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Problem : 4.87 iii) A javelin thrown by an athlete

A balloon starts from rest from the ground and moves iv) A jet of water from a rubber tube impelled into
with uniform acceleration g/8. When it reaches a height
h a ball is dropped from it the time taken by the ball to air
reach the ground is Note 4.35 : In two dimensional motion, the position
2 gh gh of a particle is represented by the position vector
Sol : v = = v r
8 2 r = xi + yj
1 d dx dy
−h = vt − gt 2 h h ∴ velocity = V = ( xi + yj) = i + = Vxi + Vy j
2 dt dt dtj
gh 1
−h = t − gt 2 u=0 Vx and Vy are components of velocity and
2 2
represent speeds along x and y directions. These two
1 2 gh component speeds are independent of each other.
gt − t−h= 0
2 2
Simplifing and taking only the positive value as The acceleration vector is given by
negative value of t is not acceptable we get
dv y
= (V x i + V y j ) = x i +
dv d dv
h a= j = axi + a y j
t=2 dt dt dt dt
g
Again the two components of acceleration are
Problem : 4.88 independent of each other
A boy sees a ball go up and then down through a window 4.30 THE TRAJECTORY OF
2.45m high. If the total time that ball is in sight in 1s,
the height above the window the ball rises is PROJECTILE IS A PARABOLA
approximately (in absence of air resistance)
Sol : Time during upward crossing of 2.45m
Let a body be projected at ‘O’ with an initial
1
= time during downwad crossing = s velo city u t hat makes an angle θ with t he
2
1 u2 X–axis.
h = ut + gt 2 H=
2 2g This velocity can be written as
u r
1 1 1 u = u x i + u y j = (u cos θ ) i + (u sin θ ) j .
2.45 = u. + × 9.8× 1
2 2 4 h t=
2
s
u = 4.9 – 2.45 = 2.45 g = 9.8m / s
Due to the fact that two dimensional motion can
be treated as two independent rectilinear motions,
u 2 2.45× 2.45
H= = the projectile motion can be broken up into two
2g 2×9.8
separate straight line motions.
H ≃ 0.3m
i) horizontal motion with zero acceleration.[i.e.,
4.29 PROJECTILE constant velocity as there is no force in horizontal
direction]
Any body projected into the air at an angle
other than 900 with the horizontal near the ii) vertical motion with constant downward
surface of the earth, is called a projectile. acceleration = g (∵ it is moving under gravity)
Y

The science of projectile motion is called ballistics

v x = u cos θ
Examples for projectiles : x P A

u
i) A cricket ball thrown by a fielder uy
y
h
θ
X
ii) A bullet fired from a gun O
ux C B

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Let the body reach a point ‘P (x, y)’ in its For a projectile the time to reach maximum height
trajectory after time ‘t’ is called time of ascent.
i.e, horizontal displacement and vertical For a projectile, the vertical component of
displacements of the body in time ‘t’ are x and y velocity vy is zero at the highest point.
respectively. vy = u sin θ –gt,
1) Let us first consider the horizontal motion. u sin θ
Here, vy = 0 and t = ta ∴ ta =
As the horizontal motion has no acceleration the g
horizontal component of projectile’s velocity u x ii) Time of flight (T) :
remains constant through out the motion, the For a projectile, the total time to reach the same
displacement of the projectile after any time ‘t’ from horizontal plane of projection is called the time of
the initial position (the origin in our case) is given by flight. It is the total time for which the projectile
x = uxt = ( u cos θ ) t ............... (1) remains in air.
2) Now let us consider the vertical motion. 1 2
y = ( u sin θ ) t − gt
In vertical direction, the acceleration of the 2
projectile is equal to the free fall acceleration which Here, t = T, y = 0
is constant and always directed downward 1 2u sin θ
∴ 0 = ( u sin θ ) T − gT ∴T =
2
a = –gj i.e., ay = – g. 2 g
The equation for vertical displacement of the Note 4.36 :
projectile after time t can be written by Time of descent = time of ascent
1 time of flight
y = u y t + a y t 2 , we get =
2 2
y = ( u sin θ ) t − gt 2 (∵ a y = − g ) ..........(2)
1
iii) Maximum height (Hmax) :
2
The vertical displacement of a projectile during
by substituting the value of ‘ t ’ from (1) as
time of ascent is the maximum height of the projectile.
x
t= in equation (2) 1
u cos θ In the equation y = ( u sin θ ) t − gt 2 we use
2
2
 x  1  x  y = Hmax and t = ta.
y = u sin θ  − g 
 u cos θ  2  u cos θ 
u 2 sin 2 θ
∴ H max =
 g  2
∴ y = ( tan θ ) x −  2 2 x
2g
 2u cos θ 
u2
Note 4.37 : When θ = 900 , H max = .
The values of g, θ and u are constants. The 2g
above equation is in the form
This is equal to the maximum height reached by
g a body projected vertically upwards.
y = ax – bx2 where a = tan θ ; b = 2 .
2u cos 2 θ
iv) Horizontal Range (R) :
This is the equation of a parabola so the path of the
projectile is a parabola. This is defined as the horizontal distance covered
by projectile during its time of flight.
4.31 MOTION PARAMETERS OF A
PROJECTILE Thus, by definition,
I) TIME OF ASCENT (ta) Range R = horizontal velocity X time of flight

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2u sin θ Then the magnitude of resultant velocity after time

i.e., R = ( u cos θ ) T = ( u cos θ )
g
t is V = Vx 2 + Vy 2 = (u cos θ ) + (u sin θ − gt )
2 2

u 2 sin 2θ
⇒ Range, R = r
g The velocity vector v makes an angle α with
the horizontal given by
 Vy 
a = tan −1   at this instant.
 Vx 
H
y
θ
Range

Note 4.38 : For a given value of projection velocity α vx

u, R is maximum when vy v
x
2θ = 90 i.e., θ = 45 .
0 0

So maximum horizontal range is At any vertical displacement ‘h’, velocity is

( )
u2
ur
Rmax = (∵ sin 90 = 1) 0 V = u cosθiˆ + u 2 sin 2 θ − 2 gh ˆj
g
Note 4.39: For a given speed of projection ‘u’, the Note 4.40 : The horizontal component of v elocity
ranges are equal for angles remains constant all along . (since acceleration due
to gravity has no component along the horizontal.
(a) θ and ( 90 − θ)
Note 4.41: The vertical component of velocity,
(b) ( 45 + α ) and ( 45 − α ) a) Goes on decreasing during the ascent
y b) goes on increasing during the descent
c) becomes zero at the highest point
(90-θ) or θ Note 4.42:Thus velocity of a projectile is maximum
at projection point (equal to u)
θ = 450
Note 4.43:velocity of the projectile is minimum at
θ or (90 - θ)
x highest point (equal to u cos θ )
v) Velocity of the Projectile at any Instant ‘t’ : Note 4.44:change in the velocity of the projectile is
The horizontal component of the projectile equal to 2u sin θ
∆v y = v f − vi = u sin θ − (−u sin θ )
remains constant all the time. (because acceleration  
= 2u sin θ and ∆v = 0
due to gravity has no component along the  x 
horizontal.) Note 4.45:
∴ Horizontal component of velocity after any similarly change in momentum = 2mu sin θ
time t is vx = ux = ucos θ
Note 4.46 : average velocity of the projectile during
Vertical component of velocity after any time t is the entire journey =
vy = uy − gt = u sin θ − gt. total displacement range
ur =
(
V = Vxiˆ + V y ˆj ) total time time of flight
ur (u cos θ )×T
V = u cos θiˆ + ( u sin θ − gt ) ˆj =
T
= u cos θ

