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Conduction
Conduction
ror Or) 1° 68° Gz a ot ‘conduction Steady state Unsteady term unsteady heat conduction ceiaenarae with internal heat generation isteady conduction ste: eonthiction LOT OT gq” _1aT| | 1.8 ( ar |without with | without cee 10) =. linternal | internal internal jheat heat heat Le @ Beneration generation) generation generation Lea a at, ror “at oer pateRourkela (Odisha), India 1-D Steady State Heat Conductior Problem-12: Water at 100°C is flowing through a circular tube of inner and Institute of Technology Rourkela : Conduction through cylindrical wall Radial heat conduction outer radius of 0.25 and 0.5 m respectively. The outer surface of the tube is 30°C the tube wall. Consider the thermal conductivity of the wall to be 1 W/mK. Find found to be at a temperature of 30°C. Find the temperature distribution across C2] the rate of heat loss to the ambient through the outer surface if the length of the pipe is 30 m. Heat conduction equation: Using BCI: T, =C,In(;)+C, eens Using BC-II: T, =C, In(r,)+C, eee eee C,=T-C,Ing) Ingg)—InG,) »(2) C.=T,-CInG,) 5 Temperature Profile: T=C,In(t)+T,-C,Ing) | T=C,In(r)+T, -C,InG,) T=T, +C,[In(r)-in@)] T=T, +C, [In(r)—In(r,)] T=T, +C,Ine/1) Ti r/t,)1-D Steady State Heat Conduction: Conduction through cylindrical wall Problem-12: Water at 100°C is flowing through a circular tube of inner and outer radius of 0.25 and 0.5 m respectively. The outer surface of the tube is 30°C found to be at a temperature of 30°C. Find the temperature distribution across C2] the tube wall. Consider the thermal conductivity of the wall to be 1 W/mK. Find the rate of heat loss to the ambient through the outer surface if the length of the pipe is 30 m. = 120.25" TT (gg) | YsINBBCE T=C.Inig) +, 105m In(r, /5) Using BCI: T, =C, In(r,) +C, manyhe!) - 8 ©, =T,-CIn@) a Inge) —InG,) (5) ,=T,-C,In) ‘Temperature distribution ‘Temperature Profile: \* T=C,In@)+T,—C,Ing) @ T=C,In)+T, -C, In) 1a, + BE (ern) oe aes T=T,+C,[in@)—in@)] | T=T, +C,fln(e)—Inte)] n(n, /1, i 6/8) | T=T,+CIn(e/y) T +C,In(r/1,)Solution in dimensionless form Problem-12: Water at 100°C is flowing through a circular tube of inner and the pipe is 30 m. outer radius of 0.25 and 0.5 m respectively. The outer surface of the tube is 30°C found to be at a température of 30°C. Find the temperature distribution across the tube wall. Consider the thermal conductivity of the wall to be 1 W/mK. Find the rate of heat loss to the ambient through the outer surface if the length of BCs: R=1, @=1 (BC-l) — es Temperature Profile: R=R, ©=0(8CH)) ta(R ectan,T=T (CH a ee t General solution: © =C, In(R) +C, In(R) r=n,T=T, (BCI) a From BC+: C; =1 Dimensionless parameters: er Now, the general solution is ©=1+C,In(R) 1 From BC-II: =0.25 r=0.5m.Solution in dimensionless form Problem-12: Water at 100°C is flowing through a circular tube of inner and outer radius of 0.25 and 0.5 m respectively. The outer surface of the tube is found to be at a temperature of 30°C. Find the temperature distribution across the tube wall. Consider the thermal conductivity of the wall to be 1 W/mK. Find the rate of heat loss to the ambient through the outer surface if the length of the pipe is 30 m. ‘Temperature Profile: 30°C r=0.25 r=0.5m. 3 373 100 0.736 354.5 81.5 0.514 339.0 66.0 0.321 325.5 52.5 0.152 313.6 40.6 0 303-30me’ Temperature Contoury Department of Mechanical Engineering National institute of Te Rourkela (Odish Temperature Contour 0.95 09 0.85 08 0.75 07 0.65 06 055 05 0.45 04 0.35 03 0.25 02 0.15 o4 0.05 (ME4SI: Heat Transfer Dr. Manoj Kumar MoharanaGo mec reser eran wer ee ee ean Rae Radial heat conduction i {Rourkela (Odisha, nia Problem-15: In a shell and tube heat exchanger steam at 127°C is flowing h,T through a circular tube of inner and outer radius of 2.5 and 5 cm respectively. h, T, ‘The cooling water at 27°C surrounds the tube flowing through the shell for which the convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/m2K. Find