Extensive Survey Project

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
BELAGAVI-590018
2015-2016
“EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT REPORT”

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
6th SEMESTER FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL
USN NAME USN NAME

1NH13CV110 SANATH JOSHI 1NH13CV118 SOMAPRASANTH REDDY
1NH13CV111 SANJU KUMAR 1NH13CV119 SULTHAN M
1NH13CV112 SANTOSH PATTAR 1NH11CV009 ARVIND
1NH13CV114 SHANIL P 1NH12CV010 B MANIDEEP
1NH13CV115 SHIVAPRASAD 1NH14CV419 RAKESH B
1NH13CV116 SHREEKANT REDDY
: UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF
STAFF MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. MOHAN MANGHANI, Chairman of New

Horizon College of Engineering for providing necessary infrastructure and creating
good environment.
We would express our great thanks to Dr. MANJUNATHA, Principal of New

Horizon College of Engineering, outer ring road Marathalli, Bengaluru -560103 for
granting us permission to undertake the VTU prescribed project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to Head of Civil Engineering
Department, Dr.NIRANJAN P.S, for providing necessary facilities and encouraging us
to make this project grand success.
We fell with a great pleasure to express our deep of gratitude and profound thanks
to staff members of the Department of Civil Engineering Their valuable guidance in
both field and office work helped us to complete the project within the prescribed time.
Finally we express our sincere thanks to lab instructors who helped us in the camp
to complete the camp successful and all our friends for their kind co-operation and help
for the successful completion of the project.
Name of the student with USN

NEW HORIZON
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous college affiliated to VTU, approved by AICTE & ISO 9001 : 2008 certified
Accredited by NACC with ‘A’ Grade
The Trust is a recipient of Prestigious Rajyotsava State Award 2012 Conferred by the Government of karnataka
Awarded Outstanding Technical Education Institute In Karnataka -2016

Outer Ring Road, Near Marathalli, Bengaluru-560103.
Department of Civil Engineering

Certificate
Certified that the project work entitled “Extensive Survey Project” Work, carried out by 6th SEM STUDENTS
OF BATCH B5 a bonafide students of sixth semester in partial fulfillment for the award Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering of the visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2015-
2016.It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report.The project has been certified as it satisfies the academic requirement in respect
of project work.
CAMP OFFICER: HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Prof. SATISH D DR.NIRANJAN P.S
Prof. AVINASH N.RAO
Examiners:
1. …………………… 2. ……………………
INDEX
1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................1-3
1.1 FOLLOWING ARE THE TECHNICAL AIMS AND ABILITIES
1.2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A PROJECT
1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PLACE
1.4 STAGES OF SURVEY WORK
1.5 CALCULATIONS OF YIELD AT SITE
NEW TANK PROJECT…………………………………….4-33
2.0 NEW RESERVOIR
2.1 ZONES OF STORAGE IN A RESERVOIR
2.1.1 NORMAL POOL LEVEL (N.P.L.)
2.1.2MINIMUM POOL LEVEL
2.1.3 MAXIMUM POOL LEVEL
2.2 VARIOUS ZONES OF STORAGE IN A RESERVOIR
2.3 AREA AND VOLUME OF CAPACITY CONTOUR
2.4 NEW EARTHEN DAM
2.4.1 FOUNDATIONS FOR EARTH DAMS
2.4.2 DESIGN OF EARTH DAMS
2.4.4 DETERMINATION OF SEEPAGE LINE
2.4.5 SHEAR RESISTANCE OF BOTTOM OF THE DAM SECTION
2.5 SPILLWAY
2.5.1 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SPILLWAY
2.5.2 COMPONENTS OF SPILLWAY

2.5.3 DESIGN OF VERTICAL DROP WASTE WEIR
2.6 IRRIGATION
2.6.1 DUTY OF WATER AND DELTA
2.6.2 CROP PERIOD AND BASE PERIOD
2.6.3 RELATION BETWEEN DUTY OF WATER (D), DELTA (Δ), BASE PERIOD (B)
2.6.4 FACTORS AFFECTING DUTY OF WATER
2.6.5 COMMANDED AREAS AND INTENSITY OF IRRIGATION
2.6.6 KOR WATERING, KOR DEPTH AND KOR PERIOD
2.7 CANAL IRRIGATION
2.7.1 CLASSIFICATION OF CANAL BASED ON ALIGNMENT
2.7.2 CANAL ALIGNMENT
2.7.3 DESIGN OF CANAL
2.7.4 DESIGN OF SLUICE TANK
2.7.5 CANAL DROP
WATER SUPPLY & SANITARY PROJECT…….…………34-43
3.0 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY PROJECT
3.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT LEADING TO THE DEMAND OF PROJECT
3.2 GENERAL FEATURES
3.3 SURVEYS CONDUCTED FOR THE PROJECT
3.4 POPULATION FORECAST
3.4.1 FLOATING POPULATION
3.4.2 DESIGN OF RISING MAIN
3.4.3DESIGN OF PUMP
3.5 DESIGN OF TREATMENT UNITS

3.5.2 DESIGN OF SUMP
3.5.3 DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK
3.5.4 DISINFECTION
HIGHWAY PROJECT……………………………..................44-57
4.0 TRANSPORTATION:
4.1 ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPORTATION
4.2 HIGHWAY PLANNING
4.3 PLANNING SURVEY
4.4 BASIC REQUIREMENT OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
4.5 FACTORS CONTROLLING ALIGNMENT
4.6 HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN
4.7 ENGINEERING SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
4.8 CURVES
4.9 SUPER ELEVATION
4.10 MINIMUM CURVE RADII
4.12 MINIMUM RADIUS OF HORIZONTAL CURVES FOR VARIOUS CLASSES OF HILL

ROADS TABLE 4.F
4.13 WIDENING OF ROAD AT CURVES
4.14 SET-BACK DISTANCE AT HORIZONTAL CURVES
4.15 DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL CURVES
4.16 DESIGN OF VERTICAL CURVES
4.17 EARTH WORK CALCULATION

OLD TANK PROJECT……………………………………...58-62
5.0 INTRODUCTION:
5.1 CONDITIONS PROPOSALS AND STEPS INITIATED
5.2 CENTRE LINE SURVEY
5.3 BLOCK LEVELLING
5.4 CAPACITY CONTOUR SURVEY
5.5 THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE EXISTING EARTHEN DAM
FIELD DATA…………………………………………………63-86
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………...…………….………..87
EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT B- 5
2015-16
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
OBJECTIVES:
This extensive survey project is conducted to acquire a practical knowledge and
applications of theory and overcome the difficulties that could arise in field during
surveying. We also learn the use of different survey instrument and to develop the team
spirit at work. It also helps to develop the confidence in handling of survey project. An
extensive survey project camp is usually arranged for civil engineering students.
We conducted survey for a new tank project, water supply scheme, highway project and
old tank project.
With this motive survey camp was arranged with the help of our lecturers at Ghati
village, Doddaballapura Taluk, Bangalore Rural District which is 60km away from
Bangalore
We were able to finish the survey works under guidance of our faculties and the
knowledge gained by us in our course of study.
1.1 FOLLOWING ARE THE TECHNICAL AIMS AND ABILITIES:

To impart training in the use of surveying instruments and to acquire a
Comprehensive idea of the project, along with designs and drawings.
To learn handle real and difficult situation of project surveying.
To develop team spirit in practical situation.
To impart and develop the self-confidence in the management of project survey.
1.2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A PROJECT:

The design and construction of any project such as dam, road alignment requires a
thorough investigation of the site as regards to its stability and feasibility. The
preliminary investigation starts from the investigation starts from the reconnaissance
work, study of toposheets, proposal of alternate sites etc.
The second stage work of investigation includes the survey work at the site in order to
collect the data necessary for the design of project elements, preparation of drawings,
estimates etc. the office work is confined to the designs, drawings and estimates of the
project.
1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PLACE:

Ghati Subramanya kannada ( ) is an ancient Hindu temple, situated on
the outskirts of Bangalore near Tubagere, Doddaballapura. It is 60 km from the city and
is a popular pilgrimage centre. The uniqueness of this temple is that the prime deity
"lordKarthikeya“is found together with "lord Narasimha". According to mythology, both
idols are believed to have emerged from the earth. It is also an important centre in South
India for snake worship. Special rituals are performed during Brahmarathotsava, i.e., on
the day of Pushya shudda Shashti. Narasimha Jayanti is the other major festival
celebrated here. The idol of lord Karthikeya with a seven headed cobra is made from a
single stone. It faces eastwards while the idol of lord Narasimha faces westwards. To
ensure that both deities are visible to devotees at the same time, a huge mirror was
Dept. of civil engineering.
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placed in the rear in the sanctum sanctorum. Good transportation facilities from all
round the corners of the state. The famous cattle fair is also held here in December, it is
very famous.
1.4 STAGES OF SURVEY WORK:

The various survey works carried out are as follows:
Reconnaissance survey.
Preliminary survey and geological study.
Study of toposheet.
Fly leveling.
Reconnaissance survey:
It means the process of visiting the site and surrounding area for knowing nature of the
soils, rock and ground water table which are likely to be encountered during
construction. The information obtained during site reconnaissance may sometimes it is
sufficient for judging the general suitability of site or for making of helps in deciding
about the exploration techniques which may be necessary for further investigation.
Reconnaissance survey should include an inspection of the following things: local
topography, excavation, quarries, evidence of landslides, behavior of existing structures
at or near the site, water levels in the streams, flood marks, nature of vegetation etc.,
Preliminary survey and geological study:

It consists of general information and examining the already existing data about the soil
and geological conditions of the site. Valuable information of any site may be obtained
if the already existing reports and maps or other previous relevant soil survey and
investigation records are available. From investigation it has been observed that the
terrain type, type of rock (both igneous and metamorphic deposits) etc.
Study of toposheet:
This sheet gives the topographical features of the locality like alignment of a railway
line, roadway, streams and its distributaries and permanent structures located in that
locality. This map helps in selecting the site for a new tank and also gives clear picture
of transportation to the proposed area in proposed site for the transportation of men and
material for their construction. From this we can know the approximate catchment area
of site. This map has to be study before reconnaissance survey.
Fly Leveling:
The main objective of the fly leveling is to establish a temporary bench mark (TBM)
near the site which is accurate, from MSL (mean sea level). In Ghati Subramanya, we
are conducted fly leveling from Makalidurga railway station; it is 3km away from the
Ghati Subramanya and The MSL of 846.645m (RL OF GL on railway sleeper) to our
project site by using Auto level with tripod and leveling staff.
1.5 Calculations of yield at site:

The catchment area of proposed new tank determined from the toposheet is 4.96 km2
The rainfall of a bad year is always taken as 2/3 of mean amount of rainfall.
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Average annual rainfall for doddaballapura area from Meteorological department data is
80cms.
Bad year rainfall is 2/3 of 80cm = 53cm
Runoff coefficient is usually assumed as 15% to 20%
Assuming as 20%.
Annual yield = 20/100 × 53 = 10.60cm
Yield from catchment = (4.96×106) × 10.60 = 0.52576×106cum/year.

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NEW TANK
PROJECT

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2.0 NEW RESERVOIR:
INTRODUCTION
The flow rate of a river or a natural stream may vary considerably during different
periods of a year. It may carry little or no water during some periods of a year and may
carry huge amount of water after heavy rains thus become a raging torrent and a hazard
all along its banks. During extremely low flows it may not be possible to meet the
demands of the consumers if water is drawn directly from a river. As such it is essential
to create a reservoir or an artificial lake by constructing a dam across the river which can
retain the excess water from periods of high flows for use during the periods of low
flows or droughts. In addition to conserving water for later use, the storage of floodwater
may also reduce flood damage on the downstream of the reservoir.
Engineering surveys
The area of the dam site, reservoir and other associated works is surveyed and a
contoured plan of the entire area is prepared. From the contoured plan the storage
capacity and the water spread area of the reservoir at various elevations are determined
as indicated below. From the contoured plan of the reservoir site the water spread area of
the reservoir at any elevation is directly determined by measuring the area enclosed by
the contour corresponding to that elevation. The water spread areas at different
elevations are thus determined and the same are plotted against elevation to obtain an
elevation-area curve.
The storage capacity of the reservoir may be determined by taking contour areas at equal
interval and summing up by trapezoidal formula or prismoidal formula. Thus if V is the
storage volume and A1, A2, A3, An… are the areas enclosed by the successive contours
at an interval h, then the various formulae are as follow.
Trapezoidal Formula
h
A1  A2
V=∑ 2 (1.1a)
 A1  An 
 2  A2  A3  A4  An  1
V=h (1.1b)
Prismoidal Formula
h
 A1  4 A2  A3
V=∑ 3 (1.2a)
h
( A1  An)  4( A2  A4  .....)  2( A3  A5  .....)
V= 3 (1.2b)
The storage volumes up to various elevations are determined by using any of the above
noted formulae and the same are plotted against elevation to obtain elevation-capacity
curve.

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The contoured map of the reservoir area also indicates the land and property which
would be submerged in the reservoir when filled up to certain elevation and thus enables
the estimation of compensation to be paid to the owners and the time schedule according
to which they must be moved, as the reservoir is gradually filled during the construction
of the dam.
2.1 ZONES OF STORAGE IN A RESERVOIR

The entire storage capacity of a reservoir may be divided into a number of zones by
certain water surfaces or pool levels in the reservoir as indicated below.
2.1.1 Normal Pool Level (N.P.L.)

It is the maximum elevation to which the water surface will rise in the reservoir during
ordinary operating conditions. As shown in Fig. in the case of an ungated spillway the
normal pool level is determined by the elevation of the spillway crest. However, if the
spillway is gated then the normal pool level is determined by the top of the spillway
gates. The normal pool level is also known as Full Reservoir Level (F.R.L.) or Full Tank
Level (F.T.L.).
2.1.2Minimum Pool Level

It is the lowest elevation to which the water is drawn from the reservoir under normal
conditions. This level may be fixed by the elevation of the lowest outlet in the dam, or in
the case of hydroelectric reservoir, by the minimum head required for efficient
functioning of turbines.
2.1.3 Maximum Pool Level

It is the maximum elevation to which the water surface will rise in the reservoir during
the design flood (or worst flood). It is also known as Maximum Water Level (M.W.L.)
or Pool Level during Design Flood.
2.2 The various zones of storage in a reservoir are as follows.

Useful storage.
Dead storage.
Surcharge storage.
Bank storage.
Valley storage.

