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维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.

com

ACTA 
METALLURGI
CA 
SINI
CA (
ENGLI
SH 
LETTERS)
 
Vo1
.17 
N o.4 
PP 
471・
476 
A ugust
 2004 

D ETERM IN AT10N A N D A PPLICAT10 N 0F LA R S0 N.M ILLER  


PAR A M ETER  
F0 R H EAT R ESISTAN T STEEL 
12CrlM 0V A N D 15CrM 0 

R.
c.Yang,K .Chen.H.
x.Feng and H.W ang 
State Key Lab. of
 Advanced Nonf
errous M ateri
als,Lanzhou Uni
versi
ty of
 Technol
ogy,Lanzhou 730050 
Chi
na 
M anuscri
pt recei
ved 31
 M ay 2004 

Ba
sed 
on 
the
 anal
ysi
s and 
pro
ces
sing
 on 
rel
ati
ve 
empi
ric
al{
ormul
a and 
dat
a}C-
val
ues
 
饥 Larson・Mill
er  e x
pr
es si
o n,P =T(C+l g 
t),have
 det
ermined br pe
arl
it
ic 
heat
 
es
r is
tant s
tee
t 12Cr
lMoV and 15CrMo(
2O.62
 and 
2o.3o).The 
simulati
on e
pe
x ime
r nts
 
of 
high
 temperatur
e aging,he at
d 
e fr
o m 1.
5 t
o 873 hours,have been designe
d a nd 
per
fome
r d 
br its
 ver
ific
atio
n.And  in combi
nat
ion wit
h publ
ishe
d in
for
m at ion and t
he 
pr
esent
 nearl
y q
ua nti
tat
ive 
wo rks
,it
 ha
s  f
urt
her
 bee
n veif
rte
d  t
hat 
both 
the degadat
r i
ons 
of 
micros
truct
ur
es  and mechanial
c  
propeti
r e
s s
how a good a
ccur
ac y
 and prac t
iab
c i
lit
y 
usi
ng t
he 
Larson—
Mil
ler 
par
a m et
er wi
th t
he pr
e sent
 deter
m i
ned 
C.val
ues.Fi
nal
ly.t
he 

fect
s o
f arb
c on c
ont
ent
 on 
C—val
ue 
ar
e anal
yzd 
e by
 the
 empi
ic
r al
 el
ct
e on 
r the
ory o
f 
sol
ids
 and 
mol
ecul
es(
EE引 .
 
K EY W OR D S  pearl
iti
c heat
—r
e si
stant
 st
eel
,Larson—
Mil
ler 
par
a met
er,agi
ng.va—
 

ence el
ect
o n st
r ruct
ure 

1.Introducti
on 

Pearl
iti
c heat
 resi
stant
 st
eel
s ar
e t
he 
m os
t wi
del
y used mat
eri
als
 in 
power
 engi
neer
ing.
 
such 
as hi
gh pr
essure 
boi
ler
 pi
pes,especi
all
y 1
 2CrlM oV 
and 15Cr
M o.Indust
rial
 pract
ice 
and 
res
ear
ch hav
e s
howe
d t
hat
,af
ter
 hi
gh—
tempe
rat
ure(
550
-65
0。C)ope
rat
ion 
for
 a 
long
 
ti
me,mi
cros
tructures
 and pr
opert
ies
 of
 pearl
ite-
type l
ow carbon—
low al
loy heat
 res
ist
ant
 
st
eel
s wi
ll
 deteri
orat
e.Thes
e vari
ati
ons
 incl
ude 
the 
dil
uti
on 
of 
all
oy 
element
s.t
he 
trans
for
— 
m at
ion 
of 
carbi
de 
type
 and 
coars
eni
ng,the 
spheroi
dizi
ng 
of 
pearl
ite 
and 
the 
degradat
ion 
of 
m echani
cal
 pr
opert
ies
 rel
ati
vel
y,whi
ch wi
ll l
ead 
to progres
sive 
creep dam age 
and rupt
ure 
inal
f ly.
 