the temperature £ distribution across the tube wall for the thermal conductivity of the tube 8g material to be 1 W/mK. Find the rise in temperature of the cooling water if its = 0.025 flow rate is 1.7 kg/sec. Total length of the tube inside the shell is 25 m. Se =0.05 m Heat conduction equation: Using BC-I: T, =C, In(,)+C, ToT eT : a Fears > —C, In(r,) Oe az : 1), T=C,In(r) +T, —C, Ing) or T=T,+C,In(r/y) ie (BC-I) | Using BC-II: ar keg Th TBC) ~(&) a The, General solution: T = (ME4SI: Heat Transfer , In(r) +C, ‘Dr. Manoj Kumar Moharanacece concon RR In a shell and tube heat exchanger steam at 127°C is flowing through a circular tube of inner and outer radius of 2.5 and 5 cm respectively. ‘The cooling water at 27°C surrounds the tube flowing through the shell for which the convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/m2K. Find the temperature distribution across the tube wall for the thermal conductivity of the tube material to be 1 W/mK. Find the rise in temperature of the cooling water if its flow rate is 1.7 kg/sec. Total length of the tube inside the shell is 25 m. ~Eo=1-1.+¢0(*) Using BC-I: T, =C,In(,)+C, " 5 => C,=T,-C, In) as T=C,In(r) +T, -C,In(g) +In| & Fi x T=T,+C,In(r/5) ‘Temperature Profile: Using BC-II: T= Fag) b@LaeeG hy, yeee tai nen canscon RE In a shell and tube heat exchanger steam at 127°C through a circular tube of inner and outer radius of 2.5 and 5 cm respectively. ‘The cooling water at 27°C surrounds the tube flowing through the shell for which the convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/m2K. Find the temperature distribution across the tube wall for the thermal conductivity of the tube material to be 1 W/mK. Find the rise in temperature of the cooling water if its flow rate is 1.7 kg/sec. Total length of the tube inside the shell is 25 m. Yr, } Given: T, =127 °C, T,, a nf hr, 5) k=1W/mK, h=50 W/mK a 110 7c. 0 =2.5em, r,=Sem, L=25m tn=1ke/s =” Heat transfer: Q=—kA 4 r % ar fe 80: cle : 60. 20.25 30 35 40 45 50 55RS Smear aa nea cancon RR In a shell and tube heat exchanger steam at 127°C through a circular tube of inner and outer radius of 2.5 and 5 cm respectively. The cooling water at 27°C surrounds the tube flowing through the shell for which the convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/m2K. Find the temperature distribution across the tube wall for the thermal conductivity of the tube material to be 1 W/mK. Find the rise in temperature of the cooling water if its flow rate is 1.7 kg/sec. Total length of the tube inside the shell is 25 m. () Given: T, =127 °C, T, =27 °C) Heat transfer: 1 )/k=1W/mK, h=50 W/mK 2nx 110x100 oe hah = i 5 =25em, ,=5em,L=25m| 2=—7 =14369.48 W +In(2) th=1ke/s 50x 0.05 Heat transfer: Q= wat Energy balance: Q=m-C, -AT Temperature rise: ® ATa_ 2 2 1BOM aocProblem-16: A layer of insulation 0.25 m thick is wrapped around a solid nuclear rod of 0.5 m diameter which generates energy at a rate of 100 W/m?. The outer surface of the insulation layer is at a temperature of 30°C. Find the ‘temperature distribution across the insulation material. Consider the thermal conductivity of the insulation to be 1 W/mK. Find the heat loss to the ambient through the insulation if the length of the nuclear rod is 30 m. By energy balance: From BC-I: q” q’me2L = q’2mL > 4" o GDE: soc ear EA my Iq =>me Problem-16: A layer of insulation 0.25 m thick is wrapped around a solid nuclear rod of 0.5 m diameter which generates energy at a rate of 100 W/m?. The outer surface of the insulation layer is at a temperature of 30°C. Find the 30:¢ ] temperature distribution across the insulation material. Consider the thermal conductivity of the insulation to be 1 W/mK. Find the heat loss to the q 4 ambient through the insulation if the length of the nuclear rod is 30 m. ‘Temperature Profile: Given: r, = 0.25 m, r, = 0.5 m, T, = 30°C, q”=100 W/m’, =a 0.25 305.16 32.166 : 03 304.59 31.596 =-#0m(-$5] -avtav 035 304.11 31.114 = 0.4 303.69 30.697 0.45 303.32 30.329 05 303 300 Heat transfer: Q = 7x100%x30x(0.25) = 589.04 WProblem-17: In a nuclear reactor 2 cm diameter cylindrical nuclear fuel rod is cooled by water. Heat is generated uniformly within the nuclear rod (k = 25 W/mK) at a rate of 500x10° W/m, If the outer surface temperature of the rod is at 250°C, find the + ‘temperature at the centre of the nuclear fuel rod. 16 (00) dt ae Sa GDE: 12(-2). =0 From BC-: C,=0 Se aT BCs: r=0, =0 - i; T,=-2- Tv a (BC-I) From BC-II: T, ae r=n,T=T, (Bc-ll) ‘Temperature Profile: General solution: ee i agen jeneral solution: pe Se ae 4k 4k ak OF aS a@ 2k Centre line temperature: pede T=-Tr +Cn+c, | 7 oa) aR 23+ Oat xo0y =573K =300°C xProblem-18: A cylinder of diameter 0.2 m, of 1000 w/m? is placed in ambient fluid at a temperature of 30°C. Find the radial temperature distribution considering that it is a very long cylinder compared to its diameter. Given the thermal conductivity of the cylinder material is 1 w/mk, and the convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 w/m?k. Calculate (i) total heat loss to the ambient per unit length of the cylinder (ii) heat flux on the surface of the cylinder. GDE: BCs:Problem-18: A solid cylinder of diameter 0.2 m, of 1000 w/m? is placed in ambient fluid at a temperature of 30°C. Find the radial ‘temperature distribution considering that it is a very long cylinder compared to its| h- Tx h, T, diameter. Given the thermal conductivity of the cylinder material is 1 w/mK, and the convective heat transfer coefficient is SO w/m*K. Calculate (i) total heat loss to the ambient per unit length of the cylinder (ii) heat flux on the surface of the cylinder. 7% ‘Temperature Profile: (- r(m)| T(x) | T(ec) T=T,+ 4 a 306.5 33.5 0.025 306.34 33.34 - 0.05 305.87 32.87 0.075 305.09 32.09 0.1 304 31 000 ues 0030 oars: 0100 Fm)Problem-18: A solid cylinder of diameter 0.2 m, of 1000 w/m? is placed in ambient fluid at a temperature of 30°C. Find the radial ‘temperature distribution considering that it is a very long cylinder compared to its | + T diameter. Given the thermal conductivity of the cylinder material is 1 w/mk, and the convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 w/m?K. Calculate (i) total heat loss to the ambient per unit length of the cylinder (ii) heat flux on the surface of the cylinder. ‘Temperature Profile: 4 ba) LOS | aie) a 306.5 © 33.5 0.025 306.34 33.34 0.05 305.87 32.87 0.075 305.09 32.09 o1 30403 Heat loss to the ambient: (per unit length)maintained between the two ends of an electrical wire of 0.5 m length and 2 mm diameter. The thermal conductivity of the wire material is 15 w/mk, and the resistivity of the wire is 60 yO-cm. If the surface temperature of the wire is 80 °C, calculate the temperature at the center of | T, = 80 °C the electrical wire. Given: Centre line temperature: V=12v, 1, =0.1om, L=50 em Kk =15 w/mK, p = 60 hO-em, T, =353 K i pL Electrical resistance: p=—— > R=—— lectrical resistance: p =~ a 2 Power generated: p= vi = ¥— = AV~ R= ob P Power generated per unit volume: 4” =“ AVI VG 12x12 = = = ___ = 960 mw /m* 4 960x108 x(0.001)* LAL pl 60x10*x(0.5) =353 li fr pe 2 4x15 =369KProblem-20: A circular rod of infinite length generates energy continuously with and gets convected to the ambient fluid. Prove that for a given heat release rate per unit length, the maximum radial temperature difference in it is independent of its |), diameter. ‘Temperature profile: ‘Total heat release to ambient fluid: ee Tet, +24 /1- ae al = dT! in, OAT “kKomt)(-£E Centre line temperature: Tok Heat release rate per unit length: T.=TL., =H (1.2) 4k ‘Surface temperature: - Maximum radial temperature difference in the rod: r-1-28 4k | ME4Si:Heat Transfer i Maint] Kumar MoharanaSS Hextenctinautonincem Heat Conduction Equation: Cartesian coordinate system For constant thermal conductivity: 2 eG) e at +2(c2 sarap, a aT g"_ lar ex ox) ay ay) az az ao oe Oy ak aa Cylindrical coordinate system 1é oT Lé6f, er é(,6T eee k 12 a). 