UNIT I

1. (a) What is measurement? What is meant by the term measurand? What is a measuring
instrument?
(b) Write down the important precautions that should be taken while carrying out electrical
measurements.
(c) With an example, explain the term loading effect in a measurement system.

2. (a) Explain the terms:

(i) Measurement
(ii) Accuracy
(iii) Precision
(iv) Sensitivity
(v) Reproducibility
(b) Define random errors and explain how they are analyzed statistically.

3. (a) What are environmental, instrumental and observational errors? Briefly explain each of
them.
(b) Three resistors have the following ratings:
R1 = 47W ± 4%, R2 = 65W ± 4%, R3 = 55W ± 4%
Determine the magnitude and limiting errors in ohms and in percentage of the resistance of these
resistors connected in series.

4. (a) What is the necessity of units in measurements? What are various SI units?
(b) Define the terms units, absolute units, fundamental units and derived units with suitable
examples.
(c) What is systematic error and how can we reduce it?
5. (a) Distinguish between international, primary, secondary and working standards.
(b) What are the primary standards for time and frequency? Briefly discuss each of them.

UNIT II
1. (a) How many operating forces are necessary for successful operation of an indicating
instrument? Explain the methods of providing these forces.
(b) A moving-coil instrument has the following data: number of turns = 100, width of coil = 20
mm, depth of coil = 30 mm, flux density in the gap = 0.1 Wb/m2. Calculate the deflecting torque
when carrying a current of 10mA. Also calculate the deflection if the control spring constant is 2×
10-6 N-m/degree.
[Ans. 60 × 10-6 Nm, 30°]

2. (a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of moving-coil instruments?

(b) A moving-coil voltmeter has a resistance of 200 W and the full scale deflection is reached
when a potential difference of 100 mV is applied across the terminals. The moving coil has
effective dimensions of 30 mm ×25 mm and is wound with 100 turns. The flux density in the gap
is 0.2 Wb/m2. Determine the control constant of the spring if the final deflection is 100° and a
suitable diameter of copper wire for the coil winding if 20% of the total instrument resistance is
due to the coil winding. Resistivity of copper is 1.7 × 10-8 Ωm.
[Ans. 0.075 × 10-6 Nm/degree; 0.077 mm]

3. (a) Derive the expression for the deflection of a spring controlled permanent magnet moving
coil instrument. Why not this instrument able to measure the ac quantity?
(b) The coil of a moving coil voltmeter is 40 mm × 30 mm wide and has 100 turns wound on it.
The control spring exerts a torque of 0.25 × 10-3 Nm when the deflection is 50 divisions on the
scale. If the flux density of the magnetic field in the air-gap is 1 Wb/m2, find the resistance that
must be put in series with the coil to give 1volt per division. Resistance of the voltmeter is 10000
Ω.
[Ans. 14000 Q]

4. (a) A moving-coil instrument has at normal temperature a resistance of 10 W and a current of

45 mA gives full scale deflection. If its resistance rises to 10.2 Ω due to temperature change,
calculate the reading when a current of 2000 A is measured by means of a 0.225 × 10-3. A shunt
of constant resistance. What is the percentage error?
[Ans. 44.1 mA, -1.96%]
(b) The inductance of a certain moving-iron ammeter is pH, where 0 is the deflection in radian
from the zero position. The control spring torque is 12 × 10-6 Nm/rad. Calculate the scale position
in radian for current of 5 A.
[2.04 rad]

5. The control spring of a moving-iron ammeter exerts a torque of 0.5 × 10- Nm/degree when the
deflection is 52°. The inductance of the coil varies with pointer deflection according to deflection
(degree) 20 40 60 80 inductance (mH) 659 702 752 792 Determine the current passing through the
meter.
[0.63 A]

6. (a) Describe the constructional details of an attraction-type moving iron instrument with the help
of a neat diagram. Derive the equation for deflection if spring control is used and comment upon
the shape of scale.
(b) Derive a general equation for deflection for a spring-controlled repulsion-type moving-iron
instrument. Comment upon the share of the scale. Explain the methods adopted to linearize the
scale.

UNIT III
1. (a) Explain with the help of a phasor diagram, how unknown inductance can be measured using
Maxwell’s inductance–capacitance bridge.
(b) The following data relate to a basic ac bridge:

2. Describe the working of Hay’s bridge for measurement of inductance. Derive the equations for
balance and draw the phasor diagram under balanced condition. Explain how this bridge is suitable
for measurement of high Q chokes?
3. Derive equations for balance for an Anderson’s bridge. Draw its phasor diagram under balance.
What are its advantages and disadvantages?

4. Describe how unknown capacitors can be measured using De Sauty’s bridge. What are the
limitations of this bridge and how they can be overcome by using a modified De Sauty’s bridge?
Draw relevant phasor diagrams

5. Describe the working of a Schering bridge for measurement of capacitance and dissipation
factor. Derive relevant equations and draw phasor diagram under balanced condition.

6. In an Anderson’s bridge for measurement of inductance, the arm AB consists of an unknown

impedance with L and R, the arm BC contains a variable resistor, fixed resistances of 500 Ωeach
in arms CD and DA, a known variable resistance in the arm DE, and a capacitor of fixed
capacitance 2 μF in the arm CE. The ac supply of 200Hz is connected across A and C, and the
detector is connected between B and E. If balance is obtained with a resistance of 300 Ω in the arm
DE and a resistance of 600 Ω in the arm BC, calculate values of unknown impedance L and R.
Derive the relevant equations for balance and draw the phasor diagram.

7. The four arms of a Maxwell’s inductance–capacitance bridge at balance are Arm AB: A choke
coil L1 with an equivalent series resistance R1 Arm BC: A non-inductive resistance of 800Ω. Arm
CD: A mica capacitor of 0.3 μF in parallel with a noninductive resistance of 800 Ω Arm DA: A
non-inductive resistance 800 Ω. Supply is given between terminals A and C and the detector is
connected between nodes B and D. Derive the equations for balance of the bridge and hence
determine values of L1 and R1. Draw the phasor diagram of the bridge under balanced condition.

UNIT V
Write short notes on the following

1) Signal generator
2) Function generator
3) Wave analyzer
4) Spectrum analyzer
5) Frequency counter