Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli Chapter 13

CHAPTER 13

1. The number of atoms in a mass m is given by

N = m/Mmatom.
Because the masses of the two rings are the same, for the ratio we have
NAu/NAg = MAg/MAu = 108/197 = 0.548.

2. The number of atoms in a mass m is given by

N = m/Mmatom = (3.4 × 10–3 kg)/(63.5 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg/u) = 3.2 × 1022 atoms.

3. (a) T(°C) = (5/9)[T(°F) – 32] = (5/9)(68°F – 32) = 20°C.

(b) T(°F) = (9/5)T(°C) + 32 = (9/5)(1800°C) + 32 = 3272°F.

4. (a) T(°F) = (9/5)T(°C) + 32 = (9/5)(– 15°C) + 32 = 5°F.

(b) T(°C) = (5/9)[T(°F) – 32] = (5/9)(– 15°F – 32) = – 26°C.

5. T1(°C) = (5/9)[T1(°F) – 32] = (5/9)(136°F – 32) = 58°C;

T2(°C) = (5/9)[T2(°F) – 32] = (5/9)(– 129°F – 32) = – 89°C.

6. Because the temperature and length are linearly related, we have

ÆT/ÆL = (100.0°C – 0.0°C)/(22.85 cm – 10.70 cm) = 8.23 C°/cm.
(a) (T1 – 0.0°C)/(16.70 cm – 10.70 cm) = 8.23 C°/cm, which gives T1 = 49.4°C.
(b) (T2 – 0.0°C)/(20.50 cm – 10.70 cm) = 8.23 C°/cm, which gives T2 = 80.7°C.

7. Because 0° in the original scale corresponds to 100°C and 100° corresponds to 0°C, the conversion
between the two scales is
[T(°C) – 0°C]/(100°C – 0°C) = (T – 100°)/(0° – 100°), or
T = 100° – T(°C) = 100° – 35° = 65°.

8. We set T(°F) = T(°C) = T in the conversion between the temperature scales:

T(°F) = (9/5)T(°C) + 32
T = (9/5)T + 32, which gives T = – 40°F = – 40°C.

9. If the slabs are in contact at 20°C, at any temperature below this the expansion cracks will increase. Thus
the expansion from 20°C to 50°C must eliminate the cracks. Any higher temperature will cause stress in
the concrete. If the cracks have a width ÆL, we have
ÆL = αL0 ÆT = [12 × 10–6 (C°)–1](14 m)(50°C – 20°C) = 5.9 × 10–3 m = 0.50 cm.

10. For the expansion ÆL, we have

ÆL = αL0 ÆT = [0.2 × 10–6 (C°)–1](2.0 m)(5.0°C) = 2.0 × 10–6 m.

11. The unit for α is (C°)–1. In British units it will be (F°)–1, so we have

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αB/α = (F°)–1/(C°)–1 = C°/F° = 5/9.

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12. We can treat the change in diameter as a simple change in length, so we have
ÆL = αL0 ÆT;
1.869 cm – 1.871 cm = [12 × 10–6 (C°)–1](1.871 cm)(T – 20°C), which gives T = – 69°C.

13. For the expanded dimensions, we have

¬′ = ¬(1 + α ÆT); w′ = w(1 + α ÆT).
Thus the change in area is
ÆA = A′ – A = ¬′w′ – ¬w = ¬w(1 + α ÆT)2 – ¬w = ¬w[2α ÆT + (α ÆT)2] = ¬wα ÆT(2 + α ÆT).
Because α ÆT « 2, we have
ÆA = 2α¬w ÆT.

14. We consider a fixed mass of iron. The change in volume from the temperature change is
ÆVT = βV0 ÆT.
The change in volume from the pressure change depends on the bulk modulus:
ÆVP = – (V0/B) ÆP.
Because the density is mass/volume, for the fractional change in the density we have
Æρ/ρ0 = [(1/V) – (1/V0)]/(1/V0) = (V0 – V)/V ≈ (V0 – V)/V0 = – ÆV/V0
= – β ÆT + ÆP/B
= – [35 × 10–6 (C°)–1](2000°C – 20°C) + (5000 atm)(1.013 × 105 N/m2 · atm)/(90 × 109 N/m2)
= – 0.064 = – 6.4%.

15. The contraction of the glass causes the enclosed volume to decrease as if it were glass. The volume of
water that can be added is
ÆV = ÆVglass – ÆVwater = V0βglass ÆT – V0βwater ÆT = V0(βglass – βwater)ÆT
= (350 mL)[27 × 10–6 (C°)–1 – 210 × 10–6 (C°)–1](20°C – 100°C) = 5.1 mL.