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Fig. 1.1 Zones of storage in a reservoir
Useful Storage.
The volume of water stored between the normal pool level and the minimum pool level
of a reservoir is called the useful storage. In a multipurpose reservoir the useful storage
may be subdivided into conservation storage and flood control storage in accordance
with the adopted plan of operation of the reservoir. The useful storage is also known as
live storage as it can be used for various purposes required to be served by the reservoir.
Dead Storage.
The volume of water held below the minimum pool level of a reservoir is known as dead
storage. It cannot be used for any purpose under ordinary operating conditions.
Surcharge Storage.
The volume of water stored between the normal pool level and the maximum pool level
of a reservoir is called surcharge storage. The surcharge storage is an uncontrolled
storage as it exists only while a flood is occurring and cannot be retained for later use.
Bank Storage.
The bank storage is the volume of water that is temporarily stored in the permeable
banks of a reservoir when the reservoir fills and drains out as the water level in the
reservoir is lowered. The bank storage effectively increases the capacity of the reservoir
above that indicated by elevation-capacity curve. The amount of bank storage depends
on geologic conditions and may amount to several percent of the reservoir volume.
Valley Storage.
The volume of water held by a natural stream channel is known as the valley storage.
Even before a reservoir is constructed certain amount of water is stored in the natural
stream channel as a valley storage which may however vary. After the construction of a
reservoir the storage capacity increases but the net increase in the storage capacity is

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equal to the total storage capacity of the reservoir minus the natural valley storage. This
distinction of the total and net storage capacities is of no importance for storage or
conservation reservoirs, but from the point of view of flood control the effective storage
capacity in the reservoir is equal to the useful plus the surcharge storage minus the
natural valley storage corresponding to the rate of inflow to the reservoir.
RESERVOIR YEILD:
This is the amount of water that can be drawn from reservoir in a specified time interval.
MASS CURVE OF INFLOW:

It is a plot of annual inflow to reservoir with respect to time.
MASS CURVE OF OUTFLOW:

It is a plot of annual outflow from reservoir with respect to dam.
2.3 AREA AND VOLUME OF CAPACITY CONTOUR:

Table 2.a:
Contour Area Contour Interval Volume TOTAL

In m2 (Cubic Meters) VOLUME
(in cub. Meter)
805 72176.5912 5.8 418624.229
805.5 81436.6016 0.5 40718.3008
806 92180.2203 0.5 46090.11015 739288.908
807 106010.1987 1 106010.1987
808 127846.0693 1 127846.0693

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2.4 NEW EARTHEN DAM:

INTRODUCTION: A dam is a barrier constructed across a river or a natural stream to
create a reservoir for impounding to facilitate diversion of water from the river, or to
retain debris flowing in the river along with water.
General considerations
The successful design, construction, and operation of a reservoir project over the full
range of loading require a comprehensive site characterization, a detailed design of each
feature, construction supervision, measurement and monitoring of the performance, and
the continuous evaluation of the project features during operation. The design and
construction of earth and rock-fill dams is complex because of the nature of the varying
foundation conditions and range of properties of the materials available for use in the
embankment. The first step is to conduct detailed geological and subsurface
explorations, which characterize the foundation, abutments, and potential borrow areas.
The next step is to conduct a study of the type and physical properties of materials to be
placed in the embankment. This study should include a determination of quantities and
the sequence in which they will become available. The design should include all of the
studies, testing, analyses, and evaluations to ensure that the embankment meets all
technical criteria and the requirements of a dam.
2.4.1 FOUNDATIONS FOR EARTH DAMS

It is generally possible to construct a safe earth dam on almost any foundation which is
available provided that the foundation has been thoroughly explored and tested and the
design adopted to suit the conditions thus revealed. The different types of foundations
can be considered as three categories viz,
Rock.
Sands and Gravels and
Clayey material.
This is however a broad classification because within each category the properties of
materials may vary widely and also the materials of more than one category may be
found interspersed in the foundation under the proposed dam. Therefore the design of
anyone dam may involve a variety of foundation problems. The main problems of each
of the above noted three types of foundations are as indicated below.
Rock
Rock foundations in general do not present any problem. The shear stresses induced in
these foundations by earth dams will usually be well within their capacity and they
would allow only small seepage to take place under the dam. However, in some cases
they may require grouting if there are through joints, fissures, crevices, fault planes or
permeable strata present in the foundation rock, which if not grouted would result in
erosive leakage and excessive loss of water.

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Sands and Gravels

Coarse sands and gravels in foundation also give no trouble from the point of view of
stability. These soils being highly pervious permit the excess water present in their voids
to be drained out easily under the load of the dam and hence these soils get consolidated
very rapidly. Moreover, since the increase in shear strength (or shear resistance) of a soil
depends on the rate of consolidation of the soil, the shear strength of these soils ill
creases almost simultaneously with the construction of the dam. Hence the shear stresses
induced in these soils by the load of the dam are mostly within the increased shear
strength of these soils. The only sand formations unsuitable from consideration of
stability are certain fine uniform sands in loose condition which lose their shear strength
or liquify if subjected to sudden shear stresses in a saturated condition. The formation of
this type if occurring in the foundations needs to be compacted by pile driving or
otherwise before any construction is under taken on them. The main problem with sand
and gravel foundations is that they are highly pervious and the seepage discharge
through them may be undesirably high. However, by using the various methods of
seepage control as indicated later, the quantity of seepage can be reduced to a
considerable extent.
Clayey material
Clay foundations require greatest attention since they are more susceptible to shear
failures. Clays being highly impervious do not permit the excess water present in their
voids to be drained out easily under the load of the dam and hence their consolidation
takes a long time which may even extend to number of years in many cases. As such
when a dam is constructed on clay foundations due to lower rate of consolidation the
shear strength of the soil increases at a slow rate. Hence the shear stresses induced in the
soil by the load of the dam may exceed the shear strength of the soil which may result in
the failure of the dam. For clay foundations therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the
foundation shear stresses are less than the shear strength of the soil. For this it may
sometimes be necessary to flatten the slopes of the dam to spread its load on a larger
area though steeper slopes could have been otherwise provided so far as the stability of
the dam alone is concerned.
2.4.2 DESIGN OF EARTH DAMS

The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining such a cross section of
the dam which when constructed with the available materials will fulfill its required
function with adequate safety. Thus there are two aspects of the design of an earth dam
viz,
To determine the cross-section of the dam.
To analyze the stability of the proposed cross-section.
In this section the various considerations to made for determining the cross-section of an
earth dam are discussed.
For determining the cross-section of an earth dam there are no mathematical analyses or
formulae as in the case of rigid dams. The cross-section of an earth dam however
depends on the following factors.

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Foundation conditions;
Availability of the materials of construction within reasonable range;
Physical properties of the materials available for construction;
Methods of construction to· be adopted and the degree of construction control that is
anticipated;
Types of earth moving machinery;
Diversion considerations and construction schedule;
Climatic conditions in relation to placement moisture content control; subsequent
moisture content changes, etc.
Safety with respect to stability and seepage.
On the basis of these factors the cross-section of an earth dam may be determined which
involves the consideration of the following parameters.
Top width
Side slopes
Free board
Top Width.
The crest width of the earth dam depends upon the following considerations :
1. Nature of the embankment materials and minimum allowable percolation distance through
The embankment at the normal reservoir level.
2. Height of the structure.
3. Importance of the structure.
4. Width of the highway on the top of the dam
5. Practicability of construction.
6. Protection against earth quake forces.
Following are some of the Empherical expressions for the top width b of the earth dam, in
terms of the height Z of the dam:
1. b = 0.2×Z+3 for very low dams <15m
2. b = 0.55Z1/2+0.2Z for height less than 30m
3. b=1.65×(Z+1.5)1/3 for height greater than 30m
Where,
Z=Avg. height of the dam in m =12.1m
Top width = (0.2×12.1+3) =5.42
Side slopes.
No specific rules can be given for determining the side slopes of an earth dam. The
general procedure is that on the basis of experience with similar dams side slopes are
considered and the same are modified if necessary after the stability analysis is carried
out. It is obvious that the most economical dam is obtained when its volume is Minimum
and therefore when the side slopes have maximum steepness consistent with stability.
However, in general the side slopes of a dam depend on the physical properties of the

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material of construction, the strength of the foundation and the type of the dam i.e.,
homogeneous, zoned or diaphragm. The stability of side slopes depends mainly on the
physical properties of the materials for construction of the dam. Further if the foundation
is weak flatter side slopes will be required but if the foundation is strong steeper side
slopes may be provided. Similarly a zoned dam permits the use of steeper side slopes
because in this case the stronger materials are placed where they are most effective in
resisting shear stresses and the drainage systems control and reduce pore water
pressures. In usually the slope may vary for low height dam of homogeneous silt clay
soil up to <15m, the slope will be 1.5H: 1V on upstream side or reservoir side and 2H:
1V on downstream side is commonly adopted.
Table 2 (b) SIDE SLOPES FOR EARTH DAMS ACCORDING TO TERZAGHI

SL No. Type of Material Upstream slope Downstream slope
(i) Homogeneous well graded material 2:1 2:1
(ii) Homogeneous coarse silt 3:1 2½:1
Homogeneous silt clay or clay
(iii) Height < 15m 2½:1 2:1
Height > 15m 3:1 2½:1
(iv) Sand or sand & gravel with clay core 3:1 2½:1
Sand or sand & gravel with R.C.C.
(v) 2½:1 2:1
core wall
Freeboard.
Freeboard is the difference in the elevation of the crest of the dam and the still level in
the reservoir. Sufficient freeboard must be provided so that there is no possibility
whatsoever of the dam being overtopped. The freeboard may be classified as normal
freeboard and minimum freeboard. The freeboard above the full reservoir level (FRL) is
known as normal freeboard, and the freeboard above the maximum water level (MWL)
is known as minimum freeboard.
2.4.3 CRITERIA FOR SAFE DESIGN OF EARTH DAMS

The following criteria have to be satisfied for safe design of an earth dam.
The dam must be safe against overtopping during occurrence of flood and also by wave
action.
The seepage line should be well within the downstream face.
The upstream and downstream slopes should be stable under critical or adverse
conditions.
The foundation shear stresses should be within safe limits.
There should be no opportunity for the free passage of water from the upstream to the
downstream face.
The dam and foundation should be safe against piping.
The upstream slope must be protected against erosion by wave action and the crest and
downstream slope must be protected against erosion due to wind and rain.

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2.4.4 DETERMINATION OF SEEPAGE LINE

Seepage occurs in all earth dams which will saturate the soil in the lower portion of the
dam while the soil in the upper portion of the dam remains relatively dry or moist. The
seepage line is defined as the line within a dam section below which the soil is saturated
and there are positive hydrostatic pressures in the dam. It is also known as saturation line
or phreatic line or top flow line. On this line itself the hydrostatic pressure is equal to
atmospheric pressure or zero. Above this line there will be a capillary zone in which the
hydrostatic pressures are negative. Since the flow through the capillary zone is
insignificant it is usually neglected and hence seepage line is taken as the dividing line
between the saturated soil below and dry or moist soil above in a dam section. However,
the capillary action leads to increase intergranular pressures and greater shear strength
within the soil but this effect is usually neglected thus slightly increasing the margin of
safety.
Kozeny has indicated theoretically that for flow through uniform isotropic soil lying
above horizontal impervious floor which at a certain point becomes permeable, the flow
lines and equipotential lines consist of a family of confocal parabolas with their focus
located at the point where the floor becomes permeable.
This condition is not exactly fulfilled by any practical earth dam section. However, A.
Casagrande has demonstrated that in general for earth dam sections the seepage line for
most of its length coincides with Kozeny's theoretical parabola called the base parabola,
but it deviates from the base parabola for a short distance at the upstream or the entrance
face of the dam in all the cases and at the downstream or the exit face of the dam in
some cases. The amount and character of the deviations depend on local conditions at
these portions of the dam. Thus for the different types of earth dams the seepage line
may be determined as indicated below.
Homogeneous earth dam with a horizontal drainage blanket.
Homogeneous earth dam without any arrangement for horizontal drainage
Blanket.
Homogeneous earth dam with rock toe.
Zoned earth dams with a central core – Earth dam of composite cross-section.
HOMOGENEOUS EARTH DAM WITH A HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE BLANKET.
The simplest type of an earthen embankment consists of a single material and is

homogeneous throughout. Sometimes, a blanket of relatively impervious material may
be placed on the upstream face. A purely homogeneous section is used, when only one
type of material economically or locally available. Such a section is used for low to
moderately high dams and for levees. Large dams are seldom designed as homogeneous
embankments.
A Purely homogeneous section poses the problems of seepage, and huge sections are
required to make it safe against piping, stability, etc. Due to this, a homogeneous
section is generally added with an internal drainage system; such as a horizontal
drainage filter as shown in fig, rock toe, etc. The internal drainage system keeps the
phreatic line (i.e. top seepage line) well within the body of the dam, and steeper slopes

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and thus, smaller sections, can be used. The internal drainage is, therefore, always
provided in almost all types of embankments.
We shall discuss the graphical method of the determination of phreatic line by
casagrande method. casagrande assumed the phreatic line to be a base parabola with its
focus at F, the starting point point of filter FE. The following is the procedure for
locating the phreatic line graphically.
AB is the upstream face. Let its horizontal projection be L. on the water surface,
measure the distance BC=0.3L. then the point C is the starting point of the the base
parabola.
To locate the position of the directrix of the parabola, we utilize the principle that any
point on the parabola is equidistant from the focus as well as directrix. Hence with the
point C as the centre, and CF as the radius, draw an arc to cut the horizontal line through
CB in D. Draw a vertical tangent to the curve FD at D. CD=CF Hence the vertical line
DH is the directrix.
The last point G on the parabola will evidently midway between F&H.
In order to locate the intermediate points on the parabola we use the principle that its
distances from focus and directrix must be equal. EX. To locate any point P, draw
vertical line QP at any distance x from F. measure the distance QH. With F as center and
QH as the radius, draw an arc to cut the vertical line through Q in point P.
Join all these points to get the base parabola. However, correction is to be made at the
entry point. The line must start from B, & not from C. Also the phreatic line is a flow
line, must start perpendicularly to the U/S face AB which is a 100% equipotential line.
‘ ’ is obtained as
= b
Seepage Line for a Homogeneous Earthen Dam with a Horizontal Blanket.

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Characteristics of seepage line:
The various characteristics of the seepage line may be summarized as follows.

At the starting point the seepage line must be normal to the upstream face which is an
equipotential line.
Since the pressure all along the seepage line is atmospheric, the only change in head
along this line is that due to drop in the elevation. Hence the successive equipotential
lines will meet the seepage line at equal vertical intervals.
The seepage line drops vertically into a horizontal filter drain or a rock toe filter.
For an earth dam composed of homogeneous material without filter at downstream toe
the seepage line will meet the downstream face at a point above the base of the dam. The
location of the seepage line for a homogeneous section and the point where the seepage
line meets the downstream face depend only on the geometry of the cross-section of the
dam. The positions of the seepage line as well as that of the point where it meets the
downstream face are not influenced by the permeability of the material composing the
dam so long as the material is homogeneous.
For most of the length the seepage line coincides with the base parabola. The focus of
the base parabola lies at the break out point of the bottom flow line where the flow
emerges out from relatively impervious medium to a highly pervious medium.
The presence of pervious stratum in the foundation below the dam does not influence the
position the seepage line.
For a zoned earth dam with an impervious core in the centre the effect of the outer shells
can be neglected altogether. Thus in this case the seepage line may be drawn only for the
core. The focus of the base parabola is located at the downstream toe of the core. The
seepage line is assumed to be practically horizontal through the upstream shell, the
downstream shell acts as a drain and is saturated to a depth just enough to carry the
seepage flow passing through the core.
2.4.5 Shear resistance of bottom of the dam section

shear resistance of bottom of the dam section R b=c w × tan φ
Where, C = Total cohesive strength of the soil at the base = c×B×1
w = Total weight of dam section
c = cohesion of the soil at the dam site = 24KN/m2
B=Bottom width of bund=30.65m
Weight of dam W=W dry +W sub
ɣ sub=12KN/m3
dry=18KN/m3
Area above seepage line = 50.66m2
Area below seepage line = 80.59m2

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W dry = area above seepage line × ɣ dry×1 W dry =50.66×18×1 = 911.88KN/m

W sub = area below seepage line × ɣ sub×1 W sub=80.59×12×1 = 967.08 KN/m
Total Load W = 1878.96 KN/m
R b = 24×30.65×1+1878.96×tan25'
=1611.77 KN/m2
Horizontal Force=horizontal pressure

P = 1/2×ɣw×h2= 273.70KN/m2
FOS is > 1.3, For safety
FOS=R b / P=1611.77/273.70 = 5.88
> 1.3, hence it is safe

Therefore the shear resistance of bottom of the dam section is under control
So no shear key is required.
2.4.6 EARTH WORK CALCULATIONS FOR EARTHEN BUND:

