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DETERMINATION AND APPLICATION OF LARSON-MILLER PARAMETER FOR HEAT RESISTANT STEEL 12CrlMoV AND 15CrMo
DETERMINATION AND APPLICATION OF LARSON-MILLER PARAMETER FOR HEAT RESISTANT STEEL 12CrlMoV AND 15CrMo
com
ACTA
METALLURGI
CA
SINI
CA (
ENGLI
SH
LETTERS)
Vo1
.17
N o.4
PP
471・
476
A ugust
2004
R.
c.Yang,K .Chen.H.
x.Feng and H.W ang
State Key Lab. of
Advanced Nonf
errous M ateri
als,Lanzhou Uni
versi
ty of
Technol
ogy,Lanzhou 730050
Chi
na
M anuscri
pt recei
ved 31
M ay 2004
Ba
sed
on
the
anal
ysi
s and
pro
ces
sing
on
rel
ati
ve
empi
ric
al{
ormul
a and
dat
a}C-
val
ues
饥 Larson・Mill
er e x
pr
es si
o n,P =T(C+l g
t),have
det
ermined br pe
arl
it
ic
heat
es
r is
tant s
tee
t 12Cr
lMoV and 15CrMo(
2O.62
and
2o.3o).The
simulati
on e
pe
x ime
r nts
of
high
temperatur
e aging,he at
d
e fr
o m 1.
5 t
o 873 hours,have been designe
d a nd
per
fome
r d
br its
ver
ific
atio
n.And in combi
nat
ion wit
h publ
ishe
d in
for
m at ion and t
he
pr
esent
nearl
y q
ua nti
tat
ive
wo rks
,it
ha
s f
urt
her
bee
n veif
rte
d t
hat
both
the degadat
r i
ons
of
micros
truct
ur
es and mechanial
c
propeti
r e
s s
how a good a
ccur
ac y
and prac t
iab
c i
lit
y
usi
ng t
he
Larson—
Mil
ler
par
a m et
er wi
th t
he pr
e sent
deter
m i
ned
C.val
ues.Fi
nal
ly.t
he
e
fect
s o
f arb
c on c
ont
ent
on
C—val
ue
ar
e anal
yzd
e by
the
empi
ic
r al
el
ct
e on
r the
ory o
f
sol
ids
and
mol
ecul
es(
EE引 .
K EY W OR D S pearl
iti
c heat
—r
e si
stant
st
eel
,Larson—
Mil
ler
par
a met
er,agi
ng.va—
f
ence el
ect
o n st
r ruct
ure
1.Introducti
on
Pearl
iti
c heat
resi
stant
st
eel
s ar
e t
he
m os
t wi
del
y used mat
eri
als
in
power
engi
neer
ing.
such
as hi
gh pr
essure
boi
ler
pi
pes,especi
all
y 1
2CrlM oV
and 15Cr
M o.Indust
rial
pract
ice
and
res
ear
ch hav
e s
howe
d t
hat
,af
ter
hi
gh—
tempe
rat
ure(
550
-65
0。C)ope
rat
ion
for
a
long
ti
me,mi
cros
tructures
and pr
opert
ies
of
pearl
ite-
type l
ow carbon—
low al
loy heat
res
ist
ant
st
eel
s wi
ll
deteri
orat
e.Thes
e vari
ati
ons
incl
ude
the
dil
uti
on
of
all
oy
element
s.t
he
trans
for
—
m at
ion
of
carbi
de
type
and
coars
eni
ng,the
spheroi
dizi
ng
of
pearl
ite
and
the
degradat
ion
of
m echani
cal
pr
opert
ies
rel
ati
vel
y,whi
ch wi
ll l
ead
to progres
sive
creep dam age
and rupt
ure
inal
f ly.