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Note 4.47 : angle between velocity and accelaration (1) u 2 sin 2 θ g

of a projectile, ⇒ × 2 2
(2) 2g u sin θ
a) is between 900 to 1800 during the ascent i.e
the dot product of velocity and acceleration is -ve u 2 sin 2 θ g
= × 2
during the ascent 2g u 2sin θ cos θ
b) is between 00 to 900 during the descent i.e
the dot product of velocity and acceleration is +ve Tanθ H 4H
⇒ = ⇒ Tanθ =
during the descent 4 R R
c) is 900 at the highest point i.e the dot prod- Note 4.52: The time of flight (T), Range (R), and
uct of velocity and acceleration is 0 at the highest angle of projection (θ ) are related as,
point
( gT 2 = 2 R Tanθ )
Note 4.48: At the projection point ,
2u sin θ
1
total energy = Eto = mu 2 (i.e, it is purely kinetic )
Sol : T = .........[1]
g
2
u 2 sin 2θ
Note 4.49 :At the highest point of the projectile , and R = ........[2]
g
1 2 2 2 2
a) kinetic energy E k = mu cos θ = Eto cos θ (1) T 2 4u 2 sin 2 θ g
2 ⇒ = × 2
2
(2) R g u sin 2θ
1
2 2 2
b) potential energy E p = mu sin θ = Eto sin θ
2 4u 2 sin 2 θ g
= 2
× 2
c) ratio of potential to kinetic energies g u ( 2sin θ cos θ )
Ep 2Tanθ T 2
= = tan 2 θ ⇒ =
Ek g R
Note 4.50: If 'T' is the time of flight of a projectile, ⇒ gT 2 = 2 R Tanθ
1 2
maximum height H = gT
8 1 2
2u sin θ gT Note 4.53: R tan θ = 4 H = gT
Sol : We know that T = ⇒u = 2
g 2sin θ
2
Note 4.54: range of a projectle is maximum when
u 2 sin 2 θ  gT  sin 2 θ u 2 sin 2θ
∴H = = ×
2g  2sin θ  2g angle of projection = 450 (∵ R =
g
, R is

g 2T 2 sin 2 θ 1 2 maximum if sin 2θ is maximum i.e if

= × = gT 2θ = 900 or θ = 450
4sin 2 θ 2g 8
Note 4.55: range of a projectile = maximum height
Note 4.51: For a projectile, angle of projection [ θ ],
range [R] and maximum height [H] are related as if θ = tan−1 4 or 760
4H
  Sol : we know that tan θ =
Tanθ = 4H  R
from this
 R 
u 2 sin 2 θ R = H ⇒ tan θ = 4 ⇒ θ = tan−1 4 = 760
Sol : Maximum height H = .....(1)
2g Note 4.56: For projectile, in the case of complimen-
2
u sin 2θ tary angles,
Range R = .....(2)
g a) Ranges are same

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Sol : If θ and (90 − θ ) are angles of projection, we Proof: Applying v2 - u2 = 2as for upward journey
have of a projectile,
u 2 sin 2θ u 2 sin 2(90 − θ )
R1 = and R2 = we have, u = u sin θ , a= -g,
g g
2
u sin 2θ u sin (180 − 2θ )
2
S=
1
H=
1 u 2 sin 2 θ
⇒ R1 = and R2 =
g g 2 2 2g
⇒ R1 = R2 Substituting these values we get
u2
b) If H1, H2 are maximum heights, H1 + H2 = 2 1 u 2 sin 2 θ
2g v 2 − (u sin θ ) = − 2 g × ×
Sol: 2 2g
u 2 sin 2 θ u 2 sin 2 ( 90 − θ ) u 2 sin 2 θ u 2 sin 2 θ
we have 1 H = , 2H = ∴ v 2 = u 2 sin 2 θ − =
2g 2g 2 2
2 2
u sin θ u cos θ 2 2 u sin θ
H1 + H 2 = + ⇒v=
2g 2g 2
2
u Note 4.59:velocity of a projectile at half of maxi-
∴ H1 + H 2 =
2g 1 + cos 2 θ
mum height = u
c) R1 = R2 = R = 4 H1H 2 2
2R Proof :Velocity at any instant is
d) If T1, T2 are times of flight, T1 T2 =
g v= v x2 + v y2
Sol: We have
2u sin θ 2u sin ( 90 − θ ) But vx = ux = u cos θ at any point
T1 = and T2 =
g g u sin θ
while v y = (at half of maximum height)
4u 2 sin θ cos θ 2
⇒ TT
1 2 =  u sin θ 2
g2
2
∴ v = (u cos θ ) +  
 2 
2u 2 sin 2θ Simplifying we get
=
g2
1 1 + cos 2 θ
∴ R = gT1T2 v =u
2R 2
T1T2 = i 2
g Note 4.60 : The physical quantities which remains
constant during projectile motion are
Note 4.57: If horizontal and vertical displacements
of a projectile are respectively x = at and y=bt-ct2 , i) acceleration due to gravity g
1 2
then velocity of projection u = a 2 + b 2 and angle of ii) total energy E0 = mu
2
projection iii) horizontal component of the velocity
b u cos θ
θ = tan −1
a Note 4.61:The physical quantities which change
Note 4.58 : For a projectile, during projectile motion are
'y' component of velocity at half of maximum i) speed ii) velocity
u sin θ iii) linear momentum iv) KE
height = v) PE
2
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Note 4.62:A particle is projected up from a point at 2) x-t graph is a straight line passing through
an angle with the horizontal . At any time ‘t’ if origin( x = u cos θt )
P=linear momentum y=vertical displacement 3) y-t graph is a parabola.
x=horizontal displacement , then the kinetic energy
1 2
(K) of the particle plotted against these parameters ( y = u sin θ − gt )
can be : 2
4) vx-t graph is a straight line parallel to time-
k – y graph From conservation of mechanical axis ( vx = u cos θ )
energy K=Kt-mgy....................(1)
Note 4.64: If air resistance is taken into consider-
(here Kc=initial kinetic energy=constant) ation then
i.e K-y graph is straight line . a) trajectory departs from parabola
K
It first decreases b) time of filght may increase or decrease
linearly becomes minimum K c) the velocity with which the body strikes the
at highest point and then ground decreases
Y d) maximum height decreases
becomes equal to Kc in the
similar manner . There e) striking angle increases
fore K-y graph will be as shown in figure f) range decreases

k- t graph : Note 4.65: A projectile is fired with a speed u at an

K
angle θ with the horizontal. Its speed when its
Equation (1) can be direction of motion makes an angle α with the hori-
 1 2
written as K = K i − mg u y t − gt  zontal
2 v = ucos θ sec. α
i.e K-t graph is a parabola . Explanation : Horizontal component of velocity
t
Kinetic energy first decreases and then increases remains constant
k - x graph K ∴ v cos α = u cos θ v = ucos θ sec. α