TABLE 2(c):
EARTH WORK CALCULATION FOR EARTHEN BUND
b n d
5.42 1.75 5
HEIGHT OF
EMBANKMENT AREA IN Sq. VOLUME OF EMBANKMENT IN
CHAINAGE R.L (h) in m M CUB. M
0 811.935 0 0
5 810.925 0.45 2.793375
10 809.745 1.75 14.844375
15 808.275 3.1 33.6195
20 807.075 4.4 57.728
25 806.025 5.3 77.8835
30 805.115 6.2 100.874 113049.4988
35 804.175 7.2 129.744
40 803.225 8.1 158.7195
45 802.565 8.8 183.216
50 802.595 8.8 183.216
55 802.995 8.4 169.008
60 803.005 8.3 165.5435

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65 802.875 9.1 194.2395

70 802.725 8.7 179.6115
75 802.555 8.8 183.216
80 802.595 8.8 183.216
85 803.325 9 190.53
90 802.175 9.2 197.984
95 801.235 10.2 237.354
100 801.065 10.3 241.4835
105 801.675 9.7 217.2315
110 802.075 9.4 205.578
115 802.025 9.4 205.578
120 800.815 10.6 254.082
125 799.945 11.4 289.218
130 800.175 11.3 284.7035
135 799.775 11.6 298.352
140 800.285 11.2 280.224
145 800.125 10.8 262.656
150 800.155 11.2 280.224
155 798.605 12.7 351.0915
160 796.725 14.5 446.5275
165 794.465 17 597.89
170 792.215 19.3 756.4635
175 791.265 20.1 815.9595
180 792.43 19 734.73
185 791.76 19.7 785.9315
190 791.79 19.6 778.512
195 791.902 19.5 771.1275
200 792.035 19.4 763.778
205 792.77 18.7 713.3115
210 792.915 18.5 699.2075
215 793.81 17.5 630.7875
220 793.32 18 664.56
225 793.71 17.6 637.472
230 793.665 17.7 644.1915
235 793.68 17.7 644.1915
240 793.7 17.7 644.1915
245 794 17.3 617.5235
250 794.495 17 597.89
255 794.855 16.5 565.8675
260 795.145 16.3 553.3035
265 795.53 15.9 528.5955
270 796.36 15 475.05

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275 797.48 14 418.88

280 798.785 12.7 351.0915
285 800.235 11.3 284.7035
290 802.135 9.3 201.7635
295 802.66 8.8 183.216
300 804.245 7.1 126.6995
305 805.8 5.7 87.7515
310 807.855 3.5 40.4075
315 808.755 2.7 27.3915
320 810.34 1 7.17
325 812.525 0 0
capacity of reservoir = 113049.4988 cub. M
Homogeneous earthen dam with

Type of Earthen dam Horizontal Drainage Blanket.
Top Width of dam 5.42 m

Upstream slope 1.5 : 1
Side slopes
Downstream slope 2:1
Free board 1.5 m
RL of TBL 811.5 m
RL of MWL 810 m
RL of FTL 809 m
Dead storage level(DSL) 805 m
Total Length in m 325 m
Max. Height 12.1 m
Reservoir capacity 113049.4988 m3
Benefit Single purpose conservation reservoir
Upstream side protection 50 cm thick stone revetment over
10cm thick gravel backing

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2.5 SPILLWAY: A spillway is a waterway provided to dispose of surplus flood waters

from a reservoir after it has been filled to its maximum capacity. Spillways are
invariably provided for all the dams and these acts as safety valves for the dams. A
spillway may be located either within the body of the dam or at one end of the dam
entirely away from the dam as an independent structure.
It is essential to provide a spillway of sufficient capacity (or outflow rate through the
spillway) so that surplus flood water is discharged keeping the water level in the
reservoir below some predetermined maximum level and no damage is caused to the
dam. A spillway of insufficient capacity may however lead over-topping of the dam
resulting in serious damage to the dam or in the failure of the dam. On the other hand an
over-estimation of the spillway capacity would result in an uneconomical design.
2.5.1 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SPILLWAY

The essential requirements of a spillway are as follows.
The spillway must have sufficient capacity.
It must be hydraulically and structurally adequate.
It must be so located that it provides safe disposal of water i.e., spillway discharges will
not erode or undermine the downstream toe of the dam.
The bounding surfaces of the spillway must be erosion resistant to withstand the high
scouring velocities created by the drop from the reservoir surface to tail water.
Usually some device will be required for dissipation of energy on the downstream side
of the spillway.
2.5.2 COMPONENTS OF SPILLWAY

The various components of a spillway are as described below.
Control Structure
The control structure is a major component of a spillway which regulates & controls the
outflows from the reservoir. It prevents outflows below fixed reservoir levels and allows
the flow of water when the water surface in the reservoir rises above the level. In most
of the cases the control structure consists of the weir which maybe sharp (or narrow)
crested, ogee shaped or broad crested. Further in order to regulate the flow of water from
the reservoir gates may be provided on the crest of the control structure.
Discharge Channel
The flow released through the control structure is usually conveyed to die stream bed
below the dam in a discharge channel or waterway. The main function of this is to
convey water safely from the reservoir downward to the river. The conveyance structure
may be the do~ face of the spillway, an open channel excavated along the ground
surface, a closed conduit placed through or under a dam, or a tunnel excavated through
an abutment.
2.5.3 Design of Vertical Drop Waste weir:

The design of vertical drop weir shown in fig. consists of the following parts.
Hydraulic calculations for fixing various elevations.

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Design of weir wall.

Design of impervious floor (or apron).
Design of protection works on downstream sides.
The following data must be known for the design of a vertical drop weir.
Maximum flood discharge (Q).
High flood level (H.F.L.) before construction of weir.
Downstream bed level.
Full supply level (F.S.L.) of canal taking off from the river.
Hydraulic calculations for fixing various elevations:
The length of the waterway weir i.e., L is calculated from Lacey’s regime formula
L  4.83 Q
Where, Q=Discharge in cumec
L=Length of the water way in meters
Calculate Maximum flood discharge by Ryve’s formula

Q = CA2/3
Where,
Q=Maximum flood discharge in cumec.
A=Area of catchment in km2 (assumed arbitrarily as 500hectares)
C=coefficient the values which for different regions are as follows:
SL NO. Region Value of c

1 Area within 24km from the coast 6.75
2 Area between 24km to 161km from the coast 8.45
3 Limited areas near hills 10.00
Q = 10×52/3=29.24cumec
Length of weir wall (L) = 4.83√29.24=26.117≈26m
Design of weir wall: The weir wall is usually trapezoidal in cross-section with either
both upstream & downstream faces inclined; or upstream face vertical & downstream
face inclined. The design of the weir wall involves the determination of its top & bottom
widths such that the section will be stable under the condition of maximum stress. In
general the condition of maximum pressure on a hydraulic structure is that in which the
head water is at the level of the crest of the weir or at the top of the crest shutters (if any)
& no water is flowing over the weir so that there is no water on the downstream side.
Type of weir wall: The weir is consists of horizontal floor and masonry crest with
concrete bed.
Dimension of the weir wall :

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Crest width of weir wall should be greater than 0.6 m, so the crest width is taken as
1.0m. Upstream side batter may be kept as 0.4H: 1V and the downstream side batter
should not be flatter than 1:1.The bottom width (B) of the weir wall should not be less
than
Where, d = head of water over the weir wall at the time of max., flood. I.e. 0.5m
H= height of weir.
G = Specific gravity of floor material. (For concrete 2.4)
Height of weir above foundation (H) = FTL –General GL
The general ground level or hard rock level is assumed to be 807.08m.
H =809m-807.08m== 1.92m
Design of impervious floor (or apron):

Downstream impervious floor or apron (L1):
Length of / side apron L1 = 2× d = 2× 1.92 0.5 = 4.84m≈4.9m
Thickness of / floor Bligh’s theory :
Downstream talus of rough stones:

Length of D/S talus of rough stones = 2.5× (H + d) = 2.5× (1.92+0.5) = 6.0m

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THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED WASTE WEIR IS

GIVEN BELOW:
Type of Waste Weir Cement Concrete
Top width (b) in m 1.0
Bottom width (B) in m 2.0
Free Board in m 0.5
Length of weir wall or water way in m 26.00
Height of weir wall above Floor level (H) in m 1.92
Downstream length of the impervious floor 4.90
Length of D/S floor in m 1.90m
Length of D/S talus of rough stone in m 6.0
Thickness of D/S apron (assumed) in m 0.50
Thickness of D/S floor (assumed) in m 0.80
Thickness of D/S talus of rough stone in m 0.50
2.6 IRRIGATION:
Irrigation may be defined as the process of supplying water to land by artificial means
for the purpose of cultivation. Ordinarily water is supplied to land by nature through rain
but generally it is not enough in the proper growth of plants. As such the basic objective
of irrigation is to supplement the natural supply of water to land so as to obtain an
optimum yield from the crop grown on the land.
In order to achieve this objective of irrigation, an irrigation system is required to be

developed, which involves planning, designing, construction, operation and maintenance
of various irrigation works viz., a source of water supply, a distribution system for
carrying water from the source to the agricultural land and its application on the land,
and various other associated works. An irrigation engineer is associated with every
phase of an irrigation system right from its inception and hence it is primarily his
responsibility to develop an efficient and economic irrigation system to suit the natural
condition and the potential of the region. Moreover, an irrigation engineer must also be
well versed with agricultural aspects to optimize the irrigation system. The technology
adopted by an irrigation engineer to develop a total irrigation system is termed as
irrigation engineering.
2.6.1 DUTY OF WATER AND DELTA:

Duty of water is the relation between the area of the land irrigated and the quantity of
water required to be supplied for growing a crop. It is usually defined as the area of land
in hectares which can be irrigated for growing any crop if one cumec (one cubic meter
per sec) of water supplied continuously to the land for the entire base period of the crop.
The duty of water expressed in hectares per cumec is convenient in the case of direct
flow irrigation from canals, because by knowing the duty of water and the area of the
land to be irrigated for growing crop, the required discharge for the canal can be
determined. The duty of water expressed in this manner is usually termed as flow duty
of water.

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Delta is defined as the total depth of water over the irrigated land required by a crop
grown on the entire base period of the crop. It is denoted by a symbol Δ Greek delta .
The delta for any may be determined by dividing the total quantity of water in hectare-
meters required by the crop for its growth by the area of the land in hectares over which
the crop is growing. Delta may be defined as the total water required by a crop for its
growth in hectare-meter per hectare.
2.6.2 CROP PERIOD AND BASE PERIOD:

Crop period is defined as the total time that elapses between the sowing of the crop and
its harvesting. Thus crop period represents the total time during which the crop remains
in the field. On the other hand base period is defined as the total time between first
watering done for the preparation of the land for sowing of a crop and the last watering
done before its harvesting. It is thus evident that the crop period is slightly more than the
base period for any crop. Both the crop period and the base period are expressed in days.
The consideration base period is essential for determining the total water requirement of
a crop.
2.6.3 RELATION BETWEEN DUTY OF WATER (D), DELTA (Δ),

BASE PERIOD (B):
Let, D be the duty of water on the field in hectares per cumec,
Δ is the delta or the total depth of water in meters, supplied to a crop growing on
the field during the entire base period and B is the base period of the crops in days.
or a field of area hectares corresponding to the depth of water Δ meters the quantity
of water supplied for growing a crop on the field.
= × Δ hectare-meter
= × Δ×104 m3 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1
Further for the same field of area D hectares for growing a crop on it if water is supplied
at the rate of 1 cumec for the entire base period of B days, then the total quantity of
water supplied to the field.
=1×B×24×60×60 m3
=8.64×104×B m3 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (2)
Equating (1) & (2). We get
× Δ×104 = 8.64×104×B
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (3)
The above equation gives a relation between duty of water, delta and base period of a
crop.

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2.6.4 FACTORS AFFECTING DUTY OF WATER:

The duty of water mainly depends on the following factors:
Type of crop.
Climatic condition of the area.
System of irrigation.
Quality of irrigation water.
Method of cultivation.
Time of irrigation and frequency of cultivation.
Type of soil and sub-soil of irrigated field.
Type of soil and sub-soil of the area through which canal passes.
Canal conditions.
Method of assessment of irrigation water rate.
Skill of the cultivator.
Topography of land.
Base period of crop.
2.6.5 COMMANDED AREAS AND INTENSITY OF IRRIGATION:

A commanded area is defined as the area which can be irrigated (or commanded) by a
canal system. The commanded areas may be classified as following.
a) GROSS COMMAND AREA (GCA):

The gross command area is defined as the total area which is defined as can be irrigated
by a canal system on the presumption that unlimited quantity of water is available. A
canal is usually aligned along water-shed in between two drainage valleys, so that water
can flow from it on both sides under gravity to the maximum possible area. However,
the area to which water can flow from a canal will be restricted drainage boundaries.
Thus the gross commanded area is the total area lying between the boundaries which can
be irrigated by a canal system. The entire gross commanded area is however not
culturable or cultivable because it also includes uncultivable or unculturable areas such
as habitation, roads, ponds, hillocks, barren land etc...
b) CULTURABLE COMMAND AREA (CCA):

The culturable commanded area is that portion of the gross commanded area which is
cultivable. Thus culturable commanded area may be obtained by subtracting the
unculturable area to the gross commanded area.
Thus CCA = GCA - Unculturable area.
The entire culturable commanded area is however never put under cultivation during any
crop due to following reasons.
The required quantity of water, manure, fertilizers etc… may not be available to
cultivate the culturable commanded area.
If the lands fallow i.e.… without cultivation for one or more crop seasons the fertility of
the soil increases.

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A portion of the land is required to be left uncultivated to serve as a pasture for the
cattle. The area under cultivation at any instant of time needs to be restricted to protect
the land water logging especially in areas where water table is high.
Thus during any crop season only a part of culturable commanded area is put under and
hence the culturable commanded area may be sub divided into two categories.
Culturable cultivated area:
It is that portion of the culturable commanded area which is actually cultivated during a
crop season.
Culturable uncultivated area:
It is that portion of the culturable commanded area which is not cultivated during a crop
season.
Intensity of irrigation:
The intensity of irrigation is defined as the percentage of the culturable commanded area
proposed to be annually. Usually the area irrigated during each crop season is expressed
as a percentage of the culturable commanded area which represents the intensity of
irrigation for the crop the season. By adding the intensities of irrigation for all the crop
season the yearly intensity of irrigation may be obtained.
2.6.6 KOR WATERING, KOR DEPTH AND KOR PERIOD:

The quantity of water required by a crop is applied through number of watering at
certain interval during the base period of the crop. However, the quantity of water
required to be applied during each of these watering is not same. In general for all the
crops during the first watering after the plants grown a few centimeters high, the
quantity of water required is more than that during the subsequent watering. The first
watering after the plants have grown a few centimeters high is known as kor watering
and the depth of water applied during this watering is known as kor depth. The kor
watering must be done in a limited period which is known as kor period. Since during
kor watering certain quantity of water is to be applied in a relatively short duration, the
discharge capacity of the canal supplying irrigation water as to be maximum during this
period.
CUMEC DAY: The total quantity of water flowing for one day at the rate of 1 cumec is
known as cumec day. One cumec day is equal to 8.64 hectare-meters.
CROP RATIO: It is defined as a ratio of the areas of the land irrigated (or anticipated
to be irrigated) during the two main crop seasons viz., rabi and kharif. Thus it is also
sometimes called Rabi-Kharif ratio.
CAPACITY FACTOR: Canal is designed for certain maximum discharge capacity, but
it need not carry the same discharge at all the times. As such the ratio of the mean
supply discharge of a canal for certain duration to its maximum discharge capacity is
defined as capacity factor.