The
m ai
n f
act
ors
of
the
above
agi
ng f
act
s are
tem per
atur
e and t
im e.Because
of
versa-
ti
lit
y and
com pl
exi
ty
of
servi
ce
condi
tions
in
high
tem peratur
e equi
pm ents,and
in
order
to
de
scr
ibe
the
combi
ned
act
ion
of
the
m,t
empe
rat
ure
T(
K)a
nd
ti
me
t(hour
1,Lar
son—
Mil
le
r
p
ara
met
er
P=T(
C+l
g
t1
i
s
gen
era
ll
y u
sed[
1-3
]to
ev
alua
te
the
hi
gh
tempe
rat
ure
be
hav
.
i
ors
and pr
edi
ct runni
ng
lif
e of
heat
—resi
stant
st
eel
com ponents
under
the ca
s e of
known
C—
va.
1
1】es【
4—7
1 .
2. D eterm i
nati
on of
C—V.
alue of
Larson.M i
ller Param eter
Am ong t
he pa
st wor
ks,the val
ue of
paramet
er C of
L—
M expr
essi
on i
s al
ways
si
m pl
y
t
aken
s
a 20,and
somet
im es
15,l
ea
ding
to
its
im per
fect
resul
ts
and
scat
ter
of
experi
m ental
dat
a.It
is
obvi
ous
fr
om i
ts l
ogari
thmi
c expr
ess
ion,t
hat
C・
val
ue ha
s a si
gni
icant
f efect
on Lar
son—
Mil
ler
parameter.From
publ
ished
lit
erat
ures,i
t can
be
thought
that
C—
val
ue
is
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
472
m ai
nly t
he f
uncti
on of
car
bon cont
ent
i
n pearl
iti
c st
eel
and
all
oy
element
has
no si
gni
icant
f rol
e. As
the
fir
st de-
gr
ee approxi
m at
ion,t
he efect
s of
car
—
bon
cont
ent
have
been
onl
y consi
dered
i
n the pr
esent
paper.Hence,ref
err
ing
t
o t
he publ
ished works
of
Hol
lomon—
Jafe
tem peri
ng
param et
er[
s】whi
ch
has
t
he
sam e
expr
essi
on
wit
h Lar
son—
Mil
ler
par
am et
er and other
rel
ati
ve i
nforma-
t
ion,t
he
C—val
ue
am ong Lar
son—
Mil
ler
expr
essi
on f
or 12CrlMoV and 15CrMo C
cont
ent
.wt
%
Fi
g.1
Rel
ati
onshi
p between C par
amet
er and
r e det
a erm i
ned a
s 20.
62 and 20.
30
carbon cont
ent.
(
Fig.
1)u
sin
g l
ine
r
a r
egr
ess
ion
an
d i
n・
t
erpol
ati
on m et
hod.
3. Experi
m ental
For
12CrlMoV steel
,the si
mul
a-
ti
on
experi
m ent
s a
r e
desi
gned and
per—
f
orm ed.∞
anI
c田^.
coU
rd
ing to the servi
ce l
if
e 一
>z一∞∞oc ∞工 一
>工一∞∞ocpJ
∞c
sJo o一
>
of
bol
ier
pi
pe of
10 year
s at
580o
C
(
P=21
853
wi
th
C equa
l t
o 20.
621
,for
veri
icat
f ion t
o the pres
ent
work. The
t
est
ed P par
am et
ers
ar e di
vided i
nto
11
g
r ade
s f
rom
20000
to
22687.that
iS.
Temper
atur
e.o
C
t
he agi
ng at
650,670,690,710,730 Fi
g.2 Rel
ati
onshi
p betwe
e n ha
r dnes
s and agi
ng
and 750 ̄
C f
or f
rom 1.
5 to 873 hour
s tem perature.
res
pect
ivel
y and va
riat
ions
of
ha
r dness
and chemi
cal
compos
iti
ons
by EDS i
n
sol
uti
on m at
rix are m ea
s ured.
It
ha
s
been f
ound that, i
n the sam e P pa-
ram eter
wi
th the
above
determ i
ned C.
va
lue(
20.
621
or
f
dife
rent
combi
nat
ions
of
T and t.t
he m ec
hani
cal
proper
ty
(
Vic
ker
s ha
rdne
ss)i
s a
lmos
t i
dent
ica
l
(
Fig.