Equation (1) can also written as Note 4. 66 : A body is dropped from a tower. If
 wind exerts a constant horizontal force the path of
gx 2  x

K = Ki − mg  x tan θ − 
2 K the body is a straight line
 2ux 
again K-x graph is a parabola Note 4.67 : The path of projectile as seen from
another projectile:
k - p2 graph 1
x1 = u1 cos θ1t y1 = u1 sin θ1t − gt 2
p2 2
2
Further p =2Km 2
i.e p α K 1
x2 = u2 cos θ2t y2 = u2 sin θ t − gt 2
2
or K versus p2 graph is a straight line passing through
∆x = (u1 cos θ1 − u2 cos θ2 ) t
origin
∆y = (u1 cos θ1 − u2 cos θ2 ) t
Note 4.63: In a projectile motion let vx and vy are the
horizontal and vertical components of velocity at any ∆y u1 sin θ1 − u2 sin θ2
=
time t and x and y are displacements along horizontal ∆x u1 cos θ1 − u2 cos θ2
and vertical from the point of projection at any time
t . Then i) If u1 sin θ1 = u2 sin θ2
1) vy-t graph is a straight line with negatiave i.e., initial vertical velocities are equal slope
∆y
slope and positive intercept =0
∆x
( v y = u sin θ − gt ) ⇒ the path is horizontal straight line
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ii) If u1 cos θ1 = u2 cos θ2 a parabolic path. The time taken to reach ground is
i.e., initial horizontal velocities are equal arrived as explained below.

∆y u cos θ
θ
slope =∞ u
∆x u sin θ

⇒ the path is a vertical straight line

iii) u1 sin θ1 > u2 sin θ2
u1 cos θ1 > u2 cos θ2 The components of velocity are as shown. Here
⇒ the path is a straight line with + ve slope the body can be treated as a body projected vertically
down with a velocity u sin θ from a tower of height
iv) u1 sin θ1 > u2 sin θ2 ; u1 cos θ1 < u2 cos θ2
h. Hence the equation of motion on reaching the foot
or u1 sin θ1 < u2 sin θ; u2 cos θ1 < u2 cos θ2 of the tower is
⇒ the path is straight line with –ve slope 1 2
h = (u sin θ )t + gt
Note 4.68 : Two bodies thrown with same speed 2
from the same point at the same instants but at 1 2
different angles can rever collide in air (using S = u1t + gt where u1 = u sin θ )
2
1 2
∵ (x = u cos θ t , , y = u sin θ − gt , x, y Problem : 4.89
2
A stone is to be thrown so as to cover a horizontal
coordinates always differ)
distance of 3 m. If the velocity of the projectile is 7
Note 4.69 :A body is projected up with a velocity u ms–1, find
at an angle θ to the horizontal from a tower of height (i) the angle at which it must be thrown,
h as shown. It is clear that such a body also traces a (ii) the largest horizontal displacement that is possible
parabolic path. The time taken to reach ground is with the projection speed of 7 ms-1.
arrived as explained below . Sol. (a) Given that, u=7ms–1, R = 3m
u 2 sin 2θ (7)2 sin 2θ
u sin θ
R= ⇒3=
u g 9.8
⇒ sin 2 θ = 3/5
θ
u cosθ

h ⇒ 2 θ = 37o or 180o – 2 θ
⇒ θ = 18o 30' or θ = 71o 30'
Hence a range of 3m is possible with two angles of
The components of velocity are as shown. projections.
Here the body can be treated as a body projected (b) For maximum range with a given velocity, the angle
vertically up with a velocity u sin θ from a tower of of projection, θ = 45o
height h . Hence the equation of motion on reaching (7)2 sin 2(450 )
R max = = 5m
the foot of the tower is 9.8

1 2 Problem : 4.90
h = −(u sin θ )t +gt The speed with which a bullet can be fired is 150 ms-1.
2
Calculate the greatest distance to which it can be
by using the formula for height of tower projected and also the maximum height to which it
Note 4.70 : A body is projected down with a velocity would rise.
u at an angle θ to the horizontal from a tower of u 2 sin 2α u 2 sin 2 α
Hint : R = , H max = Here, α = 450
height h as shown. It is clear that such a body traces g 2g
Ans. 2295.14m, 573.97m
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Problem : 4.91 Problem : 4.94

A cannon and a target are 5.10 km apart and located If at point of projection, the velocity of a particle is
at the same level. How soon will the shell launched "u" and is directed at an angle " α " to the horizontal,
with the initial velocity 240 m/s reach the target in the then show that it will be moving at right angles to its
absence of air drag? (u cosec α )
initial direction after a time
Sol. Here, v0 = 240 ms–1, R = 5.10 km = 5100 m, g
g = 9.8 ms–2, α = ? Sol. Let "t" be the time after which velocity becomes
perpendicular to its initial direction.
v 20 sin 2α As u and v are perpendicular, the angle between v and
R=
g vertical will be a.
Rg p
sin 2 α = u
2
v0 α
v
⇒ α = 30° or 60° O
α
2v0 sin α
using = T =
g Initial velocity 'u' = (u cos α ˆi + u sin α ˆj)

When, α = 30°, T1 =
2 × 240 × 0.5
= 24.5 s
{
After t sec, velocity 'v' = u cos α ˆi + (u sin α − gt) ˆj }
9.8 ∵ These are perpendicular their dot product is zero.