16. (a) The expansion of the container causes the enclosed volume to increase as if it were made of the
same material as the container. The volume of water that was lost is
ÆV = ÆVwater– ÆVcontainer = V0βwater ÆT – V0βcontainer ÆT = V0(βwater – βcontainer)ÆT;
(0.35 g)/(0.98324 g/mL) = (65.50 mL)[210 × 10–6 (C°)–1 – βcontainer](60°C – 20°C), which gives
βcontainer = 74 × 10–6 (C°)–1.
(b) From Table 13–1, aluminum is the most likely material.

17. We find the change in volume from

ÆV = V0β ÆT = 9¹r3β ÆT
= 9¹(7.25 cm)3[1 × 10–6 (C°)–1](200°C – 30°C) = 0.27 cm3.

18. We can treat the change in diameter as a simple change in length, so we have
D = D0(1 + α ÆT).
The two objects must reach the same diameter:
D = D0brass(1 + αbrass ÆT) = D0iron(1 + αiron ÆT);
(8.753 cm){1 + [19 × 10–6 (C°)–1]}(T – 20°C) = (8.743 cm){1 + [12 × 10–6 (C°)–1]}(T – 20°C),
which gives
T= – 1.4 × 102 °C.

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19. We assume that we can ignore the change in cross sectional area of the tube. The volume change of the
fluid is the increased volume in the column:
ÆV = ALβ ÆT = A ÆL, or ÆL = Lβ ÆT.
When we compare this to the expression for linear expansion,
ÆL = Lα ÆT,
we see that α = β.

20. (a) We consider a fixed mass of the substance. The change in volume from the temperature change is
ÆV = βV0 ÆT.
Because the density is mass/volume, for the fractional change in the density we have
Æρ/ρ = [(1/V) – (1/V0)]/(1/V0) = (V0 – V)/V ≈ (V0 – V)/V0 = – ÆV/V0 = – β ÆT,
which we can write
Æρ = – βρ ÆT.
(b) For the lead sphere we have
Æρ/ρ = – [87 × 10–6 (C°)–1](40°C – 25°C) = – 0.0057 (0.57%).

21. For the expanded dimensions of the rectangular solid, we have

L = L0(1 + α ÆT); W = W0(1 + α ÆT); H = H0(1 + α ÆT).
Thus the change in volume is
ÆV = V – V0 = LWH – L0W0H0
= L0(1 + α ÆT)W0(1 + α ÆT)H0(1 + α ÆT) – L0W0H0 = L0W0H0(1 + α ÆT)3 – L0W0H0
= L0W0H0[3α ÆT + 3(α ÆT)2 + (α ÆT)3] = L0W0H0α ÆT[3 + 3(α ÆT) + (α ÆT)2].
Because α ÆT « 1, we have
ÆV = 3αV0 ÆT.
When we compare this to the expression for volume expansion,
ÆV = βV0 ÆT,
we see that β = 3α.

22. The increase in temperature will cause the length of the brass rod to increase. The period of the
pendulum depends on the length,
T = 2¹(L/g)1/2,
so the period will be greater. This means the pendulum will make fewer swings in a day, so the clock
will be slow and the clock will lose time.
We use TC for the temperature to distinguish it from the period.
For the length of the brass rod, we have
L = L0(1 + α ÆTC).
Thus the ratio of periods is
T/T0 = (L/L0)1/2 = (1 + α ÆTC)1/2.
Because α ÆTC is much less than 1, we have
T/T0 ≈ 1 + !α ÆTC , or ÆT/T0 = !α ÆTC.
The number of swings in a time t is N = t/T. For the same time t, the change in period will cause a
change in the number of swings:
ÆN = (t/T) – (t/T0) = t(T0 – T)/TT0 ≈ – t(ÆT/T0)/T0 ,
because T ≈ T0. The time difference in one year is
Æt = T0 ÆN = – t(ÆT/T0) = – t(!α ÆTC)
= – (1 yr)(3.16 × 107 s/yr) = – 2.4 × 103 s = – 40 min.

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23. We find the change in radius from

ÆR = Rα ÆT.
Because the bearings are frictionless, angular momentum will be conserved:
I1ω1 = I2ω2 , with I = !mR2 for a solid cylinder.
For the fractional change in the angular velocity, we have
Æω/ω = (ω2 – ω1)/ω1 = [(I1ω1/I2) – ω1]/ω1 = (I1 – I2)/I2 .
Because the mass is constant, we have
Æω/ω = [R2 – (R + ÆR)2]/(R + ÆR)2 = – [2R ÆR + (ÆR)2]/(R + ÆR)2 ≈ – 2R ÆR /R2 = – 2 ÆR /R.
From the temperature change, we have
Æω/ω = – 2α ÆT = – 2[25 × 10–6 (C°)–1](75.0°C – 20.0°C) = – 2.8 × 10–3 (0.28%).

