VIDYA VIKAS

Department of Mechanical Engineering INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

Turbo Machines– 18ME54

Course Coordinator:
Mr. THANMAY J S
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ME, VVIET
 VIDYA VIKAS
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ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

Module 1 Thermodynamics of fluid flow

Session 5
Static and Stagnation states, Efficiencies of turbo machines, Application of first and second law of
thermodynamics to turbo machines,

Session 6
overall isentropic efficiency, stage efficiency (their comparison) and polytropic efficiency for both
compression and expansion processes. Reheat factor for expansion process.

Session 7
Simple Numerical on stage efficiency

Session 8
Simple Numerical on polytropic efficiency.

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Session Objective & Outcome INSTITUTE OF
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Session Objective:

Understand typical design of Turbo machine, their working principle, application

and thermodynamics process involved.
.

Session Outcome:

Model studies and thermodynamics analysis of turbomachines

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Session 05 Content INSTITUTE OF
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1. Static and Stagnation states

2. Efficiencies of turbo machines
3. Application of first law of thermodynamics to turbo
machines
4. Application of second law of thermodynamics to
turbo machines

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INSTITUTE OF
Static and Stagnation states ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

A Turbo Machine necessarily involves flowing fluids, so that the

properties of the flowing fluid must be specified.
These properties are measured in two states
a) Static state properties
and
a) Stagnation state properties

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INSTITUTE OF
Static and Stagnation states ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
a) Static state properties
If the properties of a fluid are measured with the instruments or
devices which are at rest relative to the fluid flow then they are
called as static state properties.
(For measuring of Temperature of any fluid particle moving with a
given speed, the measuring thermometer should theoretically
move with the same speed as that of the fluid particle)
Example: p- Pressure, s- Entropy, h- Enthalpy, T- Temparature

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INSTITUTE OF
Static and Stagnation states ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
a) Stagnation or Total state properties
In Fluid Dynamics, a stagnation point is a point in a flow field where
the local Velocity of the fluid is zero. (KE and PE = zero)
Stagnation Properties of a fluid is defined as "When a flowing fluid
past an immersed body, and at a point on the body if the resultant
velocity becomes zero, then the values of pressure, temperature and
density at that point are called as stagnation properties. That point is
called as stagnation point.
Example: po- Pressure, so- Entropy, ho- Enthalpy, To- Temparature

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Efficiencies of turbo machines INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
In Turbo Machines, losses occur in turbomachine is due to a) bearing friction, windage etc which is referred as
Mechanical losses and b) Unsteady flow, friction between the blade and fluid losses referred to hydraulic losses

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 Application of first law of VIDYA VIKAS
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thermodynamics to Turbo Machines ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

Since the Static state is in Initial State and Stagnation state is

the terminal state then
KE and PE will be zero. For unit mass basis
q - w=Δho
For Turbo Machines head loss to surrounding is assumed to be
zero, so q=0
- w=Δho or δho = -δW
For PG Machines W= - Δho
For PA Machines W= Δho
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Application of Second law of INSTITUTE OF
thermodynamics to Turbo Machines ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
The second law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time and is constant if and only if
all the process are reversible. In a reversible process, an increment in the entropy (dS) of a system is defined to result from an infinitesimal transfer
of heat (δQ) to a closed system divided by the common temperature (T) of the system in equilibrium and the surroundings which supply the heat
Note: delta (𝜹) =inexact differential such as heat and work transfer. And (d) = exact differential.

From Second Law of Thermodynamics

𝜹𝑸
𝑻
= ds or 𝜹𝑸= T . ds
From First law of Thermodynamics
𝜹𝑸 − 𝜹𝒘 = 𝒅𝑬 --(1) but 𝜹𝒘= p . dV
T . ds − p . dV = dE-----(2)
We know that h = E+ p V differentiating
dh = dE + d( pV ) substituting dE value from (2)
dh = T . ds − p . dV + p . dV + V . dp
For power generation Turbo Machines
dho =To dso + Vo dpo = −𝜹𝒘
𝜹𝒘 = − To dso − Vo dpo ---------------eq 1 Dept. of MECH., Engg., VVIET, Mysuru 10
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Session 06 Content INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

1. polytropic efficiency for expansion processes.

2. polytropic efficiency for compression processes.
3. stage efficiency
4. overall isentropic efficiency
5. Reheat factor for expansion process.

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Basic Important Terminologies INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING &
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 Overall isentropic efficiency VIDYA VIKAS
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of Power Generating Turbo Machines ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

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 Overall isentropic efficiency VIDYA VIKAS
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of Power Absorbing Turbo Machines ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

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 Polytropic efficiency in expansion process (Turbine)
A finite turbine stage can be viewed as it made up of infinitesimal number of small stages. Each of these
small stages has an efficiency, ηp, is called polytropic or infinitesimal stage efficiency.
Consider a single stage turbine having stage efficiency ηs operates between p1 and p2 divided
into infinitesimal stages.
Considering one intermediate stage operating between pressures P and p - dp and temperatures T and
T+dp (efficiency of such stage is called Polytropic efficiency)

we know that

Where T2 = P2 = Ps = p – dp and T1=P

We get

Further

Assuming the irreversible adiabatic compression process 1-2 as equivalent process with an index of

compression n

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 Polytropic efficiency in compression Process(compressor)

A finite compressor stage can be viewed as it made up of infinitesimal number of small stages. Each of
these small stages has an efficiency, ηp, is called polytropic or infinitesimal stage efficiency
Consider a single stage compressor having stage efficiency ηs operates between p1 and p2 divided into
infinitesimal stages.
Considering one intermediate stage operating between pressures p and p+dp and temperatures T
and T+dT (efficiency of such stage is called Polytropic efficiency)

we know that

Where T2 = P2 = Ps = p + dp and
T1=P

We get

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Stage efficiency for expansion processes (Turbine) (PGM)

Stage efficiency for compression processes (PAM)

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 Overall efficiency for expansion processes (Turbine) (PGM)

Stage Efficiency Overall Efficiency

Therfore substituting
we get

Overall efficiency for compression processes (PAM)

Stage Efficiency Overall Efficiency

Therfore substituting we get

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 Reheat factor for expansion process
The Thermodynamic effect on the turbine efficiency can be best understood by considering
a number of stages between two stages 1 and 2 as shown in Figure.

The total expansion is divided into four stages of the same efficiency

and pressure ratio.

The overall efficiency of expansion is ( )

The actual work during the expansion from 1 to 2 is

or,

Reheat factor (R.F.) =

or,

R.F is 1.03 to 1.04 > 1

We can see:

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List of Formulas

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Dept. of MECH., Engg., VVIET, Mysuru
Dept. of MECH., Engg., VVIET, Mysuru
Dept. of MECH., Engg., VVIET, Mysuru
Dept. of MECH., Engg., VVIET, Mysuru
T3 = 894.33 K

ΔT2 = T2 – T3 = 1158.25 – 894.33 = 263.92 K.

Power developed in I st stage P1 = mCpΔT1 = 39.32 x 1.005 x 341.75 = 13.50 x 103 kW

Power developed in II nd stage P2 = mCpΔT2 = 39.32 x 1.005 x 263.92 = 10.43 x 103 kW

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Activities
Try to solve these 3 problems they are previous year Question Papers Problems

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