When, α = 60°, T2 =
2 × 240 × 0.867
= 42.41 s ∴ (u cos α i + u sin j) ⋅ { u cos α i + (u sin α − gt) j} = 0
9.8
u cos ec α
Problem : 4.92 and t =
g
The horizontal range of a projectile is 2 3 times its Problem : 4.95
maximum height. Find the angle of projection. Find the velocity in the above problem at the instant
when the instantaneous velocity is perpendicular to
Sol. Hint R tan θ = 4 H ;
velocity of projection
 2  Sol. From the figure its clear that angle made by the
Ans : θ = tan  
−1

 3 instantaneous velocity vector with horizontal is

Problem : 4.93 900 − α
p
The ceiling of a long hall is 20 m high. What is the u
maximum horizontal distance that a ball thrown with α
v
a speed of 40 ms–1 can go without hitting the ceiling of α
O
the hall (g = 10 ms–2) ?
Sol. Here, H = 20 m, u = 40 ms–1. since the horizontal component of velocity does not
Suppose the ball is thrown at an angle θ with the change, we have,
horizontal. ( )
v cos 900 − α = u cos α ⇒ v sin α = u cos α

u 2 sin 2 θ (40)2 sin 2 θ ⇒ v = u cot α

Now, H = ⇒ 20 =
2g 2 ×10 Problem : 4.96
or, sin θ = 0.5 or, θ = 30° A particle is projected from the origin in X–Y plane.
Acceleration of particle in Y direction is α . If equation
u 2 sin 2θ (40)2 × sin 120° of path of the particle is y = ax – bx2, then find initial
Now R = =
g 10 velocity of the particle.
Sol. y = ax – bx2
(40) 2 × 0.866 αx2
= = 138.56cm
10 y = x tan θ –
2u2 cos2 θ
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α u 2 sin 2θ 2u sin θ
tan θ = a and 2 2
=b ii) R = iii) T =
2u cos θ g g

u=
(
α 1+ a2 ). Ans : i) 2.1m ii) 10m iii) 1.414s

2b Problem : 4.100
A body is projected with velocity u at an angle of
Problem : 4.97
projection θ with the horizontal. The body makes 300
A particle is projected from the origin. If y = ax – bx2, with the horizontal at t = 2 second and then after
is the equation of the trajectory then find 1 second it reaches the maximum height. Then find
i) angle of projection ii) range (a) angle of projection (b) speed of projection
iii) maximum height Sol : During the projectile motion, angle at any instant t is
Sol. comparing the given equation with the equation of the suchthat
trajectory of a projectile given by usin θ − gt
gx 2 tan α =
ucos θ
y = x tan θ − 2 ,
2u cos 2 θ For t = 2seconds, α = 30 0
−1
i) we have tan θ = a ⇒ angle of projection θ = tan a
1 u sin θ − 2 g
ii) For y = 0 to the x coordinat gives range = − −(1)
3 u cos θ
a
∴ R=
b For t = 3 seconds, at the highest point α = 0 0
4Η ∴ a2 u sin θ − 3 g
iii) tanθ = H= ∴0=
R 4b u cos θ
Problem : 4.98
usin θ
∴3 =
1 2 g or u sin θ = 3g _______(2)
If y = x – x is the equation of a trajectory, find the
2
using eq. (1) and eq.(2)
time of flight.
1 u cos θ = 3g _______(3)
Sol. We have y = x – x2 = x (1 – x/2)
2
If y = 0, then either x = 0 or x = 2. Eq.(2) ÷ eq.(3) give θ = 60 0 squaring and adding
equation (2) and (3)
Hence the range of the motion is 2.
For half the range, x = 1, then y = 1/2 u = 20 3 m/s.

Hence maximum height attained H = 1/2. Problem : 4.101

Time to reach maximum height, A ball is thrown from the top of a tower of 61 m high
with a velocity 24.4 ms–1 at an eleva- tion of 30° above
2H 1
ta = = the horizontal. What is the distance from the foot of the
g g
tower to the point where the ball hits the ground ?
1
Time of flight, T = 2t = 2 Sol : (Hint) :
g
u sin θ
*Problem : 4.99
u
A ball is thrown with velocity 10ms–1 at an angle θ
u cos θ
of α = 45° to the horizontal. Find i) the height of which
h
the ball will rise to ii) the distance x from the point of
projection to the point where it reaches to the ground
and iii) the time during with the ball will be in motion
(neglect the air resistance) (g = 10ms–2) 1 2
h= gt − (u sin θ ) t
u 2 sin 2 θ 2
⇒ t = 5sec onds
Hint : i) H max =
2g Also, d = (u cos θ ) t = 105.65 m

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Problem : 4.102 Thus, in time t the bullet passes through A a vertical

1 2
A particle is projected at an angle of elevation α and distance gt below M.
2
after t secons it appears to have an elavation β as seen The vertical distance through which the monkey fall in
from the point of projection. Find the initial velocity 1 2
of projection. time t. s = gt
1 2 2
y u sin α t − 2 gt Thus, the bullet and the monkey will always reach at
Sol. tan β = =
x u cos α t point A at the same time.
gt
u(sin α − cos α tan β) = Problem : 4.105
2
gt A particle is projected from the ground with an initial
u=
2(sin α − cos α tan β) speed u at an angle θ with horizontal. What is the
average velocity of the particle between its point of
gt cos β projection and highest point of trajectory ?
u=
2 sin(α − β )
Total displacement
Sol. Vav =
Problem : 4.103 Total time
y
A rifle with a muzzle velocity of 100 ms-1 shots a bullet
2
at a small target 30 m away in the same horizontal R R/2, H
+ H2
line. How much height above the target must the rifle Vav = 2
usin θ θ
be aimed so that the bullet will hit the target?
g
u 2 sin 2θ 2
Hint : R = Ans. θ = 0.015  u2   u2 2 
g  sin2θ  + 4  sin θ 
R2 + 4H2  g   2g 
Problem : 4.104 Vav = =
2usin θ 2usin θ
A hunter aims his gun and fires a bullet directly at a g g
monkey on a tree. At the instant the bullet leaves the
barrel of the gun, the monkey drops. Will the bullet hit u2 4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ + sin 4 θ u
= = 1 + 3cos 2 θ
the monkey ? g 2u sin θ 2
Sol. Horizontal distance travelled g
x
OB = x = u cos θ t or t = Problem : 4.106
u cos θ A particle is thrown over a triangle from one end of a
For motion of bullet from O to B, the vertical
horizontal base and grazing the vertex falls on the
height AB = u sin θ t − gt
1 2 other end of the base. If α and β be the base angles
2 and θ be the angle of projection, prove that
 x  1 2
= u sin θ  − gt tan θ = tan α + tan β .
 u cos θ  2
gt 2 Sol : The situation is shown in figure. From figure,we have
= x tan θ − ......(i)
2
Also from figure MB = x tan θ Y R=Range
Now the height through which monkey falls A(x, y)
y = MA = MB − AB
 gt 2  = 1 gt 2 θ h
= x tan θ −  x tan θ −  α β
 2  2 M x
X
O R-x

y y
tan α + tanβ = +
A x R−x
u
yR
θ tan α + tan β =
x (R − x ) –––––– (1)
O
x
ucosθ B
Gun x

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 x Sol. Let θ be the angle of projection and u be the velocity of