24. The compressive strain must compensate for the thermal expansion. From the relation between stress
and strain, we have
Stress = E(Strain) = Eα ÆT.
When we use the ultimate strength of concrete, we have
20 × 106 N/m2 = (20 × 109 N/m2)[12 × 10–6 (C°)–1](T – 10.0°C), which gives T = 93°C.

25. The compressive strain must compensate for the thermal expansion. From the relation between stress
and strain, we have
Stress = E(Strain) = Eα ÆT;
F/A = (70 × 109 N/m2)[25 × 10–6 (C°)–1](35°C – 15°C) = 3.5 × 107 N/m2.

26. (a) The tensile strain must compensate for the thermal contraction. From the relation between
stress and strain, we have
Stress = E(Strain) = Eα ÆT;
F/A = (200 × 109 N/m2)[12 × 10–6 (C°)–1](– 30°C – 30°C) = – 1.4 × 108 N/m2.
(b) No, because the ultimate strength of steel is 500 × 10 N/m = 5.0 × 108 N/m2.
6 2

(c) For concrete we have

F/A = (20 × 109 N/m2)[12 × 10–6 (C°)–1](– 30°C – 30°C) = – 1.4 × 107 N/m2.
6 2
Because the ultimate tensile strength of concrete is 2 × 10 N/m , it will fracture.

27. (a) As the iron band expands, the inside diameter will increase as if it were iron. We can treat the
change in inside diameter as a simple change in length, so we have
D = D0(1 + α ÆT), or D – D0 = D0α ÆT;
134.122 cm – 134.110 cm = (134.110 cm)[12 × 10–6 (C°)–1](T – 20°C), which gives T = 27°C.
(b) We assume that the barrel is rigid. The tensile strain in the circumference of the band is
¹ ÆD/¹D0 = ÆD/D0 ,
which is the thermal strain. The tensile strain must compensate for the thermal contraction.
From the relation between stress and strain, we have
Stress = E(Strain) = Eα ÆT;
F/(0.089 m)(0.0065 m) = (100 × 109 N/m2)(134.122 cm – 134.110 cm)/(134.110 cm),
which gives
F = 5.2 × 103 N.

28. (a) T(K) = T(°C) + 273 = 86°C + 273 = 359 K.

(b) T(°C) = (5/9)[T(°F) – 32] = (5/9)(78°F – 32) = 26°C.
T(K) = T(°C) + 273 = 26°C + 273 = 299 K.
(c) T(K) = T(°C) + 273 = – 100°C + 273 = 173 K.

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(d) T(K) = T(°C) + 273 = 5500°C + 273 = 5773 K.

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29. On the Celsius scale, absolute zero is

T(°C) = T(K) – 273.15 = 0 K – 273.15 = – 273.15°C.
On the Fahrenheit scale, we have
T(°F) = (9/5)T(°C) + 32 = (9/5)(– 273.15°C) + 32 = – 459.7°F.

30. (a) T1(K) = T1(°C) + 273 = 4000°C + 273 = 4273 K;

T2(K) = T2(°C) + 273 = 15 × 106 °C + 273 = 15 × 106 K.
(b) The difference in each case is 273, so we have
Earth: (273)(100)/(4273) = 6.4%;
Sun: (273)(100)/(15 × 106) = 0.0018%.

31. For the two states of the gas we can write

P1V1 = nRT1 and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
(P2/P1)(V2/V1) = T2/T1 ;
(4.00 atm/1.00 atm)(V2/3.00 m3) = (311 K/273 K), which gives V2 = 0.854 m3.

32. If we assume oxygen is an ideal gas, we have

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
(1.013 × 105 Pa)V = [m/(32 g/mol)(103 kg/g)](8.315 J/mol · K)(273 K), which gives
m/V = 1.43 kg/m3.

33. The volume, temperature, and mass are constant. For the two states of the gas we can write
P1V = n1RT = (m/M1)RT, and P2V = n2RT = (m/M2)RT, which can be combined to give
P2/P1 = M1/M2 ;
P2/(3.65 atm) = (28 g/mol)/(44 g/mol), which gives P2 = 2.32 atm.

34. (a) For the ideal gas we have

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
(1.013 × 105 Pa)V = [(18.5 kg)(103 g/kg)/(28 g/mol)](8.314 J/mol · K)(273 K),
which gives V = 14.8 m3.
(b) With the additional mass in the same volume, we have
PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
P(14.8 m3) = [(18.5 kg + 15.0 kg)(103 g/kg)/(28 g/mol)](8.314 J/mol · K)(273 K),
which gives P = 1.83 × 105 Pa = 1.81 atm.