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2.7 CANAL IRRIGATION:

A canal is an artificial channel constructed to carry water from a river or tank or
reservoir for various purposes such as irrigation, power generation, navigation etc…
The canals are usually designated according to the purpose for which they are
constructed as irrigation canals, power canals, navigation canals etc.
2.7.1 CLASSIFICATION OF CANAL BASED ON ALIGNMENT:

According to alignment the irrigation canals may be classified as
1. Ridge canal or watershed canal: The canal in which is aligned along the ridge or the
natural watershed line. When the canal runs on a watershed it can irrigate areas on both
side and hence a large area can be cultivation i.e., the canal has a higher command area.
Further no drainage can intersect a ridge line or water shed line, as all the drainage flows
away from the ridge line, the ridge canal does not cross drainage line and hence for this
canal cross drainage works are not required to be provided. Thus ridge canal is quite
economical.
2. CONTOUR CANAL: The canal in which is aligned nearly the parallel to the
contours of the country. It can irrigate area only one side. As the ground level on the
other side is higher so it is not necessary to construct the bank on that side. Such a canal
with only one bank is known as single bank canal. However when both the banks are
provided it is known as double bank canal. A contour canal has to cross drainage and
hence for this canal cross drainage work is required to be provided.
3. SIDE SLOPE CANAL: A canal in which is aligned at right angles to the contours of
the country. Thus it is neither on the watershed nor in valley but it is somewhere in
between the two slope along the valley. As this canal is nearly parallel to the natural
drainage of the country it does not intercept drainage and hence cross-drainage works
are not required.
2.7.2 CANAL ALIGNMENT:

For the alignment of the irrigation canal following consideration are made.An irrigation
canal should be aligned in such a way that maximum area is irrigated with the least
length of channel and its cost, including the cost of cross drainage works is minimum.
The canal section should be aligned along a ridge or watershed can irrigate areas on both
sides and hence large area can be brought under cultivation. As far as possible the canal
should be aligned along the ridge or watershed.
The main canal takes of some from the river some points from where it must be taken to
mount the watershed or ridge in the area. The portion of the canal between the points
where it takes off from the river to the point where it mounts the watershed usually in
heavy cutting and also in this portion the number of cross drainage works will be
required to be constructed which will make this portion of the canal is very expensive.
Once a canal is aligned along a watershed it will be generally kept on watershed.

However, if the watershed takes a sharp loop between some points. Then considerable
length of canal can be saved if it is aligned straight instead of following the watershed.

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This necessitates some cross drainage works. Also in this reach the canal will be able to
irrigate areas only on the side of the canal. The watershed may also have to be
abandoned in order to bypass towns or villages located on the watershed.
In hilly areas it may not be possible to align the canal along the watershed or ridge. This
is so because in the hills the river flows in the valley below, while the watershed or the
ridge may be hundreds of liters above it. it would not be economically feasible to take
the canal on top of such a ridge. The canal will thus be aligned as a contour canal.
As far as possible to avoided the curves in the alignment of canals because of the curves
to lead to disturbance of flow and a tendency to silt on the inside and scour on the
outside of the curves.
The alignment of the canal should be such that idle length of the canal is Minimum.
The canal alignment should be as far as possible a balanced depth of cutting and filling
is achieved.
The alignment should be made in a rocky, brackish or cracked stratum.
The alignment should be such that the canal crosses the natural stream where the stream
is straight with minimum waterway.
2.7.3 Design of canal:

For irrigation canal the quantity of water conveyed it is obtained by knowing the gross
command area during kharif and rabi. The CCA is taken as 75% of GCA
The gross command area under the project for irrigation is about 2500hectares. The
cultivable area of SS Ghati village is about 75% of GCA.
Cultivable command area,
IRRIGATION INTENSITIES
CROP INTENSITIES AREA in hectares
Paddy 50% 937.5
Jowar 10% 187.5
Wheat 25% 468.75
Vegetable 15% 281.25
DATA FOR CALUCULATION OF DUTY OF WATER:

CROPS AREA in SOWING HARVESTING BASE DELTA
hectares TIME TIME PERIOD
KHARIF CROPS:
Paddy 937.5 June-July Sept to Oct 120 0.9
Jowar 468.75 June-July Sept to Oct 120 0.3
RABI CROPS:
Wheat 187.5 Oct-Nov Mar-Apr 180 0.375
Vegetables 281.25 Oct Feb 150 0.75

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CALUCULATION OF DUTY:
Where, B=Kor period

Δ=Kor epth of water
CROPS DUTY (D) DISCHARGE

Paddy 1152 0.814
Jowar 3456 0.054
Wheat 4147.2 0.113
Vegetables 1728 0.163
TOTAL DISCHARGE 1.144
Add 20% Extra Seepage Losses 1.344
For design of irrigation canal in non alluvial soil formation the Economical depth will be
utilized in which the area of cross section in filling will be equal to area of cross section
in cutting.
A trapezoidal section is taken to design the canal and the side slopes of the canals are
assumed as, 2H: 1V in cutting and in filling 1.5H: 1V.
The Longitudinal or bed slope of the canal will be obtained after draw the longitudinal
section along the centre line.
PORTION 1: After study the longitudinal or profile of the canal is necessary to design
as fully filling from sluice tank to 165m distance.
Let, the longitudinal slope be 1inS i.e. 1in1000 from the Longitudinal profile of ground.
For trapezoidal cross section:
rea = B my ×y
Where, m=2 for filling
As per IS, the rigid concrete lined channels the Manning’s coefficient n = 0.014 and
Assume allowable velocity varies 1.0m/sec to 2.0m/sec for rigid concrete lined channels.
Therefore V= 1.0m/sec.
y
R=
= 0.6435 ≈0.65m
B = 0.80m
= 0.6435 ≈0.65m
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2015-16
PORTION 2: After 165m distance from the sluice tank canal drop necessary, due to
chainage of elevation. After 165m Distance the level of the ground is Economical depth
will be utilized in which the area of cross section in filling will be equal to area of cross
section in cutting.
For most economical trapezoidal channel section
Where, m=1.5
We know that, for trapezoidal channel section

rea = B my ×y
=0.606y 1.5y
=2.106y
y
= 0.7413≈0.75m
2.7.4 Design of sluice Tank:

Sill level at sluice = 805.0 m
The gross command area under the project for irrigation is about 2500hectares. The
cultivable area of SS Ghati is about the 75% of the gross command area. The sluice tank
is designed to draw the normal water requirement.
Area under Rabi 40% of the CCA

=750hectares
Where, B=Kor period (4weeks)

Δ=Kor epth of water 14cms
Duty of water (D) or Outlet factor =1728hectare/cumec.

utlet ischarge =
Design of Vent way:
Average flow water level in the tank =807m
Head of water a flow above sill level for drawing supplies
= Average flow water level in the tank – Sill level of sluice
=807-805
=2.0m

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However the sluice opening is designed to draw the normal water requirement with a
driving head of 0.50m
Area of vent way...
=Cd
0.4352=
= m
The opening is designed as circular type.
d
=
d
0.2031=
d=0.50m
Provide Barrel of minimum size of 0.60m×0.75m. with 0.5m dia. Of circular opening at
the entrance of the barrel well or tower head.
RCC slab is designed for carry soil and self weight of slab. Side walls are acting on
abutments and resist the lateral earth pressure and weight of earth.
The minimum size is required for inspection and repairs so opening is controlled by gate
or mechanical regulator.
DESIGN OF SLUICE BARREL:

It consists of cement concrete foundation bed, RCC roof slab and Size Stone masonry
wall.
Thickness of wall = 0.50m
Bearing of RCC slab = 0.20m
Bottom thickness of wall = 0.75m
The top of the foundation bed is kept at Sill level and bottom is 0.5m thick below the
Sill level. i.e. 805-0.50=804.5m
The RL of bottom of cement concrete bed is 804.5 i.e. HRL
RCC roof slab will resting on masonry side walls, the roof slab is either Reinforced
cement concrete or pre-cast slab.
DESIGN OF TOWER HEAD: The regulating arrangement for gate is provided in well
or tower head is kept 0.3m above MWL i.e.810+0.3=810.3m.
The tower head is rest on the cement concrete bed internal diameter is assumed 1.20m
and the thickness of the top width of tower head sidewall is 0.45m and the thickness is
increases 0.6m towards bottom, stone pitching with water cushion and earth slope
around the tower head.
2.7.5 CANAL DROP:

A fall is a structure constructed across a channel to permit lowering down of its water
level and dissipate the surplus energy possessed by the falling water which may
otherwise scour the bed and banks the channel.

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NECESSITY AND LOCATION OF FALLS:

When the natural slope of the ground over which canal is to be constructed is greater
than the designed bed slope of the channel, the difference in the slopes is adjusted by
providing vertical falls or drops in the bed of the channel at suitable intervals. The
location of fall is decided according to various considerations as indicated below.
A fall may be provided at a location where the FSL of the channel outstrips the ground
level but before the bed of the channel comes into filling.
A falls should be so located that as far as possible there is no loss of the commanded
area of the channel.
The location of a fall may also be affected by the possibility of combining it with a
regulator or a bridge or some other structures. Such combinations often results in
economy.
DESIGN OF CANAL DROP:

DATA:
SL NO DESIGN-PARAMETERS U/S D/S
1 Full supply discharge 1.344cumec 1.344cumec
2 Full supply level 804.25 802.75
3 Full supply depth 2.0 1.9
4 Bed width 0.80 0.50
5 Bed level 802.25 800.85
6 Side slope 2:1 1.5:1
7 Hard soil level 804.5
Trapezoidal notch is preferred.

Height of drop = U/S FSL – D/S FSL
= 804.25-802.75
=1.5m
It is designed for free discharge
Full supply discharge Q100=1.344m3/sec
Half supply discharge Q50 =0.672m3/sec
Design of notch:
Minimum # of 2 notches should be provided. Notches are provided on the basis of full
discharge.
Providing 2 notches for 1.344 cumec
q100 = Q100/2=1.344/2=0.672m3/sec
q50 = Q50/2=0.672/2=0.336m3/sec
The discharge through trapezoidal notch is given by

q100 = 2.067×y3/2 × (L+0.4ny)
0.672= 2.067× (2)3/2 × (L+0.4×2×2)
L = 1.48m

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Top width of notch = Bottom width of notch+ (1/3y)

= 1.48+ (0.33×2)
= 2.14m
Thickness of notch wall
= 0.5y=0.5×2=1m
Length of drop across the canal = 7/8 × U/S bed width=7/8×0.8=0.7m
Thickness of drop wall is usually 150 to 300mm more than that of thickness of notch
wall.
Therefore, thickness of drop wall =1.0+0.2 = 1.2m
PROTECTION WORKS:
DESIGN OF SOLID APRON:
Depth of water cushion
x y’ = 0.91 y √h
Where, y’ = depth of water on /
x = 0.5m
Thickness of solid apron T = ½ √ y h = ½ ×√ 2+1.82) =0.97m
RL of bottom of apron = 804.5 - 0.50 – 0.97 =803.03m
Length of water cushion measured from drop wall

Lmax = 2y 2√ y × h
=7.81m
Lmin = y 2√ y × h
=6.0m
Provide L= 7.81m
Bottom width of drop wall

y
Where, H = 1.97m
=2.25 B = 2.64m
REVETMENT:
Length of U/S revetment =3 ×y = 6m
Length of D/S revetment = 4×(y + H) = 15.88m
PROTECTION WALLS:
ABUTMENTS:
Length of abutment may be kept same as the width of drop wall at foundation level i.e.
2.64m
Top width of abutment = 0.30m
Top level of abutment = 805.25m
Bottom of the abutment is kept on hard soil = 804.50m
The wall will have batter of 1in8.

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WING WALLS:
U/S wing wall is kept at level 805.25m
Top width of wing wall is 0.3m and it is splayed at 1: 1
Bottom of the U/S wing wall is kept at hard soil level 804.50m
D/S wing wall is kept at level 805.25m.
Top width of wing wall is 0.3m and it is splayed at 1: 3.
EARTHWORK CALCULATION OF CANAL
b n d
1 2 30
CHAINAGE HEIGHT
AREA IN sq.m. VOLUME OF CUTTING IN cub.m.
0 1.5 6
30 1.55 6.355
60 1.6 6.72
90 1.6 6.72
120 1.7 7.48
150 1.75 7.875
180 1.75 7.875
210 1.75 7.875
3593.1
240 1.8 8.28
270 1.85 8.695
300 1.9 9.12
330 1.8 8.28
360 1.85 8.695
390 1.9 9.12
420 1.9 9.12
450 1.9 9.12

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WATER
SUPPLY
AND
SANITARY
PROJECT

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3.0 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY PROJECT
3.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT LEADING TO THE DEMAND

OF PROJECT:
Ghati Subramanya is a small holy place located about 60km from Bangalore city. As a
pilgrimage center, since many pilgrims visiting this place have been increasing day by
day, an acute shortage of water is silt. The existing and future population is taken into
account and project is designed for a period of 30 years expanded in stages at 10 years
intervals.
3.2 GENERAL FEATURES

The present area served is the only the main Ghati village located around the temple.
Water is not available to individual houses and rural areas located to southwest of the
temple. The Ghati village is located on a rolling terrain, sloping towards the south, on
the northern side. The topography is very hilly, rainfall is not very certain in its duration.
Objectives:
Examining the sources of water supply and calculation of required quantity of water
based on existing & projected population.
Preparing village map and locating sites for ground level overhead tanks.
To formulate and design water supply scheme to SS GHATI, considering water
available from old tank which is the main source of supply.
To ensure treated water availability at all times of year at adequate pressure.
3.3 SURVEYS CONDUCTED FOR THE PROJECT

Map study
Reconnaissance
Preliminary survey
Following are the survey work to be conducted
Longitudinal section and cross section of transmission main
Village traverse
Equipments required:
Chain Level and staff
Tape Alidade
Arrows Compass
Ranging rod Spirit level
Plane table Drawing papers with a rain proof cover.
Plumbing fork & plumb bob
3.4 POPULATION FORECAST

Present population of the village will be obtained by counting the number of dwelling
unit in the topographical map and assuming 5 to 6 persons/dwelling unit. For this
purpose a large scale topographical map of the village was prepared using field traverse
method at 1:1000 scale and 0.5m contour interval. This topographical map was utilized

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to compute the existing population. The topographical map was also used to plan the
layout of water supply pipe distribution system for the village.
Ghati village is an old village developed in an unorganized manner so the dead end
system pattern of water supply distribution has been considered for layout planning. The
water supply pipe has been laid in this pattern for the village. The details of pipe
distribution is marked and indicated on the topographical map assuming that the water in
the pipe lines will flow under gravity at the specified head needed for locations having
one to two storied dwelling units as specified in manual of water supply engineering.
For water supply components design periods.
Pump House 30years

Electric motors/pumps 15years
Water treatment units 15years
Pipe connection and conveyance 30years
Service reservoir 15years
Distribution pipe system 30years
Present population (P) = Number of dwelling units × (5to 6) persons

= 200×5
P =1000 persons
Incremental Increase Method:
Increase in
SL No. Year Population % increase in population
population
1 1996 700 -
2 2006 800 100
100
3 2016 1000 200
Total X = 150 Y = 100
Average per decade - 300/2=150

And - 200-100=100
Population forecast for 2026 = Pn+nX+((n(n+1))/2)*y
Population at end of 2026 - 1000+150+((1(1+1))/2)*100=1250
Population at end of 2036 - 1000+2(150)+((2(2+1))/2)*100=1600
Population at end of 2046 - 1000+3(150)+((3(3+1))/2)*100=2050
The population of S.S. Ghati can be taken as 2050 in the year 2046.

