Advanced Algebra and

Trigonometry 9
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 18
Rational Function
Enriched Mathematics – Grade 9
Quarter 1 – Self Learning Module 18: Rational Function
First Edition, 2020

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Advanced Algebra
and Trigonometry
9
Quarter 1
Self – Learning Module 18
Rational Function
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Enriched Mathematics Grade 9 Self-Learning Module on

Rational Function!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the self-learning module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
self-learning module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the self-learning
module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Enriched Mathematics Self-Learning Module on Rational

Function!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. 

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire self-learning module.
 EXPECTATIONS
1. Define rational function.
2. Graph rational function.
3. Determine the domain, range, vertical asymptote and horizontal
asymptote.

PRETEST

Encircle the letter of your best choice to the correct answer.

7
1. What is the domain of f ( x )= ?
x +1
A) { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠ 0 } C) { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠ 1 }
B) { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠−1 } D) all real numbers
7
2. What is the range of f ( x )= ?
x +1
A) { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠ 0 } C) { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠1 }
B) { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠−1 } D) all real numbers
7
3. What is the vertical asymptote of f ( x )= ?
x +1
A) x=−1 C) y=−1
B) x=0 D) y=0
7
4. What is the horizontal asymptote of f ( x )= ?
x +1
A) x=−1 C) y=−1
B) x=0 D) y=0
14 x
5. What is the horizontal asymptote of f ( x )= ?
2 x+22
A. x=−11 C) y=−11
B. x=7 D) y=7

RECAP
What are the different functions discussed in the previous modules? Can you recall
its domain and range, x- and y-intercept(s)? Can you recall how to graph each
function?

LESSON
p( x )
A rational function is a function of the form f ( x )= where p(x ) and q ( x)
q( x )
are polynomials and q ( x) does not equal to zero (remember that division by zero is
undefined). Rational functions have similar shapes depending on the degree of the
polynomials p ¿) and q ( x) .

Here are the general characteristics of the graph of rational function:

1. Domain: The solution(s) found when solving q ( x)=0 are the values that are
NOT part of the domain of f(x). Thus, the domain is { x∨x ∈ R , q( x )≠ 0 };
2. Vertical asymptotes: f (x) will have vertical asymptotes at all values where
q ( x)=0. These asymtotes are vertical guiding lines for the graph of f (x). The
graph of f (x) will never cross these lines. The vertical asymptote is the
equation q ( x)=0;
3. Range: The range of f (x) is the domain of its inverse function; and
4. Horizontal Asymptotes: This asymptote is a guiding line for the function as
the x-values approach positive and negative infinity. If f(x) has a horizontal
asymptote y=a, then the x-values approach positive and negative infinity,
the y-values approach a . The horizontal asymptote is the equation q ( x)=0 of
the inverse function of f (x).

3
Example1: Graph f ( x )=
x +2

3
To graph f ( x )= , do the following steps:
x +2

First, determine the domain

Solve q ( x) ≠ 0
x +2≠ 0
x ≠−2
The domain is the set { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠−2 };

Second, determine the Vertical Asymptote

Solve: q ( x )=0
x +2=0
 x=−2
The vertical asymptote is the line x=−2;

Third, determine the range

Get the inverse function of f ( x )
3
f ( x )= or
x +2
3
y=
x +2
3
x= Interchange
y +2
x and y
xy +2 x=3 Solve for y
xy=3−2 x
3−2 x
y= Inverse
x
function of f (x)
The domain of the inverse function of
f ¿ ) is { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠ 0 }
The range of f (x) is { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠ 0 };

Fourth, determine the Horizontal Asymptote.

The horizontal asymptote is q ( x)=0 of the inverse function of f(x)
The horizontal asymptote is the line y=0;

Fifth, check one value on the right side of the vertical asymptote and find if the
point is on the upper or lower part of the horizontal asymptote.
3
Let x=0 , f(0)= . The point 0 ,
2 ( 32 ) is on the upper right of the vertical and horizontal
asymptote; and

Lastly draw the vertical and horizontal asymptotes. Since the point is on the upper
right of the vertical and horizontal asymptotes, draw a smooth L-shaped on the
upper right and lower left of the coordinate plane without passing the asymptotes.

4x
Example 2. Graph f (x)=
7−x

4x
To graph f ( x )= , do the following steps:
7−x

First, determine the domain

Solve q ( x) ≠ 0
7−x ≠ 0
x≠7
 The domain is the set { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠ 7 };

Second, determine the Vertical Asymptote

Solve: q ( x )=0
7−x=0
x=7
The vertical asymptote is the line x=7 ;

Third, determine the range

Get the inverse function of f ( x )
4x
f ( x )= or
7−x
4x
y=
7−x
4y
x=
7− y
Interchange x and y
7 x−xy=4 y
Solve for y
4 y + xy=7 x
y ( 4+ x )=7 x
7x
y=
4+ x
Inverse function of f (x)
The domain of the inverse function of f ¿ ) is { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠−4 }
The range of f (x) is { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠−4 } ;

Fourth, determine the Horizontal Asymptote.

The horizontal asymptote is q ( x)=0 of the inverse function of f (x).
The horizontal asymptote is the line y=−4 ;

Fifth, check one value on the right side of the vertical asymptote and find if the
point is on the upper or lower part of the horizontal asymptote.
Let x=8 , f( 8 ) =−32. The point (8,-32) is on the lower right of the vertical and
horizontal asymptote; and

Lastly draw the vertical and horizontal asymptotes. Since the point in the checking
is on the lower right of the vertical and horizontal asymptotes, draw a smooth L-
shaped on the upper left and lower right of the coordinate plane without passing
the asymptotes.

x−1
Example 3. Graph f (x)=
x +5
x−1
To graph f ( x )= , do the following steps:
x +5
First, determine the domain
Solve q ( x) ≠ 0
x +5 ≠0
x ≠−5
The domain is the set { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠−5 };

Second, determine the Vertical Asymptote

Solve q ( x )=0
x +5=0
x=5
The vertical asymptote is the line x=5;

Third, determine the range

Get the inverse function of f ( x )
x−1
f ( x )= or
x +5
x−1
y=
x +5
y−1
x=
y +5
Interchange x and

xy +5 x= y−1
Solve for y

xy− y =−5 x−1

y ( x−1 )=−(5 x+1)

−( 5 x+ 1 )
y= Inverse function of f (x)
x−1
The domain of the inverse function of f ¿ ) is { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠ 1 }
The range of f (x) is { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠1 };

Fourth, determine the Horizontal Asymptote.

The horizontal asymptote is q ( x)=0 of the inverse function of f (x)
The horizontal asymptote is the line y=1 ;

Fifth, check one value on the right side of the vertical asymptote and find if the
point is on the upper or lower part of the horizontal asymptote.
 5 5
Let x=6 , f( 6 ) =
11 ( ) is on the lower right of the vertical and
. The point 6 ,
11
horizontal asymptote; and

Lastly draw the vertical and horizontal asymptotes. Since the point in the checking
is on the lower right of the vertical and horizontal asymptotes, draw a smooth L-
shaped on the upper left and lower right of the coordinate plane without passing
the asymptotes.

ACTI V I T I E S

Activity 1 : LET’S PRACTICE

Direction: Complete the table
No. Rational Domain Vertical Range Horizontal
Function Asymptote Asymptote

1 5
f ( x )=
x−3

2 4
f ( x )=
2−x

3 7x
f (x)=
2 x−10
4 −5 x
f (x)=
3 x+ 1

Activity 2 Keep Practicing: Complete the table

No. Rational Domain Vertical Range Horizontal

Function Asymptote Asymptote

1 2x
f (x)=
14−2 x

2 x +2
f ( x )=
x−3

3 2 x−1
f ( x )=
3 x+ 5

4 4 x +7
f ( x )=
8−3 x

Activity 3: TEST YOURSELF

Using a graphing calculator. Draw the graph of the following

4
1. f ( x )=
2−x

−5 x
2. f ( x )=
3 x+ 1

2x
3. f ( x )=
14−2 x
 2 x−1
4. f ( x )=
3 x+ 5

5
5. f ( x )=
x2

WRAP – UP

What is rational function? What is the domain and range of rational

function? What is horizontal and vertical asymptotes? How to get horizontal
and vertical asymptotes? What are the steps in graphing rational function?

VALUING

Reflection:

If f(x) has a horizontal asymptote y=a and the x-values approach positive
and negative infinity, then, y-values approach a in the equation y=a but it will
never across. Asymptotes is just a guiding line of the graph but it will never
intersect forever. Did you experience being the graph of rational function and your
“someone” is the horizontal asymptote (being closer and closer to “someone” but it
will definitely never be yours)? If yes, can you share your story?

POSTTEST

Encircle the letter of your best choice to the correct answer.

11 x
1. What is the domain of f ( x )= ?
1−x
A) { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠ 0 } C) { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠ 1 }
 B) { x∨x ∈ R , x ≠−1 } D) all real numbers

11 x
2. What is the range of f ( x )=
1−x
A) { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠ 0 }
B) { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠−11 }
?
C) { y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠11 }
D) all real numbers

11 x
3. What is the vertical asymptote of f ( x )= ?
1−x
A) x=1 C) y=−1
B) x=−1 D) y=1

11 x
4. What is the horizontal asymptote of f ( x )= ?
1−x
A) x=−11 C) y=−11
B) x=11 D) y=11

5 x−1
5. What is the horizontal asymptote of f ( x )= ?
2−6 x
5
A. x=−5 C) y=
6
−5
B. x=5 D) y=
6

KEY TO CORRECTION

Pretest Posttest
1. B 1. C
2. A 2. B
3. A 3. A
4. D 4. C
5. D 5. D
Activity 3

Activity 1 Activity 2

−5 x 4 x +7
4. f (x)= 4. f ( x )=
3 x+ 1 8−3 x
−1 8
{
Domain: x∨x ∈ R , x ≠
3 } {
Domain: x∨x ∈ R , x ≠
3 }
−1 8
Vertical Asymptote: x= Vertical Asymptote: x=
3 3
−5 −4
{
Range: y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠
3 } {
Range: y∨ y ∈ R , y ≠
3 }

REFERENCES
Gaudet, Donna et al. Intermediate Algebra Student Workbook. Scottdale:
Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY), 2014.

Jose-Dilao, Soledad. Advanced Algebra with Trigonometry and Statistics.

Pasig: Vibal Group Inc., 2007.

Pascua, Leonarda et al. Mathematics IV. Quezon: Focus Publishing, Co.,

Inc., 1989.