35. (a) For the ideal gas we have

PV = nRT;
(1.000 atm + 0.350 atm)(1.013 × 105 Pa/atm)V = (25.50 mol)(8.314 J/mol · K)(283 K),
which gives V = 0.439 m3.
(b) For the two states of the gas we can write
P1V1 = nRT1 and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
(P2/P1)(V2/V1) = T2/T1 ;
[(1.00 atm + 1.00 atm)/(1.00 atm + 0.350 atm)](1/2) = (T2/283 K),
which gives T2 = 210 K = – 63°C.

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36. If we assume argon is an ideal gas, we have

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
P(50.0 × 10–3 m3) = [(105.0 kg)(103 g/kg)/(40 g/mol)](8.314 J/mol · K)(293 K),
which gives P = 1.28 × 108 Pa = 1.26 × 103 atm.

37. The volume and pressure are constant. For the fractional change in the number of moles, we can write
Æn/n = [(PV/RT2) – (PV/RT1)]/(PV/RT1) = (T1 – T2)/T2
= (288 K – 311 K)/(311 K) = – 0.074 (7.4%).

38. For the two states of the gas we can write

P1V1 = nRT1 and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
(P2/P1)(V2/V1) = T2/T1 ;
(P2/1.00 atm)(48.8 L/55.0 L) = (323.2 K/291.2 K), which gives P2 = 3.06 atm.

39. If we assume water vapor is an ideal gas, we have

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
(1.013 × 105 Pa)V = [m/(18 g/mol)(103 kg/g)](8.315 J/mol · K)(373 K), which gives
m/V = 0.588 kg/m3.
This is less than the listed value of 0.598 kg/m3. We expect a difference because the tendency of steam to
form droplets indicates an attractive force, so water vapor is not an ideal gas.

40. For the two states of the gas we can write

P1V1 = nRT1 and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
(P2/P1)(V2/V1) = T2/T1 ;
(0.70 atm/1.00 atm)(V2/V1) = (278.2 K/293.2 K), which gives V2/V1 = 1.4×.

41. The pressure at the bottom of the lake is

Pbottom = Ptop + ρgh = 1.013 × 105 Pa + (1000 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(43.5 m) = 5.28 × 105 Pa.
For the two states of the gas we can write
PbottomVbottom = nRTbottom , and PtopVtop = nRTtop , which can be combined to give
(Pbottom/Ptop)(Vbottom/Vtop) = Tbottom/Ttop ;
(5.28 × 105 Pa/1.013 × 105 Pa)(1.00 cm3/Vtop) = (278.7 K/294.2 K), which gives Vtop = 5.50 cm3.

42. If we write the ideal gas law as PV = NkT, we have

N/V = P/kT = (1.013 × 105 Pa)/(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(273 K) = 2.69 × 1025 molecules/m3.

43. We find the number of moles from

n = ρV/M = (1.000 g/cm3)(1.000 × 103 cm3)/(18 g/mol) = 55.6 mol.
For the number of molecules we have
N = nNA = (55.6 mol)(6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol) = 3.34 × 1025 molecules.

44. (a) We find the number of moles from

n = ρ+V/M = ρ+4¹R2d/M
= (1000 kg/m3)3¹(6.4 × 106 m)2(3 × 103 m)(103 g/kg)/(18 g/mol) = 6 × 1022 mol.

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(b) For the number of molecules we have

N = nNA = (6 × 1022 mol)(6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol) = 4 × 1046 molecules.

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45. The volume and mass are constant. For the two states of the gas we can write
P1V1 = nRT1 , and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
P2/P1 = T2/T1 ;
(P2/1.00 atm) = (455 K/293 K), which gives P2 = 1.55 atm.
We find the length of a side of the box from
V = L3 ;
3.9 × 10–2 m3 = L3, which gives L = 0.339 m.
The net force is the same on each side of the box. Because there is atmospheric pressure outside the box,
the net force is
F = A ÆP = L2(P2 – P1) = (0.339 m)2(1.55 atm – 1.00 atm)(1.013 × 105 Pa/atm) = 6.4 × 103 N.
Note that we have assumed no change in dimensions from the increased pressure.

46. We find the number of moles in one breath from

PV = nRT;
(1.013 × 105 Pa)(2.0 × 10–3 m3) = n(8.315 J/mol · K)(300 K), which gives n = 8.02 × 10–2 mol.
For the number of molecules in one breath we have
N = nNA = (8.02 × 10–2 mol)(6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol) = 4.83 × 1022 molecules.
We assume that all of the molecules from the last breath that Einstein took are uniformly spread
throughout the atmosphere, so the fraction that are in one breath is given by V/Vatmosphere . We find the
number now in one breath from
N′/N = V/Vatmosphere = V/4¹R2h;
N′/(4.83 × 1022 molecules) = (2.0 × 10–3 m3)/4¹(6.4 × 106 m)2(10 × 103 m),
which gives N′ = 20 molecules.

47. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT, which gives
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(6000 K)/(4 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg/u)]1/2 = 6.1 × 103 m/s.

48. (a) The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT = 8(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(273 K) = 5.65 × 10–21 J.
(b) For the total translational kinetic energy we have
KE = N(!mvrms2) = 8nNAkT
= 8(1.00 mol)(6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol)(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(293 K) = 3.65 × 103 J.

49. We find the rms speed from

vrms = [(·v2)/N]1/2 = [(62 + 22 + 42 + 62 + 02 + 42 + 12 + 82 + 52 + 32 + 72 + 82)/12]1/2 = 5.2.
Note that this is greater than the average speed of 4.5.

50. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio at the two temperatures:
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 ;
(2)2 = T2/273 K, which gives T2 = 1092 K = 819°C.

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51. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio at the two temperatures:
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 ;
(1.020)2 = T2/293.2 K, which gives T2 = 304.9 K = 31.7°C.

52. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio at the two temperatures, and use the ideal gas law:
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 = P2V2/P1V1 = P2/P1 ;
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = 2, which gives vrms2/vrms1 = Ã2.

53. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio at the two temperatures, and use the ideal gas law:
(m2/m1)(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 = 1, so we have
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = (m1/m2), or vrms2/vrms1 = (m1/m2)1/2.

54. (a) We find the rms speed from

vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(310 K)/(89 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg/u)]1/2 = 2.9 × 102 m/s.
(b) For the protein we have
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(310 K)/(50,000 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg/u)]1/2
= 12 m/s.

55. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT, or kT/m = @vrms2.
With M the mass of the gas and m the mass of a molecule, we write the ideal gas law as
PV = NkT = (M/m)kT, or
P = (M/V)(kT/m) = ρ(@vrms2) = @ρvrms2.

56. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio for the two masses:
(m235/m238)(vrms235/vrms238)2 = T2/T1 = 1, so we have
(vrms235/vrms238)2 = (m238/m235), or
vrms235/vrms238 = (m238/m235)1/2 = {[6(19 u) + 238 u]/[6(19 u) + 235 u]}1/2 = 1.00429.

57. (a) From Figure 13–23 we see that at atmospheric pressure CO2 can exist as a solid or vapor.
(b) From Figure 13–23 we see that CO2 may be a liquid when
5.11 atm < P < 73 atm, and – 56.6°C < T < 31°C.

58. From Figure 13–23 we see that CO2 is a vapor at 30 atm and 30°C.

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59. (a) From Figure 13–22 we see that the phase is vapor.
(b) From Figure 13–22 we see that the phase is solid.

60. The saturated vapor pressure at 25°C is 23.8 torr.

At 50% humidity the partial vapor pressure is
P = 0.50Ps = 0.50(23.8 torr) = 11.9 torr.
This corresponds to a saturated vapor pressure between 10°C and 15°C. We assume a linear change
between values listed in Table 13–4 and use the values at 10°C and 15°C to find the dew point;
T = 10°C + [(15°C – 10°C)(11.9 torr – 9.21 torr)/(12.8 torr – 9.21 torr)] = 14°C.

61. Water boils when the saturated vapor pressure equals the air pressure. From Table 13–4 we see that the
saturated vapor pressure at 90°C is
7.01 × 104 Pa = 0.69 atm.

62. Water boils when the saturated vapor pressure equals the air pressure. From Table 13–4 we see that 0.85
atm = 8.6 × 104 Pa lies between 90°C and 100°C. We use the values at 90°C and 100°C to find the
temperature;
T = 90°C + [(100°C – 90°C)(8.6 × 104 Pa – 7.0 × 104 Pa)/(10.1 × 104 Pa – 7.0 × 104 Pa)] = 95°C.

63. We find the saturated vapor pressure from

P = (RH)Ps ;
530 Pa = 0.40Ps , which gives Ps = 1325 Pa.
This saturated vapor pressure corresponds to a temperature between 10°C and 15°C. We use the values
at 10°C and 15°C to find the dew point;
T = 10°C + [(15°C – 10°C)(1.325 × 103 Pa – 1.23 × 103 Pa)/(1.71 × 103 Pa – 1.23 × 103 Pa)] = 11°C.

64. Water boils when the saturated vapor pressure equals the air pressure. From Table 13–4 we see that the
saturated vapor pressure at 120°C is
1.99 × 104 Pa = 1.96 atm.