2),and
the
mat
rx
i har
dne
ss
aft
er
agi
ng,see
Fig.
3,l
inea
rly
vari
es
wit
h L—
M pa
r ameter.Al
so,the
dil
uti
on
of
M o
c
ont
ent(
Fig.
41 and ot
her
el
ement
s i
n P val
ue
12CrlMoV mat
rix exhi
bit
s good con—
Fi
g.3 Rel
ati
onshi
p betwe
e n
the
Vickers
ha
r dness
of
matr
ix a
n d P val
ue
in 12CrlM oV.
si
stence
with the
incr
eas e
of
P val
ue.
4.A ppl
icati
ons
In combi
nati
on wi
th t
he publ
ished dat
a f
or 12Cr1M oV,15Cr
M o and pr
esent
nearl
y
quant
itat
ive
n al
a ysi
s wor
ks t
o mi
crost
ruct
ures
and proper
ties
of
12Cr1MoV,t
he
fol
lowi
ng
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
473 .
o
/d葺 .
芒3c8 旦2 .
oI1
BJ呈z
P val
ue P val
ue
Fi
g.4 Vari
ati
on of
M o cont
ent
in matri
x duri
ng .
5
Variat
ion of
Cr
rat
io(
Cr
of mat
rx/t
i otal
agi
ng.
Cr
)wi t
h P.
P val
ue Pval
ue
Fi
g.6
Variat
ion
of
Mo
rat
io(
Mo
of
mat
rx/t
i otal
Fi
g.7 Vari
ati
ons
of
spheroi
dizi
ng degree wi
th P
Mo)with
P. val
ue i
n 12CrlM oV.
f
act
s ar
e descri
bed,to
exam i
ne
furt
her
the
pract
ical
ity
of
the
above
wor
k .
.
f
De
scr
ipt
ion
of
vaiat
r ions
of
compo
sit
ions
and
mic
ros
truc
tur
es
The
va
riat
ions
of
al
loy el
ements
in 15Cr
M o st
eel
m at
rix wi
th the
cal
cul
ated P va
lue
(
usi
ng C=2
0.30)af
ter
hi
gh
tempe
rat
ure
agi
ng a
re
sho
wn
in Fi
gs.5
and 6
in
whi
ch
the
di
lut
ion
of
all
oy
element
s i
n sol
uti
on i
s obvi
ous.
Ac c
ordi
ng aut
hor’
s
work,by
means
of
quant
itati
ve
me t
all
ogra
phy
in
SEM,duri
ng
aging,
f
err
iti
c g
rai
n rows
g f
rom 1
5.34#m under
i
nit
il
a condit
ion(P =0)to
25.
60#m
at
P=2 2687:
and Fi
g.7 i
s t
he vari
ati
ons
of
spher
oidi
zati
on deg
r ee wi
th P pa
r ameter
s f
or 12CrlM oV
(
usi
ng
C=2
0.6
2),a
fte
r hi
gh
tempe
rat
ure
ag
ing.Tabl
e 1
is
the
re
lat
ions
hip
be
twe
en
ten—
r
perature and time f
or t
he fourth gr ade of
pearl
iti
c spheroidi
zation t
o 12Cr1M oV whos e ,
er
rors of the
calculated P par am eter,using t
he above determined C— val
ue,are
les
s than
8.
6%.Anot
her
exampl
e i
s t
he
bur
st
rec
ord
of
boi
ler
pi
pe
of
a po
wer
pl
ant
fmor
e t
han
the
ff
ith ra
gde s
pheroidiz
ati
on),i
n whic
h the
cal
cul
ated P pa
rame ter
s(a
lso usi
ng C=2
0.62)
re
a a
stoni
shin
【gl
y clo
se t
o e
ach
othe
r and
AP/ P
iS
1ess
than
0.0027%(Table
2).
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
.
474
Tabl
e 1
rel
ati
onshi
p between ti
m e of
ful
l spher
oidi
zati
on and tem perature i
n
12Cr1M oV
一
∞工一∞∞∞亡pJ
∞c
lI
∞uI
.
