Grade 10 Science10 Combinev2 115

10
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Different Forms of EM Waves
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Different Forms of EM Waves
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176, states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Bryan J. Remillo

Editors: Agnes P. Alcantara Gilbert S. Baysic Analyn D. Tulagan
Reviewers: Villamor Q. Gloria Jesusa V. Macam Amalia C. Garcia
Jaime Campos, Jr. Ma. Criselda G. Ocang Gina A. Amoyen
Elnora Raroque Jerry R. Junio
Illustrator: Louella C. Zacarias Marte B. Ilumin
Layout Artist: Raymark C. Velasco Bobbit Dale M. Bulatao
Management Team: Tolentino G. Aquino
Arlene A. Niro Editha R. Pridas
Gina A. Amoyen Arlene B. Casipit
Editha T. Giron
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________
Department of Education – Region I
Office Address: Flores St., Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union

Telefax: (072) 682-2324; (072) 607-8137
E-mail Address: region1@deped.gov.ph
What I Need to Know
Electromagnetic radiation is all around us. Some are unnoticeable, yet a lot
of our activities make use of these electromagnetic waves from texting to cooking.
But what are electromagnetic waves?
This module is specifically crafted to focus on the different activities that

will assess your level in terms of skills and knowledge with the expectation to
demonstrate through the learning material. Read and answer the suggested tasks
and accomplish them to explore and experience the world of electromagnetic
spectrum.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves

(S10FE-IIa-b-47);
2. compare the relative frequencies of different forms of electromagnetic waves;

and
3. identify the relationship among wavelength, frequency and energy of an

electromagnetic wave.
Going through this module can be a meaningful learning experience. All you
need to do is make use of your time and resources efficiently. To do this, here are
some tips for you:
1. Take the pretest before reading the rest of the module.
2. Take time in reading and understanding the lesson. Follow instructions

carefully. Do all activities diligently. This module is designed for independent
or self-paced study. It is better to be slow but sure than to hurry and miss the
concepts you are supposed to learn.
3. Use a clean sheet of paper for your answers in each activity/ assessment.
Don’t forget to write your name. Label it properly.
4. Try to recall and connect the ideas about waves that you had in the lower
years. Use the concept discussed in the lesson to explain the results of ctivities
1
or performance tasks. You may answer in English or a combination of your
vernacular and English.
5. Be honest. When doing the activities, record only what you have really
observed. Take the self-assessments after each activity, but do not turn to the
Answer Key page unless you are done with the entire module.
6. Don’t hesitate to ask. If you need to clarify something, approach or contact

your teacher or any knowledgeable person available to help you. You may also
look into other references for further information. There is a list of reference
at the back part of this module.
7. Take the posttest prepared at the end of the module, so you can assess
how much you have learned from this module.
8. You can check your answers in the activities, self-assessments, and posttest
after you finished the entire module to know how much you have gained from
the lesson and the activities.
Before you continue with this module, let’s check how much you know about this
topic. An answer key is provided at the end of the module. But do not try to look
at it while answering. You can check your answers after you are done with the
pre-test.
What I Know
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. These are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an

electric field and magnetic field.
a. electromagnetic spectrum
b. electromagnetic wave
c. microwave
d. radio wave
2. Electromagnetic waves are produced by ___________.

a. any disturbance
b. currents
c. vibrating charge
d. voltage source
2
3. Which two colors of light lie at the beginning and end of the visible spectrum?
a. red and violet
b. red and yellow
c. yellow and violet
d. yellow and green
4. This type of EM wave has a wavelength similar to the size of PBA

basketball court (28 meters).
a. microwave
b. radio wave
c. ultraviolet
d. visible light
5. Which of the following electromagnetic waves has the LEAST wavelength

range?
a. infrared
b. ultraviolet
c. visible light
d. x-ray
6. What happens to the frequency of electromagnetic wave if its wavelength

increases?
a. It decreases.
b. It doubles.
c. It. increases as well.
d. It remains the same.
7. Which of the following forms of electromagnetic wave has the WIDEST

wavelength range?
a. microwave
b. radio wave
c. ultraviolet
d. x-ray
8. In the visible spectrum, which color has the LONGEST wavelength?

a. blue
b. green
c. red
d. violet
9. Which property spells the difference between infrared and ultraviolet radiation?
a. amplitude
b. color
c. speed in vacuum
d. wavelength
3
10. Which electromagnetic wave can travel the FARTHEST distances because it has
a wavelength range of greater than 1x10-1 meters?
a. gamma ray
b. radio wave
c. microwave
d. x-ray
11. Which among the following electromagnetic waves has the LOWEST frequency?
a. gamma ray
b. infrared
c. ultraviolet
d. visible light
12. Which among the following electromagnetic waves has the SHORTEST
wavelength?
a. infrared
b. microwave
c. radio wave
d. x-ray
13. Among the given EM waves below, which carries the MOST energy?
a. microwave
b. radio wave
c. ultraviolet ray
d. visible lights
14.Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. Gamma ray has the highest frequency and the highest energy.
b. Gamma ray has the highest frequency but has the least energy.
c. Radio wave has the highest frequency and the highest energy.
d. Radio wave has the lowest frequency but has the highest energy.
15. Which of the following is correctly arranged from HIGHEST to LOWEST energy?
a. Gamma ray, radio wave, infrared
b. Microwave, x-ray, gamma ray
c. Ultraviolet, visible light, radio wave
d. X-ray, gamma ray, ultraviolet
How did you find the pre-test? What was your score? If you got 15 items correctly,
you may skip the module. But if your score is 14 and below, you must proceed with
the module.
4
Lesson
Different Forms of EM
1 Waves
What’s In
You have learned about waves during your Science 7 class. Let’s recall some
important terms about waves. Below are descriptions of different terms relating to
waves and the jumbled letters which will form the correct term. Your task is to
rearrange the jumbled letters to form the term being described. Do this on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a disturbance in space. AVWE
2. It is the highest point in a wave. SECRT
3. It is the lowest point in a wave. TGHURO
It is the distance from the midpoint to the highest (or

4. LMUPTDEAI
lowest) point of a wave.
It is the distance between two successive identical parts of

5. ENEVTGWLAH
a wave.
6. It refers to the number of waves produced in one second. NEQFCEURY
It refers to the extent or the limits between which variation

7. ARGNE
is possible.
How many words do you remember well? You may refer back to these
pages when you want to recall the definition of the listed terms.
5
What’s New
You have probably seen a wave, but have you created one? Let’s try and make
some waves.
Get a rope of any kind and tie one end of it to a fixed sturdy object near you.
Now, straighten the rope and hold the other end of it. Start moving your hands up
and down. Observe what happens to the rope. Were you able to make a wave? Draw
the wave you made on a separate sheet of paper.
Now, try to make a wave again but move your hands slowly. Observe what
happens. Draw the image of the wave you created.
This time, make a wave while moving your hands fast. Draw the image of the wave.
6
Based on the activity, is there any difference on the waves you have created? Why
does each created wave look differently? __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Note to the Teacher

You may use the following criteria to rate your student’s output.
Performance Rubric
Score Indicators
5 points All responses are correct.
4 points All responses are correct but grammatically wrong.
3 points Some responses are correct.
2 points None of the responses are correct.
1 point Did not attempt to answer
What is It
When you move your hands up and down while holding one end of the rope,
you create wave on the rope. The waves you created may look different depending on
how fast you move your hand.
7
Similarly, if you move an electrically charged object back and forth in an
empty space, you’ll create electromagnetic waves in space. But what is an
electromagnetic wave?
Electromagnetic wave (EM wave) or electromagnetic radiation is a wave that

is created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and magnetic field, hence
known as ‘electromagnetic wave’. Recall Oersted’s discovery: A changing electric field
produces magnetic field. A changing magnetic field is therefore produced around a
vibrating charge. And according to Michael Faraday, the changing magnetic field will
produce electric field. A wave carries energy as it propagates, EM wave does the same,
too. EM waves can travel through anything even on vacuum, meaning they do not
need any medium to travel. They travel in a vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s.
What’s More
There are seven different types of EM waves. They are arranged in a gradual
progression from the waves of lowest frequency to highest frequency. This
arrangement of EM waves is called electromagnetic spectrum. In order of
increasing frequency, the EM spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma ray.
Now let’s strengthen your concepts regarding the different EM waves by

comparing their relative wavelengths and frequencies. And as you move along,
discover some characteristics of EM waves. So if you’re ready to ride the waves,
answer the following enrichment activities and dive into the world of EM waves.
Have fun!
Enrichment Activity 1
Wavelength is the distance between crest to crest or trough to trough. EM waves
are bounded at different ranges. Meaning each type of EM waves has upper and
lower limits on the spectrum.
Using Figure 1, determine the wavelength ranges of each of the forms of

electromagnetic waves. On a separate sheet of paper, copy and answer the given
table on page 13. Afterwards answer the questions that follow.
8
9
Electromagnetic Wave Wavelength Range (meters)
Radio Wave
Microwave
Infrared
Visible Light
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma Ray
Q1. Which electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Q2. Which electromagnetic wave has the shortest wavelength?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q3. Observe what happens to the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves as they
progress (goes rightward from the figure). Does the wavelength of the EM waves
increase or decrease as we go from radio wave to gamma ray?
_____________________________________________________________________________
10
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of your choice. Use
a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. This type of wave was discovered by famous astronomer Sir Frederick William
Herschel and has a range of 7x10-7 m – 1x10-3 m.
a. infrared
b. microwave
c. radio wave
d. visible light
2. Which of the following electromagnetic waves has the least wavelength range?
a. infrared (7x10-7 m – 1x10-3 m)
b. x-ray (1 x10-11 m – 1 x10-8 m)
c. visible light (6.22 x10-7 m – 4.55 x10-7 m)
d. ultraviolet (1x10-8 m – 4x10-7 m)
3. Which among the following EM waves has the longest wavelength?

a. infrared
b. ultraviolet
c. visible light
d. x-ray
4. Which electromagnetic wave can travel the farthest distances because it has a
wavelength range of greater than 1x10-1 m?
a. gamma ray
b. microwave
c. radio wave
d. x-ray
5. The wavelength of microwaves ranges from 1x10-1 m to 1x10-3 m. Which of the

following has size comparable to the wavelength of microwave?
a. Bacteria
b. Coin
c. Human
d. Pin
\
Next up, let us compare the frequencies of different EM waves. Copy and
answer the table on page 16, refer to Figure 2, then answer the questions that follow.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
11
12
Electromagnetic Wave Wavelength Range (meters)
Radio Wave
Microwave
Infrared
Visible Light
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma Ray
Q1. Which among the EM waves has the highest frequency?

____________________________________________________________________________
Q2. Which among the EM waves has the lowest frequency?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q3. The energy of an EM wave also depends on its frequency, which means waves
with higher frequency has higher energy too. Which among the EM waves has
the highest energy? _________________________________________________________
Q4. Which among the EM waves has the lowest energy?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Q5. What happens to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves as it progresses?
Does the frequency of the EM waves increase or decrease as we go from radio
wave to gamma ray?
_____________________________________________________________________________
13
Assessment 2
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of your choice. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. What is the frequency range of infrared radiation?

a. 3x109 Hz – 3x1011 Hz c. 3 x1014 Hz – 3 x1015 Hz
b. 3x1011 Hz – 4x1014 Hz d. 3 x1016 Hz – 3 x1019 Hz
2. A visible light has a frequency of 6.3 x1014 Hz. What is the color of light?
a. blue c. red
b. green d. yellow
3. Which among the following EM waves has the HIGHEST frequency among
others?
a. infrared c. ultraviolet
b. microwave d. x-ray
4. Which of the following EM waves has the LEAST amount of energy?

a. gamma ray c. radio wave
b. microwave d. x-ray
5. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. Gamma ray has the highest frequency and the highest energy.
b. Gamma ray has the highest frequency but has the least energy.
c. Radio wave has the highest frequency and the highest energy.
d. Radio wave has the lowest frequency but has the highest energy.
Now that you are already familiar with the wavelength and frequency of EM
waves, on a separate sheet of paper, copy and complete the table below.
Identify what happens to the wavelength, frequency and energy of the EM
waves following the direction of the arrows. You may answer INCREASING or
DECREASING inside the arrows.
Electromagnetic Wave Wavelength Frequency Energy
Radio Wave
Microwave
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma Ray
14
Assessment 3
Directions: Read each item carefully. Pick out the correct answer. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. Which has shorter wavelength?

X-Rays or Gamma rays
2. Which has higher frequency?
Visible light or Ultraviolet
3. Which has more energy?
Radio waves or Infrared
4. Which has longer wavelength on visible light?
Green Light or Blue Light
5. Which has lesser frequency?
Microwave or Gamma ray
What I Have Learned
At this point, let’s sum up what you have learned. Pick out the word
that will make the statements correct. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of 1. (electromagnetic

waves, ultraviolet radiation), which are waves that are created with changing
electric field and 2. (electric charge, magnetic field). EM waves travel on 3. (air,
vacuum) at a constant speed of 4. (3 x108 m/s, 8 x103 m/s).
The electromagnetic spectrum is arranged in a manner of 5.

(decreasing, increasing) wavelength, 6. (decreasing, increasing) frequency and
7. (decreasing, increasing) energy. 8. (Gamma ray, Radio wave) has the longest
wavelength, lowest frequency and lowest energy among all EM waves. The 9.
(radio wave, visible light) is the only EM wave that can be seen by our naked
eye, whereas 10. (red, violet) has the longest wavelength and 11. (red, violet)
has the greatest frequency. On the other hand, 12. (gamma ray, radio wave)
has the shortest wavelength and highest frequency; which carries the highest
13. (energy, wavelength) among all EM waves. Therefore 14. (gamma ray, radio
wave) has the lowest ionizing radiation, while 15. (gamma ray, radio wave) has
the highest ionizing radiation.
15
What I Can Do
For sure you are now acquainted with the different electromagnetic waves.
It’s your turn to make your own chart about electromagnetic waves.
Make a chart of electromagnetic waves showing the comparison of its size. Cut
out pictures of objects or look for things that may represent the size of each
electromagnetic wave. On a separate sheet of paper, paste the pictures you have
found and arrange them according to the arrangement of EM waves in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Standard Rubric
You will be rated by your teacher according to the following criteria:
Accuracy of Information 5 points

Neatness of Work 5 points
Appropriateness of Materials 5 points
TOTAL 15 points
Assessment
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. He theorized that changing magnetic field will produce electric field.

a. Faraday c. Maxwell
b. Hertz d. Oersted
2. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum. What is the speed of an
electromagnetic wave in a vacuum?
a. 3 x 108 m/s c. 3 x 109 m/s
b. 3 x 108 m/s2 d. 3 x 109 m/s2
3. Which property spells the difference between radio wave and microwave
radiation?
a. amplitude c. speed in vacuum
b. color d. wavelength
16
4. Which two waves lie at the beginning and end of the electromagnetic spectrum?
a. gamma ray and X-ray
b. microwave and ultraviolet rays
c. radio wave and gamma ray
d. radio waves and microwaves
5.What is the frequency range of ultraviolet radiation?

a. 3.5x109 – 3x1011 Hz
b. 3.5x1011 – 3x1014 Hz
c. 7.5x1014 – 3x1016 Hz
d. 7.5x1016 – 3x1019 Hz
6. Visible light is the only EM wave that can be seen by our naked eye. What is the
color of light if it has a frequency of 4.5 x1014 Hz?
a. blue
b. green
c. red
d. yellow
7. Which of the following is correctly arranged from longest to shortest wavelength?

a. gamma ray, radio wave, infrared
b. microwave, x-ray, gamma ray
c. ultraviolet, visible light, radio wave
d. x-ray, gamma ray, ultraviolet
8. Which type of EM wave has wavelength similar to the size of a 1 Peso coin?
a. infrared
b. microwave
c. ultraviolet
d. visible light
9. Which electromagnetic wave can travel the least distances because it has a
wavelength range of less than 1x10-11 meters but has the highest energy?
a. gamma ray
b. microwave
c. radio wave
d. x-ray
10. In the electromagnetic spectrum, which has the longest wavelength?

a. gamma ray
b. radio wave
c. ultraviolet
d. visible light
11. What happens to the frequency of electromagnetic wave if its wavelength

increases?
a. decreases
b. doubles
c. increases as well
d. remains the same
17
12. In the visible spectrum, which color has the shortest wavelength?
a. blue c. red b. green d. violet
13. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength also increases.
b. As the frequency of a wave decreases, the energy increases.
c. As the wavelength of a wave increases, the energy also increases.
d. As the wavelength of a wave decreases, the frequency increases.
14. Among the given EM waves below, which carries the most energy?
a. microwave
b. radio wave
c. ultraviolet ray
d. visible light
15. Which of the following is correctly arranged from lowest to highest energy?
a. microwave, visible light, radio wave
b. ultraviolet, radio wave, infrared
c. visible light, ultraviolet, gamma ray
d. x-ray, gamma ray, ultraviolet
18
Answer Key
What I Know (Pretest)

What’s In
Assessment 1
Assessment 2
19
20
References
Acosta, H., L. Alvarez, D. Angeles, R. Arre, MP. Carmona, A. Gatpo, et al. Science –
Grade 10 Learner’s Material. Pasig City, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc. and
Department of Education, 2015
Acosta, H., L. Alvarez, D. Angeles, R. Arre, MP. Carmona, A. Gatpo, et al. Science –
Grade 10 Teacher’s Guide. Pasig City, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc. and
Department of Education, 2015
Hewitt, L., P. Hewitt, J. Suchocki. Conceptual Physical Science, Third Edition.

Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD, 2004
Electronic Sources:
Department of Education. “K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science (Grade 3 to 10)”

Accessed October 2019 “https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2019/01/Science-CG_with-tagged-sci-equipment_revised.pdf”
LRMDS Portal. Science Modules. December 29, 2014. Accessed October 13, 2019.
http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/6838
21
10
Science
Practical Applications and Effects
of Electromagnetic Waves
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Practical Applications and Effects of Electromagnetic Waves
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
over them.

Writer: Cecilia D. Macaranas

Editors: Ma. Maila C. Justo Emily P. Tandog
Reviewers: Jaime Campos, Jr. Jerry R. Junio Elnora Raroque
Rodrigo Q. Reyes, Jr. Ellen F. Fernandez German J. Ferrer Jr.
Ma. Criselda G. Ocang Gina A. Amoyen
Illustrator: Richard C. Paragas
Layout Artist: Reyna H. Talinio
Arlene A. Niro Carmina C. Gutierrez
Gina A. Amoyen Rustico P. Abalos, Jr.
Editha T. Giron Marilou D. Roldan
Jerry R. Junio

Telefax: (072) 682-2324; (072) 607-8137
What I Need to Know
Are you not wondering how you are able to communicate with your loved ones
from far places? How were you able to listen to music from your radio? Or how your
television remote control works?
Most of the things we use nowadays are applications of our knowledge about
Electromagnetic (EM) waves. We may not see these EM waves, but we encounter their
different forms in our daily life. You know more of these waves than you may think.
This module contains various activities and tasks to be accomplished which
will give you more understanding on the significance and effects of electromagnetic
waves.
At the end of this module you will be able to:
1. cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM
waves, such as the use of radio waves in telecommunication (S10FE-IIc-
d-48);
2. explain the effects of electromagnetic radiation on living things and the
environment (S10FE-IIe-f-49).
What I Know
1. What EM wave make cellular telephones transmit and receive signals?

A. radio waves C. visible light
B. microwaves D. gamma rays
2. All of the following are uses of visible light. Which one is not?
A. it enables us to see things C. for thermal imaging
B. gives light to the screen of our devices D. used in optical fibers
3. Which kind of wave is use in night vision goggles?

A. microwave C. gamma ray
B. infrared D. visible light
4. Which of the following EM wave makes use of artificial lighting?

A. visible spectrum C. gamma rays
B. x-ray D. infrared
1
5. Which of the following is a use of ultraviolet radiation?
A. diagnosing bone fracture C. night vision goggle
B. identifying original from fake banknotes D. optical fiber
6. Which type of X-ray can penetrate even through metals?

A. regular X-ray C. short wavelength X-ray
B. long wavelength X-ray D. dental X-ray
7. What type of electromagnetic waves is used in RADAR?

A. infrared rays C. radio waves
B. microwaves D. ultraviolet rays
8. What imaging technique uses powerful magnets, computer and radio waves to
make detailed pictures inside your body?
A. thermal imaging C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
B. infrared imaging D. X-ray image
9. In an infrared camera, what color indicates warmer temperature?

A. blue C. violet
B. green D. yellow
10. Which of the EM waves below are emitted by stars and some radioactive
substances?
A. gamma rays C. microwave
B. radio waves D. X-ray
11. Which kind of wave causes the fluorescent chemicals to glow in sunlight?
A. microwave C. gamma ray
B. ultraviolet D. visible light
12. How many of the EM waves are visible?

A. none out of seven EM waves C. all of the EM waves
B. most of it D. only one out of seven EM waves
13. Among the following forms of the EM spectrum, which waves do not have enough
energies to damage the body cells?
A. gamma ray and infrared C. gamma ray and ultraviolet
B. radio wave and visible light D. X-ray and ultraviolet
14. What kind of wave is very dangerous, but have been used to kill cancer cells?
A. gamma rays C. radio waves
B. infrared D. visible light
15. Which of the following sets of EM radiation can harm your body cells?
A. gamma ray, ultraviolet ray, X-ray C. infrared, microwaves, ultraviolet
B. light, ultraviolet, X-ray D. gamma ray, microwaves, infrared
2
Lesson Practical Applications and
1 Effects of Electromagnetic
Waves
What’s In
Can you still remember the different forms of Electromagnetic waves you have
learned from the previous module? While all these EM waves move through space at
the same speed of about three hundred (300) million meters per second, their
wavelengths, frequencies, and energies differ. This is the reason why they are
arranged accordingly in a scheme called Electromagnetic Spectrum.
Let me remind you that wavelength has an inverse relation with frequency and
energy. So, if wavelength increases, what will happen to the frequency of the wave?
If the wavelength of an EM wave decreases, what will be the effect in its energy?
Let’s compare the relative wavelengths, frequencies, and energies of the
different regions of the Electromagnetic spectrum.
Directions: On a separate sheet, answer the following activity. Look at the picture
below, write the name of the correct Electromagnetic wave corresponding to the letters
on the picture. You may refer your answer for numbers 1-7 from the box.
x-ray radio wave

1. A ______________________
2. B ______________________
3. C ______________________ gamma ray microwave
4. D ______________________
5. E ______________________
6. F ______________________ ultraviolet infrared visible light
7. G ______________________
8. What letter shows the lowest frequency? ______________________
9. What letter shows the shortest wavelength? ______________________
10. What letter shows the EM wave with the highest energy?__________________
3
Notes to the Teacher
The students should have mastery of the properties of

electromagnetic waves for them to relate the forms to the uses.
What’s New
Directions: Look for the name of devices hidden in the puzzle below. The words may
be placed vertically, horizontally, diagonally, or even backwards. Write ten (10) terms
you found in the word box below.
Generated from Free Word Search Puzzle Maker
What do you think are these devices for? What form of EM waves make them work?
4
What is It
Study the tables below. Electromagnetic waves have practical applications

which depend greatly on their wavelength, frequency, and energy. Continue reading
and you will know more about them.
Electromagnetic
Practical Applications
Waves
Radio Waves  Radio/Television signals

Radio and television signals are radio waves that are
produced by making electrons vibrate. It has a long
wavelength capable to transmit sound and picture
information over long distances.
 Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based
navigation system that provides geographical position and
time information anywhere on or near the earth. It
communicates with stations on the ground using radio
waves.
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
It is a medical imaging technique that uses powerful
magnets, computer and radio waves to make detailed
pictures inside your body.
Electromagnetic
Waves
Microwaves  Satellite communication

Microwaves are used in satellite communications because
it can penetrate the earth’s atmosphere. Microwave’s
signals are transmitted by an antenna to a satellite which
amplifies and retransmits the signal to an antenna in
other parts of the world. This is how we communicate even
from afar.
 Terrestrial communication
A cell phone is a radio transmitter and receiver that uses
microwaves. Cellular phones depend on overlapping
network of cells. Each cell has its tower that receives and
sends microwave signals.
 Cooking
The microwaves in a microwave oven penetrate and agitate
the water molecules within the food. Thus, they create
molecular friction which produces heat that will cook the
food.
5
 RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is a detection
system used to determine the range, angle or velocity of
objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, and the
like.
Electromagnetic
Waves
Infrared (IR) ● Remote control (IR remote) uses LED lights to

transmit signals to control devices. It emits pulses of
invisible infrared light.
● Thermal imaging through infrared scanners
Infrared scanner such as thermal imaging and thermal
scanner are used to show the temperature variation of the
body. Our body radiates infrared and under infrared
cameras, our images appear in a variety of colors. The
differences in color determine the differences in
temperature. For example, shades of blue and green
indicate regions of colder temperature; and red and yellow
indicate warmer temperature.
● Night vision goggles use thermal imaging technology
to capture the infrared light being emitted as heat by
objects in the field of view.
Electromagnetic
Waves
Visible Light  Enables us to see things around us. It also gives light to
the screen of most electronic devices.
 Artificial Lights like flashlight, lamp etc. are any light
source that produce light instead of natural lights
produced by the sun.
 Optical fibers
One use of optical fibers in medicine is endoscope, a
flexible tube with tiny camera that is used to observe the
internal parts of the body.
6
Electromagnetic
Waves
 Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in sunlight interact with a

protein (7-DHC) in the skin, converting it into vitamin D3,
the active form of vitamin D, which is essential for
Ultraviolet (UV) maintaining healthy bones and teeth.
 Security markings
Sensitive documents such as credit cards, banknotes, and
passports include a UV watermark that is only seen under
UV emitting light.
 Sterilization of water in drinking fountains
Ultraviolet light disinfection is one water treatment system
that can be used to remove most forms of microbiological
contamination from water.
 Fluorescence
 Some washing powder contains fluorescent chemicals
which glow in sunlight. This makes your shirt look whiter
than white in daylight.
Electromagnetic
Waves
 Diagnosing bone fractures

X-ray X-rays are produced using an X-ray tube. They are
emitted when fast moving electrons hit a metal target.
Long wavelength X-rays can penetrate the flesh but not
the bones that’s why it is used in diagnosing bone
fractures.
 Airport security scanner
The short wavelength X-rays can penetrate through metals
which can be used in airport security scanner.
7
Electromagnetic
Waves
Gamma Ray  Treat tumors and cancer through the process called
radiotherapy.
The high-energy rays of gamma destroys cancer cells in
the area where it is given.
Gamma rays sterilize surgical instruments because
they easily penetrate through materials and the energy
they release kills bacteria and other microorganisms.
Effects of Electromagnetic (EM) radiation on living things and the environment
From the practical applications of EM waves discussed above, we can

conclude that these waves are significant to us. But, even essential forms of
radiations can be harmful in excessive amount.
The effect of EM radiation on organisms and environment depends on how
much energy it carries. Radiation can be non-ionizing and ionizing. Non-ionizing
radiation does not have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and
molecules. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light and ultraviolet are non-
ionizing radiation. We are exposed to low levels of non-ionizing radiation every day.
When the exposure is intense and direct, it may result in damage to tissue due to
heat. Right amount of non-ionizing radiation like UV rays maintain the proper
mechanism of ecosystem.
High-energy EM waves like x-rays and gamma rays are considered as ionizing
radiation. Like the non-ionizing radiation, we are also exposed to low levels of ionizing
radiation that comes from the atmosphere. This means that the usual amount of
ionizing radiation from natural sources absorbed by our bodies is small. Our main
exposure to ionizing radiation comes from manmade sources through the use of
diagnostic medical exams. Excessive exposure to these radiations can alter
molecules within the cells and may cause eventual harm such as skin or tissue
damage, cancer and death.
When handled improperly, radioactive pollution may occur, where the air, soil
and water will be contaminated. This pollution may eventually makes its way up to
the food chain where all forms of life may be affected.
8
What’s More
Here are some activities which will give you hands-on experience on some of
the common EM waves mentioned above. Each activity needs simple materials that
are readily available at your home or school.
Activity 1: “Behind the White Light”

Adapted from https://www.physicscentral.com/experiment/physicsathome/rainbow.cfm
What you need:
▪ water
▪ sunlight or flashlight
▪ shallow pan
▪ small mirror
▪ piece of paper or white surface
What to do:
1. Before doing this activity, read the guide questions below.
2. Fill the shallow pan with water of about half full.
3. Put the mirror into the water inside the pan at an angle.
4. Position the pan so that sunlight/flashlight shines directly where the mirror
is under water. You may have to shift the mirror to find the right angle.
5. Hold the white paper above the mirror. It would be easier to see if the room
is dark.
6. Adjust the angle of the mirror until you see a rainbow. Observe.
Guide Questions: Answer the following activity questions on a separate sheet.
A. Prism is a triangular piece of glass that is used to separate white light. From
the activity above, which materials served as a prism?
_________________________________________
B. Explain why white light splits up into different colors when it goes through a
prism?
___________________________________________________________________________
C. Write down the color spectrum you observed in proper order from top to
bottom.
___________________________________________________________________________
9
D. What color bends the least?
__________________________________________________________________
E. What color bends the most?
__________________________________________________________________
Assessment 1
Directions: Unscramble the letters to form the correct words and write the
appropriate word to complete the statements below on a separate sheet.
1. EM wave that can be seen by human eye is the _____. ISVIELB HGLIT
2. _______ is the only source of natural white light. UNS
3. Rainbow is formed when light _______ at different angles. FRRETACS
4. _______ is one of the artificial lights we use at night. LBUB
5. In a rainbow, the color that bends the most is ______. IVLTOE
Activity 2: “Block it!”

Adapted from https://homeschoolgameschool.com/the-great-sunscreen-experiment/
What you Need:
▪ bright-colored construction
paper
▪ sunblock lotion
▪ sunglass
What to Do:
1. Before doing this activity, read the guide questions below.
2. Divide the construction paper by folding it into three.
3. Apply sunblock lotion on one side of the paper, place the sunglass on the
other side. Leave the center of the construction paper uncovered.
4. Place the paper in a sunny spot and leave it there for three hours.
5. Observe the paper.
Guide Questions:
Answer the following activity questions on a separate sheet.
A. Did the paper’s color change or stay the same? ___________________________

B. How is the side of the construction paper with sunblock lotion different from
the side without sunblock lotion?
_________________________
10
C. How is the side of the construction paper with sunglass different from the
side without sunglass?
__________________________________________________________________________
D. Describe how sunscreen and sunglass protect us from UV radiation.

__________________________________________________________________________
Assessment 2
Directions: Write ULTRA if the statement is correct, and VIOLET if not. If the
statement is incorrect, state reason or appropriately correct the statement.
_________ 1. Too much exposure to UV rays may increase the risk for skin cancer
and cataracts.
_________ 2. Sunscreens protect our skin so we can stay under the sun all day.
_________ 3. The higher the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) in a sunscreen, the higher
the protection.
_________4. Sunglasses have UV coating that help block harmful rays from the sun.
_________5. It is good to avoid the sun entirely.
Activity 3: Post the Risk
Directions: Using a letter-size bond paper, make a poster on the risks of long
exposure to the different forms of Electromagnetic waves in living things. The rubric
below will be used to grade your work.
RUBRIC
1 - Weak 2 - Moderately Weak 3 - Average

4 - Moderately Strong 5 - Strong
1. The poster contains appropriate items and information.

2. The poster is clean and neat, and the information on it is
well organized.
3. The poster is colorful and creative.
4. Any artwork on the poster is appropriate and carefully
executed.
5. The poster shows an understanding of the topic and related
concepts.
Total:
11
Assessment 3
Directions: Write the effect of the given EM waves on living things and environment
when exposed in large amount. Do it on a separate sheet of paper.
X-rays UV rays
___________________ ____________________
___________________ Organism ____________________
UV rays Environment Gamma rays

___________________ ____________________
___________________ ____________________
What I Have Learned
Let’s sum up what you have learned. Choose the correct term from the
enclosed choices that should go into the blank spaces.
Radio/television signals, GPS and MRI are practical applications of (1)
__________________ (radio wave/microwave). Satellite communication, cooking,
terrestrial communication, and RADAR make use of (2) ________________
(infrared/microwave). Remote controls, thermal imaging and night vision goggles are
practical applications of (3) ________________ (infrared/ultraviolet). You can see
things around you because of (4) __________________ (gamma rays/visible light) which
is also used in optical fibers, artificial lights and screens of electronic devices.
Vitamin D is produced from (5) ______________ (ultraviolet /microwave), which is also
used for security markings and sterilization of water in drinking fountains. In
diagnosing bone fractures, we use (6) ______________________ (gamma rays/X-rays).
(7) __________________ (long wavelength X-ray)/short wavelength X-ray)) is a type of
x-ray that can penetrate the flesh while (8) __________________ (long wavelength X-
ray)/short wavelength X-ray)) can penetrate through metals. Treating tumors and
cancer through the process called radiotherapy and sterilizing medical equipment
are practical applications of (9) _______________ (gamma rays/ultraviolet). The effect
of Electromagnetic waves on organisms and environment depends on how much (10)
______________ (wavelength, energy) it carries.
12
What I Can Do
A. On another sheet, copy the table below and for a day, list down your
exposure to the different forms of electromagnetic waves. Write the time duration of
exposure and your activity. Then identify the form of EM wave involved and the
source of that wave. An example was given as your guide.
Form of EM
Time Activity Source
wave
Example:
9:00 AM – 10: 00 AM I watch my favorite TV show. Radio wave Television
Assessment
1. Which pair of EM waves is commonly used for communication?

A. X-rays and infrared C. radio waves and gamma rays
B. radio waves and microwaves D. infrared and microwaves
2. Radio wave is useful in which of the following applications?

A. watching television C. sterilizing medical equipment
B. treating cancers D. sunbathing
3. All of the following made use of gamma rays except one. Which is it?
A. treating tumors
B. treating cancer through the process called radiotherapy
C. sterilization of water in drinking fountains
D. sterilization of medical equipment
4. Infrared waves is useful in which of the following applications?

A. remote control C. screen of electronic devices
B. television signal D. night vision goggles
13
5. Microwave is useful in which of the following applications?
A. remote control C. artificial lighting
B. cellphone communication D. sterilization
6. In visible light, which color has the longest wavelength?

A. red C. yellow
B. violet D. green
7. What form of wave makes your skin tan when exposed for a long period of time?
8. Which of the following is not an application of visible light?

A. bulb C. cell phone screen
B. security markings D. flashlight
9. Which of the following is the correct meaning of the acronym GPS?

A. Guided Position Symbol C. Guided Positioning System
B. Global Positioning System D. Global Perimeter Scale
10. Colors in the infrared image depend on ________________.

A. wavelength C. amplitude
B. frequency D. temperature
11. Which of the devices below can be used to detect aircrafts and ships?
A. RADAR C. GPS
B. MRI D. communication tower
12. What device uses thermal imaging technology to capture the light being emitted
as heat by objects in the field of view?
A. infrared camera C. fluorescent
B. remote control D. night vision goggles
13. Which of the EM waves below is used to remove most forms of microbiological
contamination from water?
14. All of the following are dangerous waves when taken by the body in large amounts
except one. Which is it?
A. radio waves C. ultraviolet
B. gamma rays D. x-rays
15. How does the energy level changes from gamma ray to radio wave?
A. increases C. cannot be determined
B. decreases D. energy level does not change
14
Additional Activities
A. Directions: The following are electromagnetic waves with their applications.

On another sheet, write the name of the device which does not belong to the
group.
1. Radio Waves
GPS MRI RADAR
2. Microwaves
Night vision Satellite Cooking
goggles Communication
3. Visible spectrum
Artificial lights Diagnosing bone Optical Fibers
fracture
4. Ultraviolet (UV)
Fluorescence Cellphone signal Sterilization of water
in drinking fountain
5. Gamma rays
Radiotherapy Sterilization of Radio
medical tools
B. Directions: Complete the table below by choosing what matches to the types
of radiation with its use and its effect on living things. Use another sheet for
this activity.
Used for
Communication Creating Seeing Remote

MRI, GPS images of the Optical fibers controls and
inside of the Artificial thermal
body lightings imaging
Effects on living things

Activates Causes burning
sensitive cells in High doses can High doses can of tissues.
the retina. kill living cells. kill living cells.
Probably None
15
Forms of EM Wave Used for Effects on living things
Gamma Treating tumors High doses can kill living
Sterilizing medical tools cells. Lower doses can cause
cancer in cells
X-ray
Vitamin D
UV
Security marking
Visible light
Infrared
Satellite Heating of water in tissues

Microwave
communication. can cause burning
Cooking, RADAR
Radio
C. Directions: Using the given clues, fill in the crossword puzzle with the
correct words. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
*Generated from Free

Crossword Puzzle Maker
16
17
What I know C. Red-Orange-Yellow-Green- 3. C
1. B Blue-Indigo- Violet 4. A
2. C D. Red 5. B
3. B E. Violet 6. A
4. A Assessment 1 7. D
5. B 1. visible light 8. B
6. C 2. sun 9. B
7. B 3. refracts 10. D
8. C 4. bulb 11.C
9. D 5. Violet 12. A
10. A Activity 2 13. D
11. B A. The color changes 14. A
12. D B. Answers may vary 15. B
13. B C. Answers may vary Additional Activities
14. A D. Answers may vary A.
15. A Assessment 2 1. RADAR
What’s in 1. ULTRA 2. night vision goggles
1. Radio wave 2. VIOLET, We need to reapply 3. diagnosing bone fracture
2. Microwave sunscreen every 1 and half to 2 4. cellphone signal
3. Infrared hours 5. radio
4. Visible Light 3. ULTRA B.
5. Ultraviolet 4. ULTRA X-ray - Creating images of
6. X-ray 5. VIOLET, Our body needs the inside of the body - High
7. Gamma rays vitamin D that comes from the doses can kill living cells.
8. A sun Lower doses can cause
9. G Assessment 3 cancer.
10. G UV rays can cause sun UV - High doses can kill
What’s New burn/damage tissue on living cells. Lower doses
Word Box organism. Excessive sun rays can cause cancer.
 cellphone may cause global warming and Visible light – Seeing,
 radio drought to the environment. optical fibers & artificial
 television lightings – activates
 RADAR Excessive amount of x-ray can sensitive cells in the retina
 microwave oven cause cancer. Infrared - Remote controls
 remote control Gamma rays may result to and thermal imaging -
 camera radiactive pollution. causes burning of tissues
What I Have Learned Radio - communication
 X-ray
1. radio wave MRI, GPS, probable none
 bulb
2. microwave C.
 flashlight
Across
 satellite 3. infrared
1. sterilization
What’s New 4. visible light 4. cancer
Activity 1 5. ultraviolet 6. short
A. Water 6. X-rays 7. temperature
B. As white light
7. long wavelength 8. microwave
passes through Down
prism, its 8. short wavelength
9. gamma rays 2. xray
components 3. radar
bend(refract) into 10. energy
5. ultraviolet
different angles Assessment 9. global
causing the light 1. A 10. MRI
to separate. 2. A
Answer Key
References
A. Book
Government of the Philippines, Department of Education. 2015. Grade 10 Learner’s
Material. Manila.
B. Electronic Sources
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/nonionizing_radiation.html
https://www.iop.org/education/ltp/events/file_65938.pdf
International Atomic Energy Agency.

https://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/radlife
Just Science. http://www.justscience.in/articles/applications-of-electromagnetic-

waves/2017/05/25
Physics in the Living Room.

https://www.physicscentral.com/experiment/physicsathome/remote.cfm
Revision World. https://revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/physics/waves/uses-

electromagnetic-waves
Rookie Parenting Science. https://www.rookieparenting.com/make-your-own-

rainbow-science-experiment/
18
10
Science
Qualitative Characteristics
of Images
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Qualitative Characteristics of images
First Edition, 2020
over them.

Writer: Sofia Q. Casupang

Jerry R. Junio

Telefax: (072) 682-2324; (072) 607-8137
What I Need to Know
When you look in the mirror, have you noticed something interesting about
you and your image in the mirror? You will also learn how mirrors form images. How
are light rays reflected from different types of mirrors: plane, spherical concave, and
spherical convex mirrors? Did you know that a mirror could create different types of
images?
In this module you will get acquainted with the qualitative characteristics of
the image that is formed in Plane, Concave and Convex Mirrors. As you go through
the pages of this module, you will be able to use the laws of reflection in order to
describe and explain how mirrors and lenses form images.
In this module, the learners should be able to:

1. predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of
images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses (S10FE-IIg-50); and
2. apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the characteristics and position
of images formed by mirrors and lenses.
This module allows you to learn in your own space and pace so have fun in
reading and learning from this module!
To get the most out of this module, here are few reminders:
1. Take your time to read and understand the module very well. Follow the
instruction carefully.
2. Use a separate sheet or Science notebook for your answers in the activities and
assessment. Be sure to label your work by the activity number and title.
3. Don’t hesitate to approach or contact your teacher or any knowledgeable person,
whenever there’s something you don’t understand. There is also list of references to
look into at the last part of this module.
4. Before working on the activities, answer the Pretest first. It is a simple multiple-
choice test provided at the start to determine how much you know about the content
of this module.
5. You will find activities to work on. After each activity go over the Assessment that
follows as this will help you to have a better understanding of the topic. Pay attention
to the items you missed.
6. Take the posttest at the end of the module so that you will know how much you
have learned.
7. Check your answers to each pretest, activities, self-assessment and posttest
against the answer key. This will give you an idea how well you understand the lesson.
Review the lesson if necessary, until you have achieved a sufficient level of proficiency.
Let’s find out how much you know about the module. After taking pretest, you
will find out your score. An answer key is provided at the end of the module.
1
What I Know
Directions: Read carefully each item. Choose the letter that you think best
answers the question. Write the answer in your notebook or sheet of paper.
1. Regular reflection is the _______________ reflection of light on a(n) _______________

surface.
A. even, smooth C. semi-smooth, rough
B. even or uneven, rough D. uneven, rough
2. The image you see on a plane mirror is placed in _________________ direction(s) of

real image.
A. five C. the opposite
B. multiple directions D. the same
3. A plane mirror has a/an _________________ reflecting surface.

A. angled B. concave C. convex D. flat
4. Diffuse Reflection is a(n) ________________ reflection of light rays on a

_______________ surface.
A. even, smooth C. semi-smooth, rough
B. even or uneven, semi rough D. uneven, rough
5. Scattering of light occurs when light waves travelling in _______________ direction(s)

is/are made to travel in _________________ direction(s).
A. one, many B. one, ten C. many, one D. several, one
6. With Regular/Diffuse Reflection, the _____________ of the object will determine the
SHARPNESS of reflection.
A. angle B. color C. surface D. a and b
7. As per the Law of Reflection measured through the normal line, the angle of
incidence is ____________ to the angle of reflection.
A. equal C. less than
B. greater than D. both a and b
8. A concave mirror may form an image which is _______________. Which one of the
following is incorrect?
A. real, erect and magnified C. real, inverted and magnified
B. real, inverted and diminished D. real, inverted and same size
9. The image in a convex mirror is always _______________________.

A. real, erect and diminished C. virtual, erect and diminished
B. real, erect and magnified D. virtual, inverted and diminished
2
10. The image formed in a plane mirror is _______________________ .
A. at the same distance in front of the mirror as the object is in front of the
mirror.
B. at a shorter distance in front of the mirror than the distance that the
object is in front of the mirror.
C. at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the
mirror.
D. at a shorter distance behind the mirror than the distance the object is in
front of the mirror.
11. A typical mirror you look in at a home or in a restroom is a ____________ mirror.

A. concave B. convex C. parabolic D. plane
12. What type of lens produces smaller and upright images?

A. concave lens C. convex lens
B. converging lens D. cannot be determined
13. What type of lens is thicker at the center as compared to its edges?
14. The size of the image is always smaller than the object in ____________________ .
A. concave mirror B. convex mirror C. plane mirror D. silver mirror
15. What type of lens is use to correct nearsightedness?

Key to answers on page 27
How was your performance in the pre-assessment? Were you able to answer
all the problems? Key to answers on page 24
If you got a perfect score, you can skip this module or still continue to further
enrich your understanding. But if your score is 14 and below, you must proceed with
the module.
3
Have fun in learning from this module!
Lesson
Qualitative Characteristics
1 of Images
Light is form of energy that you can see! Every day, light waves reflect on
objects and into your eyes, which allows you to see the objects. Light also helps you
identify objects both near and far.
What’s In
In Grade 7, 8, and in the previous modules, you learned about electromagnetic

spectrum. One of the most common among these electromagnetic waves is the visible
light. Let us start our study of this module by reviewing first the properties and
behavior of light when it comes in contact with something.
Directions: Fill in the blanks in the sentence below. Below each paragraph are words
corresponding on the properties and behavior of light that you will encounter in this
module. Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper.
Light is a natural agent that stimulates sight and make

things possible. It is a type of energy known as 1. ___________. It
is given out by luminous objects such as the sun, light bulbs and
laser. It is made up of little packets of energy called 2.___________.
Light travels as waves. But unlike sound waves, it does not need
any material to carry its energy along. This means that light can
travel through a 3. ____________ - a completely airless space. Light
waves travel out from their source in a straight lines called 4.
__________.
electromagnetic radiation photons rays vacuum
4
Light behaves in a variety of ways when it comes in contact with
water, air, and other matters. When light strikes matter, a part of light
is 7. “__________” into the matter and is transformed into heat energy.
If the matter that the light strikes is a transparent material, the light
component that was not absorbed within the material is
8. “__________” through and exits to the outer side of the material. If
the surface of the material is smooth (a mirror for example),
9.“_________” occurs, but if the surface is irregular having pits and
protrusions, the light 10. “__________”.
Absorbed reflection scatters transmitted
These exercises you have answered help you understand the nature of light.
In this module, you will do varied activities which will help you comprehend the
qualitative characteristics of image formed in Plane Mirror, Concave Mirror, and
Convex Mirror.
What’s New
“Light as Rays”
What you need:

Plane Mirror Laser pointers Protractor
What you have to do:
a. Put your mirror carefully on the line labelled “mirror.
b. Point your laser along incident ray line.
c. Mark the reflected ray line that represent where the light ray goes after hitting the
mirror.
d. Measure the angles between the normal line and incident ray. (Normal line is an
imaginary line that is perpendicular to the surface.) Record this in the table. Then
measure the angle between the reflected ray and the normal line. Put this result in
the table too.
e. Repeat the procedure with all the other incident ray lines.
5
Paper Protractor
1. Using protractor complete the table by writing in the measurement of angle of

incidence and angle of reflection. Do this in your activity notebook or a separate
sheet of paper.
Ray Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
2. Fill in the box in the sentences below. Choose the letter that you think best
completes the statement. Do this in your activity notebook or a separate sheet of
paper.
(i) Light is a form of energy which travels at a speed of .

a. 3 x 108 m/s b. 8 x 106 m/s
(ii) Reflection occurs when light off an object.

a. bounces b. transmitted
(iii) A mirror with a flat reflective surface is called .

a. concave mirror b. plane mirror
6
(iv) The angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of (r), and
the incident ray, the and the reflected ray are all in the same
plane.
a. normal, incident b. reflection, normal
(v) An image formed by the actual intersection of light rays is called

. .
a. real b. virtual
(vi) An image formed by the apparent intersection of rays is called .

.
a. real b. virtual
What is It
Reflection of Light in Mirrors
The laws of reflection state that:

1. the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the reflecting
surface all lie in the same plane; and
2. the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
a line that is
perpendicular
to the surface
- the ray of light - the ray of light

coming from the which leaves the
light source Angle of Angle of
mirror
towards a surface incidence reflection
- the angle - the angle

between the between the
incident ray reflected ray
and normal line and normal line
Reflection of a Light ray on a Plane

Mirror
7
Reflection in Plane Mirror
When light hits an object, every part of that object reflects light in all direction.
Some of the reflected light reaches our eyes. Thus, we can see an object.
Characteristics of images formed by a

plane mirror:
1. Image is virtual;
2. Same size as the object;
3. Same orientation as the object; and
4. Same distance from the mirror as the
object.
Reflection in a plane
Mirror
Types of Reflection of Light
a. Specular/Regular reflection. It is
defined as light reflected from a
smooth surface at a definite angle.
b. Diffused/Irregular Reflection. It is
produced by rough surfaces that tend to (a)
reflect light in all directions.
(b)
(a) Mountains and its reflection on calm water (b) Mountains and its reflection on
wavy water
The phenomenon by which a ray of light changes the direction of propagation

when it strikes a boundary between different media through which it cannot pass is
described as the reflection of light.
If the bundle of light rays is incident upon a smooth surface, then the light
rays reflect and remain concentrated in a bundle upon leaving the surface. On the
other hand, if the surface is microscopically rough, the light rays will reflect and
diffuse in many different directions.
8
Specular Reflection Diffuse Reflection
(smooth surface) (rough surface)
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) Parallel light rays reflect in one direction. (b) Parallel light rays reflect in
different directions.
Mirror Left-Right Reversal
If you view an image of yourself in a plane mirror (perhaps a bathroom mirror),

you will quickly notice that there is an apparent left-right reversal of the image. That
is, if you raise your left hand, you will notice that the image raises what would seem
to be its right hand. If you raise your right hand, the image raises what would seem
to be its left hand. This is often termed left-right reversal.
Figure 6. Mirror Left-Right Reversal
The letters in front of the ambulance are written laterally. This is because
when seen in rear view mirror by another vehicle, the image of the word would get
inverted, letting the driver read the word properly so that he can provide way to the
ambulance.
9
Reflection on Spherical Mirrors
Most curved mirrors are called spherical mirrors because their shape follows
the surface of a sphere.
Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:

1. The Concave Mirror
 It reflects light inward to one focal
point. It is used to focus light.
 Also known as converging mirror has
a reflecting surface that is recessed
inward (away from the incident light). Parallel rays
converge after reflection on a
concave mirror
2. The Convex Mirror

 Also known diverging mirror is a
curved mirror in which the reflective
surface bulges towards the light
source.
 Convex mirrors reflect light outwards;
therefore they are not used to focus
Parallel rays
light. diverge after reflection on a
convex mirror
There are two types of images formed by reflecting surfaces.
Figure 11. Reflection from Concave and Convex Mirror
Real Image Virtual Image

1. A real image is formed when light 1. A virtual image is formed when light
rays actually meet after reflection. rays do not actually intersect after
2. A real image can be formed on a reflection, but they appear to diverge
screen. from the mirror.
3. A real image is inverted with respect 2. A virtual image cannot be formed on
to the object. a screen.
e.g. The image of a distance object 3. A virtual image is erect with respect
formed by a concave mirror. to the object.
e.g. The image of an object formed by a
convex mirror.
10
Ray Diagram and Image Formation by Plane Mirror
A plane mirror makes an image of objects in front of the mirror; the image
appears to be behind the plane in which the mirror lies. An image is formed by
reflection when two or more reflected rays of a point meet at a single point. The image is
formed at the point of intersection of the reflected rays.
Image Formation by Plane

Mirror
Behind the
Location
mirror
Orientation Upright
Same size as the
Size
object
Type Virtual
Image Formation by Plane Mirror
Images Formed by Curved Mirrors
In locating the image formed in curved mirror graphically, six important points
are considered. The following important points are enumerated below.
 Center of Curvature, – the center of

the sphere whose surface forms the
curved mirror
 Focal Point, – where the light rays
meet
 Vertex, – the point where the
principal axis meets the mirror
 Principal Axis – the straight line
passing through the center of
curvature to the mirror
 Focal Length, – the distance from
the focal point to the vertex
 Radius of Curvature, – the distance
from the vertex to the center of the
Curved Mirrors
curvature
Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line segment adjoining the vertex
and the center of curvature, the focal length would be one-half the radius of
curvature
11
Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Concave Mirror
Image
Sized
Orientation (same, Type
Location of Object
Location (upright or reduced (real or
Inverted) or virtual)
enlarged)
A. Beyond Center of
Curvature
Between
Inverted Reduced Real
C and F
B. At the Center of
Curvature
At C Inverted Same Real
D. At the Focus
No Image Formed
Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Convex Mirror
Image
Sized
Orientation Type
Location of Object (same,
Location (upright or (real or
reduced or
Inverted) virtual)
enlarged)
A. Anywhere you put the object
in front of a convex mirror.
Anywhere you
put the object
Upright Reduced Virtual
in front of a
convex mirror.
12
Difference Between Convex and Concave Lens
BASIS FOR
CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS
COMPARISON
Meaning Convex lens refers to the lens Concave lens can be
which merges the light rays identified as the lens which
at a particular point, that disperses the light rays
travels through it. around, that hits the lenses.
Figure
Curve Outward Inward

Light Converges Diverges
Center and Thicker at the center, as Thinner at the center as
Edges compared to its edges. compared to its edges.
Focal Length Positive Negative
Image Real and Inverted image. Virtual, erect and diminished
Also produces virtual, erect image.
and enlarged image in a
magnifying glass.
Objects Appear closer and larger Appear smaller and farther.
Used to Correct hyperopia Correct myopia.
What’s More
Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to strengthen the basic
concepts you have learned from our mini-lesson and to validate your observations in
the activity part.
Enrichment Activity 1 “Multiple Reflection”
A mirror reflects everything in front of it including another mirror. If you place

two mirrors at an angle, you increase the number of reflected images you can see.
Depending on the angle you choose, you can see a number of unbroken reflections
and one or more composite or partial reflections. What would you think would
happen if an object was reflected by plane mirrors three times? Four times? Five
times?
13
What you need:
 Science notebook or answer sheet
 A pencil or some other object, such as a pen, one peso coin or paper
clip
 2 plane mirrors
 Paper
 Protractor

1. Take two plane mirrors and place them together with the shiny sides facing one
another. Tape them along the side to form a hinged door.
2. Take a piece of paper or cardboard. Using a protractor, measure and mark angles
(by drawing a line) of 180°, 120°, 90°, 60°, 45°
3. Place the hinged mirrors at each of these angles and put an object (it could be a
coin, a pencil, an eraser, or some other item you may have at your desk) between
them as close to the mirrors as possible.
4. Count the number of images you see and record your observations in the
observation table.
5. When you are finished, answer the following questions in your worksheet.
Assessment 1
Direction: Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. Observation Table
Angle (degrees) Number of Images
1800
1200
900
600
450
2. What happened to the number of images you saw as you changed the angle from
600 to 450 between the mirrors?
A. as angle decreased, more reflections will occur
B. as angle decreased, fewer reflections will occur
3. What happened to the number of images you saw as you changed the angle from
90° degrees to 120°?
A. as angle decreased, more reflections will occur
B. as angle decreased, fewer reflections will occur
4. Can you now make a statement about how the angles between the
mirrors determine the number of images that will be produced?
A. N = (360/angle between the mirror) -1
B. N = (360/angle between the mirror) +1
14
Enrichment Activity 2 “Mirror Left-Right Reversal”
1. Stand in front of a plane

mirror.
2. Raise your left hand.
Assessment 2
Direction: Answer the following questions on your answer sheet.
1. Is your image exactly the same size as you are?
A. image is exactly the same B. image is virtual
2. What hand does your image raise?

A. right hand B. left hand
3. Is your image erect or inverted? Is it real or virtual?

B. inverted, real B. erect, virtual
Enrichment Activity 3 “Image Formed by Curved Mirrors”
1. Get a spoon. This can serve as your

mirror.
2. Look at the concave surface of the
spoon. Place the mirror vey near
your face.
3. Bring the spoon on arm length
distance away from you.
Image from Image from
4. Look now at the convex surface of
the outer the inner
the spoon. Observe your image as
side of a side of a
you bring the spoon farther form
spoon spoon
you. Image in Spherical
Mirror
Assessment 3
Directions: Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet.
1. Describe your image as you look at your face on the concave surface of the spoon.
A. erect, virtual B. inverted, real
2. Describe your image after you bring the spoon on arm length distance away from
you using the concave surface of the spoon.
A. appear as real image B. appear as virtual image
15
3. Describe your image as you look at your face on the convex surface of the spoon.
A. erect, virtual B. inverted, real
4. Describe your image after you bring the spoon on arm length distance away from
you using the convex surface of the mirror.
A. appear as real B. appear as virtual
Assessment 4 “The L-O-S-T Art of Image Description in Spherical Mirrors”

The following figures below show the ray diagrams for the formation of image
by a concave and convex mirror for various positions of the object. Use a Table below
to summarize the characteristics and location of the images formed. Use a separate
sheet for your answers.
Image
Sized
Orientation (same, Type
Location of Object
Location (upright or reduced (real or
Inverted) or virtual)
enlarged)
CONCAVE
a. Between the Center of
Curvature and Focus
b. Between Focal Point and

Mirror
CONVEX
a. Between F and V in front
of the Mirror
16
What I Have Learned
Great job! You are almost done with this module. Let’s summarize what you
have learned from the lesson and activities by answering the following in a separate
sheet.
A. Below are the qualitative characteristics of images. Determine whether it is REAL

or VIRTUAL type of images:
1. is upright.
2. is inverted.
3. is behind the mirror.
4. is formed by convex mirror.
5. can be projected onto a screen.
6. is inverted with the respect to the object.
7. is on the same side of the mirror as object.
8. rays of light do not actually pass through the image.
9. can be larger, smaller, or the same size as the object.
10. rays of light actually converge and pass through the image.
B. Identify whether the following is PLANE, CONCAVE or a CONVEX MIRROR

1. forms images that are either behind the mirror or on the
same side as the object.
2. forms images that are always the same distance from the
mirror as the object.
3. forms images that are either smaller/same size/larger
than the object.
4. forms images that are the same size as the object only.
5. forms images that have left to right reversal.
6. forms images that are either real or virtual.
7. forms images that are upright or inverted.
8. forms images that are behind the mirror.
9. forms images that are always reduced.
10. forms images that are always upright.
11. forms images that are only virtual.
12. forms real or virtual images.
13. forms only virtual images.
14. is flat, smooth mirror.
15. is a curved mirror.
C. Identify whether the following is CONCAVE or a CONVEX LENS

1. In the , the curve faces inward.
2. In the , the curve faces outward.
3. is a diverging lens that spreads out the light.
17
4. is thicker at the center, as compared to its edges.
5. is thinner at the center, as compared to its edges.
6. is use for correction of nearsightedness or myopia.
7. is use for correction of farsightedness or hyperopia.
8. is a converging lens which converges the refracted rays.
9. is called negative lens because of its negative focal length
nature.
10. is called positive lens because of its positive focal length
nature.
What I Can Do
Think whether the given objects below act as a CONCAVE or CONVEX.
Number Object Types of Mirror

1 Vehicle side view mirror
2 Water glass surface
3 Head light of motorcycle
4 Tube lights
5 Inner surface of glasses
6 Lunch plates
7 Calling bell
8 Surface of pens
9 Globe
10 Surface of steel flask
18
Assessment
Posttest
Directions: Read carefully each item. Choose the letter that you think best answers
the question. Write the answer in your notebook or sheet of paper.
1. The reflection by the rough surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions is
called _______________ .
a. diffused reflection c. regular reflection
b. glossy reflection d. specular reflection
2. The image you see in a plane mirror is called a _______________ image because it
is not a real, physical object.
a. imaginary b. physical c. reflected d. virtual
3. The image seen in a plane mirror is ______________.

a. real and inverted c. virtual and inverted
b. real and upright d. virtual and upright
4. Diffuse Reflection is produced by _______________ surfaces that tend to reflect light

in all directions.
a. rough b. semi rough c. semi smooth d. smooth
5. Which of the following is a diverging lens?

a. concave lens b. convex lens c. parabolic lens d. plane lens
6. The center of curvature is denoted by letter _______________ .

a. c b. C c. o d. O
7. If the angle of incidence between the incident ray and the normal line is 25 degrees,
what is the angle of reflection?
a. 65 degrees b. 45 degrees c. 35 degrees d. 25 degrees
8. The image formed by a concave mirror will ______________.

a. always be real c. be either real or virtual
b. always be virtual d. will always be magnified
9. The image formed by a convex mirror will _______________ .

a. always be real c. be either real or virtual
b. always be virtual d. will always be magnified
10. The focal length is one-half the distance from the vertex to the______________.
a. center of curvature c. radius of curvature
b. principal axis d. none of the above
19
11. The focal length is denoted by the letter _______________.
a. f b. F c. P d. p
12. A spherical mirror with reflecting surface curved inwards is called

_______________.
a. concave mirror c. curved mirror
b. convex mirror d. none of the above
13. The distance from the focal point to the vertex is called _______________.
a. center of curvature c. focal point
b. focal length d. vertex
14. Which lens is used to magnify objects and refract light? This type of lens is curved
outward.
a. concave lens b. convex lens c. parabolic lens d. plane lens
15. Which describes a concave lens?

a. more transparent in the middle
b. thinner in the middle than on the edges
c. thinner on the edges than in the middle
d. triangular in shape.
20
21
1. Image is exactly the
Angle (degrees) Number of Images same
1800 1 2. Right hand
1200 2 3. Erect, virtual
900 3
600 5 1. Inverted, real
450 7 2. Appear as real image
2. As angle decreased, more reflections will occur 3. erect, virtual
3. As angle increased, fewer reflections will occur 4. Appear as virtual
4. N = (360/angle between the mirror) – 1
1.
Angle of Angle of
Ray
Incidence Reflection 2. (i) a. 3x108 m/s
A 80 80 (ii) a. bounces
B 70 70 (iii) b. plane
C 60 60 mirror
D 50 50 (iv) a. reflection,
E 40 40 normal
F 30 30 (v) a. real
G 20 20 (vi) b. virtual
H 10 10
1. electromagnetic 5. absorbed
radiation 6.transmitted 1. A 6. C 11. D 1. A 6. B 11. B
2. photons 7. reflection 2. C 7. A 12. A 2. D 7. D 12. A
3. vacuum 8. scatters 3. D 8. A 13. B 3. D 8. C 13. B
4. rays 4. D 9. A 14. B 4. A 9. B 14. B
5. A 10. C 15. A 5. A 10. C 15. B
Answer Key
22
C. 1. Concave lens
1. Virtual 6. Real, Virtual 2. Convex lens
2. Real 7. Real 3. Concave lens
3. Virtual 8. Virtual 4. Convex lens
4. Virtual 9. Real 5. Concave lens
5. Real 10. Real 6. Concave lens
7. Convex lens
1. Concave 11. Plane, Convex 8. Convex lens
2. Plane 12. Concave 9. Concave lens
3. Concave 13. Plane, Convex 10. Convex lens
4. Plane 14. Plane
5. Plane 15. Concave, Convex 1. Convex 6. Concave
6. Concave 2. Convex 7. Convex
7. Concave 3. Concave 8. Convex
8. Concave 4. Convex 9. Convex
9. Convex 5. Concave 10. Convex
10.Plane, Convex
ized
rientation (same, ype
ocation (upright or reduced (real or
inverted) or virtual)
enlarged)
CONCAVE
a. Between the Center of Beyond Inverted Enlarged Real
Curvature and Focus C
b. Between Focal Point Behind Upright Enlarged Virtual
and Mirror the
Mirror
CONVEX
c. Between F and V in Between Upright Reduced Virtual
front of the Mirror F and V
References
Book:
Science Learner’s Material for Grade 10, First Edition, 2015
Electronic Sources:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_mirror
https://byjus.com/physics/difference-between-real-image-and-virtual-image/
https://science.howstuffworks.com/light2.htm
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-2/Image-Characteristics
https://peda.net/kenya/ass/subjects2/physics/form-two/racs
http://aven.amritalearning.com/index.php?sub=101&brch=299&sim=1511&cnt=3
501
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-1/Specular-vs-Diffuse-
Reflection
https://byjus.com/physics/concave-and-convex-mirrors-spherical-mirrors/
https://www.slideshare.net/dionesioable/module-3-the-nature-and-properties-of-
light
https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/humanic.1/p1201lecture15.pdf
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8520676/
http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=GeometricOptics_
PlaneMirrors.xml
https://www.online-sciences.com/the-waves/the-properties-of-the-image-formed-
by-a-plane-mirror/
https://www.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/why-is-the-word-ambulance-
written-laterally-inverted-on-the/science/3533754
https://www.sciencefacts.net/plane-mirror.html
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-convex-and-concave-lens.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/mirray.html
http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=GeometricOptics_
PlaneMirrors.xml
23
10
Science
Uses of Mirrors and Lenses
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Uses of Mirrors and Lenses
First Edition, 2020
over them.

Writer: Lilac S. Gonzaga

Jerry R. Junio

Telefax: (072) 682-2324; (072) 607-8137
What I Need to Know
Before leaving your house, you find yourself in the

mirror most of the time and see how you look, what’s
missing or what’s too much. A mirror in real life is not just
like that of a fairy-tale, which is used just to determine the
fairest being alive on the planet. Mirror’s use is not only for
checking one’s physical appearance. A mirror in fact saves
lives of many. Side mirrors in cars, buses and other vehicles
allow drivers to see vehicles behind. With careful driving,
having side mirrors can prevent road accidents. Rushing
ambulance which may have a passenger on a critical
condition, are easily identified with its inverted print.
Figure 1. A mirror image
These are reasons why you see mirrors not only in
your house, but also in cars, in hospitals, and even in dental clinics.
Aside from mirror, this module will also focus on the use and importance of
lenses to man’s life. Like mirror, a lens is also a fundamental object that opens the
gateway to man’s discovery of the previously unknown world of microorganisms and
the universe afar. Lenses also enable us to see the world we are living in and to know
what surround us. Through lenses, we are capable of enjoying the beauty of nature
and some other creations.
These are just some of the examples of the uses and importance of mirrors
and lenses. These objects, though simple and plain have become part of man’s daily
life, and plays an essential part of his everyday existence.
In this module, you will further discover the Science behind mirrors and
lenses. How they work and what their uses are.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
 identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine
their use in optical instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars); S10FE-
IIh52
 determine how the location of the object from the lenses/mirrors affect
the image formed.
Before you go through this module, let’s check how much do you know about
the application of Mirrors and Lenses.
1
What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your Science
Activity Notebook.
1. You see the reflection of the analog type of clock without numbers in your
plane mirror. The image formed by the hands of the clock shows the time of
8:30. What is the real time?
a. 3: 30
b. 8: 30
c. 9:30
d. 12:30
2. What kind of lens curves inward toward its center?

a. convex
b. concave
c. mirror
d. glasses
3. Which of the following uses concave lens?

a. Magnifying glasses
b. Dentist’s mouth mirror
c. Telescopes
d. Car’s headlight
4. Which mirror concept explains why the word AMBULANCE is written in

reverse in an ambulance car?
a. Lateral inversion
b. Multiple image
c. Virtual image and real image
d. All of the above
5. What kind of mirror is used in the side mirrors of automobiles and trucks to
give the driver a wider area and smaller image of traffic behind him?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. None of the above
6. A car’s headlight uses __________.

a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
7. Concave mirror ______________.

a. gives wider view field
b. produces smaller image.
c. can produce real and virtual image
d. gives wider view field and gives enlarged image.
2
8. The sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind a lens. What kind of
lens was used?
a. converging lens
b. diverging lens
c. focusing lens
d. none of the above
9. What kind of image is formed by concave lenses?

a. always real
b. always virtual
c. could be real or virtual; depends on the distance of the object from the
focal point
d. could be real or virtual; but always real when the object is placed at the
focal point.
10. Which of the following is an application of multiple image reflection?

a. kaleidoscope
b. car’s side mirrors
c. magnifying glass
d. binoculars
11. What type of lens is used in a magnifying glass?

a. Converging lens
b. Diverging lens
c. Focusing lens
d. None of the above.
12. What type of image is formed by the concave side of the spoon when the
object is closer to it?
a. Upright and bigger
b. Upside down and bigger
c. Upright and smaller
d. Upside down and smaller
13. How will the letter e appear in the mirror?

a.
e
b. e
c. ǝ
d.
14. What part of the camera corresponds to the retina of our eyes?
a. aperture
b. shutter
c. iris diaphragm
d. photographic film
15. Convex lenses are used in _______________.

a. magnifying smaller objects
b. camera
c. microscopes
d. all of the above
3
Lesson
Uses of Mirrors
1
What’s In
As mentioned in the first part of this module, mirrors have become part of our
daily routine. At home, we normally use plane mirror, a type of mirror that can be
found in almost every household. We use
this to check on what’s needed to be fixed on
the way we look.
When these plane mirrors are placed

next to each other at an angle, it gives our
eyes not only one image, not even two but
more than that. This is called multiple
images. The mechanism of multiple images Figure 2. Images inside a kaleidoscope
is used in the fun and colorful kaleidoscope.
In a barbershop and in a salon or even in malls’ fitting rooms you will find a
lot of mirrors arranged parallel to each other, one in front of you and another one at
your back; it can also be one on your left and another on your right. Were you able
to notice the images that your eyes can see?
If the answer in the above’s question is no, try to observe again the images in
the mirrors that surround you, when you happen to go to one of the said places and
count the number of images that you can see.
Surely, this arrangement of mirrors will make it hard for you to count the
number of images that you see, because it will give you infinite number of images;
which means a number that can’t be counted.
4
What’s New
Have you checked yourself in the mirror today? Try to do this activity to
reveal a message that is specially sent for you.
You’ve Got a Message in a Mirror!
What you need: Pen, Science Activity Notebook and Mirror
1. Read the flipped words below by facing the text box in front of a mirror.
2. Write the message you deciphered on your notebook

3. Now, look at the mirror and read it loud and with confidence.
What is It
Did the activity brighten up your day? In the

previous modules you learned about the nature of images
formed by different types of mirrors and lenses. One of the
properties of images formed by a mirror that you learned
in the preceding module is called the lateral inversion,
wherein your right becomes your left and your left
becomes your right. What you did in the activity is a
demonstration of this property of the image formed in a
plane mirror.
Maybe along the way to school, you happened to see

an ambulance rushing its way to the hospital, have you
noticed that the word AMBULANCE is written in reverse? Figure 3. The word AMBULANCE written
Why do you think is this so? in reverse.
5
Let’s have a little recall of what a mirror is. Technically, a mirror is a reflective
surface, made of glass coated with metals, which bounces off light that strikes its
surface and form a visual representation or projection of an object called image.
Questions like: How do images form in a mirror? How is one able to see his or
her image in the mirror? What makes up a mirror? These were the queries you asked
before going through the modules about Mirrors and Lenses, but surely these
learnings were all made clear in the prior modules about the said topics.
In the previous modules about mirrors, you found out that mirrors produce
different types of images depending on their shapes. Plane and convex mirrors form
images called virtual images, upright and erect. Other type of image formed by a
mirror is called real image; inverted upside down and larger than the original image.
Concave mirrors can produce both virtual and real images.
Applications of Concave and Convex Mirrors
A mirror is not just flat and plane, a mirror can be curved; convex and concave
mirrors. These mirrors are collectively called spherical mirrors.
Concave mirror
Concave mirror, also known as a converging

mirror has reflecting surface which collects light
inward and focus them to one focal point, this type of
mirror is what the dentist used in magnifying the area
behind your teeth to check on cavities and tooth
decay.
Figure 4. A mouth mirror used by a dentist
For illuminating purposes, you can see concave

mirrors used in headlamps, flashlights and spotlights.
In these devices, the light rays that gathered from a
small source of the mirror are collected and directed
outward in a beam. Small light source bounded by a
concave mirror flashes a brighter beam.
Figure 5. Concave mirror in a flashlight
Convex mirror, also known as diverging mirror, is

another type of spherical mirror which has the outer bulging
surface that reflects light instead of the inner one. It has a
wider view field compared to a concave mirror. This makes
bigger objects appear to be smaller than their original form.
A car’s side mirrors enable the driver and its passenger

to see the vehicles behind. Also, while in mall supermarkets
and in some convenience stores, you may notice mirrors
hanging on corners from which you can see your reflection
and those of other people. These are just some of the Figure 6. Side mirrors of Cars are convex
mirrors.
applications of convex mirrors.
Can you think of other uses of convex and concave mirrors?
6
What’s More
Enrichment Activity 1: “Light Reflectors”
(Adapted from: Science and Technology Textbook for Fourth Year, Reprint Edition)
Materials: Flashlight (the one that can be dismantled), pen and Science
Activity Notebook
Procedure:
1. Get a flashlight and switch it on. What do you observe about the beam it
emits?
2. Examine the part where the bulb is positioned.

Q1. What do you notice?
_________________________________________
3. Remove the reflector from the flashlight’s body. Describe the reflector.
Note: The reflector is the silver-colored material that surrounds the bulb of
the flashlight
4. Remove the bulb and connect it to a source such that it can be moved or
adjusted within the concave reflector. See figure below:
5. Put the bulb in a position 1. Connect to the source and switch it on.
Q2. What do you observe about the beam it emits?
_________________________________________
6. Repeat step 5 with the bulb at position 2 then 3.

Q3. What are the differences of the beam intensities?
_______________________________________
7. Summarize your observations by writing: brightest, brighter, and bright for
the beam intensities in the table provided below.
Position of Bulb in the Beam Intensities
Reflector
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
8. Reassemble the flashlight that you dismantled after use.
7
The activity on Light Reflectors allows you to understand how a concave mirror
illuminates light beam from a small source. As you can observe, when the bulb is
removed from the concave reflector, the light it emitted is not as bright as when it is
positioned in the center of the reflector.
Enrichment Activity 2: Mirror Self-Check!

Directions: Write your answers to this activity on your Science Activity notebook.
Materials: Double-sided make up mirror, side mirror (of a motorcycle or of a car)
Science Activity Notebook
Procedure:
1. Hold a make-up mirror close in front of you. Describe the image that you see.
Write your observations in your Science activity notebook.
Q1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. Have someone hold the mirror for you, slowly move at least 3 m away from the it.
Observe your image as you move away from the mirror. Are there any changes in
the image formed? Write your observations.
Q2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. Holding the same mirror, turn the other side close in front of you. What do you
observe about the image that you see? How do you compare your image on this
side of the mirror to the image formed in the opposite side of it?
Q3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. Again, have someone hold the mirror for you, slowly move at least 3 m away
from the mirror. How do you compare your image when you were observing it
closer in front of you and when you were 3m away from the mirror?
Q4 _______________________________________________________________________
5. Now this time, sit close in front of a side mirror. How do you describe the image
that you see? Write your observations.
Q5. _______________________________________________________________________
6. Slowly move at least 3 m away from the side mirror. Observe your image as you
move away from the mirror. Write your observations.
Q6. _______________________________________________________________________
7. Compare the images formed in different mirrors. You may draw illustrations to
support your answer.
Q7. _______________________________________________________________________
8
The activity above helped you understand the different images formed by the
three different mirrors; plane mirror, concave mirror and convex mirror. A plane
mirror produces upright, left-right reversed and virtual image. Concave mirror
produces a magnified image and virtual image, but as you move away from it,
image is projected upside down, called real image. Convex mirror on the other
hand gives us the smaller version of the image, thus allowing us to see wider view
field.
Assessment 1
Directions: Identify what is defined in the following statement, you can use the
jumbled letters in each item as a hint. Write your answers on your Science Activity
Notebook.
1. A plane mirror is a flat surface mirror, the image formed by a plane mirror
is called (TULARIV) image.
2. Mirrors arranged parallel to each other can form (ENITFNII) image, a
number you can’t count.
3. A (PEOCSOKAEILD) is a colorful optical instrument in which the

mechanism of multiple image is used.
4. A convex mirror is used in car’s side mirror because it gives (RDWIE) view
field than concave mirrors.
5. To secure the store from shoplifters, aside from CCTV camera, store owners
hang (RORMIR XNCOEV) on the corner.
Lesson
Uses of Lenses
2
What’s In
In your lessons about the behavior of light in Grade 8, you learned that light
is not reflected when it hits a surface. Light can also bend or refract when travelling
from one medium to another. In this part of the module, let us talk about another
object which plays a vital role in the study of the behavior of light, lenses. Like the
mirror, the lens is usually made of glass. The only thing that makes it different is
that the lens can also be made of other transparent materials like plastics that allow
light to pass through, instead of bouncing the light rays off. Lenses come also in two
types, namely: convex (converging) and concave (diverging) lenses. When these lenses
9
are combined, the produced lens is called meniscus lens. This type has one concave
and one convex lens on opposite sides.
What’s New
On Lenses
The discovery of the uses of lenses has opened a lot of doors for many other
discoveries in the field of Science. It has allowed scientists to explore what’s beyond
the Earth and importantly; through our eyes, which has built-in natural lenses, we
are able to enjoy all of these wonderful things and creations. The prior modules
about mirrors and lenses explained the principles behind how lenses work.
In this part of the module, let us unravel more of it as we talk about some of
the fundamental applications of lenses.
What is It
Uses of Convex Lenses
Sometimes called a positive lens, a convex lens is characterized by its

bulging surfaces that is directed outward making it thicker at the center than on
its edges. It is also known as converging lens because as light passes through it,
its rays bend inward and converge at a spot located beyond the lens known as the
focal point
causing the object behind the lens to magnify or to appear bigger than its
actual size. Image produced by convex lenses can be a virtual or real image.
If both sides of the lens are curved inward, then that type of convex lens is
called biconvex typically seen in magnifying glasses. If only one side of the lens is
curved inward and the other has a flat surface, it is called as plano-convex.
10
Figure 7a. biconvex Figure 7b. plano-convex
Microscopes
Among the applications in which convex lenses

are used is found in compound microscopes. A
microscope is an instrument that is used in viewing
small objects and microorganisms that are impossible
for our unaided eyes to see. It uses lenses that can
magnify objects100x or even more than a thousand
times.
Have you tried to view objects using a
microscope? What object did you view under it?
There are many types of microscopes, among
this is the most commonly used in school laboratories;
light microscope. This type of microscope uses at least
two convex lenses, one on the eyepiece near the
observer’s eye and the other one is the objective lens
located near the object being observed.
CAMERA LENSES
Figure 9.2. DSLR Camera

Figure 9.1. A view inside a DSLR Camera
As illustrated in Figure 9.1, DSLR camera uses convex lenses where light rays
pass through. These light rays are directed towards the slanted mirror located near
the camera shutter, and then reflected from a translucent screen projected to another
mirror until it reaches the viewer’s eye. Through this, the photographer will be able
to see what he is capturing.
The image formed by the passing of light rays, from the object through the
lens directing to the film of the camera, is affected by the angle of the light entry. The
11
closer the lens to the object, the farther the beams converge. The farther the object
from the lens, the shorter the distance the light beams converge. That is how the
camera works. Though it seems complicated, the entire process is just seconds-long.
The Human Eye is a Natural Camera

Our eyes are our natural cameras. Some of the basic and
fundamental parts of a camera functions just like how the
different parts of our eyes work. Among these are the lens, the
aperture, iris diaphragm, shutter, and photographic film.
The lens, just like the cornea of our eyes gathers and
bends light rays inwardly to the camera. The iris diaphragm
controls the size of the aperture (opening) to regulate the light
that enters. This duo resembles the iris and the pupil of our eyes. The shutter opens
and shuts the aperture to avoid too much light exposure thus helping the
photographic film capture a beautiful image similar to the work done by the eyelids
and the retina.
Concave Lens
Contrary to
concave lens,
convex lens has
thicker edges
curving towards
the center,
Figure 10. The Human Eye and a Camera
causing light to
diverge, hence it is called as the diverging lens.
It spreads out light, producing virtual image,
making object to appear smaller and farther
than the way it actually is.
Although convex lenses can magnify object, it still cannot transfer light
accurately that’s why an object would appear blurry, so Figure 11. Concave lens
makers of binoculars and telescopes add concave lens to
these instruments in order to focus objects that are too far for our eyes to see.
Concave Lenses and Myopia (nearsightedness) Correction
Concave lenses, such as eyeglasses and contact lenses are used in correcting
myopia (nearsightedness). Myopia is a condition in which light rays focus in front of
12
the eye’s retina instead of, on the retina. The result of this condition is a makes
distant object to appear blurry, while near objects appear normal.
Figure 12.2. Light rays converge in the

Figure 12.1. Light rays converge in retina. Image retrieved from:
front of the retina image retrieved https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/
from:
http://www.nei.nih.gov/healthyeyes
/eye_images/Myopia.gif
Meniscus Lenses and Hyperopia (farsightedness) Correction

Hyperopia is the eye condition that enables
someone to see distant object clearly but makes nearby
object seem blurry. This condition is due to the inability
one’s eyes to focus on objects closer to the eyes. A person
with hyperopia has a shortened eyeball, in which the
retina lies closer than usual to the cornea and lens. This
disorder leads to the formation of the image nearby object
to form beyond retina.
Hyperopia is the opposite of myopia, another Figure12.3. Light rays converge at the
vision problem that needs correction. back of the retina. Image retrieved
from:
To correct hyperopia, converging meniscus http://www.hertzogfamilyeyecare.co
converging lens is used. The converging meniscus lens m/far-sighted.html
converge light before it enters the eye eventually reducing
the image distance.
What’s More
Enrichment Activity 3: “Investigating Convex and Concave Lenses”

Directions: Write your answers on your Science Activity Notebook
Materials: convex lens, concave lens and Science Activity Notebook
Procedure:
Part A (convex lens)
1. Hold a convex lens close to some prints of your Science book.
Q1. What do you see? Is the image enlarged and upright? You may draw an
illustration that supports your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
13
2. Bring the lens near your classmate’s eyes (at least 5cm -6cm away)
Q2. What did you notice? Draw an illustration of what you saw.
_______________________________________________________________________
Part B (concave lens)

3. Hold a concave lens close to some prints of your Science book.
Q4. What do you see? Did it bring the same effect as the one you observed in
Part A? You may draw an illustration that will explain what you observed.
________________________________________________________________________
4. Now hold the concave lens further away from you (a hand-stretched forward
distance) and look in something at a distance.
Q5. What do you see? Describe the object that you are looking at using the
concave lens. You may illustrate this observation.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Compare the images you saw with the two different lenses. Summarize your
observations using the following descriptions: Larger; smaller; upright and;
upside down. Copy and complete the table below.
Position Image Orientation Image Size

Convex lens Concave lens Convex lens Concave lens
Near
Far
The activity above, showed how the two kind of lenses can form different types
of images. Their sizes and orientations in one’s eyes depend on the two factors:
distance and the types of lens.
This also made us understand why certain lenses are used for specific
purposes.
Assessment 2
Directions: Complete each sentence below by choosing the correct word/words
inside the parentheses. Write your answer on your Science activity
notebook.
1. Rita, a Medicine student, wanted to examine the differences between animal
and plant cell. Her observation will be made better with the use of _________.
(magnifying glass, microscope).
2. When you hold a convex lens farther from you to see objects afar, the image
that you see is (smaller and upside down, bigger and upright).
3. Lenses of our eyes are (convex, concave).
4. When you hold a concave lens further from you to see objects afar. The
image that you see is (smaller and upright, bigger and upside down).
5. Meniscus lens is used in correcting (myopia, hyperopia).
14
What I Have Learned
Read: Now let us summarize what we have discussed in this module, complete the
synopsis below, by filling up the blank spaces with the appropriate word/words. You
may choose the words from the textbox provided. Word/words can be used more
than once, so don’t hesitate to use the word/s that you have used already.
Mirror and lenses are the tools used in studying the two main behavior of light:
diverging lens multiple images retina lateral

inversion eyes
plane mirror convex lenses concave mirror eyelids

parallel converging
Lenses convex mirror iris diaphragm reflection refraction

meniscus lenses
(1) _________________ or the bending of light and (2) __________________ the bouncing
off of light.
Mirrors come in different types. The first one is the (3) _________________, a
type of mirror with a flat surface, it produces an image flipped vertically, this is
known as (4) ____________. When mirrors are placed next to each other at a certain
angle it can create more than one images, known as (5) ________________. When
mirrors are placed in (6) ______________ position, facing each other, an infinite
number of images is produced. The spherical mirrors come in two: (7) ______________
or the converging mirror and (8) _________________ the diverging mirror.
These mirrors also function differently. A mirror which provides wider view
field making distant objects appear smaller is (9) __________________. If you want to
increase the beam that a certain source of light is radiating, you must enclose it in a
(10) ______________. Dentists also use this kind of mirror because it can magnify the
teeth they are checking on, and this makes easier for them to find the hidden cavity.
Now let us go to lenses.
Like mirror, lenses also come in either convex lens, known as (11)____________
and concave lens, which is also called (12) ________________.
These lenses are also useful to man, like how a mirror is. To see minute or tiny
microorganisms, Scientists use (13) ____________ which has (14) _____________.
To correct a visual problem known as myopia, An eye expert known as Optometrist

would prescribe a myopic person to wear eye glasses with (15) ___________, while for
the person who sees better in a far distance, or the farsighted, a pair of eyeglasses
with (16) __________________ is used.
15
In our body, we do also have a natural camera with built in lenses; these are
our (17) ___________. It enables us to see the world around us because it has an
opening that resembles the aperture of a camera. Natural shutters are like our (18)
_____________, that opens and shuts. The (19) ________________controls the light that
enters our eyes and the photographic film is like our (20) ____________, recording and
capturing the beautiful views around us.
What I Can Do
Challenge: Make your own Telescope!
This activity will help you apply whatever learnings you have obtained from
the above discussion about lenses. Using materials that you can see around you,
improvise or build your own telescope. A telescope is an optical instrument used in
viewing far objects, it is the instrument that astronomers use in observing the sky,
especially at night. Now, imagine yourself as a budding astronomer who lived during
the time that technology has not flourished yet.
Young Galileo, please note that your version of telescope will be assessed with
the following criteria:
Creativity 30%
Functionality 30%
Application of Scientific Knowledge 40%
Total 100%
Now young Galileo, it’s time for you to build your own telescope!
16
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your Science
Activity Notebook.
1. Which of the following tells the difference between lenses and mirrors?
a. Lenses refract light, mirrors reflect light.
b. Lenses make object appear larger, while mirrors give exact copy of object.
c. Lenses reflect light, mirrors refract light.
d. Lenses produce virtual image; mirrors make real image.
2. Concave mirror ___________________________.

a. bulges out toward the light source
b. curves towards the center
c. diverge light rays
d. creates smaller image of an object
3. Which of the following uses concave lens?

a. Magnifying glasses
b. Person with hyperopia
c. Nearsighted corrective eyeglasses
d. All of the above
4. You see the reflection of the analog type of clock without numbers in your
plane mirror. The image formed by the hands of the clock shows the time of
10:00. What is the real time?
a. 2: 00
b. 1:00
c. 7:00
d. Still 10:00
5. Which mirror concept explains why the word AMBULANCE is written in

reverse in an ambulance car?
a. Multiple image
b. Lateral inversion
c. Virtual image and real image
d. All of the above
6. What kind of mirror is used by dentists in examining tooth cavities?

a. Plane mirror
b. Concave mirror
c. Convex mirror
7. Vehicle’s side mirrors are __________.

a. plane mirrors
b. concave mirror
c. convex mirror
17
8. Which of the following statements is TRUE about virtual image?
a. virtual image seems to appear behind the mirror and is upside down.
b. virtual image seems to appear behind the mirror and is seen in an
upright position.
c. virtual image is formed after the light rays are reflected from the mirror.
d. All of the above.
9. The sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind a lens. What kind of
lens was used?
a. converging lens
b. diverging lens
c. focusing lens
d. none of the above
10. Looking through a concave lens, arm-length away can make object appear
_______.
a. smaller and upright
b. smaller and upside down
c. larger and upright
d. larger and upside down
11. Images in a kaleidoscope are examples of a

a. multiple image
b. convex mirror
c. concave mirror
d. lateral inversion
12. To correct nearsightedness, a person is prescribed with what kind of lenses?

a. Converging lens
b. Diverging lens
c. Focusing lens
d. None of the above.
13. What type of image is formed by the concave side of the spoon when the
object is arm-length away from it?
a. Upright and bigger
b. Upside down and bigger
c. Upright and smaller
d. Upside down and smaller
14. How will the letter e appear in the mirror?

a.
e
b. e
c. ǝ
d.
15. Which of the following parts of the eyes function like the aperture and iris
diaphragm of a camera?
a. eyelid and cornea
b. pupil and eyelid
c. retina and cornea
d. pupil and iris
18
19
What I Know/Assessment
1. A 6. B 11. A
2. B 7. C 12. B
3. C 8. A 13. D
4. A 9. B 14. D
5. B 10. A 15. D
Assessment 1 Assessment 2
1. VIRTUAL 1. microscope
2. INFINITE 2. smaller and upside down
3. KALEIDOSCOPE 3. convex
4. WIDER 4. smaller and upright
5. CONVEX MIRROR 5. hyperopia
What I Have Learned
1. refraction 11. converging lens/es
2. reflection 12. diverging lens/es
3. plane mirror 13. microscopes
4. lateral inversion 14. convex lenses
5. multiple images 15. concave lenses
6. parallel 16. meniscus lenses
7. concave mirror 17. eyes
8. diverging mirror 18. eyelids
9. convex mirror 19. iris diaphragm
10. concave mirror 20. retina
Answer Key
References
Printed Materials:
Acosta, Herma D., Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre, Ma. Pilar P.
Carmona, Aurelia S. Garcia, Arlen Gatpo, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A.
Olarte, Marivic S. Rosales, and Nilo G. Salazar. Science 10 Learner's Material.
1st ed. Series 2015. Pasig City, Philippines: Department of Education -
Instructional Materials Council Secretariat (DepEd-IMCS), 2015.
Bulan, Celia T., and Angelita L. Montes. Physics Textbook (Science and Technology
Textbook for Fourth Year). Edited by Josefina Ll Pabellon. Reprint ed. Series
2009. Quezon City, Philippines: Book Media Press,, 2009.
Electronic Sources:
Boundless. "Boundless Physics." Lumen. Accessed November 22, 2019.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/mirrors/.
Brainard, Jean. "Optical Instruments." CK. November 20, 2019. Accessed November
22, 2019. https://www.ck12.org/c/physical-science/optical-
instruments/lesson/Optical-Instruments-MS-PS/.
Coachferrell. 2019. “Is the Following Image an Example of Converging Lens or a

Diverging - ProProfs Discuss.” ProProfs. April 18, 2019.
https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/243268/is-this-a-converging-lens-or-
diverging.
“Curved Mirror.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Nov. 2019,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_mirror.
“Default - Stanford Children's Health.” n.d. Stanford Children's Health - Lucile

Packard Children's Hospital Stanford. Accessed December 1, 2019.
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=normal-vision-90-
P02094.
Elert, Glenn. “Spherical Mirrors.” The Physics Hypertextbook. Accessed November

22, 2019. https://physics.info/mirrors/.
“Far Sighted.” n.d. HERTZOG FAMILY EYE CARE. Accessed December 1, 2019.
http://www.hertzogfamilyeyecare.com/far-sighted.html.
“File:Myopia.gif - Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2.” - Wikipedia Republished //

WIKI 2. Accessed December 1, 2019. https://wiki2.org/en/File:Myopia_gif.
Google Search. Google. Accessed November 22, 2019.

https://www.google.com/search?q=1+PESOS+COIN&tbm=isch&source=iu&i
ctx=1&fir=6urTcTkzSk5L5M%3A%2CDx7Y7TS90XEzPM%2C_&vet=1&usg=A
I4_-
kRKLAxCqeT7WGhW9zId91WVS8BxbQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6wLGZitXlAh
WJvZQKHZbfBKsQ9QEwAHoECAUQHg#imgrc=LSroXIeUWdgaOM:&vet=1.
20
Google Search. Google. Accessed November 22, 2019.
https://www.google.com/search?q=convex+lenses&source=lnms&tbm=isch
&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFotmRgNflAhXMMd4KHQc7CgUQ_AUIEigB&biw=153
6&bih=728#imgrc=-BSPdn1U2FzTaM:
Harris, Tom. “How Cameras Work.” HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, March 21,

2001. https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/camera1.htm.
Libretexts. “2.1: Images Formed by Plane Mirrors.” Physics LibreTexts. Libretexts,

October 13, 2019.
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book:_Universi
ty_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map:_University_Physics_III_-
_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/2:_Geometric_Optics_and_Image_
Formation/2.1:_Images_Formed_by_Plane_Mirrors.
“‘Objects in the Mirror Are ..." Actually Images in the Mirror.” Khan Academy. Khan
Academy. Accessed November 22, 2019.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-12th-physics-india/in-
in-ray-optics-and-optical-instruments/in-in-reflection-and-curved-
mirrors/a/objects-in-the-mirror-are-actually-images-in-the-mirror.
“Physics Lab.” emaze presentations. Accessed November 22, 2019.

https://www.emaze.com/@ALZIQRZO.
Soffar, Heba. “Uses of the Concave Mirror and the Convex Mirror in Our Daily
Life.” Science Online, 2 Nov. 2019, https://www.online-
sciences.com/technology/uses-of-the-concave-mirror-and-the-convex-
mirror-in-our-daily-life/.
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https://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/light/camera.htm.
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https://www.uzinggo.com/image-formation-convex-
mirrors/mirrors/physics.
21
10
Science
Simple Electric Motor and
Generator
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Simple Electric Motor and Generator
First Edition, 2019
Republic Act 8293, Section 176, states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
over them.

Writer: Christian C. Tulao

Jerry R. Junio

Telefax: (072) 682-2324; (072) 607-8137
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This
will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask
your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will
be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
ii
What I Need to Know
During summer afternoons, what do you usually look for? You look for the
switch of a fan as you need to cool down. The moment you switch on the fan, it starts
rotating. Have you ever wondered why the fan is rotating? You may say that it has a
motor inside that makes it rotate. But what is going on inside the motor that makes
the fan rotate that way? In this module, we’ll try to answer all these questions
regarding how motor works and how it is made.
After going through this module, you are expected to attain the following
objective:
Learning Competency
 Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator.
(S10FE-IIj-54)
This module can somehow assist you in your quest for knowledge. Consider
the following tips for better understanding.
1. Try to answer the pretest questions. After doing it, you may check your
answers using the key answer provided at the end of the module. This
will help you discover your potential and understand your strengths
and weaknesses as an individual.
2. This module contains several lessons on the Operation of Simple

Electric Motors and Generators. Read thoroughly and understand the
nature of the Transformation of Energy between Electric Motor and
Generator and identify some uses of both Electric Motor and
Generators.
3. Worthwhile and fun-filled activities requiring readily available materials

are provided to better enhance your learning comprehension. The
activities will help you grasp the concepts used in the lessons. If you
hardly do the activities by yourself, feel free to seek assistance from
your Science teacher and consult any books in Physics for
supplements.
4. After finishing all the lessons, you are now equipped with knowledge
which you may use to solve problems related to the topic and ready to
answer the questions in the posttest. It would be really fruitful if you
will get higher scores than in the pretest.
Pre – Requisite Skills
This learning material will provide you a chance to apply your background
knowledge on the following topics:
1
 Simple Electric Motors and Generators;
 Uses of Simple Electric Motors and
Generators; and
 Transformation of Energy between
Electric Motor and Generator.
Keeping Time
You should be able to finish this in five (5) hours. You may prefer to allot an
hour per day for this module. If that is the case, you will need 5 days to finish
studying this topic.
What I Know
DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following principles explains how an electric motors works?
A. magnetic force C. electrolysis
B. magnetism D. electromagnetism
2. Which is NOT a distinguishing feature of an electric generator?

A. Electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical.
B. Electric generator converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
C. It generates electricity.
D. It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
3. What do we call a device that converts electricity into mechanical movement?

A. electric charge C. electric current
B. electric motor D. electric generator
4. What do you call a device that converts mechanical movement into electricity?
A. electric field C. electric generator
B. electric motor D. electric plasma
5. Which of the following situations illustrate how a simple electric motor

works?
A. The energy stored in the car’s batteries is converted into the rotation of
the wheels.
B. Electrical energy turned into rotation of the blades in the food processor
and cut up food.
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
6. Which of the following is a device that converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy?
A. vacuum cleaner C. weighing scale
B. bicycle D. all of the above
2
7. What two forces are required for generators and electric motors to work?
A. magnetic and thermal C. electric and thermal
B. magnetic and radiant D. electric and magnetic
8. What would happen to the coiled wire in an electric motor model if there is a
repulsion and attraction of the magnetic poles?
A. The coil fluctuates and converts electrical energy into chemical energy.
B. The coil stops and changes mechanical energy into electrical energy.
C. The coil rotates and changes electrical energy into mechanical energy. D.
The coil remains stable.
9. What do you call a huge wheel that rotates when pushed by water, wind, or
steam (associated with generators)?
A. Turbine B. Magnet C. Motor D. Pipe
10. What do you call a devise that produces an electric current when a coil of
wire is wrapped around an iron core and rotated near a magnet?
A. magnet B. car C. generator D. motor
11. He was credited for his discovery of electromagnetic induction.

A. Thomas Edison C. Nikola Tesla
B. Benjamin Franklin D. Michael Faraday
12. Which of the following is the function of commutator in generator?

A. Provide magnetic fields where the coil spins
B. Supplies energy to the generator.
C. Works like a rectifier that changes AC voltage to DC voltage within the
armature winding.
D. Decrease the loss of energy caused by Eddy Current.
13. What are the three basic parts of an electric motor?

A. commutator, stator, and rotor
B. armature, brushes, and battery
C. commutator, armature, and brushes
D. battery, armature, and DC power supply
14. Which of these kitchen appliances does not have an electric motor?
A. water filter C. food processor
B. refrigerator D. all of the above
15. Which of the following is the correct description of the operation of an electric
motor?
A. Electric motor uses electricity.
B. The operation is based on the principle of electromagnetism.
C. The motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
D. All of the above
How did you find the pretest? What was your score? If you got 15 items correctly,
you may skip the module. But if you scored 14 and below, you must proceed with
the module.
3
Lesson
Simple Electric Motor and
1 Generator
What’s In
Directions: Do you still remember your lessons in Grade 9 about energy

transformation? You need to recall these energy sources and how they transform
energy to other forms of energy. This topic is very much related and helpful for you
to easily understand the topics on the generation and transformation of energy
between electric motor and generator. Below are examples of the sources of energy
paired with words having jumbled letters as clue for identifying them. Rearrange the
letters to form a word(s) that will best describe the pictures of the different sources
of energy. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
Bangui Windmill, Ilocos Norte by obra19 from

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BANGUI_WINDMILL,ILOCOS_NORTE_2.jpg
1. BOI FEUL ___________________ 2. IWDN ________________________
Palinpinon Geothermal power plant in Sitio Nasulo, Brgy. Puhagan, Valencia, Negros Oriental, Philippines
by Mike Gonzalez (The Coffee) from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg
3. RTEAW _______________________ 4. HETA _______________________
Illustration of Sun on pickpik.com from

https://www.pickpik.com/solar-flare-sun-
eruption-energy-fireball-orange-110243
5. SOLRA _______________________ Solar panels installed at the Asian Development Bank headquarters in Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines
from https://www.flickr.com/photos/asiandevelopmentbank/29832018263
Are your answers correct? How many words have you identified? Refer to
the back page for better understanding on how these sources of energy
transformed energy to other forms.
4
What’s New
“Electric Motor”
What you need:

 Clean sheet of paper and ballpen

1. Below are objects normally found at home. List down which has an electric
motor. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
WALL CLOCK STAND FAN FLAT IRON
VASE MOTORCYCLE WATER DISPENSER
PROJECTOR LAPTOP GARBAGE BIN
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH OVEN TOASTER HELMET
5
Directions: On a separate sheet, answer the following questions based from the
activity on page 6.
1. What are those materials with electric motors?

______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are those materials which do not have electric motors?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the materials with electric motors.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe the materials without electric motors.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you think is the role of the electric motor in the
materials/appliances?
______________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Have fun in learning Simple Electric Motor and Generator…
You have probably experienced when at one moment you’re watching your
favorite program on TV and on the next minute you’re groping in the dark because
of power interruption. At such time, you may have wished you had a candle or a
flashlight so that you could see in the dark. How can you make a steady flow of
electricity?
What is a generator?
 A generator converts Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy.

 It produces an electric current when a coil of wire is wrapped around
an iron core and rotated near a magnet.
How does a generator work?
 An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy

obtained from an external source into electrical energy as the output.
Principle of Electromagnetic Induction in Generator
 Modern generators can be attributed to Michael

Faraday’s principle of ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION. Faraday discovered that when a
conductor moves in a magnetic field, electrical
charges could be created and directed to create a
flow of current.
 At its most basic, an electrical generator is nothing

more than an electromagnet – moving wire Photograph of Michael Faraday by John
near a magnet to direct the flow of electricity. Watkins on commons.wikimedia.org
It’s similar to how a pump pushes water from https://tinyurl.com/MFaraday
through a pipe.
6
 It is important to understand that a generator does not actually “create”
electrical energy. Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force
the movement of electric charges present in the wire of its windings through
an external electric circuit.
 This flow of electric charges constitutes the output electric current supplied
by the generator. This mechanism can be understood by considering the
generator to be similar to a water pump, which causes the flow of water but
does not actually create the water flowing through it.
How water, wind, and steam make electricity through generator?
1. Water – Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate

electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical
energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into
electrical energy.
2. Wind - The wind turns the blades of the windmill, known as the turbine, which,
in turn, spins the shaft that turns the coil inside the magnet, known as the generator,
and it produces the electricity.
3. Fossil Fuel/Steam/Heat - Oil is burned to heat water which makes steam. Steam
moves the turbine blades that turn a shaft inside the generator. The shaft spins the
coil of wire inside a magnet in the generator that produces a current of electricity.
What are the main components of a DC generator?
A DC generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy

into direct current electricity.
1. Stator - The main function of the
stator is to provide magnetic fields where
the coil spins. A stator includes two
magnets with opposite polarity facing
each other. These magnets are located to
fit in the region of the rotor.
2. Rotor - A rotor in a DC machine
includes slotted iron laminations with
slots that are stacked to shape a
cylindrical armature core. The function of
the lamination is to decrease the loss
caused due to “Eddy Current”.
3. Commutator - A commutator works
like a rectifier that changes AC voltage to
DC voltage within the armature winding.
It is designed with a copper segment, and
each copper segment is protected from
each other with the help of mica sheets. It
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator,
is located on the shaft of the machine. cutaway view on commons.wikemedia.org from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Water
_turbine_(en_2).svg
7
4. Brushes – The Brushes are in constant contact with the commutator and are
attached to the wires leading from the generator. The commutator spins while the
brushes remain stationary, transferring current from the commutator.
5. Shaft – The shaft transfers mechanical energy to the generator and turns the coil
through the magnetic field. The shaft may be turned by a turbine that operates with
water, steam or air, or by other means.
Difference between the AC Generator and the DC Generator
 AC generator produces AC electrical power whereas DC generator produces
DC electrical power
 In DC generator the current flows in one direction whereas in the AC
generators current reverses periodically.
 In DC generator split rings are used they wear out quickly in AC generator
slip rings are used, so they have high efficiency.
 AC generators are used for small domestic applications whereas DC
generators used to power large motors.
What are the top Uses of Generator?
 Back -Up power for your house

 Stand-by power for businesses
 Temporary power in a construction site
 Permanent power to a farm
 Helping main source of electricity to supply the total power required
 Pop concerts, events, and exhibitions
 Caravans/Camping in remote locations Outdoor catering facilities
What is an electric motor?
Figure 1: “Electric Motor” illustrated by Richard C.

ELECTRIC MOTOR Paragas
 Anything that changes electricity into motion, meaning electrical energy

into mechanical energy is called an electric
motor.
Basic Principles
 Danish physicist HANS CHRISTIAN ØRSTED

began a new scientific era when he discovered
that electricity and magnetism are linked. He
showed by experiment that an electric current
flowing through a wire could move a nearby
magnet. H.C. Ørsted by Christoffer
Wilhelm Eckersberg on
commons.wikimedia.org from
https://tinyurl.com/HCOrsted
8
 The discovery of ELECTROMAGNETISM set the stage for the eventual
development of our modern technology-based world.
How do Electric Motors work?
 Motors work through the principles of ELECTROMAGNETISM. If you run

electricity through a wire, it creates a magnetic field. If you coil the wire
around a rod and run electricity through the wire, it creates a magnetic
field around the rod. One end of the rod will have a north magnetic pole
and the other will have a south pole. Opposite poles attract one another,
like poles repel. When you surround that rod with other magnets, the rod
will rotate from the attractive and repulsive forces.
What are the parts of an electric motor?

Electric motor designs can vary quite
a lot, though in general they have three
main parts: a rotor, a stator and a
commutator. These three parts use the
attractive and repulsive forces of
electromagnetism, causing the motor to
spin continually as long as it receives a
steady flow of electric current.
Figure 2: “Parts of the Electric Motor” illustrated by
A. THE STATOR Richard C. Paragas
Every electric motor has two essential

parts; one stationary, and one that rotates. The stationary part is the stator. Though
configurations vary, the stator is most often a permanent magnet or row of magnets
lining the edge of the motor casing, which is usually a round plastic drum.
B. THE ROTOR
Inserted into the stator is the rotor, usually consisting of copper wire wound into a
coil around an axle. When electric current flows through the coil, the resulting
magnetic field pushes against the field created by the stator, and makes the axle spin
C. THE COMMUTATOR
1. BASICS – An electric motor has another important component, the commutator,

which sits at one end of the coil. It is a metal ring divided into two halves. It reverses
the electrical current in the coil each time the coil rotates half a turn. The
commutator periodically reverses the current between the rotor and the external
circuit, or the battery. This ensures that the ends of coils do not move in opposite
directions, and ensures that the axle spins in one direction.
2. MAGNETIC POLES – BRUSHES AND TERMINALS. At one end of the motor are
the brushes and the terminals. They are at the opposite end from where the rotor
exits the motor casing. The brushes send electrical current to the commutator and
are typically made of graphite. The terminals are the locations where the battery
attaches to the motor and sends the currents to spin the rotor.
9
Difference between the AC Motor and the DC Motor
 In the AC Motor, the source of power is AC mains supply whereas in DC motor

power is obtained from batteries.
 In AC motors no commutators and brushes are used whereas in DC motors
these play an important part in their operation.
 In AC motors the armature is stationary and the magnetic field rotates
whereas in DC motors it is vice versa.
 AC motors are suitable for large industrial applications whereas DC motors
are suitable for domestic applications.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
Electric motors are extremely

important in modern-day life. They are
used in food processors, vacuum
cleaners, dishwashers, computer
printers, fax machines, video recorders,
machine tools, printing presses,
automobiles, subway systems, sewage
treatment plants, and water pumping
stations, to mention only a few
applications. Figure 3: Example of the applications of Electric motor in
automobile and food processor/blender.
Comparison of Motor and Generator
A motor and generator perform opposite functions, but their fundamental

structure is the same. Their structure is a “coil mounted on an axle within a
magnetic field”. An electric motor is used to produce rotational motion from
electrical supply. In a motor, an electric current is passed through the coil. The coil
then creates a magnetic field that interacts with the already existing magnetic field.
This interaction forces the coil to rotate.
For a motor, the input energy is electrical energy and the useful output
energy is mechanical energy.
The generator is used to produce an electric current from rotational motion

(on large scale power stations a “turbine” is used to provide this rotation). In a
generator, the rotation causes the coil to rotate inside the magnetic field. This
induces an alternating current in the coil.
For generator the input energy is mechanical energy and the useful
output energy is electrical energy.
In power stations, it is usually the magnet which is attached to the axel and
rotates with the coils surrounding the magnet. However, the end result is the same.
The motor and the generator are almost similar from the construction point of
view, as both have stator and rotor.
The differences between Motor and Generator are as follows:
10
 The motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy, whereas, generator
does the opposite.
 Electricity is used in the motor, but the generator produces the electricity.
 An example of motor is an electric car or bike where electric current is supplied
to the machine or device and it gets converted to mechanical motion and, as
a result, the car or bike moves. The example of generator is that in power
stations, the turbine is used as a device which converts mechanical energy
from the force of water falling from the dam to generate electric energy.
What’s More
Activity 1: “Electric Generator”
What you need:

(Materials locally available at home or nearby)
small plastic board tin can/soda can led lights

plastic bottle cap motor from a broken toy old CD
glue

A. For the base
 Use a small piece of plastic board, one side is attached with a double-sided
sticky tape.
 All other parts will be held to the exposed side of the double-sided sticky tape
(use hot glue for extra strength).
B. Motor Holder
 Use soda can (one side of the can is placed on sticky layer of the tape. To
increase the strength, use hot glue).
C. Light Source
 Use LED panel, having 24 LED lights from a broken lamp.
 LED panel is glued vertically.
 Connections are made from motor to LED panel
 The end of motor shaft should be attached with a plastic bottle cap and hot
glued.
D. For the Fly wheel

 Use old CDs, glued together.
 Glue the other side of the cap to this flywheel
 Make a handle for rotating the flywheel.
 Rotate the CD using handle provided until the LED glows.
 If the connection between motor and panel does not work properly then try
rotating counter clockwise.
11
Your output from this activity will be rated by your teacher according to the following
criteria:
Completeness of the Parts (Simple Generator) - 5 points

Functionality - 5 points
Neatness of work/Durability - 5 points
Total - 15 points
Assessment 1
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices in the parenthesis. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A generator is a machine which converts Mechanical Energy into (Chemical,

Electrical).
2. Generator (uses, produces) electricity, hence, the glowing of the LED lights
when rotation takes place.
3. The generator is used to produce an electric current from (rotational, diagonal)
motion of the CD with handle.
4. Generator works on (Michael Faraday’s, Christian Oersted’s) Electromagnetic
induction.
5. On a large scale power station like the hydroelectric power plant (San Roque
Dam) a (propeller, turbine) is used to provide the rotation.
Activity 2: “Simple Electric Motor”
What you need:

(Materials locally available at home or nearby)
AA Battery small magnet scotch tape
a block of wood wire
1. Coil the wire around an AA battery at least 10 times.

2. Remove the coil from the battery and wrap the ends of the coil 2 times.
3. Remove the insulation and be careful not to damage the wire.
12
4. Cut two pieces of wire about 8 inches.
5. Remove the insulation of each end of the wire.
6. Bend each wire and form an S shape.
7. Attach the wire to the wooden block using tape.
8. Each wire bends about 90o.
9. Make sure that the coil is at the center and is balanced.
10. Put the magnet under the coil and connect the battery.
Your output from this activity will be rated by your teacher according to the following
criteria:
Completeness of the Parts (Simple Electric Motor) - 5 points

Functionality - 5 points
Neatness of work/Durability - 5 points
Total - 15 points
Assessment 2
1. An electric motor is a machine which converts Electrical Energy into

(Mechanical, Potential) energy.
2. The (battery, wire) supplies the electric current into the coil and it gets
converted into motion.
3. (Christian Oersted, Michael Faraday) discovered that a magnetic field was

produced by a flow of electric current.
4. When battery is connected, the coil creates a magnetic field that interacts with
the already existing magnetic field brought about by the (battery, magnet).
5. The interaction of magnetic fields from the battery and magnet forces the coil
to (stop, rotate).
13
Activity 3: “Comparison of Electric Motor and Generator”
What you need:
Piece of paper and ballpen
Compare and contrast the Electric Motor and Generator using the Venn diagram.
Choose the answers from the box below.
Similarities
Electric Motor Generator
1. have stator and rotor 6. converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
2. power turbine 7. coil mounted on axle within a magnetic field
3. electricity is used 8. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
4. produces electricity 9. input is electrical
5. electric car or bike 10. input is mechanical
*Note: The Venn diagram must be photocopied or be copied on a separate sheet of

paper.
14
Assessment 3
1. Electricity is produced in the (motor, generator).
2. Electric bike, where electric current is supplied to the machine as a result of
a movement, is an example of (motor, generator)
3. The generator transforms mechanical into (radiant, electrical) energy, whereas
electric motor does the opposite.
4. Both motor and generator have stator and (commutator, winding poles).
5. The motor converts electrical energy into (mechanical, chemical) energy,
whereas generator does the opposite.
What I Have Learned
Excellent job! You are almost done with the module. Let’s summarize what
you have learned from the lesson and activities by answering the following questions.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the similarities and differences between electric motor and
generator?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. How does electric motor and generator work?

_____________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
What you need:

crayons/oil pastel/pencil short coupon bond ruler
pencil/pen
 Using your creativity and artistic ability, draw how a simple motor and
generator operates/works.
Your output in the poster making will be rated by your teacher using the following
criteria:
Relevance to the Topic 5 points
Creativity 5 points
Neatness 5 points
Color Harmony/Organization 5 points
Total 20 points
15
Assessment
1. What do you call an energy converting system that transforms electrical

energy into mechanical movement?
A. Electric motor C. Electric generator
B. Electric field D. Electric plasma
2. Which of the situation below shows how a basic electric motor works?
A. The energy contained in the batteries of the vehicle is transformed into
wheel rotation.
B. Electrical energy converted into blade rotation in the food processor and
cut down food.
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
3. Which is the correct sequence in the operation of generator in the

production of electricity in Hydroelectric Power Plant?
I. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of the falling water into
mechanical energy.
II. Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate
electricity.
III. Once an electrical current has been established, it is directed
through copper wires to power machines and devices.
IV. The generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine
into electrical energy.
A. I, IV, II, III C. IV, I, III, II
B. II, I, IV, III D. III, II, IV, I
4. He was credited for discovering that electric currents create magnetic fields,
which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism.
A. James Maxwell C. Michael Faraday
B. Hans Christian Ørsted D. Alessandro Volta
5. What will happen to the coiled wire in a model of an electric motor if the
magnetic poles are repulsed and attracted?
A. The coil remains stable.

B. The coil fluctuates and converts electrical energy into chemical energy.
C. The coil stops and changes mechanical energy into electrical energy.
D. The coil rotates and changes electrical energy into mechanical energy.
6. What are the three basic parts of an electric generator?

A. commutator, stator, and motor shaft
B. armature, brushes, and battery
C. stator, rotor, and commutator
16
D. battery, armature, and DC power supply
7. Which of these is the commutator function in the generator?

A. Acts as a rectifier that converts AC voltage to DC voltage within the
winding of the armature.
B. Diminish the energy loss caused by Eddy Current.
C. Offer magnetic fields where the coil is rotating.
D. Provides electricity to the generator.
8. What do you call a device that generates electrical current when a wire coil is
wrapped around an iron core and rotated close to a magnet?
A. car B. magnet C. motor D. generator
9. Which is NOT a distinctive attribute of an electrical generator?

A. Electric generator turns mechanical energy into electric energy.
B. Electric generator turns electric power into mechanical energy.
C. It provides electricity.
D. It is based upon the electromagnetic induction theory.
10. What do you call a huge wheel (associated with generators) that rotates when
driven by water, wind, or steam?
A. Motor B. Pipe C. Turbine D. Magnet
11. Which of the following is a device that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy?
A. electric bicycle C. rice cooker
B. microwave oven D. all of the above
12. Which of the following is the correct explanation of the electrical motor
operation?
A. Electric motor uses electricity.
B. The operation is based on the principle of electromagnetism.
C. The motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy
D. All of the above
13. What do you call a device that transforms mechanical energy into electrical
energy?
A. electric charge C. electric generator
B. electric motor D. electric current
14. Which is the correct sequence in the operation of simple motor?

I. Magnets placed near one another either attract or repel.
II. The attraction and repulsion causes the wire to jump.
III. Electric current starts to creep along wire; it creates a magnetic
field all around it.
IV. Electrical energy converted to mechanical energy.
V. Temporary magnetic field interacts with the permanent magnet
A. V, IV, II, II, I C. V, III, I, IV, III
B. III, V, I, II, IV D. III, II, IV, I, V
15. Which two forces are required to operate with generators and electric
motors?
A. electric and magnetic C. magnetic and radiant
B. electric and thermal D. magnetic and thermal
17
I know that you’ve worked hard. You have accomplished a lot. I hope that you
have understood and appreciated the concept on the Operation of the Simple Electric
Motor and Generator. Keep it up! See you in the next Module.
Additional Activities
A. “Motors Everywhere”
DIRECTIONS: Look around your house and you will find that it is filled with electric
motors. Here’s an interesting experiment for you to try: Walk through your house
and count all the motors you find in the kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, living room
and finally the garage.
Question: In walking through your house, how many devices with electric motors
have you counted in different areas of your house?
_________________________________________________________________________________
*Note: Use a separate sheet for your answer.
B. How Does a Generator Work? (YouTube Video)

*Note: This is an optional activity.
Wait there’s more! You might want to view a YouTube video entitled: “How does a
generator work? Here’s the link of the video:
https://tinyurl.com/OperationOfGenerator
C. Electrical Motor and Generator Comparison
Compose a poem/song that explains the operation of simple electric motor and
generator.
*Note: Use a separate sheet for your composition.
Your output in the poem/song will be rated by your teacher using the following criteria:
Relevance to the Topic 5 points
Creativity/Style and Originality 5 points
Total 10 points
18
19
What I Know Questions:
1. D 1. WATER DISPENSER, Activity 3 (Venn
2. B MOTORCYCLE, OVEN Diagram)
3. B TOASTER, FLAT IRON, 1. Similarity
4. C WALL CLOCK, STAND 2. Generator
5. C FAN, PROJECTOR, and 3. Electric Motor
6. A LAPTOP. 4. Generator
7. D 5. Electric Motor
8. C 2. VASE, GARBAGE BIN, 6. Generator
9. A HELMET, and 7. Similarity
10. C ADJUSTABLE WRENCH 8. Electric Motor
11. D 9. Electric Motor
12. C 3. Materials with electric 10. Generator
13. A motor need electricity to
14. A function Assessment 3
15. D 1. Generator
4. Materials without 2. Motor
What’s In electric motor don’t need 3. Electrical
electricity to function. 4. Commutator
1. BioFuel 5. Mechanical
2. Wind 5. Electric motor converts
3. Water electrical energy into Assessment
4. Heat mechanical energy. 1. A
5. Solar 2. C
What’s New What’s More 3. B
4. B
With Electric Motor Assessment 1 5. D
1. WATER DISPENSER 1. Electrical 6. C
2. MOTORCYCLE 2. Produces 7. A
3. OVEN TOASTER 3. Rotational 8. D
4. FLAT IRON 4. Michael Faraday 9. B
5. WALL CLOCK 5. Turbine 10. C
6. STAND FAN 11. D
7. PROJECTOR Assessment 2 12. D
8. LAPTOP 1. Mechanical 13. C
2. Battery 14. B
Without Electric Motor 3. Christian Oersted 15. A
1. Vase 4. Magnet
2. Garbage Bin 5. Rotate
3. Helmet
4. Adjustable Wrench
Answer Key
References
Printed Materials
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education, Learner’s

Material Unit 2
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education Teacher’s Guide,
Unit 2
Mapa, Amelia P. et al. (2001) Physics. Cebu City, Philippines. SD Publishing,
Inc.
Electronic Sources
Bangui Windmill, Ilocos Norte by obra19 from

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BANGUI_WINDMILL,ILOCOS_NORTE_2.
jpg
Palinpinon Geothermal power plant in Sitio Nasulo, Brgy. Puhagan, Valencia, Negros
Oriental, Philippines by Mike Gonzalez (The Coffee) from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg
Solar panels installed at the Asian Development Bank headquarters in Mandaluyong
City, Metro Manila, Philippines from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/asiandevelopmentbank/29832018263
Illustration of Sun from
https://www.pickpik.com/solar-flare-sun-eruption-energy-fireball-orange-110243
Photo of Flying V Gasoline Station, Tuliao Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan by
Christian c. Tulao
Photo of Mini Dam at Ventinilla, Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan by Christian C.
Tulao
Photo of Wall Clock by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Stand Fan by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Flat Iron by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Vase by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Motorcycle by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Water Dispenser by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Projector by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Laptop by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Garbage Bin by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Adjustable Wrench by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Oven Toaster by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Helmet by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Silver Mitsubishi Mirage Car by Christian C. Tulao
Photo of Standard Blender by Christian C. Tulao
Photograph of Michael Faraday by John Watkins on commons.wikimedia.org from
https://tinyurl.com/MFaraday
Diesel Generator by Igiritam from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Which_Diesel_Generators_Have_Make_R
esale_Value%3F.jpg
Schematic Diagram of a Generator from
http://www.hercules-power.com/Diesel-Generator-Philippines-How-Generators-
Work/
H.C. Ørsted by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg on commons.wikimedia.org from
https://tinyurl.com/HCOrsted
20
Simple Electric Motor (Basic Principles)
https://sciencing.com/parts-motor-5426656.html
DC and AC Motors and Generators
https://www.elprocus.com/differences-between-motor-and-generator/
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator, cutaway view
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Water_turbine_(en_2).svg
Applications of Electric Motors
http://www.scienceclarified.com/El-Ex/Electric-Motor.html#ixzz6QXZyhpyq
How to build simple electric motor?
https://tinyurl.com/HowToBuildSimpleElectricMotor
http://www.grafoso.com/how-to-build-a-simple-electric-motor/
How to make simple electric generator?
https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-Simple-Electric-Generator/
Electricity, Magnetism and Movement
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/electricmotors.html
Electric Motors
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/electricmotors.html
How does a generator create electricity? How generators work?
https://www.generatorsource.com/How_Generators_Work.aspx
Generators
https://criticalpower.com/company-profile/helpful-news-resources/how-electrical-
generators-work/
How does a generator work?
https://tinyurl.com/OperationOfGenerator
21

Grade 10 Science10 Combinev2 115

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Grade 10 Science10 Combinev2 115

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10

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Bryan J. Remillo

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region I

Office Address: Flores St., Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union

This module is specifically crafted to focus on the different activities that

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves

2. compare the relative frequencies of different forms of electromagnetic waves;

3. identify the relationship among wavelength, frequency and energy of an

1. Take the pretest before reading the rest of the module.

2. Take time in reading and understanding the lesson. Follow instructions

Don’t forget to write your name. Label it properly.

6. Don’t hesitate to ask. If you need to clarify something, approach or contact

1. These are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an

2. Electromagnetic waves are produced by ___________.

4. This type of EM wave has a wavelength similar to the size of PBA

5. Which of the following electromagnetic waves has the LEAST wavelength

6. What happens to the frequency of electromagnetic wave if its wavelength

7. Which of the following forms of electromagnetic wave has the WIDEST

8. In the visible spectrum, which color has the LONGEST wavelength?

14.Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

1. It is a disturbance in space. AVWE

2. It is the highest point in a wave. SECRT

3. It is the lowest point in a wave. TGHURO

It is the distance from the midpoint to the highest (or

It is the distance between two successive identical parts of

6. It refers to the number of waves produced in one second. NEQFCEURY

It refers to the extent or the limits between which variation

Note to the Teacher

Electromagnetic wave (EM wave) or electromagnetic radiation is a wave that

Now let’s strengthen your concepts regarding the different EM waves by

Using Figure 1, determine the wavelength ranges of each of the forms of

Q1. Which electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?

3. Which among the following EM waves has the longest wavelength?

5. The wavelength of microwaves ranges from 1x10-1 m to 1x10-3 m. Which of the

Q1. Which among the EM waves has the highest frequency?

Q4. Which among the EM waves has the lowest energy?

1. What is the frequency range of infrared radiation?

4. Which of the following EM waves has the LEAST amount of energy?

5. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Electromagnetic Wave Wavelength Frequency Energy

1. Which has shorter wavelength?

What I Have Learned

The electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of 1. (electromagnetic

The electromagnetic spectrum is arranged in a manner of 5.

Accuracy of Information 5 points

1. He theorized that changing magnetic field will produce electric field.

5.What is the frequency range of ultraviolet radiation?

7. Which of the following is correctly arranged from longest to shortest wavelength?

10. In the electromagnetic spectrum, which has the longest wavelength?

11. What happens to the frequency of electromagnetic wave if its wavelength

13. Which of the following statements is correct?

What I Know (Pretest)

Hewitt, L., P. Hewitt, J. Suchocki. Conceptual Physical Science, Third Edition.

Department of Education. “K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science (Grade 3 to 10)”

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Cecilia D. Macaranas

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region I

1. Regular reflection is the _ reflection of light on a(n) _