I.K.G. P.T.

U
CAMPUS
MOHALI-II

REPORT ON
PRE-FARICATION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
AND MATERIALS
(BACH-802)

SUBMITTED TO:
AR. DAMANDEEP KAUR

SUBMITTED BY:
RAJAN (1731684)
KANU PRIYA (1736252)
CONTENTS
Table of Contents ........................................................................................... Page No.
Part I – Introduction ...................................................................................... (1)
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................... (2)
1.2 Definition ....................................................................................... (2)
1.3 Need of pre-fabrication .................................................................. (2)
1.4 Uses of pre-fabrication ................................................................... (2)
1.5 Advantages and Dis-advantages of pre-fabrication ....................... (3)
Part II – Classification ................................................................................... (4)
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................... (4)
2.2 Volumetric pre-fabrication............................................................. (4)
2.2.1 Definition ............................................................................ (4)
2.2.2 Uses ..................................................................................... (4)
2.2.3 Advantages .......................................................................... (4)
2.3 Panellised pre-fabrication .............................................................. (5)
2.3.1 Definition ............................................................................ (5)
2.3.2 Uses ..................................................................................... (5)
2.3.3 Advantages .......................................................................... (5)
2.4 Classification on basis of site ......................................................... (6)
2.5 Classification on basis of degree of precast structure .................... (6)
2.3.1 Small prefabrication ............................................................ (6)
2.3.2 Medium prefabrication........................................................ (7)
2.3.3 Large prefabrication ............................................................ (7)
2.3.1 Open system prefabrication ................................................ (7)
2.3.2 Closed system prefabrication .............................................. (7)
2.3.3 Partial prefabrication ........................................................... (8)
2.3.3 Total prefabrication ............................................................. (8)
Part III – Details of prefabrication............................................................... (9)

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Part-I Introduction
1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 DEFINITION

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling

components of a structure in a factory or other
manufacturing site, and transporting complete
assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction
site where the structure is to be located

Prefabricated building is the completely

assembled and erected building of which is the
structural parts consist of prefabricated individual
units or assemblies using ordinary or controlled
materials.

FIG 1.: - PRE-FRABRICATED COMPONENT

1.3 NEED
 Shortage of skilled labour
 Need for increased construction quality at lower cost
 Need to improve construction productivity
 Need for more sustainable solution

1.4 USES
 The most widely used form of prefabrication in building and civil engineering is
the use of concrete and steel sections in structures where a particular part or form
is repeated more times.
 Pre fabrication steel sections reduce on site cutting and welding cost as well as the
associated hazards
 The technique is also used in office blocks, warehouses and factory buildings.
 Prefabricated steel and glass sections are widely used for the exterior of large
building.

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 1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRE-FABRICATION

Advantages of pre-fabrication
 Self-supporting readymade components are used. So The need for work shuttering and
scaffolding is greatly reduced.
 Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner allowing an earlier
return of the capital invested.
 On site construction and congestion is mini mixed.
 Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a construction site
setting.
 Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily available and costs of
labour, power, materials, space and overheads are lower.
 Time spend in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction site is
minimized.
Dis-advantages of pre-fabrication

 Road transport maximum widths.

 The need for police escorts.
 Height restrictions under bridges.
 Daytime traffic restrictions in city centres.
 Maximum load capacities of site crane age and temporary gantries.
 Additional cost of temporary bracing for transportation and/or lifting or permanent framing
to support prefabricated assemblies.
 Additional cost of pre-assembly in the factory prior
to dismantling for transport and delivery.
 The in-situ work abutting prefabricated assemblies requires a higher degree of accuracy
than is normally associated with on-site building work to avoid interface problems.
 A mistake in the mass production of prefabricated elements ahead of the
measurable site work is a serious risk. Reputedly there is a field in which
sixty prefabricated concrete staircases are buried as they had been
incorrectly manufactured for a tower block in the City of London.
 Sustainability is an issue regarding the transportation of the materials to the construction
site.
 Factory production requires predictable and consistent demand, whereas construction tends
to require large numbers at the same time, then none

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Part-II Classification
2.1 INTRODUCTION
There are two main types of prefabrication, namely

 Volumetric (often referred to as 'modular')

 Panellised
Both of these types of construction can be achieved in timber, steel and concrete, and can also
be mixed within the same scheme.

2.2 VOLUMETRIC PRE-FABRICATION

 Volumetric Construction involves the production of 3D units in controlled factory
conditions, prior to transportation to site.
 This method of construction enables the client and the architect much greater
flexibility when selecting on external finish.
2.2.1 USES

 The method is suited to building with lots of repetitive design such as houses,
hotels, schools.
 They are used in remote and rural areas where conventional construction may not
be reasonable or possible.
 They can also be used in areas that have weather concerns.