The 
m ai
n f
act
ors
 of
 the 
above 
agi
ng f
act
s are 
tem per
atur
e and t
im e.Because
 of
 versa-
 
ti
lit
y and 
com pl
exi
ty 
of 
servi
ce 
condi
tions
 in 
high 
tem peratur
e equi
pm ents,and 
in 
order
 to 

de
scr
ibe
 the
 combi
ned 
act
ion 
of 
the
m,t
empe
rat
ure
 T(
K)a
nd 
ti
me 
t(hour
1,Lar
son—
Mil
le
r 

ara
met
er 
P=T(
C+l
g 
t1
 i
s 
gen
era
ll
y u
sed[
1-3
]to
 ev
alua
te 
the
 hi
gh 
tempe
rat
ure
 be
hav
. 

ors
 and pr
edi
ct runni
ng 
lif
e of
 heat
—resi
stant
 st
eel
 com ponents
 under
 the ca
s e of
 known 
C—
va.

1】es【
4—7
1 . 

2. D eterm i
nati
on of
 C—V.
alue of 
Larson.M i
ller Param eter 

Am ong t
he pa
st wor
ks,the val
ue of
 paramet
er C of
 L—
M  expr
essi
on i
s al
ways
 si
m pl
y 

aken 
s 
a 20,and 
somet
im es
 15,l
ea
ding 
to 
its
 im per
fect
 resul
ts 
and 
scat
ter
 of
 experi
m ental
 
dat
a.It
 is
 obvi
ous
 fr
om i
ts l
ogari
thmi
c expr
ess
ion,t
hat
 C・
val
ue ha
s  a si
gni
icant
f  efect
 
on Lar
son—
Mil
ler
 parameter.From 
publ
ished 
lit
erat
ures,i
t can 
be 
thought
 that
 C—
val
ue 
is 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

472
 

m ai
nly t
he f
uncti
on of
 car
bon cont
ent
 

n pearl
iti
c st
eel
 and 
all
oy 
element
 has 
no si
gni
icant
f  rol
e.  As
 the
 fir
st de-
 
gr
ee approxi
m at
ion,t
he efect
s of
 car
— 
bon 
cont
ent
 have
 been 
onl
y consi
dered 

n the pr
esent
 paper.Hence,ref
err
ing 

o t
he publ
ished works
 of
 Hol
lomon—
 
Jafe 
tem peri
ng 
param et
er[
s】whi
ch 
has 

he 
sam e
 expr
essi
on 
wit
h Lar
son—
Mil
ler
 
par
am et
er and other
 rel
ati
ve i
nforma-
 

ion,t
he 
C—val
ue 
am ong Lar
son—
Mil
ler 
expr
essi
on f
or 12CrlMoV and 15CrMo  C 
cont
ent
.wt
% 
Fi
g.1
 Rel
ati
onshi
p between C par
amet
er and 
r e det
a erm i
ned a
s  20.
62  and 20.
30 
carbon cont
ent.
 

Fig.
1)u
sin
g l
ine
r 
a r
egr
ess
ion
 an
d i
n・ 

erpol
ati
on m et
hod.
 

3. Experi
m ental
 

For
 12CrlMoV steel
,the si
mul
a- 
ti
on 
experi
m ent
s a
r e 
desi
gned and 
per—
 

orm ed.∞
anI
c田^.
coU
rd 
ing to the servi
ce l
if
e  一
>z一∞∞oc ∞工  一
>工一∞∞ocpJ
∞c 
sJo o一
> 

of
 bol
ier
 pi
pe of
 10 year
s at
 580o
C 

P=21
853
 wi
th 
C equa
l t
o 20.
621
,for
 
veri
icat
f ion t
o the pres
ent
 work. The 

est
ed P par
am et
ers
 ar e di
vided i
nto 
11
 g
r ade
s f
rom 
20000 
to 
22687.that
 iS.
 