But equation of trajectory is y = x tan θ 1−
 R  projection. It is given that the maximum height of the
yR projectile is 2 h, we have
tan θ =
x (R − x ) usin θ = 4gh
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), tan θ = tan α + tan β If time taken by the stone to reach points A and B are t1
Problem : 4.107 and t2, then t1 and t2 are the roots of the equation
Two shots are fired simultaneously from the top and 1
h = u sin θ t − gt2 or gt − 2ut sin θ + 2h = 0
2

bottom of a vertical tower AB at angles β and γ with 2

horizontal respectively. Both shots strikes at the same
point C on the ground at distance ‘S’ from the foot of usin θ u2 sin2 θ − 2gh
Solving, t = ±
the tower at the same time. Show that the hight of the g g
tower is S ( tan γ − tanβ ).
U1 Using u sin θ = 4 gh
β
A
4h 2h
t= ±
h
U2 g g

4h 2h
γ C Thus, we have t1 = −
B S g g

Sol. S = ( u1 cos β ) t = ( u2 cos γ ) t 4h 2h

and t 2 = +
S S g g
∴t = =
u1 cos β u2 cos γ Now, the distance AB can be written as
Let, height of tower be h vt2 = ucos θ ( t2 − t1 )
1 1
− h = ( u1 sin β ) t − gt 2 0 = ( u2 sin γ ) t − gt 2 (v = velocity of the bird)
2 2
Ratio of horizontal velocities
or ( u1 sin β ) t + h = ( u2 sin γ ) t
v t −t 2
S u sin γ = 2 1=
∴ u1 sin β. +h= 2 .S ucos θ t2 2 +1
u1 cos β u2 cos γ
Problem : 4.109
h + S tan β = S tan γ
The velocity of a projectile when at its greatest height
∴ h = S ( tan γ − tan β )
2
is of its velocity when at half of its greatest height
Problem : 4.108 5
find the angle of projection
A stone is projected from the point of a ground in such
Sol : Step 1 : we know that, velocity of a projectile at half of
a direction so as to hit a bird on the top of a telegraph
post of height h and then attain the maximum height 1 + cos 2 θ
2h above the ground. If at the instant of projection, the maximum height = u
2
bird were to fly away horizontally with a uniform speed,
find the ratio between the horizontal velocities of the 2 1 + cos 2 θ
bird and the stone, if the stone still hits the bird while Step 2 : given that u cos θ = ×u
5 2
descending.
Squaring on both sides
Y
2 1 + cos 2 θ 
u 2 cos2 θ = u 2  
A B
5  2 
u
10 cos 2 θ = 2 + 2 cos 2 θ
h 2h 1
θ ⇒ 8 cos 2 θ = 2 ⇒ cos 2 θ = ⇒ θ = 600
X 4
O

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Problem : 4.110 Problem : 4.113

Afoot ball is kicked of with an initial speed of 19.6 m/ A body projected from a point ‘O’ at an angle θ , just
sec at a projection angle 450. A receiver on the goal crosses a wall ‘y’ m high at a distance ‘x’ m from the
line 67.4 m away in the direction of the kick starts point of projection and strikes the ground at O’ beyond
running to meet the ball at that instant. What must his the wall as shown, then find height of the wall ?
speed be if he is to catch the ball before it hits the
ground ? Y R=Range
2
u 2 sin 2θ (19.6) ×sin 90
Sol : R = =
g 9.8
θ y
or R = 39.2 metre. X
O x R-x O'
Man must run 67.4 m - 39.2 m = 28.2 m
in the time taken by the ball to come to ground.  x
Time taken by the ball. Ans : y = x tan θ 1− 
 R
2u sin θ 2×19.6×sin 450 4 Sol. We know that the equation of the trajectory is
t= = =
g 9.8 2 gx 2
y = x tan θ − can be written as
t = 2 2 = 2 ×1.41 = 2.82sec. 2u cos 2 θ
2

28.2m  gx 2  sin θ
Velocity of man = = 10 m / sec. y = x tan θ −  2 
2.82sec  2u cos 2 θ  sin θ
Problem : 4.111
gx 2 tan θ
A projectile has the maximum range of 500m. If the y = x tan θ −
projectile is now thrown up on an inclined plane of 300 u (2sin θ cos θ )
2

with the same speed, what is the distance covered by it x 2 tan θ

along the inclined plane ? ⇒ y = x tan θ − 2
u sin 2θ / g
u2
Sol : Rmax =
g  x u 2 sin 2θ
⇒ y = x tan θ 1− R  [since R = ]
u2   g
∴ 500 = or u = 500 g
g Problem : 4.114
v 2 − u 2 = 2 gs A body is projected with a velocity 'u' at θ to the
0 - 500 g = 2 x (-g sin 300 ) x x horizontal . Find radius of curvature of the trajectory
x = 500 m. when the velocity vector makes α with horizontal.

Problem : 4.112
Sol: Let v be the velocity of particle when it makes α with
horizontal . Then
Two stones are projected with the same speed but mak-
u cos θ
ing different angles with the horizontal. Their ranges v cos α = u cos θ or v =
are equal. If the angle of projection of one is π / 3 and cos α
Y
its maximum height is y1, then what is the maximum
height of the other ?
Sol : Here speeds of projection and ranges are same and hence v
u
angles of projections are α
π π π π u cos α
and − = α
3 2 3 6 θ
X
y 2 u 2 sin 2 θ 2 2g g cos α
Now = × 2 g
y1 2g u sin 2 θ 1
sin 2 θ 2 sin 2 (π / 6 ) 1 y1 it is clear that g cos α plays the role of radial accel-
= = = y2 =
sin 2 θ 1 sin 2 (π / 3) 3 3 eration

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v2 v2 Problem : 4.118
g cos α = ⇒R=
R g cos α A projective of 2kg was velocities 3m/s and 4m/s at
2 two points during its flight in the uniform gravitational
 u cos θ   1  u 2 cos 2 θ
=   = field of the earth. If these two velocities are ⊥ to each
 cos α   g cos α  g cos 2 α
other then the minimum KE of the particle during its
Note : When the projectile is at the highest point, its clear flight is
that α =00 . V1 cos α = V2 cos (90 − α)
3
2 2 3cos α = 4 sin α
u cos θ
R= 3 α 900 − α
g tan α =
4
Problem : 4.115 4
1 2
For a projectile , projected with a velocity u at an KEmin = mv1 cos 2 α
2
angle θ to the horizontal . Find the magnitude of torque
about the origin when it strikes the ground 1  4 2
= × 2 × 3× 
2  5 
Sol. we know that torque
τ =force x perpendicular distance from the origin on to 9×16
the line of action of force = = 5.76 J
25
r r r
mg ×u 2 sin 2θ Note 4.71 : If u = xi + yj
= mgxrange =
g r r
i along horizontal j along vertical
y2 2y 2 xy
H= , T= , R=
θ 2g g g
Range (R) θ
r r r r
mg
Note 4.72 : u = ai + b j + ck
r r r
Problem : 4.116 i –east j - north k -vertical
A grass hopper can jump maximum distance of 1.6m.
It spends negligible time on the ground. How far can u x = a 2 + b 2 uy = c
it go in 10 seconds?
2c c2
u2 T= ;H = ,
= 1.6 u 2 = 16 u = 4m / s g 2g
g
4 cos θ = 4×
1
2
= 2 2m / s
R=
2 ( a 2 + b2 c )
g
S = 4 cos θ.t = 2 2 ×10
Problem : 4.119
S = 20 2m
Wind imparts a horizontal acceleration of 0.4m/s2
Problem : 4.117 towards left. θ = ? for the ball to fall in the hand of
A particle is projected with a velocity of 10 2 m/s at thrower
an angle of 450 with the horizontal. Find the interval
2u 2 sin θ cos θ
between the moments when speed is 125 m / s . Sol. R = = u xT
g
Sol. (g = 10m/s2) S 2u cos θ
un = 10, uy = 0 θ T=
g
v 2 = vx2 + v 2y
∆t 1
125 = 100 + v 2y R| = u xT − aT 2
2
vy = 5
2v 2 ×5 2u 2 sin θ cos θ 1
∆t = = = 1s O= − 0.4.T 2
g 10 g 2