I∞
Tabl
e 2 P
val
ue duri
ng boi
ler
pi
pe bur
st i
n 12Cr1M oV
.
2
De
scr
ipt
ion
of
mec
hani
caf
pr
oper
tie
s a
nd托 e
val
uat
ion
∞ .
S矗亡9J
lS
Q∞9J
o
The nearl
y l
inear
rel
ati
onshi
p bet
ween the pr
esent
cal
cul
ated P val
ues
and hardness
(
HB)o
f 1
5Cr
Mo
aft
er
long
—te
rm
agi
ng
at
550
,60
0 a
nd
650
 ̄C
is
i
n Fi
g.8
.Fi
g.
9 s
hows
th
e
var
iati
on of
103h
rupt
ure
strength
wit
h the
cal
cul
ated P val
ue of
15CrM o .
Dur
ing
rupture
to
boi
ler
pi
pe,t
her
e i
s t
he
fol
lowi
ng
rel
ati
ons
hip
bet
ween P param et
er
(
Pt)and
wor
king
st
res
s f
1[
1j
Pt=K1+K2
l
g (
1)
Here K 1
and K 2
is
two cons
tant
s,and f
or 15CrM o,the cal
cul
ated P val
ue has good
l
i
near
re
lat
ionshi
p wit
h l
g f Fi
g.1
0).If
a boi
le
r p
ipe
ha
s r
un or
f
to
hours
at
te
mpe r
atur
e
T
o,fr
om Eq.
( 1
)and Lars
on—
Mi l
l
er
parameter
P0=TO(c+lg t
o),
the
resi
dual
P pra
a mete
r
(
Pr)and
re
sidual
l
ife(
tr)ca
n be
deri
ved
180
150
120
60
P val
ue P val
ue
Fi
g.8 Vari
ati
on of
Bri
nel
l ha
r dness
with
P val
ue Fi
g.9 Vari
ati
on of
creep
str
ength
with
P val
ue
in
i
n agi
ng 15CrMo.
15CrM 0.
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
.
475 .
I
g a,MPa I
g a,MPa
Fi
g.10 Rel
ati
onshi
p between R and
lg仃 Fi
g.1
1
Re
lat
ions
hip
bet
wee
n Pr
and
lg盯a
fter
run-
ni
ng 101794 hours
at
540。
C.
Pr=K1+K2
l
g 一To(
C+l
gto)
t
r: 10(
Pt—Po
)/Tr
—c
And t
he l
inear
rel
ati
onshi
p bet
ween t
he cal
cul
ated Pr
and l
g f
or 1
5Cr
M o f
usi
ng
C=20.
30)ha
s be
en v
eri
ie
f d a
gai
n(Fi
g.1
1)t
hroug
h s
ome
runni
ng
inf
ormat
ion
from one
power
pl
ant.
5.E cts of
Carbon Content
on C—Val
ue
Ac
cor
ding
to
Ar
rhe
nius
re
act
ion
ra
te
V=A
exp(
一Q/
RT)a
nd
t・A
exp(
一Q/
RT)=1
f
or
transf
orm ati
on
quant
ity a
s one
uni
t,the
fol
lowi
ng
equat
ion can be
obtai
ned
Q/
2.3
R=T(
1g
A+l
gt):T(
C+l
gt)=P
Then.C = l
g A and A havi
ng mi
cros
tructural
meani
ng of
at
om number
n l
ocated at
me
tst
a abl
e s
tat
e and
it
s vi
brat
ion
fr
eque
ncy(
)t
endi
ng
to c
limb t
he pot
ent
ial
bar
rie
r
f
SO A 。
(n )
.In
the
pr
ese
nt
wor
k,t
he
val
enc
e el
ect
ron
str
uct
ure
of
12
Crl
MoV
sol
uti
on
m at
rix
has
be n
establ
ished[
9J
us
ing
the
Empi
rical
El
ect
ron
Theory
of
Sol
id
and
M ol
ecul
es
f
EET)
【lU
j I
t ha
s be
en
ound t
f hat
car
bon at
om c
an j
oin
fir
mly i
nto s
trong
oc
tahe
dral
cl
ust
er
with
the
near
est
iron
or
other
all
oy
element
atoms,but
the
bondi
ng
forces
bet
ween
t
hes
e me
tal
at
oms
and
the
ir
sur
roundi
ng
ato
ms(
als
o me
tal
at
oms)a
re
reduc
ed
by
about
3 t0 2 ti
mes,e.