Temper
atur
e.o
C 

he agi
ng at
 650,670,690,710,730  Fi
g.2 Rel
ati
onshi
p betwe
e n ha
r dnes
s and agi
ng 
and 750 ̄
C f
or f
rom 1.
5 to 873 hour
s  tem perature.
 

res
pect
ivel
y and va
riat
ions
 of
 ha
r dness
 
and chemi
cal
 compos
iti
ons
 by EDS i
n 
sol
uti
on m at
rix are m ea
s ured.
  It
 ha
s 
been f
ound that, i
n the sam e P pa-
 
ram eter
 wi
th the 
above 
determ i
ned C.
 
va
lue(
20.
621
 or
f  
dife
rent
 combi
nat
ions
 
of
 T and t.t
he m ec
hani
cal
 proper
ty 

Vic
ker
s ha
rdne
ss)i
s a
lmos
t i
dent
ica
l 

Fig.
2),and 
the
 mat
rx 
i har
dne
ss 
aft
er 
agi
ng,see 
Fig.
3,l
inea
rly 
vari
es 
wit
h L—
 
M  pa
r ameter.Al
so,the 
dil
uti
on 
of 
M o 

ont
ent(
Fig.
41 and ot
her
 el
ement
s i
n  P val
ue 

12CrlMoV mat
rix exhi
bit
s good con—
  Fi
g.3 Rel
ati
onshi
p betwe
e n 
the 
Vickers
 ha
r dness
 
of 
matr
ix a
n d P val
ue 
in 12CrlM oV.
 
si
stence 
with the 
incr
eas e 
of 
P val
ue.
 

4.A ppl
icati
ons 

In combi
nati
on wi
th t
he publ
ished dat
a f
or 12Cr1M oV,15Cr
M o and pr
esent
 nearl
y 
quant
itat
ive 
n al
a ysi
s wor
ks t
o mi
crost
ruct
ures
 and proper
ties
 of
 12Cr1MoV,t
he 
fol
lowi
ng 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

473 .
 


/d葺 .
芒3c8 旦2  .
oI1
BJ呈z 

P val
ue  P val
ue 
Fi
g.4 Vari
ati
on of
 M o cont
ent
 in matri
x duri
ng  .


 Variat
ion of
 Cr
 rat
io(
Cr 
of mat
rx/t
i otal
 
agi
ng.
 
Cr
)wi t
h P. 

P val
ue  Pval
ue 

Fi
g.6
 Variat
ion 
of 
Mo 
rat
io(
Mo 
of 
mat
rx/t
i otal
  Fi
g.7 Vari
ati
ons
 of 
spheroi
dizi
ng degree wi
th P 
Mo)with 
P.  val
ue i
n 12CrlM oV.
 


act
s ar
e descri
bed,to 
exam i
ne 
furt
her
 the
 pract
ical
ity 
of 
the 
above 
wor
k . 



 De
scr
ipt
ion 
of 
vaiat
r ions
 of 
compo
sit
ions
 and 
mic
ros
truc
tur
es 
The
 va
riat
ions
 of
 al
loy el
ements
 in 15Cr
M o st
eel
 m at
rix wi
th the 
cal
cul
ated P va
lue 

usi
ng C=2
0.30)af
ter
 hi
gh 
tempe
rat
ure
 agi
ng a
re 
sho
wn 
in Fi
gs.5
 and 6
 in 
whi
ch 
the
 
di
lut
ion 
of 
all
oy 
element
s i
n sol
uti
on i
s obvi
ous.
 