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3.4.1 Floating Population:
Daily pilgrims 200
Marriage party 100
Education camp 100
Total 400
3.4.2 DESIGN OF RISING MAIN
Per capita rate of supply
Human and Cattle 135 liters/day/person
Quantity required per day
Human and Cattle [2050+400]×135 =330750 liters/day
Total quantity of water 330750 liters/day (330.75 m3/day)
1.8 × 330.75 = 595.35 m3/d

Assuming maximum daily water demand
to be 1.8 times average demand 595.35
 0.0068 m3 / s
24  60  60
Assuming that the pump is operated only for 8 hours a day

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 24 
Therefore maximum daily demand 0.0068     0.0204 m3 / s
 8 
Economical Diameter of pipe is given by,

Q 0.1428m say 15cm
D = 0.97 to 1.22 , (Taking 1)
Actual velocity of flow 1.16 m/s
3.4.3DESIGN OF PUMP
Distance from clear water reservoir to high level L = 1900 m

distribution reservoir
Distance from clear water reservoir to proposed L1 = 60 m

treatment plant
Distance from proposed treatment plant to high level L2 = 1840 m
distribution reservoir
R L at clear water reservoir 814.61 m

R L at proposed treatment plant site 820.61 m
R L at high level distribution reservoir 868.416 m
Static head, Hst 820.61-814.61=6 m
Delivery head from treatment plant to distribution 868.416-820.61=47.806 m
reservoir (Elevated type)
From Source to Treatment Plant

Assuming coefficient of friction as 0.0067
Head loss due to friction in pipe given by Darcy-Weishbach
4 fLV 2
Hf 
2 gD
4  0.0067  60 1.162
Hf 
2  9.81 0.150
H f  0.735 m

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V2
Velocity head, Vh 
2g
1.16 2
Vh 
2  9.81
Vh  0.068 m
Total Head loss, H  6  (0.735  0.068)  6.803 m
Assuming pump efficiency as 70 % power required to run the pump

QH
P
75
0.0204 1000  6.803
BHP 
75  0.70
BHP  2.64 HP
To Find Gradient (From Source to Treatment Plant )
Using azen’s Williams formula

V  0.85CH R 0.63 S 0.54
V
 S 0.54 
0.85CH R 0.63
Where, CH = Coefficient of Hydraulic Capacity (For Concrete pipe CH = 130)

D 0.150  0.0375 m
R = Hydraulic mean depth 4 for circular pipes i.e. 4
V = Velocity of flow (Assume 1.2 m/s)

S = Slope of energy line.
V  0.85C H R 0.63 S 0.54

V
 S 0.54 
0.85C H R 0.63
1.20
S 0.54 
0.85 130  0.03750.63
S 0.54  0.086
S  0.0106
Therefore provide a gradient of 1 in 95

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From Treatment Plant to storage tank (over head tank)

Assuming coefficient of friction as 0.0067
Head loss due to friction in pipe given by Darcy-Weishbach
4 fLV 2
Hf 
2 gD
4  0.0067 1840 1.162
Hf 
2  9.81 0.150
H f  22.54 m
Velocity head,
V2
Vh 
2g
1.16 2
Vh 
2  9.81
Vh  0.068 m
Total Head loss, H  47.806  (22.54  0.068)  93.503 m
Assuming pump efficiency as 70 % power required to run the pump

QH
P
75
0.0204 1000  93.503
BHP 
75  0.70
BHP  36.33 HP
3.5 DESIGN OF TREATMENT UNITS

The layout of the treatment plant is shown in drawing. Care has been taken that gravity
flow occurs from one unit to the other by observing the elevation difference at the outlet
of each component of treatment plant and fixing the inlet of the next treatment plant
accordingly.
3.5.1 Design of Screens
Intake is designed to work for 8 hours per day and screens are designed for maximum
daily demand.
595.35
 0.0206 m3 / s
Flow through intake, 8  60  60
Assuming V = 0.1 m/sec

Q 0.0206
  0.206m 2
Area of screens, V 0.1
Provide 2 screens for each penstock entrance

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0.206
 0.103 m 2
Area of each screen, 2
Diameter of each circular screen
(0.103  4) /   0.362 m
3.5.2 Design of sump
The sump can act as pre-sedimentation tank to remove 0.1mm and above particle size.
The side slope of sump is 10% towards the center so as to facilitate cleaning manually.
Assume Water depth as 2.5m and 0.5m as free board.
Total Depth of sump = 3m
capacity of sump (m3)

Surface area Depth(m)
595.35

2.5
 238.14m 2
L×B = surface area
L: B=3:1
L = 3×B
3B×B = 238.14
B = 8.91 m
⇒L = 26.73 m
Q
Actual over flow rate 
L B
895.35
Actual over flow rate   3.76m 3 / m 2 / day
8.91 26.73
3.5.3 Design of sedimentation tank:
Max. Water to be treated in 24 hours = 895.35x103 lit/d
Quantity of water to be treated during the detention period of 4 hours
895.35 103
  4  149.225 103 litre  149.225m3
24
Velocity of floe to be maintained through the tank = 0.2 m/minute
The length of the tank required = velocity of flow × detention period

= 0.2 x (4 x 60) = 48 m
Cross sectional area of the required = (149.225 / 48) = 3.108 m2 say 3.11 m2
Assuming water depth in the tank to be 1.5 m
Width of the tank = 3.11 / 1.5 = 2.07 m = 2.1 m
Using a free board of 0.5 m
The overall size of the tank = 48 x 2.1 x 2.0 m
Check for overflow rate for surface loading =Discharge per unit plan area
=Q/(L*B)=(595.35x10^3)/(48x2.1)=5906.25 lit/hr/m22
L  B D

Actual detention time Q

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2015-16
Where, Q is in m3/hr
48  2.1 2
  8.23hr
Actual detention time 24.48
Q

Actual velocity L  H
24.48
  0.255m / min
Actual velocity 48  2
3.5.4 Disinfection:
Bleaching powder is used as a disinfectant.
Dosage of chlorine is 0.3 mg/liter
Amount of chlorine required
0.3  595.35 1000
 0.178kg / day
106
The Chlorine content in bleaching powder = 30 %
Amount of bleaching powder required
0.178 100
 0.593 kg / day
30
Amount consumption of bleaching powder
0.593 365  216.445
Hence annual bleaching powder consumption is 217 kg/year.
The bleaching powder is mixed with water and the solution is fed into disinfection unit
for mixing with raw water to achieve disinfection and to maintain residual chlorine of
0.1mg/liter.
Capacity of the distribution tank:

The capacity of the distribution tank for construction is decided depending upon the
daily requirement of water in liter.
The water is drawn from the distribution reservoir as below: TABLE
TIME DAILY DEMAND

7AM – 8AM 30%
8AM – 5PM 35%
5PM – 6:30PM 30%
6:30PM – 7PM 5%
The pumping is done into the tank for 8hrs. From 8AM to 4PM.

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TABLE:
water draw from the distribution reservoir Water cumulative water

Time quantity of water in % quantity quantity
7:00AM
30 178605 178605
8:00AM
8:00AM
35 208372.5 386977.5
17:00PM
17:00PM
30 178605 565582.5
18:30PM
18:30PM 595350
5 29767.5
19:00PM

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HIGWAY
PROJECT

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2015-16
4.0 TRANSPORTATION:
INTRODUCTION
Transportation contributes to the economic, industrial, social and cultural development
of any country. Transportation is very vital for economic development of any region
since every commodity produced needs transportation at all stages from production to
distribution.
Inadequate transportation at regions retards the process of socio-economic development
of the country. The adequacy of transportation systems of a country indicates the degree
of development of the country. In developing country like INDIA where 75% of the
population resides in villages and hence the development of the urban alone does not
indicate the overall development of the country.
4.1 ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPORTATION:

Advancement of the country.
Economic prosperity and general development of the country.
Strategic movement in an emergency for defense and in law and order situations.
4.2 HIGHWAY PLANNING:

Objectives:
To plan a road network for efficient and safe traffic operation, but at minimum cost
To arrive at the road system which could provide maximum utility
To fix up data wise priorities for development of each road link
To plan for future requirements and improvements of road in view of anticipated
developments
To work out financing systems
4.3 PLANNING SURVEY:

It involves
Economic studies
Financial studies
Traffic or road use studies
Engineering studies
4.4 BASIC REQUIREMENT OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT:

Short
Easy
Safe
Economical
4.5 FACTORS CONTROLLING ALIGNMENT

Obligatory point
Traffic
Geometric design
Economics
Other considerations
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4.6 HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN:

The geometric of a highway should be designed to provide optimum efficiency in traffic
operations with maximum safety at a reasonable cost. Hence the geometric design of
highway which deals with the dimension and layout of visible features of the highway
such as alignment, sight distances and intersections are very essential.
Geometric design of highway deals with the elements given below.
Cross section elements
Sight distance considerations
Horizontal alignment
Vertical alignment and
Intersection elements
Cross section elements:
The cross section elements takes into consideration the characteristics of pavement
surface, friction, pavement, unevenness, light reflecting characteristics, camber and
other factors.
Sight distance:
The sight distance consideration deals with the calculation of the super elevation
required, radius of the curve to be provided etc for the given design speed.
The portion or all the layout of the centerline of the highway on the ground is called the
alignment. The horizontal alignment includes the straight path, the horizontal deviation
and curves changes in gradient and vertical curves are covered under vertical alignment
of roads.
The main aim of alignment is to connect two important stations through an obligatory
station by constructing new road. Sometimes it is necessary to realign the existing road
to standards as specified by IRC, so as to cater to the traffic demands. The basic
requirement of an ideal alignment between two terminal stations is that it should be
short, safe, easy and economical. The alignment should be such that it would offer
minimum population and products.
4.7 ENGINEERING SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT

Before a highway alignment is finished in highway project, various engineering surveys
are to be carried out and drawings have to be prepared before implementation.
The stages of the engineering surveys are

Transport planning survey
Reconnaissance survey
Preliminary survey
Final survey
Soil survey and analysis
Drainage survey
Pavement design
Transport planning survey:

This includes traffic survey and highway inventory (studying the existing pavement),
geometric and accident studies. Traffic surveys conducted in the region from the basis
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for deciding the number of traffic lanes and roadway width, pavement design and
economic analysis of highway project.
Reconnaissance survey:
This carried out to examine the general character of the area for deciding the most
feasible routes for detailed study. Reconnaissance starts with the field inspection by
along the proposed routed or area where the road is proposed. All information, which
affects the geometric design, is noted down. Gradients, drainage requirements etc,
This survey helps to identify two or three alternatives connecting the two station points
through an obligatory point with this key plan or index map is prepared indicating all
features collected.
Preliminary survey:
This is carried out to collect all the physical information, which is necessary in
connections with highway alignment. The main objective is to estimate the quality of
earthwork materials and other construction aspects and to work out the cost of
alternative proposals. This is generally carried out to know the alignment detains by
traverse rising plane table and compass.
Final survey:
This is conducted to work out the details of longitudinal and cross sectional profile. This
also helps to fix up the centerline of the selected alignment and to collect the additional
data for the preparation of drawings.
DESIGN TABLES
Table 4.a Terrain Classification
SL No. Terrain Cross Slope
1. Plain 0 - 10%
2. Rolling 10 - 25%
3. Mountainous 25 - 60%
4. Steep > 60%
Table 4.b Gradients for Various Terrains:

Gradient Plain / Rolling Mountainous Steep
Ruling 1 in 30 1 in 20 1 in 15
Limiting 1 in 20 1 in 15 1 in 14.3
Exceptional 1 in 15 in 14.3 1in 12.5
Table 4.c Design Speed & Radii for Hill Roads:

Plain Rolling Mountainous Steep
Particulars
Ruling Min Ruling Min Ruling Min Ruling Min
Speed
80 65 65 50 40 30 30 20
(Kmph)
Radius (m) 230 155 155 90 50 30 30 14

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Table 4.d Safe Stopping Sight Distances for Different Speeds:

Design
speed 30 40 50 60 65 80 100
(kmph)
S.S.D
30 45 60 80 90 120 180
(m)
SIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATION

Horizontal curves, super elevations, extra, widening at curves, vertical curves (summit
and valley), right distances requirements, longitudinal drains, cross drainage works are
included in the design methods. The IRC recommended values and standards are
presented below:
TABLE 4.e:
Hill road
Type of Road
Width of carriage way 7 m (double lane)
Roadway width 10 m
Land width 25 m (Open area)
Terrain type Rolling (10 - 25%)
Rainfall Light intensity
Thin Bituminous surface (Assumed 0.3m thick as per

Pavement
IRC)
Design speeds (Kmph) 60
Side drains Rectangular Type 0.5×0.5m
NOTE:
For speed 60 kmph longitudinal Coefficient of friction (f) is 0. 15.
Super elevation e = 0.070 (maximum).
Camber 1 in 40 (2.5 %) depends on rainfall.
Safe stopping sight distance for design speed of 60 kmph is 80m.
Minimum overtaking sight distance is 45m is necessary.
For a design speed of 60kmph and 2.5% camber (1in40).

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4.8 Curves: Curves can be classified as follows:

Horizontal curves.
Simple curve.
Compound curve.
Reverse curve.
Transition curve.
Vertical curve.
Valley curve.
Summit curve.
4.9 SUPER ELEVATION:
Super elevation to be provided on curves is calculated from the following formula.

V
e
R
Where, e= super elevation
v= design speed in km/h
R= radius of the curve in meter.
The change over from normal section to super elevation should be achieved gradually
over the full length of the transition curve so that the design super elevation is available
at the starting point of the circular curve.
4.10 MINIMUM CURVE RADII:

On a horizontal curve, the combined effect of super elevation and side friction balance
the centrifugal force. The basic equation for this condition of equilibrium is:
v
R
(Or)
V
e f
Where,
V = Vehicle speed in m/s v = vehicle speed in km/h
G = Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
e = Ratio of super elevation
f = Co-efficient of side friction between vehicle tyres and pavement. (Taken as 0.15)
Radii for horizontal curves corresponding to ruling minimum and absolute minimum
design speeds are shown in the Table:

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4.12 MINIMUM RADIUS OF HORIZONTAL CURVES FOR

VARIOUS CLASSES OF HILL ROADS: TABLE 4.f
Sl. Mountainous terrain Steep terrain
No. Road classification Ruling Min ruling Min
1 National & State highways 50 40 40 30
2 Major district roads 40 30 30 20
3 Other district roads 30 25 25 20
4 Village roads 25 20 25 20
Also, if the deviation angle is less than 1° then horizontal curve is not required at such
places.
4.13 Widening OF ROAD AT CURVES:

At sharp horizontal curves, it is necessary to widen the carriageway to facilitate safe
passage of vehicles. The widening required has two components.
‘Mechanical widening’ to compensate the extra width occupied by a vehicle on the
curve due to tracking of the rear wheels, and
‘Psychological widening’, it easy crossing of vehicles since vehicle in a lane tend to
wander more on a curve than on a straight reach.
Based on the above considerations, the extra width of carriageway to be provided at
horizontal curves on single and two-lane roads is given in the table.
Extra Width of Pavement for Horizontal Curves: TABLE 4.g

Radius of Up to 20 21 to 40 41 to 60 61 to 100 101 to 300 Above 300
curve (m)
Two lane 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 Nil
Single 0.9 0.6 0.6 Nil Nil Nil

lane
4.14 SET-BACK DISTANCE AT HORIZONTAL CURVES

Requisite sight distance should be available across the inside of horizontal curves. Lack
of visibility in the lateral direction may arise due to obstructions like walls, cut slopes,
wooded areas, high crops etc.., Set-back distance from the centre line of the carriageway
within which the offending obstructions should be cleared to ensure the needed visibility
can be determined.
The set-back distance is calculated from the following equation:
M=R-(R- ×Cos θ
Where,
M= the minimum set-back distance from the centre line of the road to sight obstruction
in meters at the middle of the road
R= centre line of the road in meters.
D= distance between the centre line of the road and the inside lane in meters.
S= sight distance in meters.