65. From Table 13–4 we see that the saturated vapor pressure at 25°C is 3.17 × 103 Pa. Water can evaporate
until the saturated vapor pressure is reached. The initial pressure is (relative humidity)(saturated vapor
pressure). Because the volume and temperature are constant, we use the ideal gas law to find the
number of moles that can evaporate:
Æn = ÆP(V/RT) = (1 – RH)PsV/RT
= (1 – 0.80)(3.17 × 103 Pa)(680 m3)/(8.315 J/mol · K)(298 K) = 174 mol.
We find the mass from
m = M Æn = (18 g/mol)(174 mol) = 3.1 × 103 g = 3.1 kg.

66. From Table 13–4 we see that the saturated vapor pressure at 20°C is 2.33 × 103 Pa. The vapor pressure is
(relative humidity)(saturated vapor pressure). Because the volume and temperature are constant, we use
the ideal gas law to find the number of moles that must be removed:
Æn = ÆP(V/RT) = (RH2 – RH1)PsV/RT
= (0.30 – 0.95)(2.33 × 103 Pa)(95 m2)(2.8 m)/(8.315 J/mol · K)(293 K) = – 165 mol.
We find the mass from
m = M Æn = (18 g/mol)(165 mol) = 3.0 × 103 g = 3.0 kg.

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67. Because there is only steam in the autoclave, the saturated vapor pressure is the gauge pressure plus
atmospheric pressure:
1.0 atm + 1.0 atm = 2.0 atm = 2.03 × 105 Pa.
From Table 13–4 we see this saturated vapor pressure occurs at 120°C.

68. Because the outside air is at the dew point, its vapor pressure is the saturated vapor pressure at 5°C,
which is 872 Pa. We consider a constant mass of gas, that is a fixed number of moles, that moves from
outside to inside. Because the pressure is constant, we have
V2/T2 = V1/T1 .
The vapor pressure inside is
P2 = nRT2/V2 = nRT1/V1 = P1 = 872 Pa.
The saturated vapor pressure at 25°C is 3170 Pa, so the relative humidity is
(872 Pa)/(3170 Pa) = 0.28 = 28%.

69. Because the air at the wet-bulb thermometer is at the dew point, the partial vapor pressure at 30°C is the
saturated vapor pressure at 10°C, which is 1230 Pa. The saturated vapor pressure at 30°C is 4240 Pa, so
the relative humidity is
(1230 Pa)/(4240 Pa) = 0.29 = 29%.

70. From the result of Example 13–19, we have

2
t = C (∆x) = 1 (2 .0 m ) 2 = 5.0 × 104 / s = 14 h .
∆C D 2 4.0 × 10– 5 m 2/ s
Our experience is that the odor is detected much sooner than this, which means that convection is much
more important than diffusion.

71. From the result of Example 13–19, we have

2 3 0.40 mol / m 3)/ 2 (15 × 10– 6 m )2
t = C (∆x) = (1.0 mol / m + = 0.28 s.
∆C D (1.0 mol / m 3 – 0.40 mol / m 3) 95 × 10– 11 m 2/ s
The diffusion speed is
v = Æx/t = (15 × 10–6 m)/(0.28 s) = 5.4 × 10–5 m/s.
We find the rms speed from
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(293 K)/(75 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg/u)]1/2 = 3.1 × 102 m/s.

72. (a) From the ideal gas law, we have

C0 = n/V = P/RT = (0.21)(1.013 × 105 Pa)/(8.315 J/mol · K)(293 K) = 8.7 mol/m3.
(b) The concentration change is
ÆC = C0 – !C0 = !C0 = !(8.7 mol/m3) = 4.35 mol/m3.
We find the diffusion rate from
J = DA ÆC/Æx = (1 × 10–5 m2/s)(2 × 10–9 m2)(4.35 mol/m3)/(2 × 10–3 m) = 4 × 10–11 mol/s.
(c) For the average concentration we have
Cav = !(C0 + !C0) = +C0 = 6.53 mol/m3.
We find the average time from
t = N/J = CavV/J = (6.53 mol/m3)(2 × 10–9 m2)(2 × 10–3 m)/(4 × 10–11 mol/s) = 0.6 s.

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73. (a) If we consider a cross-sectional area through which diffusion is taking place, the diffusion rate
will be proportional to have frequently a molecule, during its random motion, will strike the area.
This frequency is proportional to its average speed, for which we can use the rms speed. The
temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of a molecule:
!mvrms2 = 8kT, or vrms2 ∝ 1/m.
Thus we have
J ∝ vrms ∝ 1/Ãm.
(b) The molecular mass is proportional to the molecular weight, so the molecule with the lighter
mass, which is nitrogen, will diffuse faster.
For the ratio of diffusion rates, we have
JN/JO = (mO/mN)1/2 = (MO/MN)1/2 = (32/28)1/2 = 1.069, or 6.9%.