2.2.2 ADVANTAGES
 Cost effective
 Time efficiency
 Less labour at site

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2.3 PANELLISED PRE-FABRICATION
 It is the technique of using an off-site manufacturing facility to build walls, floors
and ceiling in a highly controlled environment.
 These panels form a non-line structure
 Both vertical & horizontal panels resist gravity load.

2.2.1 USES
 Construction can be done under all weather conditions- very hot, very cold, snow
and sludge.
 Panelization is also an environmental friendly way to built
 Easier method of prefabrication than other methods
 Transporting materials is similar and less expensive.
 It is easier to stay on budget because more of the design must be completed before
construction will begin

2.2.2 ADVANTAGES
 Lower construction cost
 Lower disposal cost
 Smaller environmental impact

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2.4 CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF SITE
There are two main types of prefabrication, namely

 On-Site fabrication
 Off-Site fabrication

One of the main factor which affect the factory prefabrication is transport. The width of mad
walls, mode of transport, vehicles are the factors which prefabrication is to be done on site on
factory.

Suppose the factory situated at a long distance from the construction site and the vehicle have
to cross a congested traffic with heavy weighed elements the cost in side prefabrication is
preferred even though the same condition is the cast in site prefabrication is preferred only
when number of houses and more for small elements the conveyance is easier with normal
type of lorry and trailers. Therefore, we can adopt factory (or) OFF site prefabrication for this
type of construction.

2.5 CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF DEGREE OF PRECAST CONSTRUCTION

The Prefabrication is classified as follow from the view of degree of Precast
construction.
 Small prefabrication
 Medium Prefabrication
 Large Prefabrication
 Open system of prefabrication
 Closed system of prefabrication
 Partial prefabrication
 Total prefabrication

The first 3 types are mainly classified according to their degree of precast
2.5.1 SMALL PRE-FABRICATION

Elements using in that construction for e.g.:

brick is a small unit precast and used in
building. This is called as small
prefabrication. That the degree of precast
element is very low.

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2.5.2 MEDIUM PRE-FABRICATION

Suppose the roofing systems and horizontal members are provided

with pretested elements those constructions are known as medium
prefabricated construction here the degree of precast elements is
moderate.

2.5.3 LARGE PRE-FABRICATION

In large prefabrication most of the members like wall

panels, roofing / flooring Systems, beams and columns
are prefabricated. Here degree of precast elements is
high.

2.5.4 OPEN SYSTEM OF PREFABRICATION

In the total prefabrication systems, the space framers

are casted as a single unit and erected at the site. The
wall fitting and other fixing are done on site. This type
of construction is known as open system of
prefabrication.

2.5.5 CLOSED SYSTEM OF PREFABRICATION

In this system the whole things are casted with fixings

and erected on their position.

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2.5.6 PARTIAL PREFABRICATION

In this method of construction, the building

element (mostly horizontal) required are
precast and then erected. Since the costing
of horizontal elements (roof / floor) often
take their time due to erection of from work
the completion of the building is delayed
and hence this method is restored/

This method is efficient when the elements

are readily available when the building
reached the roof level. The delay caused
due to erection of formwork, delay due to
removal eliminated completely in this method of construction Suitable for any type of building
provided lifting and erection equipment’s are available.

2.5.7 TOTAL PREFABRICATION

Very high speed can be achieved by using this

method of construction. The method can be
employed for frame type of construction or for
panel type of or the total prefabrication can be
on site or off-site. The choice of these two
methods depend on the situations when the
factory produced elements are transported and
erected site we call if off-site prefabrication.

If this method is to be adopted, then we have a

very good transportation of the products to site.
If the elements are cast near the building site
and erected, the transportation of elements can
be eliminated, but we have considered the
space availability for establish such facilities
though it is temporary. The choice of the
method of construction also depends on the
following;
1. Type of equipment available for erection and transport.
2. Type of structural scheme (linear elements or panel)
3. Type of connections between elements.
4. Special equipment devised for special method construction.

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Part-III Details of Pre-Fabrication

FIG 2.: - FOUNDATION TO WALL CONNECTION

FIG 3.: - FOUNDATION CONNECTION

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 FIG 4.: - WALL TO SLAB CONNECTION

FIG 5.: - SLAB BEAM COLUMN CONNECTION

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 FIG 6.: - BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION

FIG 7.: - COLUMN TO COLUMN CONNECTION

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