Ac c
ordi
ng aut
hor’
s 
work,by 
means 
of 
quant
itati
ve 
me t
all
ogra
phy 
in 
SEM,duri
ng 
aging,
 

err
iti
c g
rai
n rows
g  f
rom 1
5.34#m under
 i
nit
il 
a condit
ion(P =0)to
 25.
60#m 
at 
P=2 2687:
 
and Fi
g.7 i
s t
he vari
ati
ons
 of
 spher
oidi
zati
on deg
r ee wi
th P pa
r ameter
s f
or 12CrlM oV 


usi
ng 
C=2
0.6
2),a
fte
r hi
gh 
tempe
rat
ure
 ag
ing.Tabl
e 1
 is
 the
 re
lat
ions
hip
 be
twe
en 
ten—
r  
perature and time f
or  t
he fourth gr ade of 
pearl
iti
c spheroidi
zation t
o 12Cr1M oV whos e ,

er
rors of the 
calculated P par am eter,using t
he above determined C— val
ue,are
 les
s than 
8.
6%.Anot
her
 exampl
e i
s t
he 
bur
st 
rec
ord 
of 
boi
ler
 pi
pe 
of 
a po
wer
 pl
ant
 fmor
e t
han 
the
 
ff
ith ra
gde  s
pheroidiz
ati
on),i
n whic
h the
 cal
cul
ated P pa
rame ter
s(a
lso usi
ng C=2
0.62)
 
re
a  a
stoni
shin
【gl
y clo
se t
o e
ach
 othe
r and 
AP/ P 
iS 
1ess
 than 
0.0027%(Table
 2).
 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com


474 

Tabl
e 1
 rel
ati
onshi
p between ti
m e of
 ful
l spher
oidi
zati
on and tem perature i
n 
12Cr1M oV 


∞工一∞∞∞亡pJ
∞c 
lI
∞uI

I∞

Tabl
e 2 P 
val
ue duri
ng boi
ler
 pi
pe bur
st i
n 12Cr1M oV 



 De
scr
ipt
ion 
of 
mec
hani
caf
 pr
oper
tie
s a
nd托  e
val
uat
ion 
∞  .
S矗亡9J
lS 
Q∞9J

The nearl
y l
inear
 rel
ati
onshi
p bet
ween the pr
esent
 cal
cul
ated P val
ues
 and hardness
 


HB)o
f 1
5Cr
Mo 
aft
er 
long
—te
rm 
agi
ng 
at 
550
,60
0 a
nd 
650
 ̄C 
is
 i
n Fi
g.8
.Fi
g.
9 s
hows
 th
e 
var
iati
on of
 103h 
rupt
ure 
strength 
wit
h the 
cal
cul
ated P val
ue of
 15CrM o . 

Dur
ing 
rupture
 to 
boi
ler
 pi
pe,t
her
e i
s t
he 
fol
lowi
ng 
rel
ati
ons
hip 
bet
ween P param et
er 

Pt)and 
wor
king
 st
res
s f
 1[
1j
 

Pt=K1+K2
 l
g  (
1) 
Here K 1
 and K 2
 is
 two cons
tant
s,and f
or 15CrM o,the cal
cul
ated P val
ue has good 


near
 re
lat
ionshi
p wit
h l
g f Fi
g.1
0).If 
a boi
le
r p
ipe
 ha
s r
un or
f  
to
 hours
 at
 te
mpe r
atur
e 

o,fr
om Eq.
( 1
)and Lars
on—
Mi l

er 
parameter
 P0=TO(c+lg t
o),
the 
resi
dual
 P pra
a mete
r 

Pr)and
 re
sidual
 l
ife(
tr)ca
n be 
deri
ved 
180 

150 

120 

60 

P val
ue  P val
ue 
Fi
g.8 Vari
ati
on of
 Bri
nel
l ha
r dness 
with 
P val
ue  Fi
g.9 Vari
ati
on of
 creep 
str
ength 
with 
P val
ue 
in 

n agi
ng 15CrMo.
  15CrM 0.
 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com


475 .
 


g a,MPa  I
g a,MPa 

Fi
g.10 Rel
ati
onshi
p between R and 
lg仃  Fi
g.1
 1
 Re
lat
ions
hip 
bet
wee
n Pr
 and 
lg盯a
fter
 run-
 
ni
ng 101794 hours
 at
 540。
C. 