口.,bond energy of
Fe-
Fe f
rom 14.
2827 t
o 7.
9543kJ・
mol
~ and Cr—
Fe f
rom
16.
0721
to
9.0060kJ.
m ol
—1.Ther
efor
e,on
the
one
hand,carbon
atom s
in
sol
uti
on can
bind
t
he
mot
ion
of
the
ne
are
st
nei
ghbo
rs(
caus
ing
me
tst
a abl
e s
tat
e at
om
numbe
r n
dec
rea
se)
,
and
on
the
other
hand,weaken t
he
bond
linkage
of
the
second
neares
t i
ron
or
all
oy
element
at
oms(
caus
ing
vibr
ati
on f
reque
ncy l
owe
r). As
a r
esul
t,C—
val
ue(
C =I
g
A )among
Larson-
Mil
ler
parameter
decr
eases
wi
th the i
ncrea
s e of
carbon content
in pearl
iti
c heat
r
esi
stant
st
eel
,and S
O.i
n t
he pr
esent
work,t
he
C—val
ue of
12CrlMoV wi
th l
ower
car
bon
cont
ent
iS
det
ermi
ned a
s 20.
62 and t
hat
of
15CrMo wi
th
higher
car
bon
content
20.
30.
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
476
6.C oncl
usi
ons
(
1)Pa
rame
ter
C
in
Lar
son
—Mi
ll
er
exp
res
si
on
P=T(
C+l
g
t)a
s a
ma
ter
ia1
c
ons
tan
t,i
S
a
signi
icant
f fact
or.Based
on
the
anal
ysi
s and
processi
ng
on
rel
ati
ve
em pi
rical
for
m ul
a and
data.the
C—val
ues
for
pearl
iti
c heat
resi
stant
st
ee1
12CrlM oV
and 15C:
rM o
are
det
ermi
ned
s
a 20.
62 and
20.
30
rel
ati
vel
y.
(
2)For
12
Cr1
M0V,t
he
prac
tic
ali
ty
of
the
de
ter
mine
d C—
val
ues
ha
s be
en
ver
iied
f by
t
he r
esul
ts of
m atr
ix hardness
and composi
tion var
iati
on af
ter
hi
gh tem per
ature
agi
ng
experi
m ent
s.
(
3)Us
ing
th
e La
rso
n—Mi
l
ler(
P)pa
rame
ter
wi
th
the
pr
ese
nt
det
ermi
ned
C—
val
ue,n
ot
onl
y the
degra
dat
ion anal
ysi
s of
both t
he m i
crostr
uct
ures
and mechani
cal
propert
ies
but
al
so t
he predi
cti
on of
ser
vice 1
ife of
boi
ler
pi
pes
f
or 12CrlM oV and 15CrMo al
1 s
how a
good a
c cura
c y and
pract
icabi
lit
y.
(
4)Combi
ned
wit
h di
scus
sion
of
the
nat
ure
of
C
par
ame
ter
,the
efe
ct
of
car
bon
cont
ent
on C—
val
ue i
S corr
espondi
ng
to
the
anal
ysi
s of
el
ect
ron theory.the
1ower
C val
ue wi
th t
he
hi
gher
car
bon
content,t
he
sam e
on
the
contr
r y f
a or pearl
iti
c heat
res
istant
st
els.
Ac
knowl
edge
ment
s- Thi
s wor
k was
suppor
ted
by
the
Nat
ural
Sc
ienc
e Foundat
ion o
f Ga
nsu Pr
ovi
nce
(
No.ZSO01一
A22—
046・
Cj.
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