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Effect of Magnetizing Water and Seeds On The Production of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Under Cooled Plastic Tunnels
Effect of Magnetizing Water and Seeds On The Production of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Under Cooled Plastic Tunnels
Effect of Magnetizing Water and Seeds On The Production of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Under Cooled Plastic Tunnels
By
Shiema Fathi Abdalla Saeed
B.Sc. (Hon.) Agriculture
University of Khartoum
2003
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ARABIC ABSTRACT iv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Magnets and magnetism 3
2.2 Claimed benefits and effects 4
2.3 Water hardness 4
2.4 Some results of applying of magnetized water for soil
desalination 6
2.5 Agricultural applications 8
2.5.1 The benefits of the magnetizer use in agriculture 9
2.6 Magnetic water treatment 10
2.7 Magnetized seeds 14
2.8 Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) 17
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 19
3.1 Experimental site and layout 19
3.2 Seeds treatment 19
3.3 Cooled plastic tunnel 23
3.4 Irrigation system description 23
3.4.1 Pump unit 23
3.4.2 Control unit 23
3.4.3 Main, submain and lateral lines 23
3.4.4 Emitters 26
3.5 Data collection 26
3.5.1 Germination rate 26
Page
3.5.2 Number of leaves per plant 26
3.5.3 Plant height (cm) 26
3.5.4 Days to 50% flowering 28
3.5.5 Fruit length (cm) 28
3.5.6 Fruit diameter (cm) 28
3.5.7 Yield (number of fruits/m2) 28
3.5.8 Yield (kg/m2) 28
3.5.9 Leaves dry meter percentage 28
3.6 Physical and chemical analysis 28
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29
4.1 Number of leaves per plant 29
4.2 Days to 50% flowering 30
4.3 Plant height (cm) 32
4.4 Yield (kg/m2) 32
4.5 Yield (number of fruits/m2) 33
4.6 Fruit length (cm) 35
4.7 Fruit diameter (cm) 37
4.8 The leaves dry matter percentage 37
4.9 Germination rate (%) 39
4.10 Physical and chemical analyses 42
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 43
REFERENCES 44
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
i
ABSTRACT
The experimental work was carried out in one of the cooled plastic
tunnels of the Date Palm Technology Co. (DATECHO), Shambat, during
the summer season (May-August) of 2005.
ii
The results of the study showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05)
in the germination rate (87.9%), number of leaves per plant (74.4), days
to 50% flowering (33), plant height (380.3 cm), yield (6.1 kg/m2) and
average fruit diameter (3.0 cm) when magnetized water was used as
compared to non-magnetized water, which gave (77.2%) germination
rate, (60.3) leaves per plant, (35.2) days to 50% flowering, (337.9 cm)
plant height, (4.0 kg/m2) yield and (2.9 cm) average fruit diameter.
iii
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1
of natural water parameters, resulting in an increase of the dissolving
properties of water. These changes result in an increased ability of the
soil to get rid of salts and a better assimilation of nutrients and fertilizer
in plants during the growing cycle. Watering plants with magnetized
water dissolves more nutrients because it lowers the surface tension of
water. This lets more minerals be suspended in solution. This improves
the pH and causes more minerals and nutrient to pass through the cell
walls of roots. Magnetized water penetrates the soil faster and deeper,
allowing roots to penetrate and grow larger. Magnetized water dissolves
more nutrients into root zone to become available to stimulate plant
growth. These may be the reasons why growth rates are increased. Crop
yields are big in a shorter period of time, and with much less water and
fertilizer and pesticides needs. This is the reason why magnetic water be
used for irrigation. This results in an increased crop production and good
quality of agricultural products coupled by savings in labour and money.
This is also much better for the environment in many ways both for land
and water and human health.
This study was conducted with a view to evaluating the effect of
magnetizing irrigation water and seeds on the production of cucumber
(Cucumis sativus L.) under cooled plastic tunnels.
2
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
3
The strength of a magnet is given by its magnetic flux density,
which is measured in units of gauss. Typical household refrigerator
magnets have field strength of about 1,000 gauss. According to the
distribution, the magnets sold for water and fuel treatment have magnetic
flux densities in the 2,000 to 4,000 gauss range, which is usually strong.
Permanent magnets with flux densities in the 8,000 gauss range are
readily available. The magnets sold for magnetic fuel and water treatment
are not special; they are just ordinary magnets (Busch et al., 1997).
