Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ICBS002 Finance Topic 2 Revision Notes
ICBS002 Finance Topic 2 Revision Notes
Topic 2 ‐ Bonds
Revision notes
Bond pricing
T T
P =∑ CP
(1+r)t
+ F
(1+r)T
= ∑ P V (CP ) + P V (F )
t=1 t=1
The market Price (P) of a bond is the sum of the present values of the Coupon Payments (CP) and
the Face value (F) paid at maturity “ T”. All cash‐flows are discounted at the market‐rate “r”,
assumed constant over me for simplicity, and coupons are paid annually, i.e. at t =1,2,...T. Each
coupon amounts to the coupon rate mes the face value, i.e. C P = F × rcp .
Z CB = F
(1+r)T
The Zero‐Coupon‐Bond (ZCB) does not pay coupons, and its price is equal to the present value of
its nominal value.
∞
P = ∑ CP
(1+r)t
= CP
r
t=1
The price of a perpetual bond, i.e. a bond that pays coupons indefinitely, is the coupon payment
divided by the interest rate. The result is proven in the context of geometric series
( h ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series ).
Yield curve shapes
Page 1 of 3
Topic 2 ‐ Bonds
Revision notes
Holding period return
Incomet +P t −P 0
H P Rt = P0
The Holding Period Return generalizes to any investment and it is the return on the invested
amount “P_0”, realized over the period [0,t] which comes from capital gains/losses, i.e. P_t‐P_0,
and from the future value, at me t, of any cash flows produced by the investment (income).
Addi onal proofs: geometric series
A series is called geometric if the ra o of two successive terms is constant.
A geometric series with “n” terms is
n−1
2
s = a + ar + ar + ∙ ∙ ∙ + ar n−1
= ∑ ark
k=0
where “r” is the common ra o and “a” is the first term of the series and it is equivalent to
n
s = a 11−−rr (1)
To show the equivalence, we can write
Page 2 of 3
Topic 2 ‐ Bonds
Revision notes
If the series has infinite terms, then
n
s = lim a 11−−rr = a 1−1 r
n→ ∞
for absolute values of r comprised in the interval [0,1).
For a concrete example, consider a perpetual bond paying C and the discount rate to be “d”. The
price of the bond is the sum of all the PV(C):
P = C
1+d + C
(1+d)2
+ ∙∙∙ + C
(1+d)∞
We see immediately the similarity with the infinite geometric series, i.e. the common ra o is
1
r = 1+d and the first term is a = 1+d
C
. Hence,
s= C 1
1+d 1−r = C 1
1
1+d 1− 1+d = C 1
d
1+d 1+d = C
d
Page 3 of 3