Pharmaceutical Technology

Exam Answers

By :

Chemic@l BrooSSZZZZZ

Ehab Mohamed
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VI] Compare:

1) Homogenous and Heterogeneous catalysis

Homogenous catalysis: Where the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase
e.g. Acid-base catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis: Where the catalyst and the reactants for separate phases
in a mixture
e.g. finely divided solid in solution

2) Specific and general acid-base catalysis

Specific acid-base catalysis: when the only observable catalytic effects are those
due to the ions formed from the solvent itself; where the rate of the reaction is
proportional to the concentration of the protonated solvent molecules SH+.

General acid and general base catalysis: The effect of buffer components, such as
acetate, phosphate or citrate anions, and the un-dissociated form of the acid is
termed general acid or general base catalysis; where the rate of the reaction is
proportional to the buffer concentration.
 3) Intramuscular and intravenous administration

POC Intramuscular Intravascular

Onset Second to the i.v. route in rapidity of onset of systemic Very Rapid Onset
action.
Duration Could reach several months. Not so long, except for infusions which have controlled
duration.

Peak Concentration Within 1-2 hours Almost instantaneously

Place of injection Relaxed muscle fibers e.g. the gluteal (buttocks), Injected or infused directly into a vein. The upper extremities
deltoid (upper arm), and vastus lateralis (lateral thigh) are chosen whenever possible. The most peripheral veins (e.g.,
muscles. those over the hand or the forearm) are selected for initial use
followed by the median basilica then, the leg veins, femoral or
dorsal foot veins may be utilized. In small children the scalp
veins are used.
Volume injected 1-3 mls with a maximum of 5 mls Can vary from less than 1 ml to in excess of 1000 ml
Drug Form Liquid Solutions: Drugs in solution, aqueous or hydroalcoholic (in small volume,
a. Oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions. can be given by i.v. route.
b. Suspensions (aqueous or oily base) O/W emulsion as a source of calories can be administered.
c. Colloidal suspensions
d. Reconstitutable powders.
Needle 1.5 inch length and range from 19 to 22 gauges. For small volume i.v. injections 1.5 in length, 22 gauge
For intravenous infusion, 1-2-in. long, beveled, 18 to 22 gauge
needle is used.
Plastic (PVC, Teflon or polyethylene) indwelling catheters
eliminate the need for repeated i.v. punctures and for
continuous i.v. infusion in chronic therapy.
4) Septic and Sterile abscess

Sterile abscess: when a large bolus of drug is injected into the muscle, local damage
or muscle infarction.

Septic abscesses: when materials contaminated with microorganisms are injected.

5) Hemodialsis and pretonial dialysis solution

Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions: These are sterile solutions injected continuously into
the abdominal cavity, bathing the peritoneum for 30-90 minutes and are then
continuously withdrawn. The purpose is to remove toxic substances from the body
to counteract some forms of drug or chemical toxicity and to treat acute renal
insufficiency. Toxins or metabolites diffuse into the circulating dialysis fluid through
the peritoneum and are removed. At the same time, excess fluid is removed from
the patient if the glucose content renders the dialysis solution hyperosmotic.

Hemodialysis Solutions: Hemodialysis utilized the same principles as peritoneal

dialysis. Here, the blood leaves the artery via a polyethylene catheter and passes
through a disposable dialyzing membrane unit, which is bathed in an ideal
electrolytic solution simulating body fluids, (hemodyialysis solution). Concentrated
solutions of electrolytes could be prepared and diluted with water for injection at
use. After cycling the blood through the dialyzer, the blood enters the body
through a vein. The process continues for 1-3 hours according to the case.