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Urbanization&Rural UrbanMigration
Urbanization&Rural UrbanMigration
What is urbanization?
Urbanization is the agglomeration of the population
in cities.
Demographic process:
Urban population growth (natural
increase or
migration).
Population growth
Infrastructure process:
Expansion of urban infrastructures and land use.
Economic process:
Creation of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
sectors. Expansion of infrastractures
Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration
community households
Population in Population in millions
thousands High density of
Low density of population
population
Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration
Rural-Urban Migration
Causes of urbanization
- Industrial growth
- Employment
- Social factors
- Economic problems
- Political turmoil
- Modernization
Urbanization - Context and Issues
Employment opportunities
for modern industries and will need more people to perform various
jobs. Rural jobs such as farming and mining may be labor-intensive
(that is if they have not been taken over by machines or automatic
devices), while urban employment opportunities — such as
healthcare, business, and education — will need a considerable
amount of people with a variety of skills to fill many jobs.
Urbanization - Context and Issues
Modernization
Access
Congestion
With so many people moving from rural areas, many urbanized
cities are starting to see an overcrowding issue. Major cities such as
New York and Hong Kong are
dealing with major congestion
problems. Overpopulation is contributing to extreme traffic, the
depletion of resources, pollution, and unemployment among many
other issues.
Urbanization - Context and Issues
Poverty
Many urban cities have seen a population explosion that can be
hard to plan for. As a result, employment opportunities may dry up
quicker than expected — leading
to unemployment. Additionally,
housing problems may arise with a very high population density and
can lead to poor housing conditions. These housing conditions are
only exacerbated by unemployment issues. Unemployment and
poor housing (or, the unattainability of adequate housing) is
creating an influx of crime in urban cities as well.
Urbanization - Context and Issues
Environmental hazards
Water and sanitation issues are surfacing because of rapid
population increases. With so many people needing resources such
as food, water, fuel, and waste
management, the population of
urbanized cities is suffering from a lower quality of life due to
environmental reasons such as water scarcity, pollution, and
sanitation. Additionally, this is leading to the spread of disease and
poor health in heavily populated areas.
Urbanization - Context and Issues
Developed countries
- Developed countries are already urbanized
- Passed through the rural-urban migration process
Developing countries
- Going through a major phase of urbanization
- Urbanization mainly occurs in developing countries
Will account for 93% of the 2 billion increase in the global urban
population between 2000 and 2030
Latin America and East Asia are farthest along
The rest of Asia is a little further behind
Africa is urbanizing more slowly than the other world regions
stages of urbanization
Changes in Urban and Rural Population by Major Cities Between 2011 and
2015 (in millions)
increased by over 50 million, and in 2050 102 million people (over 65%
of the total population) will reside in cities (World Bank 2017a). In
2010, 41.9 million of the Philippines’ population of 92.3 million lived in
urban areas (Philippines Statistics Authority 2013)1, cities accounted
for over 70% of GDP, and the seven largest urban areas hosted 54% of
formal jobs (World Bank 2017a).
Urbanization and Migration in the Philippine Setting
Females are more likely to move to urban areas if they have more
siblings. A possible explanation for this is that siblings who have
already migrated provide pre-existing support networks for
younger sisters in families.
The predominance of women among
rural-urban migrants can be
explained by their relative lack of education and skills (particularly
in relation to agriculture). They are motivated to move to cities to
seek opportunities as a result (UN Habitat 2016).s (ibid.).
Urbanization and Migration in the Philippine Setting
Earliest migration
Ernest Ravenstein is widely regarded as the earliest migration
theorist. He concluded that migration was governed by a "push-pull"
supply and demand for labor. Nations with scarce labor supply and
high demand will have high wages that pull immigrants in from
nations with a surplus of labor.
Migration - Context and Issues
Brain Drain
The term “brain drain” refers to the international transfer of
human capital resources, and it applies mainly to the migration
References:
https://wol.iza.org/articles/brain-drain-from-developing-countries/long
https://www.striking-women.org/main-module-page/types-migrants
https://family.jrank.org/pages/1170/Migration-Theories-Migration.html
https://bangkok.unesco.org/sites/default/files/assets/article/Social%20and%20
Human%20Sciences/publications/philippines.pdf
https://unhabitat.org/the-urban-informal-economy-alison-brown
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/urbanization.htm
https://www.academia.edu/29995225/Migration_Relationship_with_Developm
ent_and_Urbanization
https://slideplayer.com/slide/10528626/