4
water from other sources. Waters that required more soap were
considered “harder” to use for laundering.
Water “hardness” is a measure of dissolved mineral content. As
water seeps through soil and aquifers, it contacts minerals such as
limestone and dolomite. Under the right conditions, small amounts of
these minerals will dissolve in the ground water and the water will
become “hard”. Water hardness is quantified by the concentration of
dissolved hardness minerals (Mike, 1998). The most common hardness
minerals are carbonates and sulfates of magnesium and calcium. Water
with a total hardness mineral concentration of less than about 17 part per
million (ppm) is categorized as “soft” by the water Quality Association
(Harrison, 1993). “Moderately hard” water has a concentration of 60 to
120 ppm and “very hard” water exceeds 180 ppm.
Hard water is often undesirable because the dissolved minerals can
form scale. Scale is simply the solid phase of the dissolved minerals,
some hardness minerals become soluble in water as temperature is
increased. These minerals tend to form deposits on the surfaces of water
heating elements, bathtubs and inside hot water pipes. Scale deposits can
shorten the useful life of appliances such as dish washers. Hard water
also increases soap consumption and the amount of “soap scum” formed
on dishes (Busch et al., 1997).
Many homeowners and businesses use water softeners to avoid the
problems that result from hard water. Most water softeners remove
5
problematic dissolved magnesium and calcium by passing water through
abed “ion exchange” beads. The beads are initially contacted with
a concentrated salt (sodium chloride) solution to saturate the bead
exchange sites with sodium ions. These ion exchange sites have a greater
affinity for calcium and magnesium, ions are captured and sodium is
released. The end result is sodium ions. Sodium salts do not readily form
scale or soap scum, so the problems associated with hard water are
avoided (Mike, 1998).
A 1960 survey of municipal water supplies in one hundred U.S.
cities revealed that water hardness ranged from 0 to 738 ppm with a
medium of 90 ppm. Ion – exchange water softeners are capable of
reducing the hardness of the incoming water supply to between 0 and 2
ppm, which is well below the levels where scale soap precipitation are
significant.
One of the principal draw backs of ions, exchange water softeners
is the need to periodically recharge the ion exchange beads with sodium
ions. Rock salt is added to a reservoir in the softener for this purpose
(Liburkin et al., 1986).
6
water to desalinate the soil accounts for its enhanced dissolving capacity,
which has been registered repeatedly.
Soviet scientists staged myriad trials on the soil of experimental
drainages grounds. They came to establish that the density of magnetize
water which had penetrated the soil layer was 0.19 g/cm more than of
non magnetized water. It was noted that filtration rate had been doubled,
in the case with magnetized water every 100 g of soil had salts removed
by 10 g more. Once 95% water solution of technical green vitriol was
exposed to magnetic treatment it yielded ameliorants, which brought out
of the soil by 20 g of salts more per every 100 g opposed to regular
water. Thereafter, these findings were incorporated repeatedly both on
testing grounds and industrial premises in the world (Tkatchenko, 1997).
The tests were implemented on a soil that contained the chemical
characteristics shown in the Table 2.1.
7
It was found that with optimized mode of magnetic treatment the
magnetized water would wash salts out as much as 5 times more
efficiently than the usual water (Tkatchenko, 1997).
8
growth of the green parts to better protect white meat against the sun).
Past tests on irrigated installation on alfalfa fields in Oregon have
resulted in 42% reduction of water needs and electric costs to the pump.
Studied on magnetic treatment of squash, tomatoes and cucumber seeds
produce a 96% germination rate in only 3 days, whereas the untreated
seeds had the normal germination rate of 73% in 14 days (Davies, 1950).
The use of the magnetized water in farms in Europe results in
better hen laying, better metabolism of animals, descaling of milk stone
in dairies, …etc. The lowered surface tension creates greater water
solubility and penetration. This effect in breaking-up clods of soil
surrounding and restricting the root cilia. The declodding frees the cilia
for greater surface area to absorb more water and minerals, hence an
increase in root and plant growth. Also, minerals now pass easier through
the water into roots. Third and equally important are the electromotive
forces that are transferred from the water to the plant. These forces, as
shown in thousands of experiments and life applications, specially
stimulate growth activity.
9
3. Water conservation equals less man hours, maintenance and less
energy required to pump and irrigate.
4. Increased fertilizer efficiency, cuts fertilizer costs, also the fertilizer
is more readily absorbed by the plant and is not wasted in runoff
water.