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2015-16
For applying the above relationship, sight distance is measured along the middle of inner
lane. However on single-lane roads, sight distance is measured along centre line of the
carriageway and ‘ ’ is taken as zero.
TABLE 4.h
Radius of Set back distances in metres
circle curves S+20 m S+20 m S+20 m S+20 m S+20 m
(m) (v+20km/h) (v+25km/h) (v+30km/h) (v+40km/h) (v+50km/h)
14 3.4 - - - -
15 3.2 - - - -
20 2.4 3.8 - - -
23 2.1 3.3 - - -
30 1.5 2.6 3.7 - -
33 1.0 2.31 3.4 - -
50 - 1.6 2.2 5.0 -
60 - 1.3 1.9 4.2 -
80 - 1.0 1.4 3.1 5.6
100 - 0.8 1.1 2.5 4.5
120 - 0.7 0.9 2.1 3.7
150 - 0.5 0.8 1.7 2.3
TRANSITION CURVES:
Spiral curve should be used for transitions. These are necessary for smooth entry of
vehicles from a straight section into a circular curve. The transition curves also improve
aesthetic appearance of the road, besides permitting gradual application of the super
elevation and extra widening at curves. Minimum length of transition curves for various
radii is given in the table.
MINIMUM TRANSITION LENGTH FOR DIFFERENT SPEEDS

AND CURVE RADll: TABLE 4.i:
Curve Design speed (km/h)
radius (m) 50 40 30 25 20
15 NA 30
20 35 20
25 NA 25 20
30 30 25 15
40 NA 25 20 15
50 40 20 15 15
55 40 20 15 15
70 NA 30 15 15 15
80 55 25 15 15 NA
90 45 25 15 15

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2015-16
100 45 20 15 15
125 35 15 15 NA
150 30 15 15 15
170 25 15 NA
200 20 15
300 15 NA
400 15
500 NA
The above table indicates the horizontal curves without transition curves.
In such cases, the super-elevation is provided as follows.
First, calculate the length of transition curve though it is not provided.
Let L= length of transition curve
Also, calculate the amount of super-elevation E, to be provided.

Now, 2/3E is provided at the straight portion in a length equal to 2/3L, also a remaining
1/3E is provided in the curved portion in a length equal to 1/3E
In a similar way the calculated extra widening We is also provided, i.e., 2/3We in the
straight portion and 1/3We in the curved portion.
Also, the extra widening is introduced on the inner side of the curve for curves without
transition curves also in hilly roads.
4.15 Design of horizontal curves:

GENERAL:
In general horizontal curves should consist of a circular portion flanked by spiral
transitions, at both ends. Design speed, super elevation and coefficient of side friction
affect the design of circular curves.
Minimum radius curves should be adopted only when absolutely necessary at reverse
curves, sufficient gap should be ensured between the two curves for introduction of the
requisite transition curves. Compound curve may be used only when it is impossible to
fit in a single circular curve.
Horizontal curves details:
Design speed V=60kmph

SSD = 0.278vt+ (v²/254×f) = 78.99 m, as per Indian standards SSD is taken as 80m and
OSD taken as 45m is necessary.
Where, f=0.38 for 60kmph.

Super elevation e = v²/225×R
Length of curve L : L= π× R× Δ/180
Minimum radius R min = 0.008×v2/(e + f)
Where, f=0.15
eflection angle, Δ/2= 180× /2×π× R-D)
D=7/2=3.5m

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Curve Chainage at Chainage at Deflection Radius Curve

Description PC in m. PT in m. Angle ()in (R)in m. Length (L)
degrees in m.
HC - 1 150 284.826 750 103 134.826
HC – 2 398.301 516.05 510 30’ 131 117.748
HC - 3 591.05 675 370 130 83.95
WIDENING OF ROAD AT CURVES:

At sharp horizontal curves, it is necessary to widen the carriageway to facilitate safe
passage of vehicles. The widening required has two components.
‘Mechanical widening’ to compensate the extra width occupied by a vehicle on the
curve due to tracking of the rear wheels, and
‘Psychological widening’, it easy crossing of vehicles since vehicle in a lane tend to
wander more on a curve than on a straight reach.
We = Wm + Wps
We = nl2/2R + V/[9.5R0.5]
Here, n = no of traffic lanes = 2

L = length of wheel base = 6 m
V = design speed in kmph = 60 kmph
R = radius of horizontal curve in m
Referring all the tables and formulas from the preceding sheets & the drawings from the
survey conducted the following values recommended in the table.
Curve From Curve Super Elevation Extra widening of

No. Chainage radius Road at curves
To Chainage
HC – 1 150-290 103 12.5% 0.972
HC – 2 390-520 131 6.63% 0.827
HC - 3 590-675 130 6.8% 0.83
4.16 Design of vertical curves :

Valley curves (VC)
The length of v alley curve;
For comfort condition
 
1
L  0.38  N  V 3 2

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2015-16
Where, L = Total length of valley curve

N = deviation angle
V = design speed in Kmph
L
R
The minimum radius; 2N
For safe stopping sight distance condition
L > SSD
N S2
L
(1.5  0.035  S )
Where, S = SSD in m
L < SSD
(1.5  0.035  S )
L 2S 
N
Summit curves
For safe stopping sight distance condition
L > SSD
N S2
L
4.4
Where, S = SSD in m
L < SSD
4.4
L 2  S 
N
For safe over taking sight distance condition
NS 2
L
L > OSD 8 H
Where, S = OSD in m
L < OSD
8 H
L 2  S 
N
4.17 DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

Flexible pavements are so named because the total pavement structure deflects, or
flexes, under loading. A flexible pavement structure is typically composed of several
layers of materials. Each layer receives loads from the above layer, spreads them out,
and passes on these loads to the next layer below. Thus the stresses will be reduced,
which are maximum at the top layer and minimum on the top of subgrade. In order to
take maximum advantage of this property, layers are usually arranged in the order of
descending load bearing capacity with the highest load bearing capacity material (and
most expensive) on the top and the lowest load bearing capacity material (and least
expensive) on the bottom

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Design traffic
The design traffic is considered in terms of the cumulative number of standard axles in
the lane carrying maximum traffic during the design life of the road. This can be
computed using the following equation:
(3)
where is the cumulative number of standard axles to be catered for the design in
terms of million standards axle (msa), is the initial traffic in the year of completion
of construction in terms of the number of commercial vehicles per day, is the lane
distribution factors, is the vehicle damage factor, is the design life in years,
and is the annual growth rate of commercial vehicles ( =-0.075 if growth rate is 7.5
percent per annum). The traffic in the year of completion is estimated using the
following formula:
(4)
where P is the number of commercial vehicles as per last count, and x is the number of
ears between the last count and the year of completion between the last count and the
year of completion of the project
A = 450 CPVD (commercial vehicles per day)

r = 5%
n = 15 years
D = 0.5 min. requirement for MDR in 2 lane single carriage way
F = 1.5 for hilly terrain
N=(365 x 450 x ((1+.005)15-1) x 1.5 x 0.5 ) / 0.05 = 2.65 x 106 std axle
= 2.65 MSA
C B R value = 6%
As per IRC 37-2012, page no. 25
For granular base & granular sub base, thickness of pavement Is
Sub base = 175 mm
Base = 225 mm
Surface coarse, D B M = 50mm
B M = 20 mm
Total thickness = 470 mm

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FEATURES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT:
CBR VALUE 6%
THICKNESS OF SUB BASE COARSE 175 mm
THICKNESS OF BASE COARSE 225 mm
THICKNESS OF SURFACE COARSE
DBM 50 mm
BM 20 mm
TOTAL THOCKNESSS 470 MM
EARTH WORK CALCULATION

b n L
10 2 15
TOTAL
AREA IN VOLUME IN VOLUME IN
CHAINAGE HEIGHT CUTTING/FILLING Sq. Meters cub. Meters cub. Meters
0 0 F 0 0 0
15 3.3 F 54.78
30 3.6 F 61.92
45 3.9 F 69.42
60 4.2 F 77.28
75 4.3 F 79.98
90 4.4 F 82.72
105 3.9 F 69.42
12557.7 12557.7
120 3.6 F 61.92
135 3.8 F 66.88
150 3.9 F 69.42
165 3.8 F 66.88
180 3.5 F 59.5
195 2.3 F 33.58
210 0.8 F 9.28
225 0.75 C 8.625 112.5
240 1.65 C 21.945 247.5
255 2.05 C 28.905 307.5
5595
270 1.85 C 25.345 277.5
285 1.25 C 15.625 187.5
300 0.4 C 4.32 60

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2015-16
315 0 C 0 0
330 0 C 0 0
345 0 C 0 0
360 0.85 C 9.945 127.5
375 1.95 C 27.105 292.5
390 2.4 C 35.52 360
405 2.85 C 44.745 427.5
420 3.15 C 51.345 472.5
435 3.15 C 51.345 472.5
450 3.25 C 53.625 487.5
465 2.1 C 29.82 315
480 1.5 C 19.5 225
495 0.9 C 10.62 135
510 0.45 C 4.905 67.5
525 0.2 C 2.08 30
540 0.1 C 1.02 15
555 0.1 C 1.02 15
570 0.05 C 0.505 7.5
585 0 C 0 0
600 0.3 F 3.18
615 0.2 C 2.08 30
630 0.45 C 4.905 67.5
645 0.5 C 5.5 75
660 0.5 C 5.5 75
675 0.5 C 5.5 75
690 0.55 C 6.105 82.5
705 0.7 C 7.98 105
720 0.85 C 9.945 127.5
735 0.95 C 11.305 142.5
750 1.15 C 14.145 172.5

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OLD TANK
PROJECT

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2015-16
5.0 OLD TANK PROJECT:
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
Tank Restoration project as the name itself indicates is to restore the existing tank to its
original capacity or to augment further increase in the storage capacity of the tank. It
may also be to improve the conditions of the bund to standard dimensions from existing
dimension.
Tank deteriorates in time on the following two accounts:
The capacity of the tank reduces rapidly due to silting.

With the lapse of time the cross section of the bund gets eroded due to poor maintenance
and also due to effects of rain and weather.
When a tank is large in comparison with the annual runoff from the catchments area all
the silt carried by the runoff water will be deposited on the bed of the tank. The fine silt
which takes long time to settle will be spread more uniformly over the tank bed and
frequently the thickest deposit of such silt will be below the deepest standing water that
is in the vicinity of the bund. The water drawn off through outfall sluices may remove a
small amount of silt deposited in the tank but such action is very local. Restoration can
be adopted. The capacity can also be improved by raising the height of the bund and the
sill of the waste weir.
5.2 CONDITIONS PROPOSALS AND STEPS INITIATED

The present tank, which needs to be restored. Due to subsequent silting unto the sill of
the waste weir no water gets collected. Also the downstream side of the bund has been
eroded at many places. The upstream revetment is fairly intact. Therefore it is proposed
to improve the condition of the tank by increasing the tank capacity. It is also proposed
to improve the condition of the existing bund and bring it to its standard dimensions.
To achieve the above purpose the reduced levels are taken along the centerline of the
existing bund and cross sections are taken both on the upstream and downstream sides.
Block leveling is carried out at the waste weir site. Water spread contours are taken to
determine the existing capacity and to fix the new full tank level and to calculate the
increased storage capacity corresponding to this full tank level.
5.3 CENTRE LINE SURVEY

In this survey the levels are taken on the center line in addition to cross sections of the
bund on upstream and downstream sides. The main object of this is to know the
conditions of the existing bund and to improve the same and also to calculate the
quantity of the earthwork for this purpose.

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2015-16
5.4 BLOCK LEVELLING

Block leveling is conducted at the waste weir site to determine the level of the ground at
specific points and to later trace the necessary contours using these dates by the method
of liners interpolation.
5.5 CAPACITY CONTOUR SURVEY

The object of this survey is to access the capacity of the tank at various intervals and
thereby to determine to what height the still of the waste weir has to be raised in order to
restore the capacity of the tank.
The storage capacity of the reservoir may be determined by taking contour areas at equal
interval and summing up by trapezoidal formula or prismoidal formula. Thus if V is the
storage volume and A1, A2, A3, An… are the areas enclosed by the successive contours
at an interval h, then the various formulae are as follow.
Trapezoidal Formula
h
A1  A2
V=∑ 2
 A1  An 
 2  A2  A3  A4  An  1
V=h
Prismoidal Formula
h
 A1  4 A2  A3
V=∑ 3
h
( A1  An)  4( A2  A4  .....)  2( A3  A5  .....)
V= 3
Volume = L/3 B √ ×B
The storage volumes up to various elevations are determined by using any of the
above noted formulae and the same are plotted against elevation to obtain elevation-
capacity curve. From contoured plan of the reservoir site the water spread area of the
reservoir at various elevations is indicated below.
Table 5.a Water spread area of the reservoir

Area Contour Volume Total volume
Contour In m2 Interval In m3 In m3
879.0 134297.79 1.20 161157.348

879.5 142472.04 0.50 71236.020 232393.368

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2015-16
The storage capacity of the reservoir determined using the above formulae by taking
contour areas at equal intervals is as follows.
Table 5.b Storage capacity of the reservoir

SL No. Formula Used Reservoir Capacity in cub. meter
01 Trapezoidal Method 232393.368
The contoured map of the reservoir area also indicates the land and property which
would be submerged in the reservoir when filled up to certain elevation and thus enables
the estimation of compensation to be paid to the owners and the time schedule according
to which they must be moved, as the reservoir is gradually filled during the construction
of the dam.
FIXING UP THE HEIGHT OF THE BUND

In the present proposal at first the total irrigable area on the downstream of the bund is
determined from the Toposheet by using a Planimeter on the basis of crops which are to
grow. The volume of water that is stored between successive contours being known and
the volume of water required to irrigate the area, the height up to which the water is to
be stored is determined. Allowance is made for dead storage silting and other losses.
The height so determined is the new full tank level and as well the crest level of the new
waste weir of the tank. Waves are generated on the reservoir surface because of wind
blowing even it knowing the velocity or wind at the place and the pitch or straight length
of water expanse in the direction to the bunds and the wave height is calculated using
. . Morlifor’s formula. llowing a freeboard of 0.75m to 1m above the crest of the
wave new tank bund level is fixed.
5.7 THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE EXISTING EARTHEN

DAM IS GIVEN BELOW:
Zoned Earth Dam with Central Core or
Type of Earthen Dam
Earth Dam of Composite cross-section
Top width of dam 2.5m
Upstream 2:1
Side Slopes
Downstream 1.5 : 1
Free Board 1m
T.B.L 893.505 m
M.W.L 892.505 m
F.T.L 891.705 m
DEAD STORAGE
888.205 m
LEVEL
Total Length 185m
Max. Height 5.58 m
Reservoir Capacity Gross storage : 232393.368 cub. m

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2015-16
5.8 THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED EARTHEN

DAM IS GIVEN BELOW:
Zoned Earth Dam with Central Core or
Type of Earthen Dam
Earth Dam of Composite cross-section
Top width of dam 3.0 m
Upstream 2:1
Side Slopes
Downstream 1.5 : 1
Free Board 1m
T.B.L 894.505 m
M.W.L 893.505 m
F.T.L 892.705 m
DEAD STORAGE
889.205 m
LEVEL
Max. Height 6.58 m
Reservoir Capacity Gross storage: 232393.368 cub. m