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2
2u 2 sin θ cos θ 1 4  2× 2u cos θ  =
500 4
× ×10
= × × 
g 2 10  g  3 5
−1 4000
Tan θ = 0.4 ⇒ θ = tan (0.4) = m
3
Problem : 4.120 Problem : 4.123
In the absence of wind the range and maximum height A golfer standing on the ground hits a ball with a velocity
of a projectile were R and H. If wind imparts a
5
horizontal acceleration a = g/4 to the projectile then of 52 m/s at an angle θ above the horizontal if tan θ =
find the maximum range and maximum height . 12
find the time for which the ball is atleast 15m above the
Sol : H 1 = H (∵u sin θ remains same)
T| = T (
ground? g = 10 m s2 )
1
R| = ux T + aT 2 Sol. v y = u y 2 − 2gy 15m
2
1 g 2 5×5
= R+ T = 52×52× − 2×10 ×15
2 4 13×13
1
= R + gT 2 = 16× 25 − 300 = 10
8
2u y 2×10
= R+H ∆t = = = 2s
10 10
R1 = R + H H1 = H
4.32 HORIZONTAL PROJECTION
Problem : 4.121 FROM THE TOP OF A TOWER :
r r r
uur = 4i +r4 j . mass = 2kg. A constant force Equation for Path (Trajectory) :
F = −20 jN acts an the body. Initially the body was Suppose a body is projected horizontally with
at (0,0). Find the x coordinate of the point where its y
an initial velocity u from the top of a tower of height
coordinate is again zero.
‘h’ at time t=0. As there is no horizontal acceleration,
20
Sol : a = = 10 the horizontal velocity remains constant throughout
2
the motion.
2u x u y 2× 4× 4 Hence after time t , the velocity in horizontal
R= =
10 10 direction will be vx = u.
R = 3.2m 0
u

Problem : 4.122 y vx= u

P
h x
A particle is projected from a tower as shown in figure,
then find the distance from the foot of the tower where it vy= gt
will stike the ground. (g = 10 m/s2)
A Horizontal projectile B
2 1
Sol. s = ut + at 370
2 Let the body reach a point ‘P’ in time t. Let x
1500 m 500
500 1 m/s and y be the coordinates of the body.
1500 = sin 37 + 10 × t 2 3
3 2 For the y-coordinate, after time t seconds
500 3
1500 = × t + 5t 2 1 2 1
3 5 y= gt [∵ y = u y t + a y t 2 ]............. (1)
2 2
300 = 20t + t2
For x – coordinate, after t seconds
On solving , t = 10 s
x = ut (∵ the horizontal velocity is constant)
∴ horizontal distance = u cos θ. T
⇒ t = x/u ............ (2)
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From Eqs. (1) and (2) we get The velocity along Y–axis is

1 x
2
 g  v y = u y + gt and u y = 0 as the body is thrown
y= g  ∴ y =  2  x 2 .......... (3) horizontally initially.
2 u   2u 
∴ v y = gt
g and u being constants,  2  is a constant.
g
O u x
 2u 
g 2 y
If 2
= k then y = kx .
2u x
h Vx = u
This equation represents the equation of a P θ

parabola. Vy V
4.33. MOTION PARAMETERS OF A R V
Y
HORIZANTAL PROJECTILE
So, the magnitude of the velocity
i) Time of Descent :
It is the time the body takes to touch the ground V = v 2 x + v 2 y = u 2 + g 2t 2
r
after it is projected from the height ‘h’. If velocity vector v makes an angle α with the
For y = h and t = t we get vy gt
d horizontal then tan α = = (or) α = tan −1  gt 
vx u u
1 2 2h
h= gtd ∴ td = Note 4.73:
2 g
For an easier understanding, we consider that,
The time of descent is independent of initial [Motion of Horizontal projectile = Motion in
velocity with which the body is projected and depends y-direction like a freely falling body + Motion in
only on the height from which it is projected. x-direction with constant velocity.]
Note : td is the time of flight in this case. Application 4.20 :

ii) Range : If a body projected horizontally with velocity

u from the top of a tower strikes the ground at
The maximum horizontal distance travelled by an angle of 450
the body while it touches the ground is called range
Vy=Vx gt=u u

(R). It is shown as AB in the Fig.

As the horizontal velocity is constant u
∴t = Vx=u

Range = R = horizontal velocity x time of g 450

Vy = 2gh = u

descent = (u)t . Application 4.21

d
A body is projected horizontally from the
2h 2h
But td = ∴ R = (u ) top of a tower. The line joining the point of
g g projection and the striking point make an angle
iii) Velocity of the projectile at any time ‘t’ of 450 with the ground. Then h=u
Let the body be at point P after the time t. 1 2 u
gt = ut
Let v x and v y be velocities along x and 2
y–directions. h
2u
The horizontal velocity remains constant t=
g 450
throughout the motion. Hence vx = u.
x
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Application 4.22 : Application 4.24

A body is projected horizontally from the top An aeroplane flies horizontally with a
of a tower . The line joining the point of projection velocity 'u' . If a bomb is dropped by the pilot
and the striking point make an angle of 450 with when the plane is at a height 'h' then
the ground . Then, the displacement = a) the path of such as body is a vertical straight
2h or 2 X line as seen by the pilot and
b) The path is a parabola as seen by an observer
A on the ground
u
c) the body will strike the ground at a certain
horizontal distance. This distance is equal to the
h
2u
450 range given by x = ut = u
g
B x C
Application 4.25:A ball rolls off the topof a
h
staircase with a horizontal velocity u. If each step
From the figure tan 45 = 1 = ⇒h= X
0
has height h and width b, then the ball will just
X
hit the nth step if n equals to
2 2
∴ displacement AC = ( AB ) + ( BC ) 1 2
Sol : ∴ nb = ut and nh = gt
2
u