5. The descaling of piping and clogged water jets improves efficiency,
saves maintenance time, extends the life of the irrigation system and
saves money.
6. Ease of installation and life time warranty – saving money and
bringing better yields (McBBr 8’97).
10
increases the water sodium concentration, and claimed unhealthy for
people with high blood pressure. There is apparently no consensus
among magnet vendors regarding the mechanisms by which magnetic
water treatment occurs.
Lburkin et al. (1986) found that magnetic treatment affected the
structure of gypsum (calcium sulfate). Gypsum particles formed in
magnetically treated water were found to be larger regularly oriented
than those formed in ordinary water. Similarly, Kronenberg (1985)
reported that magnetic treatment changed the mode of calcium carbonate
precipitation such that circular disc-shaped particles are formed rather
than the dendretic (branching or tree – like) particles observed in non
treated water.
Others (e.g. Chechel and Annekova, 1972; Martynova et al., 1967)
also have found that magnetic treatment affects the structure of
subsequently precipitated solids. Because scale formation involves
precipitation and crystallization, these studies imply that magnetic water
treatments is likely to have an effect on the formation of scale.
Some researchers hypothesize that magnetic treatment affects the
nature of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. They report changes
in water properties such as light absorbance, surface tension, and pH (e.g.
Joshi and Kamat 1966; Bruns et al., 1966; Klassen, 1981). However,
these effects have not always been found by later investigators
(Mirumyants et al., 1972). Duffy (1977) provides experimental evidence
11
that scale that scale suppression in magnetic water treatment devices is
due to not to magnetic effects on the fluid, but to the dissolution amount
of iron.
Iron ions can suppress the rate of scale formation and encourage
the growth of a softer scale deposit. Busch et al. (1986) measured the
voltages produced by fluids flowing through a commercial magnetic
treatment device. Their data support the hypothesis that a chemical
reaction driven by the induced electrical current may be responsible for
generating the ions shown by Duffy (1977) to affect scale formation.
Among those who report some type of direct magnetic water treatment
effect, a consensus seems to be emerging that the effect results from the
interaction of the applied magnetic field with surface charges of
suspended particles.
Whether or not some magnetic water treatment effect actually
exists, the further question, and the most important for consumers, is
whether the magnetic water treatment devices perform as advertised
numerous accounts of the successes and failures of magnetic water
treatment devices can be found in the literature (Lin and Yotvat, 1989;
Raisen, 1984; Wilkes and Baum, 1979; Welder and Partridge, 1954).
However, because of the varied conditions under which these field trials
are conducted it is unclear whether the positive reports are due to
magnetic treatment or to other conditions that were not controlled during
the trial. Some commercial devi as have been subjected to test under
controlled conditions. Unfortunately, the results are mixed. Duffy (1977)
tested a commercial device with an internal magnet and found that it had
12
no significant effect on the precipitation of calcium carbonate scale in
a heat exchanger.
According to Lipus et al. (1994), however, the scale prevention
capability to their ELMAG device is proven, although they do not supply
much supporting data. Busch et al. (1997) measured the scale formed
by the distillation of hard water with and without magnetic treatment;
using laboratory – prepared hard water a 22 percent reduction in
scale formation was observed when the magnetic treatment device was
used instead of a straight pipe section. However, a 17 percent reduction
in scaling was found when non-magnetized otherwise, identical, device
was installed, Busch et al. (1997) speculated that fluid turbulence inside
the device may be the cause of the 17 percent reduction, with the
magnetic effect responsible for the additional 5 percent. River water was
subjected to similar tests, but no difference in scale formation was found
with and without the magnetic treatment with a commercial magnetic
water treatment device was conducted by Hasson and Baramson (1985).
Under the technical supervision of the device supplier, they tested the
device to determine its ability to prevent the accumulation of calcium
carbonate scale in a pipe. Very hard water (300 to 340 ppm) was pumped
through a cast – iron pipe, and the rate of scale accumulation inside the
pipe was determined by periodically inspecting the pipe interior.
Magnetic exposure was found to have no effect on either the rate of scale
accumulation or the adhesive nature of the scale deposits.
The general principle operation for magnetic field technology is
a result of the physics of interaction between a magnetic field and
associated with each of poles varies, depending on the fluid flow gap.
13
Because there are no moving parts, the magnetic unit is low maintenance
and does not use energy to produce the treatment. The manufactured
units have a capacity ranges from 19 pH up to 50,000 g pH of water
conditioning. The natural gas application ranges from 0.25 inch up to
20 inch diameter pipe.