74. (a) The tape will expand, so the numbers will be beyond the true length, so it will read low.
(b) The percentage error will be
(ÆL/L)(100) = (Lα ÆT/L)(100) = (α ÆT)(100) = [12 × 10–6 (C°)–1](34°C – 20°C)(100) = 0.017%.

75. Because we neglect the glass expansion, when the 300 mL cools to room temperature, the change in
volume of the water will be
ÆV = βV0 ÆT = [210 × 10–6 (C°)–1](300 mL)(20°C – 80°C) = – 3.8 mL (1.3%).

76. For the two conditions of the gas in the cylinder, we can write
P1V = n1RT, and P2V = n2RT, which can be combined to give
P2/P1 = n2/n1 ;
(5 atm/28 atm) = n2/n1 , which gives n2/n1 = 0.18.

77. The ideal gas law is

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT,
where m is the mass and M is the molecular weight. We write this as
P = (m/V)RT/M = ρRT/M.

78. We use the ideal gas law:

PV = NkT;
(1.013 × 105 Pa)(5 m)(3 m)(2.5 m) = N(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(293 K),
which gives N = 9.4 × 1026 molecules.
We find the number of moles from
n = N/NA = (9.4 × 1026 molecules)/(6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol) = 1.6 × 103 mol.

79. We use the ideal gas law:

PV = NkT, or
N/V = P/kT = (1 × 10–12 N/m2)/(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(273 K)(106 cm3/m3) = 3 × 102 molecules/cm3.

80. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT, which gives
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(2.7 K)/(1 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg/u)]1/2 = 2.6 × 102 m/s.
We find the pressure from
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PV = NkT, or
P = (N/V)/kT = (1 atom/cm3)(106 cm3/m3)/(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(2.7 K) = 4 × 10–17 N/m2.

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81. The pressure at a depth h is

P = P0 + ρgh = 1.013 × 105 Pa + (1000 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(10 m) = 1.99 × 105 Pa.
For the two states of the gas we can write
PV = nRT, and P0V0 = nRT, which can be combined to give
P/P0 = V0/V;
(1.99 × 105 Pa/1.013 × 105 Pa) = (V0/5.5 L), which gives V0 = 11 L.
This doubling of the volume is definitely not advisable.

82. (a) The volume of each gas is !Vtank. We use the ideal gas law:
PVO = NOkT;
(10 atm + 1 atm)(1.013 × 105 Pa/atm)!(3500 cm3)/(106 cm3/m3) = NO(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(293 K),
which gives NO = 4.8 × 1023 molecules = NHe , because the mass is not in the ideal gas law.
(b) The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:
!mvrms2 = 8kT.
Because the gases are at the same temperature, the ratio of average kinetic energies is 1.
(c) We see that
(vrmsHe/vrmsO)2 = mO/mHe = (32 u)/(4 u), which gives vrmsHe/vrmsO = 2.8.

83. The rms speed is the speed of the nitrogen molecules, so we have
!mvrms2 = 8kT;
(28 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg/u)[(40,000 km/h)/(3.6 ks/h)]2 = 3(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)T,
which gives T = 1.4 × 105 K.

84. For the two conditions of the gas in the cylinder, we can write
P1V = nRT1 , and P2V = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
P2/P1 = T2/T1 ;
P2/P1 = (633 K/393 K) = 1.61.
The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:
!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio for the two temperatures:
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 = (633 K/393 K), which gives vrms2/vrms1 = 1.27.

85. (a) The ideal gas law is

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
(1.013 × 105 Pa)(770 m3) = [m/(29 g/mol)](8.315 J/mol · K)(293 K),
which gives m = 9.2 × 105 g = 9.2 × 102 kg.
(b) At the lower temperature we have
(1.013 × 105 Pa)(770 m3) = [m/(29 g/mol)](8.315 J/mol · K)(263 K),
which gives m = 1.03 × 106 g = 10.3 × 102 kg.
Thus the mass that has entered the house is 10.3 × 102 kg – 9.2 × 102 kg = 1.1 × 102 kg.

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86. (a) The ideal gas law is

PV = nRT.
At constant pressure we have
P ÆV = nR ÆT, or
ÆV/V = ÆT/T.
The thermal expansion is ÆV/V = β ÆT, so we see that β = 1/T.
At 293 K we have
β = 1/293 K = 3.41 × 10–3 (C°)–1, which agrees with the value of 3400 × 10–6 (C°)–1 in Table 13–1.
(b) At constant temperature, when the pressure is changed we can write
P1V1 = nRT = P2V2 , or P2 = P1V1/V2 .
For the small fractional change in pressure, we have
ÆP/P = (P2 – P1)/P1 = [(P1V1/V2) – P1]/P1 = (V1 – V2)/V2 = – ÆV/V.
From the definition of the bulk modulus, we have
B = – ÆP/(ÆV/V) = – ÆP/(– ÆP/P) = P.

