induced crime). We discuss the many analysis options
other blog posts, so I won’t bore you with the details here.

E. OUTCOME

According to (Hoover,2021). Qualitative vs. Quantitative Outcomes One of the

factors distinguishing qualitative from quantitative studies is the nature of the
intended outcome. Qualitative researchers seek to learn from details of the
testimonies of those they are studying, also called their informants. On the
other hand according to (Ivonina,2020) Quantitative vs Qualitative research
- outcomes Quantitative data will allow you to see the bigger picture from a
predominantly statistical viewpoint. Qualitative data, on the other hand, adds
further details and can even impart a human voice to the results of your
surveys. Quantitative vs Qualitative research – hypotheses

To sum it up In terms of quantitative vs qualitative data, neither quantitative or

qualitative would demonstrate or prove anything by itself. It has to be properly
analyzed in order to demonstrate its meaning in association with the research
questions. Each type of data would have a different method of analysis.

REFFERENCES

www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-quantitative-research/
 https://essays.io/comparison-between-qualitative-and-quantitative-research-
research-paper-example/
https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative
brainly.in/question/11280286
https://www.ethnographic-research.com/185/qualitative-vs-quantitative/
bohatala.com/comparison-between-qualitative-and-quantitative-research-
methods/
https://atlasti.com/quantitative-vs-qualitative-research/
https://gradcoach.com/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/
www.geopoll.com/blog/quantitative-vs-qualitative-data/
www.gcu.edu/blog/doctoral-journey/what-qualitative-vs-quantitative-study
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/life/toolkit/pmtools/life2014_2020/d
ocuments/160215_LIFEproject_level_outcome_indicators.pdf
aidaform.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative.html

2. Describe the following sampling methods

A. SNOWBALL
Snowball sampling method is purely based on referrals and that is how a researcher is
able to generate a sample. Therefore this method is also called the chain-referral
sampling method, according to (Questionpro.2021) Snowball sampling or chain-referral
sampling is defined as a non-probability sampling technique in which the samples have
traits that are rare to find. This is a sampling technique, in which existing subjects
provide referrals to recruit samples required for a research study. Also, (Johnson,2014)
stated that  Snowball sampling is a well-known, nonprobability method of
survey sample selection that is commonly used to locate hidden populations. This
method relies on referrals from initially sampled respondents to other persons believed
to have the characteristic of interest. More over (statology,2021) explained that This
sampling method is often used when researchers wish to study a population where the
subjects are particularly hard to identify or reach. Examples include: Individuals with
rare diseases. If researchers are conducting a study of individuals with rare diseases, it
may be difficult to find these individuals. However, if they can find just a few initial
individuals to be in the study then they can ask them to recruit further individuals they
may know through a private support group or through some other means.
B. QOUTA SAMPLING

Quota sampling is a method for selecting survey participants that is a non-

probabilistic version of stratified sampling,
according (Bhasin,2020). Quota sampling is also known as the non-probability
sampling method. The quota sampling method is used in the initial stage of a
research study. The population for sampling is selected based on specific
characteristics and traits of the members of the population. The population is
then divided into subsets based on different aspects. Additionally
(Berenson,1995) stated thath The quota sampling It is a non-probabilistic way of
taking data from a sample by assigning quotas by strata. The quotas must be
proportional to the fraction that this stratum represents with respect to the total
population and the sum of the quotas must be equal to the sample size.
Moreover, (ATlan,2019)  explained that the Quota sampling is a non-
probabilistic sampling method where we divide the survey population into
mutually exclusive subgroups. These subgroups are selected with respect to
certain known (and thus non-random) features, traits, or interests

C.PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

According to (Croossman,2020) A purposive sample is a non-probability sample

that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the
study. Purposive sampling is different from convenience sampling and is also
known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. On the other hand
(Alchemer,2021) explained that ) Purposive sampling is a popular method used
by researchers due to the fact that it is extremely time and cost-effective when
compared to other sampling methods. Further, the numerous technique options
outlined above make purposive sampling a versatile research method that can be
tailored to enhance a survey’s effectiveness. Moreover, (Lavracas,2008) stated
that One of the more popular methods is called “purposive sampling”. Purposive
sampling in qualitative circles is also referred to as “non-probability” sampling. It
is called this due to the researcher applying their own criteria when defining their
sample, so in layman terms the researcher selects their own individuals as part
of their study.
 C. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
Convenience sampling (also known as grab sampling, inadvertent sampling, or
opportunity sampling) is a non-probability sampling technique in which a sample is
taken from a population segment that is close to hand. For pilot testing, this form of
sampling is ideal. According to (Siegel,2020) Convenience sampling Subjects are
selected because they are easily accessible. This is one of the weakest sampling
procedures. An example might be surveying students in one’s class. Generalization to a
population can seldom be made with this procedure. Additionally, (Lavrasca,2008)
stated that  Convenience sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling in which people
are sampled simply because they are "convenient" sources of data for researchers. In
probability sampling, each element in the population has a known nonzero chance of
being selected through the use of a random selection procedure.
Nonprobability sampling does not involve known nonzero probabilities of selection.
Besides (frey,2018) explained that Convenience sampling (also known as availability
sampling) is a method where the selection of participants (or other units of analysis) is
based on their ready availability. This availability is usually in terms of geographical
proximity (e.g., students in the researcher’s own college or in neighboring colleges) but
may involve other types of accessibility, such as known contacts.