= h 2 + H 2 = 2h or 2 X (sin ce h = X ) 2hu 2
⇒n= h
1
gb 2 b
2
Application 4.23 :
3
Two towers having heights h 1 and h2 are
n
separated by a distance ‘d’. A person throws
R
a ball horizontally with a velocity u from the top
Application 4. 26 :
of the
From the top of a towerone stone is thrown
1st tower to the top of the 2nd tower, then
towards east with velocity u1 and another is thrown
Time taken,
towards north with velocity u2. The distance between
2 ( h1 − h2 )
t= then after stihing the ground. d = t u12 + u22
g
Application 4.27: Two bodies are thrown horizon-
u
tally with velocities u1, u2 in mutually opposite di-
(h1-h2) rections from the same height. Then
a) time after which velocity vect ors are
h1 h2 u1 u 2
perpendicular is t = .
g
For velocity vectors to be perpendicular after a
d
time t, their dot product must be zero.
Distance between the towers ∴ v1.v2 = 0

2 ( h1 − h2 ) (u iˆ − gtjˆ).(−u iˆ − gtjˆ) = 0
1 2
d = ut = u u1u2
g ∴t =
g
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b) Separation between them when velocity = x 2 + ( x tan θ) = x 1 + tan 2 θ

2

vectors are perpendicular is

= x sec θ

X = ( u1 + u2 ) t =
( u1 + u2 ) u1u2
x = ut ; y =
1 2
gt ;
y 1 gt 2
=
g 2 x 2 ut
c) Time after which their displacement vectors gt 2u
tan θ = ; t= tan θ
2u g
2 u1u2
are perpendicular is t = 2u 2 2u 2
g x = ut = tan θ ; ∴R = tan θ sec θ
For displacement vectors to be perpendicular then g g
their dot product must be zero Problem : 4.126
  
u1tiˆ − 1 gt 2 ˆj  .−u2tiˆ − 1 gt 2 ˆj  = 0 An aeroplane is flying in a horizontal direction with a
 2   2  velocity of 600 km/hour at a height of 1960 m. When it
is vertically above a point A on the ground, a body is
2 u1u2 dropped from it. The body strikes the ground at a point
∴t=
g B. Calculate the distance AB.
d) Separation between them when displacement
2h
Hint : t =
is perpendicular to X = ( u1 + u2 ) t = (
u1 + u 2 ) 2 u1u2 g
, R = ut

g Ans : 20s, 3.33 km

Problem : 4.124
Two paper screens A and B are separated by a
distance of 100 m. A bullet pierces A and then B. The
hole in B is 10 cm below the hole in A. If the bullet is
travelling horizontally at the time of hitting the screen
A, calculate the velocity of the bullet when it hits the
screen A. Neglect the resistance of paper and air.
Sol. The situation is shown in Fig.
Problem : 4.127
Two particles move in a uniform gravitational field
with an acceleration "g". At the initial moment the
particles were located at same point and moved with
velocities u1 = 0.8 ms-1 and u2 = 4.0 ms-1 horizontally in
opposite directions. Find the distance between the
particles at the moment when their velocity vectors
become mutually perpendicular. (g = 10 ms–2)
Hint : v 1 P v 2

2 (h1 − h2 ) u P x Q θ1 θ2
d =u 90
o

g 0.1m

2×0.1 R gt
100 = u
9.8 A
100m
B
u = 700m / s u1u2
t=
g
, x = (u1 + u2 ) t
Problem : 4.125
A particle is projected horizontally with a speed "u" Ans : 0.48m
from the top of plane inclined at an angle " θ " with the
Problem : 4.128
horizontal. How far from the point of projection will the
A boy aims a gun at a bird from a point, at a horizontal
particle strike the plane?
distance of 100m. If the gun can impart a velocity of
u
500 m/sec to the bullet, at what height above the bird
θ
must he aim his gun in order to hit it?
y
R (take g = 10 m/sec2)
Sol. θ
Sol : x = vt or 100 = 500 × t
x
t = 0.2 sec.
x
1 2

y  Now h = 0 + 2 ×10 ×(0.2)

 = tan θ 
R = x2 + y2  x  = 0.20 m = 20 cm.

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Problem : 4.129  Short Answer Questions

A staircase contains three steps each 10 cm high and
20 cm wide as shown in the figure. What should be the 1. If the average velocity of an object is zero in
minimum horizontal velocity of a ball rolling off the some time interval, what can you say about the
uppermost plane so as to hit directly the edge of the displacement of the object for that interval ?
lowest plane ? [g = 10 m/s2]
2. Can the instantaneous velocity of an object
Sol : h = 30 cm a
during a time interval ever be greater in
2h b magnitude than average velocity over the entire
S = 60cm = v
g interval ? Can it be less ?
2 × 30 3 h
=v =v 3. Give examples for the particles where (a) the
1000 50
velo city is in opposite direction to the
60 50 3 2
∴v = = ×5 = 3× 2 acceleration (b) the velocity of the particle is
100 3 5 3
=2.45 m/s zero but its acceleration is not zero.
Problem : 4.130 4. Can equations of Kinematics be used in a
An enemy plane is flying horizontally at an altitude of situation where the acceleration varies in time ?
2 km with a speed of 300 ms-1 .An armyman with an Can they be used when acceleration is zero ?
anti - aircraft gun on the ground sights ht enemy plane
when it is directly overhead and fires a shell with a 5. A particle moves rectilinearly with uniform
muzzle speed of 600 ms-1. At what angle with the verti- acceleration. Its velocity at time t = 0 is v1 and
cal should the gun be fired so as to hit the plane ?
at time t = t is v2. The average velocity of the
Ans : 300
v1 + v2
Sol. Let G be the position of the gun and E that of the enemy particle in this time inteval is . Is this
plane flying horizontally with speed 2
statement true or false ? Substantiate your
u = 300 ms-1 , when the shell is fired with a spped v0 is
answer.
vx = v0 cos θ
Let the shell hit the plane a point P and let t be the time 6. Show that time of ascent of a vertically projected
taken for the shell to hit the plane. It is clear that the body is equal to time of descent.
shell will hit the plane, if the horiazontal distance EP
travelled by the plane in time t = the distance travelled 7. In case of an object vertically projected, show
by the shell in the horizotal direction in the same time, that the speed of the object upon reaching the
i.e. point of projection is equal to the speed of
u × v = v x ×t or u = v x = v0 cos θ projection.
u 300 8. Show that the trajectory of an object thrown at
or cos θ = =
v0 600
a certain angle with the horizontal is a parabola.
E u PH2
9. Explain the terms the average velocity and
instantaneous velocity. When are they equal?
vy
0 10. Show that the maximum height and range of a
(90 - θ )
θ Ground u 2 sin 2 θ u 2 sin 2θ
vx pro jectile are and
2g g
= 0.5 or θ = 600 . respectively where the terms have their regular
Therefore, angle with the vertical = 900 -θ = 300 . meanings.

