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Earth Retainin NG Struc Ctures: D Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SU IT Peshaw War)
Earth Retainin NG Struc Ctures: D Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SU IT Peshaw War)
Dr. Qaiser
D Iqbal (SUIT Peshaw
war)
Earth Retainin
ng Strucctures
Highway engineeringg projects re
equire sharp transitions bbetween one ground su
urface elevattion
and anotther. Often tthese transittions are made by short sections of ssloping grou
und, as show
wn in
Figure 22
2.1.
Howeverr, when spacce is at a pre
emium, such slopes can bbe re‐ placed
d with earth
h‐retaining
structurees, which are
e vertical or near‐verticaal facilities thhat maintain
n the ground
d surface at ttwo
differentt elevations. Practical ap
pplications off earth‐ retaaining structu
ures includee:
• Highwaay and railro
oad projects where the required gradde is significcantly abovee or below th
he
adjacent ground and
d the right‐off‐way is not large enouggh to accomm
modate a slo
ope.
• Bridge abutments.
2 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshawar)
• Building sites on sloping ground where earth‐retaining structures are used to create level
building pads.
• Waterfront facilities where earth‐retaining structures are built to accommodate the berthing
of ships
• Flood control facilities.
• Unstable ground, where the earth‐retaining structure provides the needed resistance to
prevent landslides.
Many kinds of retaining structures are available, each of which is best suited for particular
applications. O'Rourke and Jones (1990) classified earth‐retaining structures into two
3 Dr. Qaiser
D Iqbal (SUIT Peshaw
war)
categorie
es: externallyy stabilized ssystems and
d internally sstabilized sysstems, as sho
own m Figurre
22.2. Som
me hybrid m
methods com
mbine feature
es from bothh systems.
1. EXTERNAL
E LLY STAB
BILIZED SY
YSTEMS
Externally stabilized systems are those that rresist the appplied earth loads by virttue of their
weight and stiffness. This was the only type of retaining structure avvailable befo
ore 1960 and
d
4 Dr. Qaiser
D Iqbal (SUIT Peshaw
war)
they are still very com
mmon. O'Ro
ourke and Jo
ones subdividded these sttructures into two
categorie
es: gravity w
walls and in‐ssitu walls.
1.1. Grav
vity Walls
1.1.1
1. Massive Gravity
y Walls
The earliest retainingg structures were massive gravity w
walls, as show
wn in Figures 22.3 and 2
22.4.
They werre often mad
de of mortarred stones, m
masonry, or unreinforceed concrete and resisted
d the
lateral fo
orces from th
he backfill byy virtue of th
heir large maass. In addition, these w
walls are veryy
thick, so the flexural stresses are
e minimal an
nd no tensilee reinforcem
ment is needeed.
Construcction of masssive gravity w
walls require
es only simpple materialss and moderrately skilled
d
labor, bu
ut the required volume o
of materials is very largee and the con
nstruction process is verry
labor‐intensive. Therrefore, these
e walls are raarely used tooday exceptt if the required height iss
very shorrt.
5 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshawar)
Figure 22.4: Short massive gravity walls like this one may be economically viable. However; this design is prohibitively
expensive for tall walls because of the large required width and the large material requirements and labor cost
3.
1.1.3 Crib W
Walls
A crib wa
all, shown in Figure 22.6
6, is another type of gravvity retainingg structure. It consists of
precast cconcrete members linked together tto form a cri b. These meembers resem
mble a child
d's
Lincoln Log toy. The zone betwee
en the mem
mbers is filledd with compacted soil. TThe soil supp
plies
most of tthe weight required to resist the late
eral loads im
mposed by th
he backfill so
oils.
7 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshawar)
Figure 22.6: Crib wall
In‐situ walls differ from gravity walls in that they rely primarily on their flexural strength, not
their mass.
8 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshawar)
1.1.4. Sheet Pile Walls
Sheet piles are thin, wide steel piles as shown in Figure 22.7. They are driven into the ground
using a pile hammer. A series of sheet piles in a row form a sheet pile wall, or sometimes used
as a cell as shown in Figure 22.8.
Sometimes it is possible to simply cantilever a short sheet pile out of the ground, as shown in
Figure 22.9. However, it is usually necessary to provide lateral support at one or more levels
above the ground. This may be accomplished in either of two ways: by inter‐ nail braces or by
tieback anchors.
Internal braces are horizontal or diagonal compression members that support the wall, as
shown in Figure 22.9. Tieback anchors are tension members drilled into the ground behind the
wall. The most common type is a grouted anchor with a steel tendon.
9 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshawar)
Figure 22.7: Sheet pile wall
10 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshawar)
Figure 22.8: Sheet pile cells
11 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshaw
D war)
12 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshawar)
Soldier pile walls consist of vertical wide flange steel members with horizontal timber logging.
They are often used as temporary retaining structures for construction excavations, as shown in
Figures 22.10 and 22.11.
13 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshaw
D war)
Figure 22..11: Soldier pile
e wall
14 Dr. Qaiser Iqbal (SUIT Peshawar)
1.1.6. Slurry Walls
Slurry walls are cast‐in‐place concrete walls built using bentonite slurry. The contractor digs a
trench along the proposed wall alignment and keeps it open using the slurry. Then, the
reinforcing steel is inserted and the concrete is placed using tremie pipes or pumps. As the
concrete fills the trench, slurry exits at the ground surface.
Internally stabilized systems in NEXT lecture…………