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2015-16
FIELD
DATA

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2015-16
NEW TANK PROJECT

STATION DISTANCE BS IS FS HI RL REMARKS
LEFT CENTER RIGHT
BM 0 0.3 812.24 811.94
5 0.1 1.31 811.03 810.93
10 1.28 809.75
2.5 3.08 807.95
5 2.87 808.16
7.5 2.54 808.49
2.5 1.53 809.5
5 1.45 809.58
7.5 1.38 809.65
15 0.12 2.75 808.4 808.28
20 1.32 807.08
2.5 1.35 807.05
5 1.48 806.92
7.5 1.51 806.89
2.5 1.26 807.14
5 1.38 807.02
7.5 1.5 806.9
25 2.37 806.03
30 3.28 805.12
2.5 3.26 805.14
5 3.24 805.16
7.5 3.28 805.12
2.5 3.21 805.19
5 3.16 805.24
7.5 3.01 805.39
35 0.74 3.03 806.11 805.37
40 1.93 804.18
2.5 2.88 803.23
5 2.81 803.3
7.5 2.93 803.18
2.5 3.15 802.96
5 2.72 803.39
7.5 2.79 803.32
45 2.67 803.44
50 3.54 802.57
2.5 3.51 802.6
5 3.57 802.54
7.5 2.5 3.95 804.66 802.16
2.5 1.56 803.1
5 1.66 803
7.5 1.52 803.14
1.5 803.16

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2015-16
55 1.66 803
60 1.65 803.01
2.5 1.58 803.08
5 1.5 803.16
7.5 1.4 803.26
2.5 1.65 803.01
5 1.64 803.02
7.5 1.7 802.96
65 1.78 802.88
70 1.93 802.73
2.5 1.9 802.76
5 1.8 802.86
7.5 1.68 802.98
2.5 2.11 802.55
5 2.42 802.24
7.5 2.3 802.36
75 2.1 802.56
80 2.24 2.06 804.84 802.6
2.5 2.13 802.71
5 2.13 802.71
7.5 2.06 802.78
2.5 2.38 802.46
5 2.3 802.54
7.5 2.2 802.64
85 1.51 803.33
90 2.66 802.18
2.5 2.74 802.1
5 2.66 802.18
7.5 2.41 802.43
2.5 1.51 2.59 803.76 802.25
5 1.33 802.43
7.5 1.55 802.21
95 2.52 801.24
100 2.69 801.07
2.5 2.85 800.91
5 2.7 801.06
7.5 2.65 801.11
2.5 2.66 801.1
5 2.3 801.46
7.5 2.15 801.61
105 2.08 801.68
110 1.68 802.08
2.5 1.7 802.06
5 2.1 801.66
7.5 2.76 801
2.5 1.6 802.16

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2015-16
5 1.98 801.78
7.5 2.25 801.51
115 1.73 802.03
120 2.94 800.82
2.5 2.85 800.91
5 2.91 800.85
7.5 2.9 800.86
2.5 2.85 800.91
5 2.5 801.26
7.5 2.45 801.31
125 2.35 3.81 802.3 799.95
130 2.12 800.18
2.5 2.25 800.05
5 1.8 800.5
7.5 1.25 801.05
2.5 2.9 799.4
5 2.8 799.5
7.5 2.75 799.55
135 2.52 799.78
140 2.01 800.29
2.5 1.66 800.64
5 1.07 801.23
7.5 0.99 801.31
2.5 2.52 799.78
5 2.3 800
7.5 2.25 800.05
145 1.77 800.53
150 2.14 800.16
2.5 2.11 800.19
5 2.92 799.38
7.5 3.48 798.82
2.5 3.18 799.12
5 3.14 799.16
7.5 3.02 799.28
155 3.69 800.06 798.61
160 3.33 797.74 796.73
2.5 1.28 796.46
5 1.5 796.24
7.5 1.87 795.87
2.5 1.05 796.69
5 1.45 796.29
7.5 1.3 796.44
165 3.27 794.67 796.95
170 2.45 792.67 792.22
2.5 1.3 791.37
5 1.2 791.47

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2015-16
7.5 1.11 791.56

2.5 1.5 791.17
5 1.3 791.37
7.5 1.1 791.57
175 1.4 791.27
180 1.9 0.235 794.33 792.43
2.5 2.3 792.03
5 1.25 793.08
7.5 2.13 792.2
2.5 2.46 791.87
5 2.36 791.97
7.5 2.12 792.21
185 2.57 791.76
190 2.54 791.79
2.5 2.75 791.58
5 3.59 790.74
7.5 2.63 791.7
2.5 2.46 791.87
5 2.38 791.95
7.5 2.32 792.01
195 2.42 791.91
200 2.3 792.03
2.5 2.27 792.06
5 2.41 791.92
7.5 2.7 791.63
2.5 1.43 792.9
5 1.12 793.21
7.5 0.73 793.6
3.86 1.975 796.21 792.35
205 3.44 792.77
210 3.3 792.92
2.5 2.87 793.34
5 2.4 793.82
7.5 2.3 793.92
2.5 3.74 792.48
5 3.33 792.89
7.5 2.94 793.27
215 2.4 793.81
220 2.89 793.33
2.5 2.2 794.02
5 2.2 794.02
7.5 1.96 794.25
2.5 2.86 793.35
5 2.7 793.52
7.5 2.72 793.49
225 2.53 793.68

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2015-16
230 2.55 793.67

2.5 1.86 794.36
5 1.72 794.49
7.5 1.55 794.66
2.5 2.44 793.78
5 2.65 793.56
7.5 2.63 793.59
235 2.56 793.65
240 2.51 793.7
2.5 1.55 794.66
5 1.51 794.7
7.5 1.4 794.82
2.5 1.72 794.5
5 1.38 794.83
7.5 2.49 793.73
245 2.24 793.97
250 1.72 794.5
2.5 2.2 794.02
5 2.1 794.11
7.5 2.13 794.09
2.5 2.3 793.91
5 2.34 793.87
7.5 2.37 793.85
255 1.39 794.83
260 1.07 795.15
2.5 1.03 795.19
5 1.06 795.16
7.5 1.05 795.16
2.5 1.07 795.14
5 1.08 795.14
7.5 1.08 795.13
265 0.7 795.51
4 0.68 799.53 795.53
270 3.17 796.36
2.5 3.39 796.14
5 3.66 795.87
7.5 3.45 796.08
2.5 3.27 796.27
5 3.57 795.96
7.5 3.98 795.56
275 2.05 797.48
280 0.75 798.79
2.5 0.66 798.87
5 0.47 799.06
7.5 0.49 799.04
2.5 0.53 799

`
2015-16
5 0.95 798.59
7.5 0.97 798.57
3.92 0.235 803.21 799.3
285 2.98 800.24
290 1.08 802.14
2.5 0.97 802.25
5 0.95 802.26
7.5 0.77 802.45
2.5 1.23 801.98
5 0.96 802.25
7.5 0.84 802.38
3.55 0.85 805.91 802.36
295 3.25 802.66
300 1.67 804.25
2.5 1.47 804.45
5 1.29 804.62
7.5 1.31 804.6
2.5 1.24 804.67
5 1.29 804.62
7.5 1.24 804.68
3.93 0.535 809.3 805.38
305 3.5 805.8
310 1.45 807.86
2.5 1.72 807.59
5 2.05 807.25
7.5 2.15 807.15
2.5 0.97 808.33
5 0.98 808.32
7.5 0.75 808.56
315 0.55 808.76
3.13 0.14 812.29 809.16
320 1.49 810.8
2.5 1.82 810.47
5 2.24 810.05
7.5 2.46 809.83
2.5 1.19 811.1
5 0.57 811.72
7.5 0.18 812.11
325 0.16 812.13

`
2015-16
CANAL ALIGNMENT
STATION DISTANCE BS IS FS HI RL REMARK
L C R
BM 0 2.98 807.98 805
2.5 3.1 804.88
5 3.115 804.87
7.5 3.06 804.92
2.5 3.12 804.86
5 3.1 804.88
7.5 3.175 804.81
30 3.01 804.97
2.5 3.18 804.8
5 3.26 804.72
7.5 3.43 804.55
2.5 2.82 805.16
5 2.58 805.4
7.5 2.1 805.88
60 3.04 804.94
2.5 3.455 804.53
5 3.82 804.16
7.5 4 803.98
2.5 2.545 805.44
5 2.475 805.51
7.5 2.42 805.56
90 3.07 804.91
2.5 3.08 804.9
5 2.98 805
7.5 2.855 805.13
2.5 2.94 805.04
5 2.835 805.15
7.5 3.07 804.91
120 1.5 3.1 806.38 804.88
2.5 1.18 805.2
5 1.23 805.15
7.5 1.29 805.09
2.5 1.27 805.11
5 1.385 805
7.5 1.305 805.08
150 1.53 804.85
2.5 3.205 803.18
5 3.215 803.17

`
2015-16
7.5 3.105 803.28

2.5 3.17 803.21
5 3.29 803.09
7.5 3.32 803.06
180 1.56 804.82
2.5 3.23 803.15
5 3.27 803.11
7.5 3.32 803.06
2.5 3.17 803.21
5 3.07 803.31
7.5 3.01 803.37
210 1.59 804.79
2.5 3.175 803.21
5 3.07 803.31
7.5 3.105 803.28
2.5 3.125 803.26
5 3.32 803.06
7.5 3.195 803.19
240 1.62 804.76
2.5 3.33 803.05
5 3.27 803.11
7.5 3.195 803.19
2.5 3.185 803.2
5 3.09 803.29
7.5 3.775 802.61
270 1.65 804.73
2.5 3.1 803.28
5 3.115 803.27
7.5 3.06 803.32
2.5 3.12 803.26
5 3.1 803.28
7.5 3.175 803.21
300 1.68 804.7
2.5 3.18 803.2
5 3.26 803.12
7.5 3.43 802.95
2.5 2.82 803.56
5 2.58 803.8
7.5 2.1 804.28
330 3.21 3.18 806.41 803.2
2.5 3.455 802.96
5 3.82 802.59

`
2015-16
7.5 3.915 802.5

2.5 2.545 803.87
5 2.475 803.94
7.5 2.42 803.99
360 3.24 803.17
2.5 3.08 803.33
5 2.98 803.43
7.5 2.855 803.56
2.5 2.94 803.47
5 2.835 803.58
7.5 2.815 803.6
390 3.27 803.14
2.5 0.79 805.62
5 1.19 805.22
7.5 1.39 805.02
2.5 1.455 804.96
5 1.32 805.09
7.5 1.755 804.66
420 3.3 803.11
2.5 3.205 803.21
5 3.215 803.2
7.5 3.105 803.31
2.5 3.17 803.24
5 3.29 803.12
7.5 3.32 803.09
450 3.33 803.08
2.5 3.23 803.18
5 3.27 803.14
7.5 3.32 803.09
2.5 3.17 803.24
5 3.07 803.34
7.5 3.33 803.08

`
2015-16
WATER SUPPLY
STATION BS IS FS HI RL DISTANCE REMARK
S1 4.55 825.16 820.61 0 BM
2.27 822.89 10
1.18 823.98 40
0.7 824.46 70
1.38 823.78 100
2.4 822.76 130
S2 0.005 3.57 821.6 821.6 160
1.26 820.34 190
1.94 820.46 220
2.27 819.33 240
S3 3.86 3.815 821.65 817.78 270
3.385 818.25 300
1.59 820.06 330
S4 3.7 0.68 824.67 820.97 340
S5 3.9 0.56 828.01 824.11 360
0.64 827.37 390
0.35 827.66 400
S6 3.4 0.25 831.16 8247.8 404.5
2.875 828.28 414.5
2.395 828.76 424.5
1.86 829.3 434.5
1.385 829.77 444.5
0.875 830.28 454.5
S7 3.885 0.29 834.75 830.87 464.5
2.575 832.18 484.5
1.7 833.05 504.5
1.18 833.57 514.5
0.61 834.14 524.5
0.01 834.74 530.5
S8 3.36 0 838.11 834.75 537
2.675 835.44 547
1.85 836.26 557
1.54 836.57 567
1.05 837.06 577
0.49 837.62 587
S9 3.455 0.12 841.45 837.99 594
2.91 838.55 604
1.92 839.54 614

`
2015-16
1.265 840.19 624

0.96 840.5 634
0.62 840.84 644
S10 2.845 0.14 844.16 841.32 654
2.535 841.63 664
2.27 841.89 674
2.1 842.06 684
2.055 842.11 694
2.03 842.13 704
1.795 842.37 714
1.52 842.64 724
1.3 842.86 734
1.02 843.14 744
0.515 843.59 754
S11 3.73 0.12 847.77 844.04 764
2.24 845.53 774
1.025 846.75 804
S12 3.425 0.26 850.94 847.58 834
2.37 848.57 864
2.085 848.85 894
1.29 849.65 924
0.58 850.36 954
0.685 850.25 964
0.8 850.14 974
S13 3.455 0.86 853.53 850.08 984
3.16 850.37 1014
2.15 851.38 1044
1.62 851.91 1054
1.06 852.47 1064
S14 3.87 0.24 857.16 853.29 1074
3.01 854.15 1084
2.255 854.91 1094
1.555 855.61 1104
S15 3.395 0.275 860.28 856.89 1124
1.91 858.37 1144
1.35 858.93 1154
1.025 859.26 1164
0.83 859.45 1174
0.49 859.79 1184
S16 2.81 0.18 862.91 860.1 1214
2.39 860.52 1244
1.76 861.15 1274

`
2015-16
S17 4 0.38 866.53 862.53 1304

3.435 863.1 1314
2.485 864.05 1324
1.698 864.84 1334
0.79 865.75 1344
HIGHWAY PROJECT
L C R
BM 0 1.235 812.66 811.425
15 1.305 811.355
30 1.465 811.195
2.5 1.46 811.2
5 1.49 811.17
7.5 1.41 811.25
2.5 1.788 810.872
5 1.85 810.81
7.5 1.705 810.955
45 1.625 811.035
60 1.68 810.98
2.5 1.64 811.02
5 1.04 811.62
2.5 1.65 811.01
5 1.49 811.17
75 2.49 1.68 813.47 810.98 CP1
90 2.39 811.08
2.5 2.32 811.15
5 2.3 811.17
2.5 2.38 811.09
5 2.95 810.52
105 1.84 811.63
120 1.34 812.13
2.5 1.265 812.205
5 1.23 812.24
2.5 1.41 812.06
5 1.39 8123.08
135 1.39 8132.08
130 1.32 812.15
2.5 1.335 812.115

`
2015-16
5 1.085 812.385
2.5 1.32 812.15
5 1.3 812.17
165 0.995 813.05
180 3.45 0.42 816.65 813.2 CP2
2.5 3.45 813.46
5 3.19 812.98
2.5 3.67 814.395
5 3.6 813.05
195 2.225 815.94
210 3.625 0.71 819.57 815.94 CP3
2.5 0.62 818.943
5 0.43 819.135
2.5 0.85 818.745
5 1.25 818.315
225 2.21 817.355
240 1.08 818485
2.5 1.05 818.515
5 1.335 818.23
2.5 1.235 818.33
5 1.815 817.75
255 1.06 0.11 820.52 819.455 CP4
270 0.96 820.515
2.5 0.9 819.615
5 0.805 819.71
2.5 1.01 819.505
5 1.375 819.14
285 1.165 819.35
300 1.9 818.615
2.5 1.99 818.525
5 2.23 818.35
2.5 2.04 818.475
5 2.1 818.415
315 2.45 818.155
330 2.36 818.09
2.5 2.1 818.495
5 1.98 818.538
2.5 2.425 818.415
5 2.31 818.205
345 2.02 818.495
360 3.45 0.97 823 819.545 CP5
2.5 3.58 819.415