Proper installation of the unit is critical. Parameters of interest to
the manufacturer include fluid flow rate, proximity to electromagnetic
fields, and in the case of water applications, water quality parameters
such as hardness, iron, silica, and alkalinity.
14
right lunar phase, and to magnetize seeds affected by fungal diseases
during the first half of the day.
For example it is better to magnetize wheat seeds during the new
moon, cucumber – during the last quarter of the lunar phase, tomato in
full moon; carrot – in the first quarter of the lunar phase, in addition
magnetization of seeds can be done 5 months before sowing as on the
same day.
Application of the above mentioned technology in Russia,
Ukraine, Byelorussia, Uzbekistan, UAE, Malaysia, Indonesia and Egypt,
with considerable decrease in the ripening time and an increase in the
quality of vegetable, fruits and cereals, allowed for an increase of harvest
by 12-36% and in some cases up to 100% and more (Tktchenko, 1997).
Seeds prepared for the treatment before sowing must be from one
group with controlled seeds. Identical by lineage, reproduction conditions
of sorting. Seeds from different layers should be thoroughly mixed and
humidity should not be more than 14%, multiplicity of the treatment is
not important.
The physiological method of definition of magnetized seed,
productivity is in measuring the length of the embryonic root. It was
experimentally proved that plants with good rate of growth of the
embryonic root during transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic type
of nourishment are more productive and create more developed root
system.
15
Magnetic treatment of seeds can be applied at both methods of
sowing:
1. Sowing with soaked seeds.
2. Sowing with un-soaked seeds.
1- The seeds were magnetized by pouring water on them through
a magnetic funnel. They were left for about 3 minutes. Then they
were poured again through the magnetic funnel where they become
ready for immediate or late sowing as recommended by Mike (1998).
2- This method of magnetic treatment of seeds is used for sowing on
large industrial areas (grain, wheat, maize, barely, millet, buck wheat,
etc…).
When seeds soaking is difficult due to large quantities, it is enough
to pass seeds through magnetic funnel. The result of both methods will
be much better if after magnetic treatment of seeds; magnetic water is
used for irrigation (Mike, 1998).
In 1980-1984, collective farms of Leningrad region saw
experiment on pre-sowing magnetization of potato tubers on a total area
of more than 3000 hectares. An average increase of the yield made up
4.18 tons per hectare or 23.8% and in some cases, 35%.
Agro-industrial tests on pre – sowing seed magnetization of
carrots, radish, cabbage, Swede, cotton, sugar beets and other crops were
carried out in 1980-1984. The relevant analysis showed a 30% harvest
growth with significant reduction of vegetative period and quality
improvement (Tkatchenke, 1997).
16
Experts from Azerbaijani Scientific Research Institute of water
machinery and land improvement irrigated plots of land by magnetized
sea water (salt content 15mg/1). The level of tomato productivity and
sorghum increased by 44.6% and 19.45%, respectively. Fresh
magnetized water applied for irrigation did not produce impressive
effects although they were quite visible. Yield supplement of tomatoes
and sorghum constituted 11.4% and 10.4%, respectively.
Experimental station of oil crops at Soviet Union held tests on pre-
sowing treatment of sunflower seeds in a magnetic system in 1985. The
additional harvest ran up to 430 kg hectare. Field research on irrigation of
tomatoes by magnetized water was run at Novocherkask mechanical
engineering institute in 1984. Magnetic systems were mounted on
sprinklers. The tomato yield swelled by 570 kg per hectare. Likewise, the
number of green and ripe fruits per one bush built up by 2 and 31 pieces,
respectively (Tkatchenko, 1997).
17
flower production. Soils should be well drained, with a high level of
organic content. A high light intensity tends to increase the number of
staminate flowers produced; lower light levels result in the production of
more pistilate flowers, seeds germinate well at 27°C. This required at
frequent intervals and a high level of soil moisture should be maintained
throughout the growing period. NPK should be applied before sowing or
planting, followed by applications of liquid manure every 14-21 days
until fruits form. Potassium should be available throughout the growth
period; the developing fruits and seeds particular have a high nitrogen
requirement. Fruits may be harvested 40-80 days from sowing or
planting, when 15-20 cm in length. The yield is approximately 5-7 t/ha.
Mature fruits should be firm, green and of the size typical of the cultivar.