87. The pressure on a small area of the surface can be considered to be due to the weight of the air column
above the area:
P = Mg/A.
When we consider the total surface of the Earth, we have
Mtotal = PAtotal/g = P4¹R2/g
= (1.013 × 105 Pa)4¹(6.37 × 106 m)2/(9.80 m/s2) = 5.27 × 1018 kg.
If we use the average mass of an air molecule, we find the number of molecules from
N = Mtotal/m = (5.27 × 1018 kg)/(28.8 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg) = 1.1 × 1044 molecules.

88. We use the ideal gas law to find the temperature:

PV = nRT;
(4.2 atm)(1.013 × 105 Pa/atm)(7.6 m3) = (1800 mol)(8.315 J/mol · K)T,
which gives T = 216 K.
The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:
!mvrms2 = 8kT, which gives
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(216 K)/(28 u)(1.66 × 10–27 kg/u)]1/2 = 437 m/s.

89. (a) The volume of the bulb is so much greater than the volume of mercury in the tube that we can
ignore any changes in the tube dimensions. The additional length of the mercury column in the tube
will be due to the increased expansion of the mercury in the bulb compared to the expansion of the
glass bulb. The volume of mercury that adds to the length in the tube is
ÆV = ÆVmercury – ÆVglass = V0βmercury ÆT – V0βglass ÆT = V0(βmercury – βglass)ÆT
= (0.255 cm3)[180 × 10–6 (C°)–1 – 9 × 10–6 (C°)–1](33.0°C – 11.5°C) = 9.43 × 10–4 cm3.
We find the additional length from
L = ÆV/Atube = ÆV/(¹d2 = 4(9.43 × 10–4 cm3)/¹(0.0140 cm)2 = 6.09 cm.
(b) If we combine the two expressions from part (a), we get
L(¹d2 = ÆV = V0(βmercury – βglass)ÆT, which gives L = 4V0(βmercury – βglass)ÆT/¹d2.

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90. We find the molecular density from the ideal gas law:
PV = NkT, or
N/V = P/kT = (1.013 × 105 Pa)/(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(273 K)(106 cm3/m3) = 2.79 × 1019 molecules/cm3.
If we assume that each molecule occupies a cube of side a, we can find a, which is the average distance
between molecules, from the volume occupied by a molecule:
V/N = a3;
1/(2.79 × 1019 molecules/cm3) = a3, which gives a = 3.3 × 10–7 cm.

91. We find the total number of molecules from the total number of moles of water plus others:
N = {[(0.70)/(18 g/mol)] + [(0.30)/(105 g/mol)]}(2.0 × 10–12 kg)(6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol)
= 4.7 × 1010 molecules.
Because each molecule has an average kinetic energy of 8kT, the total translational kinetic energy is
KE = 8NkT = 8(4.7 × 1010 molecules)(1.38 × 10–23 J/K)(310 K) = 3.0 × 10–10 J.

92. (a) If V0Fe is the volume of the iron and V0Hg is the volume of mercury that is displaced, the fraction
of the volume of the iron that is submerged is
f = V0Hg/V0Fe .
Each volume will increase as the temperature is raised, so the new fraction will be
f ′ = V0Hg(1 + βHg ÆT)/V0Fe(1 + βFe ÆT) = f(1 + βHg ÆT)/(1 + βFe ÆT).
Because β ÆT « 1, we use the approximation
1/(1 + βFe ÆT) ≈ 1 – βFe ÆT, so we have
f ′ = f (1 + βHg ÆT)(1 – βFe ÆT) = f [1 + βHg ÆT – βFe ÆT – βHgβFe(ÆT)2] , or
(f ′ – f )/f = βHg ÆT – βFe ÆT – βHgβFe(ÆT)2.
The last term is the product of two small numbers, so it can be neglected and we have
Æf/f = βHg ÆT – βFe ÆT = (βHg – βFe)ÆT.
Because βHg > βFe , the fraction that is submerged will increase, so the cube will float lower.
(b) For the percent change in the fraction submerged, we have
(Æf/f )(100) = (βHg – βFe)(ÆT)(100)
= [180 × 10–6 (C°)–1 – 35 × 10–6 (C°)–1](25°C – 0°C)(100) = 0.36%.

93. We treat the circumference of the band as a length, which will expand according to
2¹R = 2¹R0(1 + α ÆT), or
R – R0 = R0α ÆT = (6.37 × 106 m)[12 × 10–6 (C°)–1](30°C – 20°C) = 7.6 × 102 m.

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