4 a a) -2/ z).. Coordinate transformation: x =rcos0, y=rsin0, z=z ‘Spherical coordinate system 16 oT LO (oF 1-4 = OT we oO Fal) raargaa tae) Pangan Ent) -P8() For constant thermal conductivity: i a3(r2}- i gt é aT) q” (4) 7 apo + <| sino |+2 =-|— Pal a) rsin’?¢ do? rsingal” "a) k alat = Zenith angle (0° <$ <180°) or Lan) ae a lear "Var ro or) 08 Of ka & x=reosOsing Azimuthal angle (0° <@<360°) yy ~rsinOsing,ner and the outer surface of a sphere is found to be at a| temperature of 100°C and 30°C respectively. Find the temperature distribution across the sphere wall for inner and outer radius of 0.25 and 0.5 m respectively . Consider the thermal conductivity of the wall to be 1 W/mK. | Find the rate of heat loss to the ambient through the outer surface. ue aie a aaa) s=|r=|+ ral or t Heat conduction equatio generalized form | en Yr &' or (BC-I) Scares T= ren,T General solution: Cc, tTProblem-21: The inner and the outer surface of a sphere is found to be at a temperature of 100°C and 30°C respectively. Find the temperature distribution across the sphere wall for inner and outer radius of 0.25 and 0.5 m respectively . Consider the thermal conductivity of the wall to be 1 W/mK. Find the rate of heat loss to the ambient through the outer surface. T-T, coef YE) Temperature distribution toProblem-21: The inner and the outer surface of a sphere is found to be at a temperature of 100°C and 30°C respectively. Find the temperature distribution across the sphere wall for inner and outer radius of 0.25 and 0.5 ) m respectively . Consider the thermal conductivity of the wall to be 1 W/mK. Find the rate of heat loss to the ambient through the outer surface. Let) fat 15 wr-a-tf7-)/(5-2) ee Teriper ties dr tabu Given: 1, =0.25 m, r, =0.5 m, T, =100 °C, T, =30 °C, k=1 WimK. Tt (ly Heat transfer: ( ree T-1,Etat cndconn nt Problem-22: The inner surface of a hollow spherical container is at constant ‘temperature of 127°C while heat transfer by convection occurs from its outer surface to the surrounding fluid at 27°C. The inner and the outer radius of the container are 2.5 and 5 m respectively. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/mK. Find the temperature distribution across the wall if the thermal conductivity of the wall material is 1 W/mK. Find the heat transfer by convection to the ambient fluid. GDE: 22(e a ro cece (BC-1)Problem-22: The inner surface of a hollow spherical container is at constant temperature of 127°C while heat transfer by convection occurs from its outer surface to the surrounding fluid at 27°C. The inner and the outer radius of the container are 2.5 and 5 m respectively. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/mK. Find the temperature distribution across the wall if the thermal conductivity of the wall material is 1 W/mK. Find the heat transfer by convection to the ambient fluid, ‘Temperature Profile:me Problem-23: A solid sphere of diameter 0.3 m, with internal heat generation at rate of 30,000 W/m? is placed in ambient fluid at a temperature of 30°C. Find the radial ‘temperature distribution considering that there is no temperature gradient along the angular directions. Given the thermal conductivity of the sphere material is 4.5 W/mK, and the convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/mK. Calculate (i) total heat loss to the ambient (ii) heat flux on the surface of the sphere. Also find centerline and surface temperature. ie 44(00).2 General solution:4 Problem-23: A solid sphere of diameter 0.3 m, with internal heat generation at rate of 30,000 W/m? is placed in ambient fluid at a temperature of 30°C. Find the radial ‘temperature distribution considering that there is no temperature gradient along the angular directions. Given the thermal conductivity of the sphere material is 4.5 W/mK, and the convective heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/mK. Calculate (i) total heat loss to the ambient (ii) heat flux on the surface of the sphere. Also find centerline and surface temperature. md 2 30000% 0.15 4, _4xmx(0.15)’ x30000 So ae =1500 Wim" = 424.115 W