REFERENCES
www.thoughtco.com › purposive-sampling-3026727
www.alchemer.com › blog › purposive-sampling-101
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-
methods/n419.xml

researchbasics.education.uconn.edu › convenience
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-
methods/n105.xml
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-educational-
research-measurement-and-evaluation/i6126.xm
www.marketing91.com/quota-sampling/
https://warbletoncouncil.org/muestreo-por-cuotas-8755

https://humansofdata.atlan.com/2016/04/quota-sampling-when-to-use-how-to-do-
correctly/
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/snowball-sampling/
 onlinelibrary.wiley.com ›
https://www.statology.org/snowball-sampling/

3. Describe the five approaches or methodologies in qualitative research.

The Five Qualitative Approaches are Narrative Research, Phenomenology,

Grounded Theory, Ethnography, and Case Studies

Narrative Research
The goal of narrative research is to investigate and conceptualize human experience as
it is expressed in writing. Narrative researchers work with small groups of participants to
acquire rich and open-ended discourse in order to gain a deeper understanding of the
meanings people ascribe to their experiences. Definition and Background Narrative
research has many forms, uses a variety of analytic practices, and is rooted in different
social and humanities disciplines (Daiute &Creswell2004). “Narrative” might be the term
assigned to any text or discourse, or, it might be text used within the context of a mode
of inquiry in qualitative research (Chase, 2005), with a specific focus on the stories told
by individuals (Polkinghorne, 1995). As Pinnegar and Daynes (2006) suggest, narrative
can be both a method and the phenomenon of study. As a method, it begins with the
experiences as expressed in lived and told stories of individuals. Writers have provided
ways for analyzing and understanding the stories lived and told. I will define it here as a
specific type of qualitative design in which “narrative is understood as a spoken or
written text giving an account of an event/action or series of events/actions,
chronologically connected” (Czarniawska, 2004). The procedures for implementing this
research consist of focusing on studying one or two individuals, gathering data through
the collection of their stories, reporting individual experiences, and chronologically
ordering (or using life course stages) the meaning of those experiences.

Phenomenology
Phenomenology as a philosophy offers researchers a theoretical framework for
comprehending occurrences at the level of subjective reality. This philosophical
framework, or theory of subjective reality, is likely to play a major role in comprehending
the actor or subject in relation to a specific event or phenomenon in his or her life.
According to (Edmund,2020) Phenomology helps us to understand the meaning of
people's lived experience.  A phenomenological study explores what people
experienced and focuses on their experience of a phenomena.  As phenomenology has
a strong foundation in philosophy, it is recommended that you explore the writings of
key thinkers such as Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty before embarking
on your research. Moreover, (Williams,2021) explained that qualitative research that the
meaning of the term “phenomenology” has become of critical importance. §2 Etymology
. A common approach to defining the meaning of a word is to look at its etymology. An
etymological approach to meaning, outlined below, suggests that “phenomenology” is
the study of that which can be experienced. In addition (Neobaur,2019) stated that
Phenomenology is a form of qualitative research that focuses on the study of an
individual’s lived experiences within the world. Although it is a powerful approach for
inquiry, the nature of this methodology is often intimidating to HPE researchers.

Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is a type of research methodology that involves thinking about and
comprehending data in a systematic fashion. It's been utilized in studies of a wide range
of demographics, including divorce remarriage and professional socialization. According
to (Tie,2019) Grounded theory is a well-known methodology employed in many
research studies. Qualitative and quantitative data generation techniques can be used
in a grounded theory study. Grounded theory sets out to discover or construct theory
from data, systematically obtained and analysed using comparative analysis. Moreover,
(Catello,2009) explained that Grounded theory refers to a set of systematic inductive
methods for conducting qualitative research aimed toward theory development. The
term grounded theory denotes dual referents: (a) a method consisting of flexible
methodological strategies and (b) the products of this type of inquiry.
Increasingly, researchers use the term to mean the methods of inquiry for collecting
and, in particular, analyzing data. In addition (Elvieser,2021) elaborated that Grounded
theory methodology is a research methodology with a central purpose to study the
experience of participants in order to develop a theory grounded in the data gathered
from participants. The qualitative analysis draws mainly on interview data from
numerous participants in order to construct a grounded theory.
Ethnography

Ethnographic research is a type of qualitative study that involves monitoring variables in

their natural settings or habitats in order to arrive at objective research conclusions.
Ethnographic research has its origins in ethnography, which is the study of people,
cultures, habits, and mutual differences in depth. According to (Whitaker,2011)
Ethnography is a scientific research strategy often used in the field of social sciences,
particularly in anthropology and in some branches of sociology, also known as part of
historical science that studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their
ethnogenesis, composition, resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their
material and spiritual culture. Moreover, (Reeves,2008) explained that Ethnography is a
highly useful methodology for addressing a range of research questions within the
health professions. In particular, it can generate rich and detailed accounts of clinicians’
professional and interprofessional relationships, their interactions with patients, and
their approaches to delivering care, as well as in-depth accounts of patients’ care
experiences. In addition (Anderson,2005) elaborated that Ethnography is an approach
to research that has been a significant presence within the field of education since at
least the mid-twentieth century. Initially, it was largely distinctive to anthropology, but
subsequently came to be used by a much wider range of researchers.

Case Study

Case study and grounded theory are two of the most popular

qualitative research approaches. As more intellectuals have interests
inresearching social phenomena, the application of case study and grounded theory are
growing rapidly.according to (Crowe,2011) A case study is a research approach that is
used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-
life context. It is an established research design that is used extensively in a wide
variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. Moreover (Baxter,2015) stated
that Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex
phenomena within their contexts. When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a
valuable method for health science research to develop theory, evaluate programs, and
develop interventions. In addition (Rashid,2019) explained that Qualitative case study is
a research methodology that helps in exploration of a phenomenon within some
particular context through various data sources, and it undertakes the exploration
through variety of lenses in order to reveal multiple facets of the phenomenon 

REFERENCES

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
nsuworks.nova.edu
journals.sagepub.com
guides.ucsf.edu ›
https://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a1020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/ethnography
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles
guides.temple.edu › groundedtheory
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/grounded-theory
https://guides.library.duq.edu/c.php?g=836228&p=5972144
nsuworks.nova.edu › cgi › viewcontent
link.springer.com › article › 10
https://search.yahoo.com/search?
fr=mcafee&type=E210US91213G0&p=also+synonyms

4. Enumerate and describe the data collection technique for gathering primary data.
We have 4 data collection techniques these are the Observation, Questionnaires,
Interviews and Focus group discussion,

Observation

Controlled Observation. Controlled observations (usually a structured observation)

are likely to be carried out in a psychology laboratory.
 Naturalistic Observation. Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly
used by psychologists and other social scientists.
Participant Observation. Participant observation is a variant of the above (natural
observations) but here the researcher joins in and becomes part of the group they
are studying to get a ...
Recording of Data. With controlled / structured observation studies an important
decision the researcher has to make is how to classify and record the data.

Questionnaires

Questionnaires can be classified as both, quantitative and qualitative method depending

on the nature of questions. Specifically, answers obtained through closed-ended
questions with multiple choice answer options are analyzed using quantitative methods
and they may involve pie-charts, bar-charts and percentages.

Interviews

 Interview is a method of data collection that involves two groups of people,

where the first group is the interviewer (the researcher (s) asking questions
and collecting data) and the interviewee (the subject or respondent that is being
asked questions).

Focus Group Discussion

What is focus group discussion in data collection?
A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is a qualitative research method
and data collection technique in which a selected group of people discusses a
given topic or issue in-depth, facilitated by a professional, external moderator.
Click to see full answer. MOREOBER (Kenpro,2016) explained that Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) is a method of data collection which is frequently used to
collect in-depth qualitative data in various descriptive studies such as case
 studies, phenomenological and naturalistic studies). The main goal of Focus
Group Discussion is to provide an opportunity for the participants to talk to one
another about a specific area of study.

REFERENCES

www.simplypsychology.org/observation.html

https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/survey-method/questionnaires-
2/

www.formpl.us/blog/primary-data

askinglot.com/what-is-focus-group-discussion-in-data-collection
www.kenpro.org › focus-group-discussion-method