`
2015-16
5 3.3 819.695
2.5 3.445 819.55
5 3.23 819.765
375 2.34 820.655
390 1.62 821.375
2.5 1.61 821.385
5 1.53 821.465
2.5 1.8 821.195
5 1.68 821.315
405 2.56 0.84 824.72 822.155 CP6
420 1.88 822.835
2.5 1.94 822.775
5 1.83 822.885
2.5 2.03 822.685
5 2.01 822.705
435 1.42 823.295
450 1.295 823.42
2.5 1.53 823.185
5 1.45 823.265
2.5 1.53 823.185
5 1.4 823.315
465 1.63 823.085
480 2.07 822.645
2.5 2.18 822.535
5 2.05 822.665
2.5 2.27 822.445
5 2.13 822.585
495 2.38 822.335
510 2.65 822.065
2.5 2.63 822.085
5 2.53 822.185
2.5 2.71 822.005
5 2.6 822.115
525 2.575 822.14
540 2.49 822.225
2.5 2.28 822.435
5 2.18 822.535
2.5 2.49 822.225
5 2.35 822.365
555 2.82 2.13 825.41 822.875 CP7
570 2.53 822.875
2.5 2.59 822.815

`
2015-16
5 2.45 822.955
2.5 2.72 822.685
5 2.5 822.905
585 2.37 823.035
600 2.18 823.225
2.5 2.16 823.245
5 2.06 823.345
2.5 2.33 823.075
5 2.03 823.375
615 1.84 823.565
630 1.215 824.19
2.5 1.32 824.085
5 1.03 824.375
2.5 1.15 824.255
5 1.43 823.975
645 3.6 0.54 828.47 824.865 CP8
660 3 825.465
2.5 3.2 825.265
5 3.03 825.435
2.5 3.15 825.315
5 3.05 825.415
675 2.67 825.795
660 2.33 826.135
2.5 2.32 826.145
5 2.02 826.445
2.5 2.45 826.015
5 2.35 826.115
705 1.95 826.515
720 1.35 827.115
2.5 1.25 827.215
5 1.23 827.235
2.5 1.432 827.033
5 1.41 827.055
735 1.432 827.033
750 1.66 0.25 829.88 828.215 CP9
2.5 1.57 828.305
5 1.71 828.165
2.5 1.55 828.325
5 829.875
765 0.28 829.595

`
2015-16
OLD TANK PROJECT

L C R
BM 1.22 882.44 881.22
0 1.355 881.09
2.5 1.27 881.17
5 1.37 881.07
7.5 1.47 880.97
2.5 1.43 881.01
5 1.53 880.91
7.5 1.63 880.81
5 1.45 880.99
2.5 1.34 881.1
5 1.44 881
7.5 1.54 880.9
2.5 1.57 88.87
5 1.67 880.77
7.5 1.77 880.67
10 1.34 881.1
2.5 1.34 881.1
5 1.44 881
7.5 1.54 880.9
2.5 1.496 880.94
5 1.596 880.84
7.5 1.696 880.74
15 1.41 881.03
2.5 1.29 881.15
5 1.39 881.05
7.5 1.49 880.95
2.5 1.69 880.75
5 1.79 880.65
7.5 1.89 880.55
20 1.395 881.05
2.5 1.3 881.14
5 1.4 880.04
7.5 1.5 880.94
2.5 1.69 880.75
5 1.79 880.65
7.5 1.89 880.55
25 1.35 881.09
2.5 1.28 881.16
5 1.38 881.06
7.5 1.48 880.96
2.5 1.67 880.77

`
2015-16
5 1.77 880.67
7.5 1.87 880.57
30 1.37 881.07
2.5 1.335 881.11
5 1.435 881.01
7.5 1.535 880.91
2.5 1.5 880.94
5 1.6 880.84
7.5 1.7 880.74
35 1.42 881.02
2.5 1.45 880.99
5 1.55 880.89
7.5 1.65 880.79
2.5 1.56 880.88
5 1.66 880.78
7.5 1.76 880.68
40 1.54 880.9
2.5 1.365 881.08
5 1.465 880.98
7.5 1.565 880.88
2.5 1.85 880.59
5 1.95 880.49
7.5 2.05 880.39
45 1.6 880.84
2.5 1.35 881.09
5 1.45 880.99
7.5 1.55 880.89
2.5 2.1 880.34
5 2.2 880.24
7.5 2.3 880.14
50 1.65 880.79
2.5 1.35 881.04
5 1.45 880.94
7.5 1.55 990.84
2.5 1.29 1.885 881.85 880.55 CP1
5 1.39 880.45
7.5 1.49 880.35
55 1.37 880.48
2.5 1.5 879.95
5 1.6 879.85
7.5 1.7 879.75
2.5 1.7 879.75
5 1.8 879.65
7.5 1.9 879.55
60 1.32 880.13
2.5 1.705 879.75

`
2015-16
5 1.805 879.65
7.5 1.905 879.58
2.5 1.42 880.03
5 1.52 879.93
7.5 1.62 879.83
65 1.384 880.06
2.5 1.26 880.19
5 1.36 880.09
7.5 1.46 879.99
2.5 1.78 879.67
5 1.88 879.57
7.5 1.98 879.47
70 1.34 880
2.5 1.31 880.14
5 1.41 880.04
7.5 1.51 879.94
2.5 1.625 879.83
5 1.725 879.73
7.5 1.825 879.63
75 1.39 880.06
2.5 1.33 880.12
5 1.43 880.02
7.5 1.53 879.92
2.5 1.35 880.1
5 1.45 880
7.5 1.55 879.9
80 1.4 880.04
2.5 1.41 880.04
5 1.51 879.94
7.5 1.61 879.84
2.5 1.58 879.87
5 1.68 879.77
7.5 1.78 879.67
85 1.4 880.05
2.5 1.41 880.05
5 1.51 879.95
7.5 1.61 879.85
2.5 1.49 879.96
5 1.59 879.86
7.5 1.69 879.76
90 1.38 880.07
2.5 1.33 880.12
5 1.43 880.02
7.5 1.53 879.92
2.5 1.48 879.97
5 1.58 879.87

`
2015-16
7.5 1.68 879.77

95 1.42 1.35 881.52 880.1 CP2
2.5 1.205 880.32
5 1.305 880.22
7.5 1.405 880.12
2.5 1.43 880.09
5 1.53 879.99
7.5 1.63 879.89
100 1.42 880.1
2.5 1.33 880.19
5 1.43 880.09
7.5 1.53 879.99
2.5 1.5 880.02
5 1.6 879.92
7.5 1.7 879.82
105 1.37 880.15
2.5 1.3 880.22
5 1.4 880.12
7.5 1.5 880.02
2.5 1.535 879.99
5 1.635 879.89
7.5 1.735 879.79
110 1.37 88015
2.5 1.29 880.23
5 1.39 880.13
7.5 1.49 880.03
2.5 1.48 880.04
5 1.58 879.94
7.5 1.68 879.84
115 1.375 880.15
2.5 1.255 880.27
5 1.355 880.17
7.5 1.455 880.07
2.5 1.49 880.03
5 1.59 879.93
7.5 1.69 879.83
120 1.335 880.19
2.5 1.245 880.28
5 1.345 880.18
7.5 1.445 880.08
2.5 1.4 880.12
5 1.5 880.02
7.5 1.6 879.92
125 1.362 880.16
2.5 1.305 880.13
5 1.405 880.12

`
2015-16
7.5 1.505 880.01

2.5 1.5 880.02
5 1.6 879.92
7.5 1.7 879.82
130 1.405 880115
2.5 1.35 880.17
5 1.45 880.07
7.5 1.55 879.97
2.5 1.84 879.68
5 1.94 879.58
7.5 2.04 879.48
135 1.43 880.09
2.5 1.335 880.19
5 1.435 880.09
7.5 1.535 8790
2.5 1.89 879.63
5 1.99 879.53
7.5 2.09 879.43
140 1.395 880.12
2.5 1.31 880.21
5 1.41 880.11
7.5 1.51 880.01
2.5 1.7 879.82
5 1.8 879.72
7.5 1.9 879.62
145 1.37 880.15
2.5 1.235 879.17
5 1.335 879.07
7.5 1.435 878.97
2.5 2 879.52
5 2.1 878.42
7.5 2.2 879.32
150 1.365 880.16
2.5 1.345 880.18
5 1.445 880.08
7.5 1.545 879.98
2.5 1.515 880.01
5 1.615 879.91
7.5 1.715 879.81
155 1.15 1.37 881.3 880.15 CP3
2.5 1.36 879.94
5 1.46 879.84
7.5 1.56 879.74
2.5 1.28 881.02
5 1.38 880.92
7.5 1.48 880.82

`
2015-16
160 1.2 880.1

2.5 1.33 879.87
5 1.43 879.87
7.5 1.53 879.77
2.5 1.485 879.83
5 1.585 879.83
7.5 1.685 879.63
165 1.295 880.01
2.5 1.205 880.1
5 1.305 880
7.5 1.405 879.9
2.5 1.575 879.73
5 1.675 879.63
7.5 1.775 879.53
170 1.39 879.91
2.5 1.24 880.66
5 1.34 879.96
7.5 1.44 879.86
2.5 1.67 879.63
5 1.77 879.53
7.5 1.87 879.43
175 1.31 879.99
2.5 1.28 880.02
5 1.38 879.92
7.5 1.48 879.82
2.5 1.9 879.4
5 2 879.3
7.5 2.1 879.2
180 1.02 880.28
2.5 1.35 879.95
5 1.45 879.85
7.5 1.55 879.75
2.5 1.1 880.2
5 1.2 880.1
7.5 1.3 880
185 2.9 878.4 CP4
2.5 2.9 878.4
5 3 878.3
7.5 3.1 878.2
2.5 2.9 878.4
5 3 878.3
7.5 3.1 878.2

`
2015-16
VILLAGE TRAVERSING
STATION BS IS FS HI RL DISTANCE REMARK
S1 0.95 865.69 864.735 0 BM
1.19 864.495 15
0.79 864.895 30
S2 3.46 0.29 868.86 865.395 45
2.87 865.985 60
2.25 863.735 75
1.01 867.845 90
S3 3.91 0.18 872.59 868.675 100
2.885 869.7 110
1.545 871.04 120
S4 2.045 0 874.63 872.585 135 STREET-1
1.62 873.01 145
1.285 873.345 155
S5 3.155 0.76 877.03 873.87 160
1.635 875.39 175
S6 3.01 0.695 879.34 876.33 185
1.92 877.42 200
S7 1.6 1.32 879.62 878.02 210.85 STREET-2
1.39 878.23 240.85
1.85 877.77 270.85
S8 0.3 1.91 878.01 877.71 290.85 STREET-3
0.54 877.47 300.85
1.225 876.785 310.85
1.92 876.09 320.85
2.61 875.82 330.85
S9 0.1 3.19 874.92 874.82 340.85
0.78 874.14 350.85
1.335 873.585 360.85
1.8 873.12 370.85
2.325 872.595 380.85
2.67 872.25 390.85
S10 0.02 3.04 871.9 871.88 400.85
1.375 430.85
S11 0.12 2.92 869.1 868.98 460.85
2.14 866.96 490.85
S12 1.165 3.78 866.49 865.32 520.85
1.81 864.676 535.85
1.735 864.751 550
STREET-1
S1 2.02 874.61 872.585 0
1.75 872.855 10
1.7 872.905 20

`
2015-16
1.525 873.08 50
1.48 873.125 60
1.415 873.19 70
1.325 873.28 80
S2 3.895 0.47 878.03 874.135 100
2.88 878.15 110
S3 3.89 0.93 880.99 877.1 130
2.21 878.78 150
S4 3.975 0.64 8884.3 880.35 165
2.69 8881.635 180
1.349 8882.976 195
S5 1.675 0.22 885.78 884.105 215
S6 1.742 0.33 887.19 885.449 245
1.352 885.839 252.6
STREET-2
S1 3.63 881.65 878.02 0
2.62 879.03 30
1.63 880.02 60
S2 3.84 0.65 884.84 881 90
1.09 883.75 120
S3 3.57 0.21 888.2 884.63 135
1.01 887.19 165
S4 3.78 0.175 891.81 888.025 173
2.5 889.305 193
2.17 889.635 198
1.57 890.235 208
S5 3.97 0.32 895.46 891.485 223
2.59 892.865 238
1.075 894.38 268
S6 3.465 0.865 898.06 894.59 273
1.765 896.29 303
S7 2.15 0.55 899.66 897.505 333
1.58 898.075 346
STREET-3
S1 3 880.71 877.71 0
S2 3.5 0.915 883.3 879.795 30
1.135 882.16 60
S3 3.91 0.27 886.94 883.025 90
S4 3.475 1.29 889.12 885.645 120
1.215 887.905 150
0.485 888.635 180

`
2015-16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dr. B.C. Punmia and Dr. Pande B.B. Lal.

Irrigation and Water Power Engineering.
Santosh Kumar Garg
Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures.
By Dr. B.C. Punmia
Surveying (volume – 1&2).
By Dr. B.C. Punmia
Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering.
Khanna S.K. & Justo C E G
Highway Engineering.
S K GARG
Water supply and sanitary engineering.

`

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

“EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT REPORT”

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL

USN NAME USN NAME

1NH13CV111 SANJU KUMAR 1NH13CV119 SULTHAN M

1NH13CV112 SANTOSH PATTAR 1NH11CV009 ARVIND

1NH13CV114 SHANIL P 1NH12CV010 B MANIDEEP

1NH13CV115 SHIVAPRASAD 1NH14CV419 RAKESH B

1NH13CV116 SHREEKANT REDDY

: UNDER THE GUIDANCE

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. MOHAN MANGHANI, Chairman of New

We would express our great thanks to Dr. MANJUNATHA, Principal of New

Name of the student with USN

Awarded Outstanding Technical Education Institute In Karnataka -2016

Department of Civil Engineering

CAMP OFFICER: HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Prof. AVINASH N.RAO

1.2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A PROJECT

1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PLACE

1.4 STAGES OF SURVEY WORK

1.5 CALCULATIONS OF YIELD AT SITE

NEW TANK PROJECT…………………………………….4-33

2.0 NEW RESERVOIR

2.1 ZONES OF STORAGE IN A RESERVOIR

2.1.1 NORMAL POOL LEVEL (N.P.L.)

2.1.2MINIMUM POOL LEVEL

2.1.3 MAXIMUM POOL LEVEL

2.2 VARIOUS ZONES OF STORAGE IN A RESERVOIR

2.3 AREA AND VOLUME OF CAPACITY CONTOUR

2.4 NEW EARTHEN DAM

2.4.1 FOUNDATIONS FOR EARTH DAMS

2.4.2 DESIGN OF EARTH DAMS

2.4.4 DETERMINATION OF SEEPAGE LINE

2.4.5 SHEAR RESISTANCE OF BOTTOM OF THE DAM SECTION

2.5.1 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SPILLWAY

2.5.2 COMPONENTS OF SPILLWAY

2.6.1 DUTY OF WATER AND DELTA

2.6.2 CROP PERIOD AND BASE PERIOD

2.6.4 FACTORS AFFECTING DUTY OF WATER

2.6.5 COMMANDED AREAS AND INTENSITY OF IRRIGATION

2.6.6 KOR WATERING, KOR DEPTH AND KOR PERIOD

2.7 CANAL IRRIGATION

2.7.1 CLASSIFICATION OF CANAL BASED ON ALIGNMENT

2.7.2 CANAL ALIGNMENT

2.7.3 DESIGN OF CANAL

2.7.4 DESIGN OF SLUICE TANK

2.7.5 CANAL DROP

WATER SUPPLY & SANITARY PROJECT…….…………34-43

3.0 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY PROJECT

3.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT LEADING TO THE DEMAND OF PROJECT

3.2 GENERAL FEATURES

3.3 SURVEYS CONDUCTED FOR THE PROJECT

3.4 POPULATION FORECAST

3.4.1 FLOATING POPULATION

3.4.2 DESIGN OF RISING MAIN

3.5 DESIGN OF TREATMENT UNITS

3.5.3 DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK

4.1 ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPORTATION