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    Discovering The Middle Ages Guidebook

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    Professor Wiliam R Cook is Distinguished Teaching Profesor of History at ‘Sate University of New York, Geneseo. He received is PhD, fm Corel! University. He bas won the Chaeello's Awad for Excellence in ching and was named the 1992 New York Sst Profesor of the Yea by ‘Council for the Advancement and Support of Education. is books include Frans of sss The Way of Poverty aa Huy Professor Ronald B. Herzman is Disinguished Teiching Professoc of English tthe State Universiy of New Yor, Genesco. He weceived his PD. in English it Apocalyptic. Imagination in Medieval Literature. He received. the {Chancellor's Asard for Excellence in Teaching. In 2003, he and Profesor William R. Cook won the Medival Academy of America’s fis-ever CARA, Award for Excellence in Teaching Medieval Stas. Guidebook Contents Part tof Lecture: Medieval and Moder Lecture: Monastery and Castle Lecture 3: cies and Towns Lecture & The Church and the Clergy Lecture 5: Knights and Peasants Lecture 6: The Classical Heritage Lecture 7: The Biblical Meritage Lecture 8 The Medieval Synthesis Lecture9: The Presenness ofthe Past Lecture 10; Surface and Depth-Mecevel Aesthetics Lecture 11: The Language of cons Lecture 12: Seeing by Opposition 4151 Lafierte Cater Dive, Suite 100 (Chasily, VA 20151-1232 Phone: 1-S00-TEACH-12 (1-800 Fax 703.378-3819 Cong 201. Te Testing Company Lnied Panne. Discovering the Middle Ages ‘Taught by: Professors William R. Cook and Ronald B, Herzman, State University of New York, Geneseo Fanti TEACHING COMPAN Ronald Herzman, Ph.D. Professor of English, State University of New York a Genesco Ronald Hereman was bom in Brookyn, New York He attended Brooklyn Prep snd Manhattan College, raduting with honor in 196 ad reelvingthe Del Medal fr excellence in French, He studied Faghsh iterture athe University of Delaware a6 a DuPont Fellow anda New Vor State Resets Fellow, He received his M.A. in 1967 and his Ph.D. in 1969, wrkng bis dsserution on Geotrey Chace. Professor Heraman hs also stud at Prnccon University (cummer 1973) and as «National Endosment fo the Humanities Fellow Residence athe University of Chicago during the 1978-1979 academic ese. He received the Chaneclor's Award for Excellence in Techng in 1976 and ws ‘varied an honorary Deir of Humane Letters from Manhattan Calle in 19 In 1969, Herzman was appointed Assistant Professor of English at the Stte Universi of New York et Genesoo, He curently hos the rank of SUNY Distinguished Teaching Profesor of English He hs eld «nub of oncuent positions. He has been an adjunct Profesor a Genesee Community Coleg. teaching in he inmate education program at Aca Correctional Facility together wih Professor Coal); he has been a prassrial etre at ‘Georgetown University anda gues utr at St John's College in Santa Fe New Mexico, From 1982-1085 Herrman was ot leave from SUNY to work atthe ‘ational Endowneat fr dh Humanities, where he waste founding Program Ofice forthe Sunimer Seminars or Scho! Teacher andthe Assist Distor ofthe Division of Fellowships an Seminars, Professor Heezman's teaching interests include Dante, Chace, Francis af Asis, Shakespeare, the Bibs and Arthurian literature. With Cook, he stan taught several courses during the length oftheir academe carers at Geneseo, including the Age of Dante and the Age of St.Francis of Assis Cook and erzman have aso taken students Europe o study various spots ofthe Middle Ages Jn 1983, Cook and Herman published The Medien! World View with Oxford University Press and are eurenty at work on scene. Hereman's tie books include The spocalipi imagination kw Maeva Literature (University ‘of Pennsylvania Press, 1992, with Richard Emmerson) and Four Romances of England (Medieval Intute Publications edited with Graham Drake and ve Salisbury), He has writen extensively on medieval teat, nclding een atc and book chaps on Dnt, several arcles on Francis of Ass ad ‘work om Chaucer the Ramuance ofthe Rose sth Song of Roland oh Cool. His current esearch interes ncaa book-length sty of Dane's Porsdivo Professor Horaman hs rete nie Seminars fr School Teachers forthe Natioal Endowment for the Humanities conducted at Genesco, a St ohn's College in Sama Fe, New Mice din Sina an Asis, aly. William Cook, Ph.D. Professor of History, State University of New York at Geneseo Willian Cook was bom and mised in Indianapolis Indian, aed atended public Shoals tee. He is 1965 graduate of Wash Coleg in Crafordeill, Indian (cum tae, Phi Beta Kappa). He reecved Woodrow Wilson ant “ojbert Lehman fellowships to study medieval hisory frm Corll Univers, ‘where be recived hs PRD. in 1971, Cooks dsertation was «sul of « ssi theologian and diplomat named Peter Payne. 11 1970, Professor Cook was appointed Assistant Professor of History at the ‘hte University of New York at Genesco He has taught thre for hi years nd hols the rank of Distinguished Teaching Professor. SUNY Genesco san underraduate college of about 3.000 stents locate a illage of 8,000 nthe ‘ester pat of New Vorks Finger Lakes region and about ent ve miles south of Rochester, [At Genesco, Cook has aight courses in moval hisory an in ancient soy the Renaissance and Reformation periods and biblical and Chistian thought He Jn teamed with Professor Heraman to tach several courses, incon he Age of Dante andthe Age of St, Pransiof Assis einning in 1974, Cok and Herzinan have taken their students fom SUNY {Genesco to sudy in Barpe, Reenty, Cook hasbeen caching s couse about metival lian ety-stts every ther amy in Siena, ly. for pblishing several artles on Hussite theology and monastic thou, Professor Cook as, forme han twenty yeas, focused his rescerch on Sant Francis of Asis In 1989, he published a volume ina serie, The Way ofthe Christan Mises, etilod Francs of Asi: The Way of Poverty and amity wi Michael Gazer (ater published bythe Liturgical Pre, Cllegeville, MN), For years, Cook sought to fd and catalogue al thecal pings of Sane Francis dne in tal. tthe 190s, he published series of ance in Franciscan and lain journals on specific images ofthe sit In 109%, published uly ‘tied St. rants in Ameria Fraeisean Press, Quincy IL) of aly Raian siting of Francis that ae cue in the United Stas and Canad. These ‘years of esearch onthe mages of Francs wee rougi to conclusion with the 1999 publication ofa comprehensive xtalogue: Images ofS. Francie af Ait 1n Paling, Stone and Glas from te Eakot Images ca. 1320 Fas: Caralogue (Leo 8. Oleh, Florence) nthe series lian Medievl and Renaissance Stic. Cook and Herzman published The Medieval World View with Oxford University Press in 1983 and ae cure preparing con sion, The have lea writen several atielestogatber on such sbjects as Date, the Sons of Roland, nu paintings ofthe lie of Sin Frais in Assis 290 The Tesching Cony Lined Pansehip w Discovering the Middle Age: Scope: “The purpose ofthis course it cultivate an understanding and appreciation of the period we now call the Middle Ages, To se something ofthe fiche and ‘are athe Middle Ages fom the inside, we wil examine and discuss those ges tut wll best enable us o lok at cera thes in medieval culture, a, ‘elision erst, and story. The ist hoe lectures “stats” the Midle Ages, We begin by giving ‘overview of the medieval landscape, nt simply because establishing a “snse of lace” sa good way f begin ou explorations, bt also because it allows us 10 see some ofthe more stking ferences beeen the medieval and mudem worlds Tn partic, the lationship benven urban and rural wc ifferem inthe medieval worl. A sense of place ean also be entalished by an ‘examination ofthe most characteris statues of the Mile Ages, particularly {he monastery and the case. Why were thse sacar ui td what an they tellus about the period? Bridges gates, churches, palaces, and even a hospital nd guidall ean alsooferus some esight im the word of the Middle Ags, Examining thso structure cn elp ws ans the gucston of how space was se in medieval eos and ows, From this geogzapbical and architectural introduction tothe Mile Ages we move toa social analy, preseatd in Lectores For and ive. How ws rmeicval society orpanize, i both social and econo terms? The apclled tre estates, consisting of "ose who pray” "hose who fig,” and those who work,” became an del for much of te Middle Ages, We alk about each of {hess categories, We also lai the various ways in which he church played a ‘uch gr role in medieval society than it does in mode, describing tole the spinal ite of society an in sch venes as edeation sn lw By \esrbing maps of representative mee rlers, nsaing Charlemagne snd Louis IX we explain the dels and the reality of nedieval chivalry. “Those who work to the people ofthe Midile Ages, mean prima those who work the land. We explain medieval agricultural ecniques by describing relevant images fom seulpare ad from manaserpilluminations. The theory ofthe the exes oes not eave oom or what has come ta be own as the mid class By nildings, neuding such churches as Nore Dame in Pais, and 2 varity of es, 'B,Scvera contmies exist otwoon the Mle Ages and ur own tne, tnd several medieval instaions survive to the psa ay 1. Representative governen 2 Universi 3. The nations However the Middle Ages ean often seem ntccessibe to people aay ‘bens of the discontinuities between the Middle Ages an the present How can we mak the Middle Ages accessible? ‘A. Using comparative exaiples, we im to kecp sou from Being covertheled hy the srangenss of the maa pas, BL The Capitol in Washington, D.C, shows the importance of goverment ‘0 ourmodem society. We're aecstomed tothe government paving & crical ol in ou lives from birth odes but people in the Middle Age had diferent proces, (CefaldCathedrl (Sicily) shows ste importance ofthe chsh. The ‘hysieal prominence ofthe sractire can be read as an analogy tthe "ways in hich the church ws prominent 1. The church was responsible fr Looking out for the spiritual welfire of society 22 Inaction enn wth church predominated fom cradle env. 3. Our eontemporary spaatonBetwosn church and tte would ave book impossible fo explant semeone ofthe modival word 4. Thecoverap between th lurch and scalar authority in the Mile ‘Age va sgiicant, The murder of Thomas & Becks (1170) ‘happened precisely because of dispate abou the power of he chr Sun Gimignano, in Tuscany, shows us the medival ity 1.» Auintng shows us that it looked muchas does ody, surrounded by vineyards, Hes of asin, sid olive groves ‘Agriculture measured he ryt oie 2, Thetowmn has charac atures ofa medical cy. The towers were ran fresses, places hut a cla hey ma seem oda, ‘wore treatened on oozason by trbalence an itary conti. E,_ New York by conta, shows usa modern skyline 1 Nothing inthe medieval world compares wth the population of smodom New York. The difrence in sae i ra ny’ wo ses sate penn, We he the shoserper Thereof change in nar society smc more api than it ves inthe Middle Ages ML. Our oveal pan foe the course, neither chronological nr goographicl i concep |A. We wll cxamine surviving medieval monument belp us understand anu discus conal thems n medieval society, uta, istry, and ‘piri Thi approach wll nae us to lok at medoval soey. 08 "uch as posible, rom ths oid, B. Well move ono consider social strvetures Next, we'll examin the tations ofthe pst We'l en by considering how people regarded the usefulness oftheir own ies eo Readings: (Cook ant Hereman, The Medieval World View, Introduction and chapers 1-2, R.W. Souther, The Mating of the Mldile Ages, catly chapters Questions to Consider 1. Afr this brief introction othe Mile Ages, which aspess of medieval ‘tre and society seem partially lion an remot to you? Which {spect cen relevant and “naderto you? 2. How can stodying the monuments an ealtural achievements of society tpuly reveal what Ut society was actualy ik? What are the benefits an Timitstions oF ying » sci inthis a? Lecture Two Monastery and Castle Scope: “Tis second ecure presents an troduction othe Middle Ages by looking athe medieval lndscape The lca bgins by ving an ‘overview of sense of place in the Middle Ages. We discs the ‘elutonshipbetwoen tov and countryside inthe Middle Ages, and hw that ation has changodin the moder worl We wl begin to discuss what were th most haracterisc Kiso suc erecied inthe Mie Ages, as well asthe relationship between thse srctres | and ther surrounding envionment We lo discuss what those structs tellus about the Middle Ages. n patil, we discuss to ‘characterise sacar the monatry andthe asl | ete 1. By examining the medieval landscape, we can gain aces ino life and society daring the Midle Ags AA. Init tlaion bewesn sural nd ban, BB. Init lose connection withthe rhythms of mature 11, Much can abo he learned by exanining the characteristic structures hat were builtin the Middle Ages. One ofthe most ineresting structures she ‘A. Antony, bor i 269 A.D. in Egypt, as considered the fist monk ‘Those who chose this alcal cling Began to come together ita B. Whatisa monastery? 1 Monasteries offered place fora communal ie of payer and work, ‘uit literally, thousands of monasteries existod in Europ nthe Middle Ages 3. Ina eal seus, they were more characteristic of the Mile Ages than no. 4 Here are over earls of sich monasteries 4 San Manin du Caigou, inthe French Pyenses, was founded in 1002 Monasteries such this were the proving pounds for the eclesiia erst Mont St Michel (France) ian amaving architectural accomplishnent a mix of Gnbie and Rowansque sys Monks, ast Saint Michel, were often place onthe margins of ci, Meteora in Greee is even more isolated. C. Monaseis could also be found in the mile af bay ty 1. The Baia isa Benditine monasery inthe hen of Floren, This Istuton a the margins" thus permeatd even the city. 2. Their finetion, however, was the same a athe more remote I. Another characteristic medieval structures the cst, [AL The east in prhaps the building tht we ost associate wit tbe Middle Ages B. Castles appar in ll shapes and sizes in the Middle Ags, Those that survive, made of tone, re exceptional most wste mad of wood 1. Saumur, inthe Lote Valley (France), and ahers wee, ven ia he late Midile Apes, defensive outposts: Everyday life in sch places ‘would bve been more grubby than elegant. 2. nisin northern aly, ears a pass tothe Alps. Tapestis may ‘be great wovks of at, but hey were also a paca way to keep 23. Sadar, Austria, is a dfensivestonghol lstrting an cxampe of detesalized feudal onto (Cacmarvn, in Wales was a Bish garrison n occupa teritry, anidea imported from the Crasaes inthe Holy Land, In ther ‘wor the esl wast neces just ple of refi for locals (©. Cases el us something portant about a agrarian an feudal soci. Readings: Jean LeClerog, The Love of Learning and the Desire of God: Study of Monastic Culture Cook ant Heraman, The Medieval World View, chapters 3-5. ‘Questions to Consider: 1. Wehaveleamed much aout the Middle Ages by dying its charctrini structures. What stustares would you consider characterise of the modern 2g, and what do these strates ll about contemporary soci compared with medieval scity? ‘What i pariculay “medieval” about monastories and castes Have they, ‘orth equivalents, survived ia moder soviet? Lecture Three Cities and Towns Scope: ecu Tce comtaues desing the sense of place inthe Middle Ags this time by focusing on some other chreteitie medical structures, We ill examine the cit isl ints vera facets, We wll seus bridges, putes, church, and palaces, swell hospital ad & ‘ull. We wil sho: how medieval towns nd cies mad use of ‘pen paces as public forums and marketplaces by discussing the way ‘open spaces re incorporate as part of thee desig. This lecture wil hd witha discussion of the mary purpose ofthe motieva iy andthe medieval church Outline 1. Imaditon to monasteries and castles, te shape of medioval ie en be seen by examining he mira tym greder dt, L_ We wll sat by examining some examples of meioral cites |A. Ambrosio Lorenzi’ patting shows us the ity in miniature, Cites ‘ike this one are an expansion ofthe cst, because ities, 00, wre defensive B. Dubrovnik (Croatia) sbows wan example of seaport city. Pat fit vas danaged inthe 19s Montepulciano shows us a Kalin ll town in southern Tuscany. There island inside the walls where animals can be pasture in ase of tack ._Aigues Motes shows us "planed community” in southem Franc, bul as launching port dung the Crusades. e's an carly example of urban planning. E, Rothenburg (Germany) shows bv he citi bul on nat, F. Mostowggion,in Italy, shows us the smallest yavoty, a own that looks Tike ease om the outsie, Ther are eve vineyards inside the walls of thistown 1. Examining some monumensin cites an show us that inthe Midle Azes, the practical andthe beau were ot separate categoris, [Av Cahors ridge (France) was bul for defense, but it was so bul be ‘eau B._Never's gate France) was likewise bull for defense but is alo 8 ‘esl sirvctre Is portant o make an effetve fist impression 1V, Insome ways the most chaste structure in tbe Mile Ages i the cathedral. |A.- Cathe, the central churches of bishops ae located in ees 1B, One ofthe largest and mos impressive Gothic cathedrals is that of Amiens in Picardy, France The merior of Amiens is ually imposing 1." One issruck by the impresivegotic ying and arching. Gothic ‘ated are defined by light a space ‘One issrack by the extraordinary ize ofthe cathe, especially ‘he bight rom Mort esling: 142 fet! Why build so big? The cathoa st place fr iaimate prayer bt fr grand processions, for pomp and eicurstance. 3. Chios afm compet in ters ofthe cathedrals they bait 2 Civic bildngs aio form part ofthe modioval ciyscane, A. The city hal of Gubbio typical of sale lian etes The Palazo Vecchio in Florence is one ofthe best known of these VI. Ces made us of interior space in iersting ways inthe Midle Ages |A. Prague Old Town (Czech Republic) shows one example town al 2755 the square fom a gret church 1B, The Piazza del Campo in Siena is oe ofthe most striking examples of viespuce” 1. "The piazza had many wos, ncaing providing a space for marl, for mstring oops abd fr fetal Is reputed tobe ‘more beau than any ofits competitor 2, Thepiarzn was also se Tr preaching. a ths pining ofthe most famous Sienese preter, San Bermardno ilraes, This was place for "religious busines as vel 13. The Sines sil il the pizza for civ celebrations. ‘VIL othr budings ils he combination of wel spd beatifl ha horcterized eden architecture |A. hospital fringes in Beaune (France) sone such example 1. The decoration would ve been funtion superfluous. The ar wat a kind af splendor extended tthe poo. 2. Avanactof ebay, then, the buiding Serves 3 thoologial purpose. 1, “The gilda a Bruges (Belgium) is another example ofthe wef combine wih the bes. Merchant handed together to cost ‘monuments to thee ade Readings (Cook nd Heczman, The Meena! Warld View, chapters 6-7. Lester Lite, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe, staplers 1-3 ‘Questions to Consider: 1. Builders inthe Midale Ages aly thought ht structures can be both ‘efi nd beaut Has thi atitade survived ino modern times? 2 What effet des the sight ofa medieval or modem cathedral haye on you? Do you think that this th fle that he retested to convey? Lecture Four ‘The Church and the Clergy Scope: Inthislectwe, we begin oar iswssion ofthe medieval church and its rol in soir. Using medieval emninology we wil focus on those ‘wo ras.” Thi etre wil mak clear sme ofthe ays in ich the church hada much larger role in mteval society than in modern Scie, By discussing images oF pope power, and nk, we il alk about the instaionalsrusare ofthe shut terol in tcdacation, andi oe in the pial i of medieval society, We will also dsetbe some ofthe other ways in which the church plyed a part in socety—in ts system of law, for example. Outline 1. Moya and mader ways of clasifing and diving sci ier. |A. The modem model ens o use economic rita 1.” Ween speak of upper clas middle css, an lower cass of perhaps, working cas. 2. WetalkaBou the undereas and debate its ose 'B, The medieval mode tend o bea functional model, What fnction is filled by each othe divisions or lasses of scity? 1 “Those who pray" wore respoasible forthe spiral well of society. "Those who fight” were responsible forthe defense of society the physical wellbeing of peple-and fr secular rule in society. 3. Those who work” were responsible fr feeding soci 4 Where dd mezchans and traders This ss ws never Filly did. C._Togeter, these three groups mad up the “estates theory” of soy. the medical mode, cach estate's responsi was ciate art thus, society ite as seen as an orgie whole 1. This ctr will oes on he ir ofthese so-sed ets, hose who pry.” The pope was she istsons head ofthe church the chief apostle ofthe faith ‘A. The church vas highly orgnizedhicrachis instton 1. The pope was ands the bishop of Rome 2. Thebishops wer heads of oa communities of Cristian, called diocese. Priests were sabjoc tthe bishop af hi doce, Their funtion was say mae nd ainster the sacraments, bb Theyalso cared forthe pista neds ofthc parishioners 1B. The pope's claim to exevise universal authority edo disputes with the Holy Rowan Emperor. + Bonifice VII (1294-1303), who was pope atthe end of the thieonth century, assed papal power not ony ax head of the ehurch but Secular alr of coral Ilyas wel Boniface hadall the power ofa seul powerfal anes at ik dnp 2. Thechureh Became extremely wealthy and powerfal—whik edo ‘lass with oer poenates and arguments over the rls ofthe Storch ‘4. The warberweenscred und secular reached zenith ding the High Mile Ages. IIL. The chur hraugh many ofits insttons, wa ls responsible for education athe Midile Ages. The creation ofthe mendant orders revolutionized its oe, The Franciscans and Dominicans tok te word of | (God to Catan and non-Christian like, ‘A. This funtion is wll illstaed inthe Figue of Thomas Aquinas ( 1274, perhaps the mos famous Dominica. 1. Thomas vasa ga! thinker, eaher, ad weiter 2,_-Hewaea tncher at the Univesity of Pais |X. Univerties themssves wer der the contol af the church 1B. This educational function alo lasted in the Figure ofa monk who isaseribe 1 Withthe fll ofthe Roman Empire in he West, knowledge ofthe classical wo was preserved by such monks. 22 Because Latin was the language of the church and of inns. studying the best examples ofthe Latin Language was an ordinary put of moms education Without the monks careful anscripion ofthese ext, the Books ‘woul have Been lost o subsequent centuries. Even the bawdy ‘ers of ets ike Ovid was proserieby men who devoted their lives pie. 44. Themedieval university could not have been erated without he monastic foundation rar, including land and 1, Theimportanes ofthe stermenial sytem, administered by the clergy, can ‘be nfred fom the figure ofa pris elevating the host at mas, |A. The storamens were defined asthe outward physical signs ofan inward spinal grace BB Thescraments wre blived ta Be the way in which Gods saving presence was manifested in time. C. Thus under the sppoarnce ofthe host bread—the body of Crist was rade manifest othe congregation at mas 1. Those ssrments, cami ot in cous churches arass Clristendom, were considered the mileposs of if Readings: Brian Tierney, The Crist of Church and State, 1050-1300. (Cook nd Herzinan, The Medieval World View chapters 8-1. Questions to Consider: 1 Why do yo thin medieval nd modern soa visions are so essay iene? What do the differences batwsen thse visions all ws about he respective soistiw? 2, Why do you tisk thatthe cure’ politcal and social inftoence was so much greater during the Middle Ages? Lecture Five Knights and Peasants Seope: ‘This ecture will concentrate on the way society was conceived in social sd exnomi ems the Mile Ages, To sete medieval texminology once again, we wil oeus on those who igh” and “those ‘who work By deseribing images of representative medical rulers, Including Charlemagne and Lovis IX, we wil dea with both the deals tnd tho reality ofmedval moar. By dosing impo from Sculpture sd manisenp illumination, we wil talk about medival ‘aricalte Finally images of varios trades vil ilastate he tmergnce of middle class acts i the Male Ages, pointing out Some ofthe ferences (aswel asians) nthe way these

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