Light and Optics Focal Length of a For a spherical mirror, the focal supplied by the power supply. Law of Reflection θ1 = θ 2 The angle of incident Ө1 is equal to the angle of reflection Ө2. Both are mirror 1 length is half of the radius of curvature. ∑V = EMF with respect to the perpendicular f = r normal of the surface of the mirror. 2 Electromagnetism The angle of incident Ө1 and angle Transformer The ratio of the voltage Vp and Vs Snell’s Law of refraction Ө2 is with respect to Vp np in a transformer is proportional to (refraction) Electronic Circuits n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2 the perpendicular normal of the Current C=Charge = the ratio of the number of coils np surface between the two medium. I = ∆C / ∆t t=time Vs ns and ns. Critical Angle The critical angle θc is the angle of Ohm’s Law V=voltage, Right Hand Grip n incidence beyond which total Resistance R= resistance, Rule sin θ c = 2 internal reflection occurs. The index R=V/I I = current n1 of refraction for the medium in Resistance of a ρ = resistivity I is the current. which the incident ray is traveling is wire L = length of wire B is the magnetic field. n1, the index of refraction for the R = ρL/A A = cross sectional area second medium which the refracted Electric Power Combining ohm’s law the power P ray is traveling is n2. P = VI can be calculated using any Fleming’s Left Hand Index of Refraction The higher the index of refraction is = V2/R combination of these three equation Rule (Motor Rule) for a medium, the slower is the = I2R variations. Thumb is for the c n= speed of light v in the medium. c is motion. Index finger is v the speed of light in vacuum. for the magnetic field. Electrical Energy Electrical energy can be calculated The Lens Equation The focal length of the lens f is: Second finger is for the E = Pt = VIt by the product of power and time. current. 1 1 1 • Positive for a converging Root Mean Square For an AC circuit, the root-mean- + = lens Voltage & Current square (rms) values can be do di f • Negative for a divergent & Power calculated from the peak values. Fleming’s Right lens Vo I Prms= 0.5 Pmax Vrms = , I rms = o Hand Rule The object distance do is: 2 2 (Generator) I 2R 1 • Positive if it is on the side Prms = I rms 2 R= 0 = P Thumb is for the 2 2 of the lens from which the motion. Index finger is Resistance in Series Resistance in series adds up. Having light is coming for the magnetic field. Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 more obstacles along the path for • Negative if on the current means more resistance. Second finger is for the opposite side current. Resistance in Resistance in parallel takes the Parallel reciprocal. Parallel path for current The image distance di is: 1 1 1 1 = + + to go through means lesser • Positive if it is on the Rtotal R1 R2 R3 resistance. opposite side of the lens Kirchoff’s First Sum of all incoming currents at a from which the light is junction is the same as sum of all the Law coming inco min g outgoing outgoing current at a junction. • Negative if on the same side ∑I = ∑I Magnification For an upright image, the hi d magnification m is positive and for Kirchoff’s Second Sum of all potential difference V in m= =− i ho do an inverted image m is negative. Law components of a circuit is equal to the electromotive force EMF