Pr=K1+K2
 l
g  一To(
C+l
gto)
 


r: 10(
Pt—Po
)/Tr
—c 

And t
he l
inear
 rel
ati
onshi
p bet
ween t
he cal
cul
ated Pr
 and l
g  f
or 1
 5Cr
M o f
usi
ng 
C=20.
30)ha
s be
en v
eri
ie
f d a
gai
n(Fi
g.1
1)t
hroug
h s
ome
 runni
ng 
inf
ormat
ion 
from one
 
power
 pl
ant.
 

5.E  cts of
 Carbon Content
 on C—Val
ue 

Ac
cor
ding
 to
 Ar
rhe
nius
 re
act
ion
 ra
te 
V=A 
exp(
一Q/
RT)a
nd 
t・A 
exp(
一Q/
RT)=1
 

or 
transf
orm ati
on 
quant
ity a
s one 
uni
t,the 
fol
lowi
ng 
equat
ion can be
 obtai
ned 

Q/
2.3
R=T(
1g 
A+l
gt):T(
C+l
gt)=P 
Then.C = l
g A and A havi
ng mi
cros
tructural
 meani
ng of
 at
om number
 n l
ocated at
 
me
tst
a abl
e s
tat
e and
 it
s vi
brat
ion
 fr
eque
ncy(
 )t
endi
ng 
to c
limb t
he pot
ent
ial
 bar
rie
r 

SO A 。
(n )
.In 
the
 pr
ese
nt 
wor
k,t
he 
val
enc
e el
ect
ron 
str
uct
ure
 of
 12
Crl
MoV 
sol
uti
on 
m at
rix 
has 
be n 
establ
ished[
9J
 us
ing 
the 
Empi
rical
 El
ect
ron 
Theory 
of 
Sol
id 
and 
M ol
ecul
es 

EET)
【lU
j I
t ha
s be
en 
ound t
f hat
 car
bon at
om c
an j
oin
 fir
mly i
nto s
trong
 oc
tahe
dral
 
cl
ust
er 
with 
the 
near
est
 iron 
or 
other 
all
oy 
element
 atoms,but
 the 
bondi
ng 
forces
 bet
ween 

hes
e me
tal
 at
oms
 and 
the
ir 
sur
roundi
ng 
ato
ms(
als
o me
tal
 at
oms)a
re 
reduc
ed 
by 
about
 
3 t0 2 ti
mes,e.
口.,bond energy of
 Fe-
Fe f
rom 14.
2827 t
o 7.
9543kJ・
mol
~ and Cr—
Fe f
rom 
16.
0721
 to 
9.0060kJ.
m ol
—1.Ther
efor
e,on 
the
 one 
hand,carbon 
atom s
 in 
sol
uti
on can 
bind 

he 
mot
ion 
of 
the
 ne
are
st 
nei
ghbo
rs(
caus
ing
 me
tst
a abl
e s
tat
e at
om 
numbe
r n 
dec
rea
se)
, 
and 
on 
the
 other
 hand,weaken t
he 
bond 
linkage 
of 
the 
second 
neares
t i
ron 
or 
all
oy 
element
 
at
oms(
caus
ing 
vibr
ati
on f
reque
ncy  l
owe
r). As
 a r
esul
t,C—
val
ue(
C =I
g 
A )among 
Larson-
Mil
ler
 parameter
 decr
eases
 wi
th the i
ncrea
s e of
 carbon content
 in pearl
iti
c heat
 

esi
stant
 st
eel
,and S
O.i
n t
he pr
esent
 work,t
he 
C—val
ue of
 12CrlMoV wi
th l
ower
 car
bon 
cont
ent
 iS
 det
ermi
ned a
s 20.
62 and t
hat
 of
 15CrMo wi
th 
higher
 car
bon 
content
 20.
30.
 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

476 

6.C oncl
usi
ons
 


1)Pa
rame
ter
 C 
in 
Lar
son
—Mi
ll
er
 exp
res
si
on 
P=T(
C+l
g 
t)a
s a
 ma
ter
ia1
 c
ons
tan
t,i
S 
a 
signi
icant
f  fact
or.Based 
on 
the
 anal
ysi
s and 
processi
ng 
on 
rel
ati
ve 
em pi
rical
 for
m ul
a and 
data.the 
C—val
ues 
for
 pearl
iti
c heat
 resi
stant
 st
ee1
 12CrlM oV 
and 15C:
rM o 
are
 det
ermi
ned 
s 
a 20.
62 and 
20.
30 
rel
ati
vel
y. 