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11. Show that the trajectory of an object thrown
horizontally from certain height is a parabola.
12. Can the velocity of an object be in a direction
other than the direction of acceleration of the
object ? Explain.
13. A stone is thrown up in the air. It rises to a
height h and then returns to the thrower. For
the time that the stone is in air, sketch the
following graphs: y versus t; v versus t; a versus
t.
14. The figure below shows four graphs of x versus
time, which graph shows a constant, positive,
non-zero velocity ?
15. If the above four graphs have ordinate axis
indicating velocity v and abscissa time t which
graph shows (a) constant and po sitive
acceleration, (b) constant and negative
acceleration, (c) a changing acceleration that is
always positive and (d) a constant velocity?
16. Show that for a projectile launched at an angle
of 450 the maximum height of the projectile is
one quarter of the range.
17. A bird holds a walnut between its bills takes it
high above ground. While flying parallel to
the ground it lets the nut go off. (a) What is the
trajectory of the nut with respect to the bird and
(b) as seen by an observer on the ground?
1 2
18. Derive the equation s = ut + at using
2
graphical method where the terms have their
usual meaning.
19. Represent graphically the motion of a body
starting from rest and moving with uniform
acceleration both in terms of velocity-time and
displacement-time.
AKASH MULTIMEDIA
KINEMATICS
20. When two stones are thrown from the top of
tower, one vertically upwards with a speed u
and the second vertically downward with a
speed u, show that the two stones will reach the
ground with the same speed.
21. How the horizontal and vertical component of
velocity of a projectile vary with time during
the motion ?
 Very Short Answer Questions
1. Give two examples of the motion of big objects
where the object can be treated as a particle and
where it can not be.
2. The state of motion is relative. Explain.
3. How is average velocity different from
instantaneous velocity ?
4. If instantaneous velocity does not change from
instant to instant will the average velocities differ
from interval to interval ?
5. Can an object have (i) a constant velocity even
though its speed is changing ?
(ii) a constant speed even though its velocity is
changing ?
6. Give an example of a case where the velocity
of an object is zero but its acceleration is not
zero.
7. Give an example of a motion for which both
the acceleration and velocity are negative
8. ‘Speed of a particle can be negative’–Is this
statement correct ? If not why ?
9. What is the acceleration of a projectile at the
top of its trajectory ?
10. Can a body in free fall be in equilibrium ?
Explain.
11. If the trajectory of a body is parabolic in one
reference frame, can it be parabolic in another
reference frame that moves at constant velocity
with respect to the first reference frame ? If the
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trajectory can be other than parabolic, what else
it can be ?
12. Name a situation where the speed of an object
is constant while the velocity is not.
Assess Yourself
1. A body is under constant acceleration. In its
journey can the body move opposite to the
direction of acceleration ? Give an example.
A. Yes ,A body projected vertically upwards
2. What should be the angle of projection for a
projectile to cover the maximum range ?
A. 45°
3. Under what conditions a heavy metal ball and
a feather, fall simultaneously, when they are
dropped freely.
A. In the absence of resistive forces in vacuum
Ex: In vacuum
4. Under what conditions is the magnitude of the
average velocity of a particle moving in one
dimension smaller than the average speed over
same time interval ?
A. If the particle moves along a line without
changing the direction, the magnitude of
average velocity and average speed are the
same. When change in the direction occurs
displacement would be smaller than the distance,
hence average velocity would be smaller than
the average speed.
5. Is it possible that the average velocity for some
interval may be zero although the average
velocity for a shorter interval included in the
first interval is not zero ?
A. Yes. If a particle moves along a straight line with
constant acceleration 1st in one direction say in
+ x direction for some interval of time ∆ t1 , then
it reverses its direction and moves for another
time interval ∆ t2 and reaches the same point
AKASH MULTIMEDIA
PHYSICS - I A
then for total time interval ∆ t1 + ∆ t2 the
 ∆x 0 
average velocity is zero ∵ = = 0 (as
 ∆t ∆t 
displacement is zero) but for 1st or 2nd time
∆x
intervals the average velocity is not zero is .
∆t
The average velocity of the particle during a
time interval ∆t is equal to the slope of the
straight line joining initial and final points on
the position - time graph.
6. What is the constant physical quantity that
influences the motion of a projectile ?
A. acceleration due to gravity
7. Describe the motion of a body having horizontal
motion with constant velocity and vertical
motion with constant acceleration ?
A. Projectile motion
8. From the top of a tower stone is dropped, while
another is thrown horizontally from the same
point at the same time. Which stone will strike
the ground first ?
A. Both will strike the ground at the same time.
9. The acceleration due to gravity is always
downward i.e., along the negative y direction.
Can we choose this direction as the positive
direction for the acceleration due to gravity ?
A. Yes, the direction can be taken positive for the
'g' when the case is free fall of a body.
10. Can an object accelerate if its speed is constant?
A. Yes, an object moving along a curved path with
constant speed has varying velocity because its
direction of velocity changes from point to point
along the trajectory.
11. If the distance travelled by a particle moving
with uniform acceleration along a straight line
is proportional to the square of the time taken,
what is its initial velocity ?
A. Zero
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12. A person leaves his house by a cycle and returns
to his house after travelling 25km in 2 hours.
What is his displacement ?
A. Zero
13. Can a body have uniform speed and still variable
velocity ?
A. Yes, in case of uniform circular motion, the
magnitude of velocity is constant, but its
direction changes from point to point.
14. Can an object accelerate if its velocity is constant
? a body projected vertically upwards ?
A. No, if the velocity is constant, there is no change
in the velocity hence acceleration is zero.
15. Can a particle have a constant velocity and
varying speed ?
A. No, if velocity is constant, the magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity, i.e., speed, is constant.
16. Can a body possess velocity at the same time
both in vertical and horizontal directions ? Give
illustration.
A. Yes, in case of oblique projection or horizontal
projection at angles less than 90°, a body possess
bo th horizontal and vertical velo cities
simultaneously.
Eg : A bag thrown from a moving aeroplane.
17. A body is dropped freely from the window of a
railway car. will the time of free fall be equal if
AKASH MULTIMEDIA
KINEMATICS
1) The car is stationary
2) The car is moving with a constant velocity V
3) The car moves with acceleration A
A. In all these cases the body will have same time
of descent. The motion of the car only affects
the magnitude of the horizontal components of
the velocity and the acceleration of the body
but does not affect the nature of its motion along
the vertical direction.
18. What is the nature of a velocity – time graph for
velocity
x
A.
time
19. A body moving on a circular parth of radius r is
having a velocity u at a particular point. What
is the change in the velocity when it completes
a semi circle ? A.
u − ( −u ) = 2u
20. When is the average velocity of a body equal to
its instantaneous velocity ?
A. When the body moves with uniform velocity
21. How much force is acting on a body floating in
air ?
A. Zero
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