For storage, temperatures should be above 10°C, otherwise chilling
injury may occur; at temperatures in excess of 16°C however, fruits
rapidly become yellow. The maximum storage period is approximately
14 days (Tindall, 1983).
18
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
19
Plate 3.1 Water magnetizing device (Modifier)
20
N
↑
Where:
MW = magnetized water, NMW = non-magnetized water
MS = magnetized seeds, NMS = non-magnetized seeds
21
Magnetizing device
Funnel
22
3.3 Cooled plastic tunnel
Made of reinforced plastic sheets, installed over a frame of
galvanized steel pipes. One door was attached on the front side and a
cooling system containing two exhaust fans and cooling pads (Plate 3.3).
23
Plate 3.3 Plastic tunnels from inside showing the
pads, the fans and the drip irrigation laterals
24
Fig 3.2 Drip irrigation system
25
3.4.4 Emitters
These devices are used to control water flow from the lateral lines
into the soil. They are pressure compensating (Turbo-key) type (Plate
3.4). These emitters have high resistance to clogging they give different
amounts of flow at different levels of pressure.
26
Plate 3.4 A pressure compensating Turbo-key
type of emitters
27
3.5.4 Days to 50% flowering
The number of days when 50% of plants in each treatment reached
flowering was recorded.
28
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
29
leaves/plant. The non-magnetized seeds irrigated by non-magnetized
water gave a lower value of 57.0 leaves/plant (Fig 4.1 and Appendix B).
30
80.00
Number of leaves/plant
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
M.W. NMW
Treatments
M.S. NMS
36.00
35.00
34.00
Days
33.00
32.00
31.00
30.00
M.W. NMW
Treatments
M.S. NMS
31
4.3 Plant height (cm)
The data given in Appendix A reflect that, the average value of
380.3 cm for plant height was given by magnetized water, while for non-
magnetized water it was 337.9 cm.
Also, the results showed that, the average value of plant height for
magnetized seeds was 367.4 cm, while for non-magnetized seeds it was
350.8 cm (Appendix A).
From the statistical analysis, it was found that, there was a
significant difference in plant height for magnetized water.
The results showed that, the magnetized seeds irrigated by
magnetized water gave a higher value of plant height of 384.3 cm,
whereas the non-magnetized water gave plant height of 376.2 cm. Also,
the non-magnetized seeds irrigated by magnetized water gave plant
height of 350.4 cm, when irrigated by non-magnetized water gave
a lower value of plant height of 325.3 cm (Fig 4.3 and Appendix B).
32
From the statistical analysis, there was a significant difference in
yield (kg/m2) when magnetized water was used. This result agrees with
results obtained by Elhassan (2004).
Also, the statistical analysis showed that, there was a significant
difference in yield (kg/m2) when magnetized seeds were used.
The magnetized seeds when irrigated by magnetized water gave
a higher yield of 6.7 kg/m2, while the non-magnetized seeds irrigated by
magnetized water gave 5.6 kg/m2. Also, the magnetized seeds irrigated
by non-magnetized water gave 4.3 kg/m2, while the non-magnetized
seeds irrigated by non-magnetized water gave a lower yield of 3.7 kg/m2
(Fig 4.4 and Appendix B).
33
390.00
380.00
370.00
M.S. NMS
7.00
6.00
Yield (kg/m2)
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
M.W. NMW
Treatments
M.S. NMS
34
Also, Fig 4.5 and Appendix (B) show that, the interaction of non-
magnetized water and magnetized seeds gave 36.8 number of fruits/m2,
and the interaction of non-magnetized water and non-magnetized seeds
gave a lower yield of 25.7 number of fruits/m2.
35
50.00
40.00
of fruits/m 2)
Yield (No. 30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
M.W. NMW
Treatments
M.S. NMS
2
Fig. 4.5. Yield (No. of fruits/m )
15.50
15.00
14.50
cm
14.00
13.50
13.00
M.W. NMW
Treatments
M.S. NMS
36
4.7 Fruit diameter (cm)
The data given in Appendix A reflect that, the average value of
fruit diameter for magnetized water was 3.0 cm, while for non-
magnetized water it was 2.9 cm.
The results show that, the average value of fruit diameter
for magnetized seeds was 3.0 cm, while for non-magnetized seeds it was
2.8 cm.
The results of statistical analysis show that, there was a significant
difference in fruit diameter for magnetized water and seeds.
The interaction of magnetized water and magnetized seeds gave
a higher value of 3.1 cm (Plate 4.1), while the interaction of magnetized
water and non-magnetized seeds gave 2.9 cm. Also, the interaction of
non-magnetized water and magnetized seeds gave 2.9 cm, while the
interaction of non-magnetized water and non-magnetized seeds gave
a lower value of 2.8 cm (Fig 4.7 and Appendix B).
37
Magnetized
water & seeds
Non-Magnetized
38
Fig 4.8 and Appendix B show that, the interaction of magnetized
water and magnetized seeds gave a higher value of 16.0%, while the
interaction of magnetized water and non-magnetized seeds gave 13.4%.
Also, the results show that, the interaction of non-magnetized
water and magnetized seeds gave 14.9%, while the interaction of non-
magnetized water and non-magnetized seeds gave a lower value of 9.6%
(Fig 4.8 and Appendix B).
39
3.10
3.05
Fruit diameter (cm) 3.00
2.95
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.75
2.70
2.65
2.60
M.W. NMW
Treatments
M.S. NMS
16.00
14.00
Leaves dry matter %
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
M.W. NMW
Treatments
M.S. NMS
40
95.00
Germination rate (%)
90.00
85.00
80.00
75.00
70.00
65.00
M.W. Treatments NMW
M.S. NMS
41
4.10 Physical and chemical analyses
The results of the physical analyses showed that, there were
differences in water physical properties capillarity (cm), dynamic
viscosity (kgm-1S-×10-4), electric susceptibility, specific heat (Jkg-1k-
1
×103), which were higher after magnetizing water (Table 1 Appendix
C).
Also, the chemical analysis show that, there were differences in the
(pH and ammonia NH3), which were raised after magnetizing the water
(Table 2 Appendix C).
42
HAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
43
REFERENCES
Bruns, S.A.; V.I. Klassen, and A.K. Konshina, (1966). Change in the
extinction of light by water after treatment in a magnetic field.
Kolloidn. Zh., 28: 153-155.
Busch, K.W.; M.A. Busch; R.E. Darling, S. Maggard, and S.W. Kubala,
(1997). Design of a test loop for the evaluation of magnetic
water treatment devices. Process Safety and Environmental
Protection. Transaction of the Institution of Chemical
Engineers 75 (Part B): 105-114, Russia.
44
Harrison, (1993). WGA glossary of terms. Water Quality Association,
www.heall.com/healingnews/may/magentictreatment.html-43k.
Joshi, K.M. and P.V. Kamat, (1966). Effect of magnetic field on the
physical properties of water. J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 43: 620-622.
45
Lipus, L.; J. Krope, and L. Garbai, (1994). Magnetic water treatment for
scale prevention, Hungary J. Ind. Chem., 22: 239-242.
Mike, R.P. (1998). Magnetic water and fuel treatment: Myth, Magic or
Mainstream Science. Skeptical Inquirer Magazine.
46
Tkatchenko, Y.P. (1997). Practical magnetic technologies in agriculture,
Dubai, U.A.E.
47
APPENDICES
Where:
MW = magnetized water, NMW = non-magnetized water
MS = magnetized seeds, NMS = non-magnetized seeds
48
Appendix B. The interaction of water and seeds
MW NMW
Parameters
MS NMS MS NMS
Number of leaves 77.2 75.7 63.7 57.0
Days to 50% flowering 32.3 33.7 34.3 36.0
Where:
MW = magnetized water, NMW = non-magnetized water
MS = magnetized seeds, NMS = non-magnetized seeds
49
Appendix C.
Table 1. Physical properties
Viscosity
Capillarity dynamic Electric Specific heat
Properties -1 -1 3
(cm) -1 -
(kgm S ×10 )
-4 Susceptibility (Jkg k ×10 )
50
Appendix D.
Table 1. Number of leaves/plant
Where:
df = degree of freedom
SS = sum of square
MS = mean sum of square
f-cal = f calculated
f-tab = f tabulated
Factor A = water
Factor B = seeds
AB = interaction (water x seeds)
ns = non significant
* = significant
51
Table 2. Days to 50% flowering
52
Table 3. Plant height (cm)
53
Table 4. Yield (kg/m2)
54
Table 5. Yield (number of fruits/m2)
55
Table 6. Fruit length (cm)
56
Table 7. Fruit diameter (cm)
57
Table 8. Leaves dry matter percentage (%)
58
Table 9. Germination rate (%)
59