2)For
 12
Cr1
M0V,t
he 
prac
tic
ali
ty 
of 
the
 de
ter
mine
d C—
val
ues
 ha
s be
en 
ver
iied
f  by 

he r
esul
ts of
 m atr
ix hardness
 and composi
tion var
iati
on af
ter
 hi
gh tem per
ature
 agi
ng 
experi
m ent
s. 


3)Us
ing
 th
e La
rso
n—Mi

ler(
P)pa
rame
ter
 wi
th 
the
 pr
ese
nt 
det
ermi
ned
 C—
val
ue,n
ot 
onl
y the 
degra
dat
ion anal
ysi
s of
 both t
he m i
crostr
uct
ures
 and mechani
cal
 propert
ies
 but
 
al
so t
he predi
cti
on of
 ser
vice 1
ife of
 boi
ler
 pi
pes
 f
or 12CrlM oV and 15CrMo al
1 s
how a 
good a
c cura
c y and 
pract
icabi
lit
y. 

4)Combi
ned 
wit
h di
scus
sion 
of 
the
 nat
ure
 of
 C 
par
ame
ter
,the
 efe
ct 
of 
car
bon 
cont
ent
 
on C—
val
ue i
S corr
espondi
ng 
to 
the 
anal
ysi
s of
 el
ect
ron theory.the 
1ower
 C val
ue wi
th t
he 
hi
gher
 car
bon 
content,t
he 
sam e 
on 
the 
contr
r y f
a or pearl
iti
c heat
 res
istant
 st
els.
 

Ac
knowl
edge
ment
s- Thi
s wor
k was
 suppor
ted
 by
 the
 Nat
ural
 Sc
ienc
e Foundat
ion o
f Ga
nsu Pr
ovi
nce
 

No.ZSO01一
A22—
046・
Cj.
 

REFER EN CES 


 I.
L.May,Princ le
s o
f Mechani
cal
 Metal
lur
gy(Edward 
Arnol
d,New York,1981)P.363.
 

 H.Machi
da and N.Yoshi
oka,Ⅳucl
ear
 Enginee
ring
 and 
Desi
gn 
212(2)f20021 183.
 

 J.
E.Jnda
coc
hea 
and 
R.A.Ses
hadr
i,Mat
er.Sci

  口
.A234-
236 (1
997
)555.
 

 C.
P.Fu,I on 
r a
nd Ste
el 
29(10)(1994)34  fi
n Chi nes
e).
 

 N.
S.Che r
uvu,Me t
al1
.  ns.20A( 11 f19891 87. 

 A.Joar
der,Metal
1. ̄"ans.22A(9)f 19911 1811. 

 B.
A.Senicr,Mater
.Sci.Eng.A103( 2)( 19881 263.
 

 w.C.Lesli
e,
  e  
Physial
c  Met
all
ur
gy  of 
Ste e
ls( McGrawhi
ll
 Co.
,Wa
shi
ngt
on,1981)P.
233.
 

 R.
X.Shi
,Ma
ster
 Di
sse
rtat
ion,Ga
nsu
 Uni
ver
sit
y o
f Te
chnol
ogy(
Lanz
hou)(
2001)(
in 
Chi
nes
e).
 

0 R.
L.Zhang,
  e
 Empi
ic
r al
 El
ct
e on The
r ory
 of
 Sol
ids
 and
 Mol
cul
e es(
EE  (
Jil
in 
Sci
enc
e& Te
chnol
og
y 
Pr
ess
,Changc
hun,1
993)P.
83(
in 
Chi
nes
e1.
 

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